For release 10:00 a.m. (EST) Monday, December 10, 2018	USDL-18-1936

Technical information:  (202) 691-5870  •  JoltsInfo@bls.gov  •  www.bls.gov/jlt
Media contact:          (202) 691-5902  •  PressOffice@bls.gov

                         JOB OPENINGS AND LABOR TURNOVER – OCTOBER 2018

The number of job openings was little changed at 7.1 million on the last business day of October, the 
U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics reported today. Over the month, hires edged up to 5.9 million, and 
separations were little changed at 5.6 million. Within separations, the quits rate was little changed at 2.3 
percent and the layoffs and discharges rate was unchanged at 1.1 percent. This release includes estimates 
of the number and rate of job openings, hires, and separations for the nonfarm sector by industry and by 
four geographic regions.

Job Openings

On the last business day of October, the job openings level was little changed at 7.1 million. The job 
openings rate was 4.5 percent in October. The number of job openings was little changed for total 
private and for government. Job openings increased in information (+45,000), real estate and rental and 
leasing (+38,000), educational services (+20,000), and state and local government education (+17,000). 
The number of job openings decreased in state and local government, excluding education (-38,000) and 
transportation, warehousing, and utilities (-33,000). Job openings were little changed in all four regions. 
(See table 1.)

Hires

The number of hires edged up to 5.9 million (+196,000) in October, nearly matching its series high in 
August. The hires rate was 3.9 percent in October. The number of hires was little changed for total 
private and for government. Hires increased in transportation, warehousing, and utilities (+90,000) and 
durable goods manufacturing (+43,000), but decreased in mining and logging (-11,000). The number of 
hires was little changed in all four regions. (See table 2.)

Separations

Total separations includes quits, layoffs and discharges, and other separations. Total separations is 
referred to as turnover. Quits are generally voluntary separations initiated by the employee. Therefore, 
the quits rate can serve as a measure of workers’ willingness or ability to leave jobs. Layoffs and 
discharges are involuntary separations initiated by the employer. Other separations includes separations 
due to retirement, death, disability, and transfers to other locations of the same firm.

The number of total separations was little changed at 5.6 million in October. The total separations rate 
was 3.7 percent. The number of total separations was little changed for total private and for government. 
Total separations increased in transportation, warehousing, and utilities (+37,000). The number of total 
separations was little changed in all four regions. (See table 3.)

The number of quits was little changed in October at 3.5 million. The quits rate was 2.3 percent. The 
number of quits was little changed for total private and unchanged for government. Quits increased in 
health care and social assistance (+33,000), transportation, warehousing, and utilities (+30,000), and 
educational services (+12,000). The number of quits decreased in other services (-39,000). Quits 
decreased in the Northeast region. (See table 4.)

The number of layoffs and discharges was little changed in October at 1.7 million. The layoffs and 
discharges rate was 1.1 percent. The number of layoffs and discharges was little changed for total 
private and for government. The number of layoffs and discharges was little changed in all industries 
and regions. (See table 5.)

The number of other separations was little changed in October at 351,000. The other separations level 
was little changed for total private and for government. Other separations increased in construction 
(+18,000). The number of other separations decreased in a number of industries, with the largest 
decreases in health care and social assistance (-17,000) and arts, entertainment, and recreation  
(-6,000). The number of other separations was little changed in all four regions. (See table 6.)

Net Change in Employment

Large numbers of hires and separations occur every month throughout the business cycle. Net 
employment change results from the relationship between hires and separations. When the number of 
hires exceeds the number of separations, employment rises, even if the hires level is steady or declining. 
Conversely, when the number of hires is less than the number of separations, employment declines, even 
if the hires level is steady or rising. Over the 12 months ending in October, hires totaled 67.8 million and 
separations totaled 65.3 million, yielding a net employment gain of 2.5 million. These totals include 
workers who may have been hired and separated more than once during the year.

____________	
The Job Openings and Labor Turnover Survey results for November 2018 are scheduled to be 
released on Tuesday, January 8, 2019 at 10:00 a.m. (EST).

Table A. Job openings, hires, and total separations by industry, seasonally adjusted

Category	Job openings			Hires			Total separations
	Oct. 2017	Sept. 2018	Oct. 2018(p)	Oct. 2017	Sept. 2018	Oct. 2018(p)	Oct. 2017	Sept. 2018	Oct. 2018(p)
LEVELS BY INDUSTRY (in thousands)
Total	6,059	6,960	7,079	5,600	5,696	5,892	5,272	5,641	5,556
Total private	5,515	6,340	6,489	5,267	5,358	5,537	4,929	5,306	5,210
Mining and logging(1)	28	34	29	32	44	33	31	34	29
Construction(1)	233	272	292	372	369	349	344	343	315
Manufacturing	410	485	522	343	322	384	314	315	345
Durable goods(1)	248	307	332	195	184	227	177	179	200
Nondurable goods(1)	162	178	189	148	138	157	137	136	145
Trade, transportation, and utilities	1,031	1,282	1,280	1,059	1,167	1,273	1,014	1,192	1,183
Wholesale trade(1)	152	230	231	156	137	170	138	137	146
Retail trade	655	772	802	693	806	790	691	848	792
Transportation, warehousing, and utilities(1)	223	280	247	210	224	314	185	207	244
Information(1)	96	104	149	82	78	80	81	81	68
Financial activities	365	345	375	235	225	190	219	209	183
Finance and insurance	254	264	256	158	148	122	152	143	120
Real estate and rental and leasing(1)	111	81	119	77	77	68	67	66	62
Professional and business services	1,084	1,248	1,227	1,141	1,180	1,184	1,077	1,161	1,131
Education and health services	1,127	1,278	1,297	679	692	721	669	646	659
Educational services(1)	93	83	103	86	92	97	102	89	89
Health care and social assistance	1,034	1,195	1,194	593	601	625	567	557	570
Leisure and hospitality	850	1,058	1,044	1,074	1,079	1,103	968	1,097	1,090
Arts, entertainment, and recreation	82	95	76	180	171	176	155	164	170
Accommodation and food services	768	963	968	894	908	927	812	933	920
Other services(1)	292	234	273	249	201	219	212	228	207
Government	544	620	590	333	338	355	342	335	347
Federal(1)	87	89	80	41	38	35	42	34	31
State and local	457	531	510	292	300	320	301	301	316
State and local education	156	200	217	153	159	165	158	157	169
State and local, excluding education(1)	301	331	293	139	141	155	142	144	147
RATES BY INDUSTRY (percent)
Total	4.0	4.4	4.5	3.8	3.8	3.9	3.6	3.8	3.7
Total private	4.2	4.8	4.8	4.2	4.2	4.3	3.9	4.2	4.1
Mining and logging(1)	3.9	4.3	3.6	4.7	5.9	4.4	4.4	4.5	3.8
Construction(1)	3.2	3.6	3.8	5.3	5.1	4.8	4.9	4.7	4.3
Manufacturing	3.2	3.7	3.9	2.7	2.5	3.0	2.5	2.5	2.7
Durable goods(1)	3.1	3.7	4.0	2.5	2.3	2.8	2.3	2.2	2.5
Nondurable goods(1)	3.3	3.6	3.8	3.1	2.9	3.3	2.9	2.8	3.0
Trade, transportation, and utilities	3.6	4.4	4.4	3.8	4.2	4.6	3.7	4.3	4.2
Wholesale trade(1)	2.5	3.7	3.7	2.6	2.3	2.8	2.3	2.3	2.4
Retail trade	4.0	4.6	4.8	4.4	5.1	5.0	4.4	5.3	5.0
Transportation, warehousing, and utilities(1)	3.7	4.5	4.0	3.6	3.8	5.3	3.2	3.5	4.1
Information(1)	3.3	3.6	5.1	3.0	2.8	2.9	2.9	2.9	2.4
Financial activities	4.1	3.9	4.2	2.8	2.6	2.2	2.6	2.4	2.1
Finance and insurance	3.9	4.0	3.9	2.5	2.3	1.9	2.4	2.3	1.9
Real estate and rental and leasing(1)	4.8	3.4	5.0	3.5	3.4	3.0	3.0	2.9	2.7
Professional and business services	5.0	5.6	5.5	5.5	5.6	5.6	5.2	5.5	5.4
Education and health services	4.6	5.1	5.2	2.9	2.9	3.0	2.9	2.7	2.8
Educational services(1)	2.5	2.2	2.7	2.3	2.4	2.6	2.8	2.4	2.4
Health care and social assistance	5.0	5.6	5.6	3.0	3.0	3.1	2.9	2.8	2.8
Leisure and hospitality	5.0	6.1	6.0	6.6	6.6	6.7	6.0	6.7	6.6
Arts, entertainment, and recreation	3.4	3.9	3.1	7.7	7.2	7.4	6.6	7.0	7.2
Accommodation and food services	5.3	6.4	6.5	6.5	6.5	6.6	5.9	6.7	6.6
Other services(1)	4.8	3.8	4.4	4.3	3.4	3.7	3.7	3.9	3.5
Government	2.4	2.7	2.6	1.5	1.5	1.6	1.5	1.5	1.5
Federal(1)	3.0	3.1	2.8	1.5	1.4	1.3	1.5	1.2	1.1
State and local	2.3	2.6	2.5	1.5	1.5	1.6	1.5	1.5	1.6
State and local education	1.5	1.9	2.0	1.5	1.5	1.6	1.5	1.5	1.6
State and local, excluding education(1)	3.2	3.5	3.1	1.5	1.5	1.7	1.6	1.6	1.6
Footnotes (1) No regular seasonal movements could be identified in the job openings series, therefore, the seasonally adjusted and not seasonally adjusted data are identical. (p) Preliminary
NOTE: Total nonfarm, government, and federal government data in this table have been corrected for the months January 2011 through March 2018.

Technical Note


This news release presents statistics from the Job Openings and Labor
Turnover Survey (JOLTS). The Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) collects
and compiles JOLTS data monthly from a sample of nonfarm
establishments. A more detailed discussion of JOLTS concepts and
methodology is available online at www.bls.gov/opub/hom/pdf/homch18.pdf.

Coverage and collection

The JOLTS program covers all private nonfarm establishments, as well
as federal, state, and local government entities in the 50 states and
the District of Columbia. Data are collected for total employment, job
openings, hires, quits, layoffs and discharges, other separations, and
total separations.

Concepts

Industry classification.  The industry classifications in this release
are in accordance with the 2017 version of the North American Industry
Classification System (NAICS).

Employment.  Employment includes persons on the payroll who worked or
received pay for the pay period that includes the 12th day of the
reference month. Full-time, part-time, permanent, short-term,
seasonal, salaried, and hourly employees are included, as are
employees on paid vacations or other paid leave. Proprietors or
partners of unincorporated businesses, unpaid family workers, or
persons on leave without pay or on strike for the entire pay period,
are not counted as employed. Employees of temporary help agencies,
employee leasing companies, outside contractors, and consultants are
counted by their employer of record, not by the establishment where
they are working.

Job openings.  Job openings information is collected for the last
business day of the reference month. A job opening requires that: 1) a
specific position exists and there is work available for that
position, 2) work could start within 30 days whether or not the
employer found a suitable candidate, and 3) the employer is actively
recruiting from outside the establishment to fill the position.
Included are full-time, part-time, permanent, short-term, and seasonal
openings. Active recruiting means that the establishment is taking
steps to fill a position by advertising in newspapers or on the
Internet, posting help-wanted signs, accepting applications, or using
other similar methods.

Jobs to be filled only by internal transfers, promotions, demotions,
or recall from layoffs are excluded. Also excluded are jobs with start
dates more than 30 days in the future, jobs for which employees have
been hired but have not yet reported for work, and jobs to be filled
by employees of temporary help agencies, employee leasing companies,
outside contractors, or consultants. The job openings rate is computed
by dividing the number of job openings by the sum of employment and
job openings and multiplying that quotient by 100.

Hires.  The hires level is the total number of additions to the
payroll occurring at any time during the reference month, including
both new and rehired employees, full-time and part-time, permanent,
short-term and seasonal employees, employees recalled to the location
after a layoff lasting more than 7 days, on-call or intermittent
employees who returned to work after having been formally separated,
and transfers from other locations. The hires count does not include
transfers or promotions within the reporting site, employees returning
from strike, employees of temporary help agencies or employee leasing
companies, outside contractors, or consultants. The hires rate is
computed by dividing the number of hires by employment and multiplying
that quotient by 100.

Separations.  The separations level is the total number of employment
terminations occurring at any time during the reference month, and is
reported by type of separation—quits, layoffs and discharges, and
other separations. (Some respondents are only able to report total
separations.) The quits count includes voluntary separations by
employees (except for retirements, which are reported as other
separations). The layoffs and discharges count is comprised of
involuntary separations initiated by the employer and includes layoffs
with no intent to rehire; formal layoffs lasting or expected to last
more than 7 days; discharges resulting from mergers, downsizing, or
closings; firings or other discharges for cause; terminations of
permanent or short-term employees; and terminations of seasonal
employees. The other separations count includes retirements, transfers
to other locations, deaths, and separations due to disability. The
separations count does not include transfers within the same location
or employees on strike. The separations rate is computed by dividing
the number of separations by employment and multiplying that quotient
by 100. The quits, layoffs and discharges, and other separations rates
are computed similarly.

Annual estimates.  Annual levels for hires, quits, layoffs and
discharges, other separations, and total separations are the sum of
the 12 published monthly levels. Annual rates are computed by dividing
the annual level by the Current Employment Statistics (CES) annual
average employment level, and multiplying that quotient by 100. This
figure will be approximately equal to the sum of the 12 monthly rates.
Consistent with BLS practice, annual estimates are published only for
not seasonally adjusted data and are released with the January news
release each year. Annual estimates are not calculated for job
openings because job openings are a stock, or point-in-time,
measurement for the last business day of each month.

Sample and estimation methodology

The JOLTS survey design is a stratified random sample of 16,000
nonfarm business and government establishments. The sample is
stratified by ownership, region, industry sector, and establishment
size class. The establishments are drawn from a universe of over 9.1
million establishments compiled by the Quarterly Census of Employment
and Wages (QCEW) program which includes all employers subject to state
unemployment insurance laws and federal agencies subject to the
Unemployment Compensation for Federal Employees program.

JOLTS total employment estimates are benchmarked, or ratio adjusted,
monthly to the strike-adjusted employment estimates of the CES survey.
A ratio of CES to JOLTS employment is used to adjust the levels for
all other JOLTS data elements.

JOLTS business birth/death model

As with any sample survey, the JOLTS sample can only be as current as
its sampling frame. The time lag from the birth of an establishment
until its appearance on the sampling frame is approximately one year.
In addition, many of these new units may fail within the first year.
Since these universe units cannot be reflected on the sampling frame
immediately, the JOLTS sample cannot capture job openings, hires, and
separations from these units during their early existence. To
compensate for the inability to capture data from these
establishments, BLS has developed a birth/death model that uses birth
and death activity from previous years. The estimates of job openings,
hires, and separations produced by the birth/death model are added to
the sample-based estimates produced from the survey to arrive at the
estimates for openings, hires, and separations.

Seasonal adjustment

BLS uses X-13 ARIMA to seasonally adjust several JOLTS series
utilizing moving averages as seasonal filters. A concurrent seasonal
adjustment methodology is used in which new seasonal adjustment
factors are calculated each month, using all relevant data, up to and
including current month data. JOLTS seasonal adjustment includes both
additive and multiplicative models and REGARIMA (regression with auto-
correlated errors) modeling to improve the seasonal adjustment factors
at the beginning and end of the series and to detect and adjust for
outliers in the series.

Alignment procedure

The JOLTS measures for hires minus separations can be used to derive a
measure of net employment change. This change should be comparable to
the net employment change from the much larger CES survey. However,
definitional differences as well as sampling and nonsampling errors
between the two surveys historically caused JOLTS to diverge from CES
over time. To limit the divergence, and improve the quality of the
JOLTS hires and separations series, BLS implemented the Monthly
Alignment Method.

This method applies the CES employment trends to the seasonally
adjusted JOLTS implied employment trend (hires minus separations)
forcing them to be approximately the same, while preserving the
seasonality of the JOLTS data. First, the two series are seasonally
adjusted and the difference between the JOLTS implied employment
change and the CES net employment change is calculated. Next, the
JOLTS implied employment change is adjusted to equal the CES net
employment change through a proportional adjustment. This procedure
adjusts the two components (hires, separations) proportionally to
their contribution to the total churn (hires plus separations). The
adjusted hires and separations are converted back to not seasonally
adjusted data by reversing the application of the original seasonal
factors. After the Monthly Alignment Method has been used to adjust
the level estimates, rate estimates are computed from the adjusted
levels.

Reliability of the estimates

JOLTS estimates are subject to both sampling and nonsampling error.
When a sample is surveyed rather than the entire population, there is
a chance that the sample estimates may differ from the "true"
population values they represent. The exact difference, or sampling
error, varies depending on the particular sample selected, and this
variability is measured by the standard error of the estimate. BLS
analysis is generally conducted at the 90-percent level of confidence.
That means that there is a 90-percent chance, or level of confidence,
that an estimate based on a sample will differ by no more than 1.6
standard errors from the "true" population value because of sampling
error. Sampling error estimates are available at 
www.bls.gov/jlt/jolts_median_standard_errors.htm.

The JOLTS estimates also are affected by nonsampling error.
Nonsampling error can occur for many reasons, including the failure to
include a segment of the population, the inability to obtain data from
all units in the sample, the inability or unwillingness of respondents
to provide data on a timely basis, mistakes made by respondents,
errors made in the collection or processing of the data, and errors
from the employment benchmark data used in estimation.

Other information

Information in this release will be made available to sensory impaired
individuals upon request. Voice phone: (202) 691-5200; Federal Relay
Service: (800) 877-8339.

Table 1. Job openings levels and rates by industry and region, seasonally adjusted(1)

Industry and region	Levels (in thousands)						Rates(2)
	Oct. 2017	June 2018	July 2018	Aug. 2018	Sept. 2018	Oct. 2018(p)	Oct. 2017	June 2018	July 2018	Aug. 2018	Sept. 2018	Oct. 2018(p)
Total	6,059	6,822	7,077	7,293	6,960	7,079	4.0	4.4	4.5	4.7	4.4	4.5
INDUSTRY
Total private	5,515	6,183	6,384	6,595	6,340	6,489	4.2	4.7	4.8	4.9	4.8	4.8
Mining and logging(3)	28	27	33	36	34	29	3.9	3.5	4.3	4.6	4.3	3.6
Construction(3)	233	267	275	317	272	292	3.2	3.6	3.7	4.2	3.6	3.8
Manufacturing	410	475	496	508	485	522	3.2	3.6	3.8	3.8	3.7	3.9
Durable goods(3)	248	293	289	304	307	332	3.1	3.6	3.5	3.7	3.7	4.0
Nondurable goods(3)	162	182	207	204	178	189	3.3	3.7	4.2	4.1	3.6	3.8
Trade, transportation, and utilities	1,031	1,348	1,333	1,267	1,282	1,280	3.6	4.6	4.6	4.4	4.4	4.4
Wholesale trade(3)	152	222	261	221	230	231	2.5	3.6	4.2	3.5	3.7	3.7
Retail trade	655	842	773	760	772	802	4.0	5.0	4.6	4.6	4.6	4.8
Transportation, warehousing, and utilities(3)	223	285	300	287	280	247	3.7	4.6	4.9	4.6	4.5	4.0
Information(3)	96	136	146	149	104	149	3.3	4.7	5.0	5.1	3.6	5.1
Financial activities	365	352	396	450	345	375	4.1	3.9	4.4	5.0	3.9	4.2
Finance and insurance	254	244	309	354	264	256	3.9	3.7	4.6	5.3	4.0	3.9
Real estate and rental and leasing(3)	111	108	88	96	81	119	4.8	4.6	3.8	4.1	3.4	5.0
Professional and business services	1,084	1,155	1,244	1,374	1,248	1,227	5.0	5.2	5.6	6.1	5.6	5.5
Education and health services	1,127	1,295	1,247	1,275	1,278	1,297	4.6	5.2	5.0	5.1	5.1	5.2
Educational services(3)	93	147	120	123	83	103	2.5	3.8	3.1	3.2	2.2	2.7
Health care and social assistance	1,034	1,148	1,127	1,152	1,195	1,194	5.0	5.5	5.4	5.5	5.6	5.6
Leisure and hospitality	850	931	993	996	1,058	1,044	5.0	5.4	5.7	5.7	6.1	6.0
Arts, entertainment, and recreation	82	86	93	94	95	76	3.4	3.5	3.8	3.9	3.9	3.1
Accommodation and food services	768	845	900	901	963	968	5.3	5.7	6.0	6.0	6.4	6.5
Other services(3)	292	198	220	223	234	273	4.8	3.3	3.6	3.7	3.8	4.4
Government	544	639	693	698	620	590	2.4	2.8	3.0	3.0	2.7	2.6
Federal(3)	87	115	96	108	89	80	3.0	3.9	3.3	3.7	3.1	2.8
State and local	457	524	597	591	531	510	2.3	2.6	3.0	2.9	2.6	2.5
State and local education	156	194	213	206	200	217	1.5	1.8	2.0	1.9	1.9	2.0
State and local, excluding education(3)	301	330	383	384	331	293	3.2	3.5	4.0	4.0	3.5	3.1
REGION(4)
Northeast	1,018	1,174	1,201	1,177	1,191	1,177	3.6	4.1	4.2	4.1	4.1	4.1
South	2,089	2,429	2,565	2,765	2,506	2,539	3.7	4.3	4.5	4.8	4.4	4.4
Midwest	1,536	1,672	1,707	1,707	1,657	1,729	4.5	4.8	4.9	4.9	4.8	5.0
West	1,417	1,547	1,604	1,644	1,605	1,634	4.0	4.3	4.5	4.6	4.5	4.5
Footnotes (1) Job openings are the number of job openings on the last business day of the month. (2) The job openings rate is the number of job openings on the last business day of the month as a percent of total employment plus job openings. (3) No regular seasonal movements could be identified in this series; therefore, identical numbers appear for the unadjusted and seasonally adjusted series. (4) The states (including the District of Columbia) that comprise the regions are: Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont; South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia; Midwest: Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin; West: Alaska, Arizona, California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming. (p) Preliminary
NOTE: Total nonfarm, government, federal government, and regional data in this table have been corrected for the months January 2011 through March 2018.

Table 2. Hires levels and rates by industry and region, seasonally adjusted(1)

Industry and region	Levels (in thousands)						Rates(2)
	Oct. 2017	June 2018	July 2018	Aug. 2018	Sept. 2018	Oct. 2018(p)	Oct. 2017	June 2018	July 2018	Aug. 2018	Sept. 2018	Oct. 2018(p)
Total	5,600	5,677	5,713	5,906	5,696	5,892	3.8	3.8	3.8	4.0	3.8	3.9
INDUSTRY
Total private	5,267	5,328	5,366	5,551	5,358	5,537	4.2	4.2	4.2	4.4	4.2	4.3
Mining and logging	32	41	38	43	44	33	4.7	5.5	5.2	5.7	5.9	4.4
Construction	372	360	373	366	369	349	5.3	5.0	5.1	5.0	5.1	4.8
Manufacturing	343	360	392	368	322	384	2.7	2.8	3.1	2.9	2.5	3.0
Durable goods	195	207	231	205	184	227	2.5	2.6	2.9	2.6	2.3	2.8
Nondurable goods	148	153	161	163	138	157	3.1	3.2	3.4	3.4	2.9	3.3
Trade, transportation, and utilities	1,059	1,120	1,142	1,218	1,167	1,273	3.8	4.0	4.1	4.4	4.2	4.6
Wholesale trade	156	135	134	164	137	170	2.6	2.3	2.2	2.7	2.3	2.8
Retail trade	693	755	790	818	806	790	4.4	4.7	5.0	5.1	5.1	5.0
Transportation, warehousing, and utilities	210	230	218	236	224	314	3.6	3.9	3.7	4.0	3.8	5.3
Information	82	78	76	77	78	80	3.0	2.8	2.8	2.8	2.8	2.9
Financial activities	235	247	215	221	225	190	2.8	2.9	2.5	2.6	2.6	2.2
Finance and insurance	158	169	136	141	148	122	2.5	2.7	2.2	2.2	2.3	1.9
Real estate and rental and leasing	77	79	79	80	77	68	3.5	3.5	3.5	3.5	3.4	3.0
Professional and business services	1,141	1,160	1,180	1,253	1,180	1,184	5.5	5.5	5.6	5.9	5.6	5.6
Education and health services	679	712	701	715	692	721	2.9	3.0	3.0	3.0	2.9	3.0
Educational services	86	91	104	92	92	97	2.3	2.4	2.8	2.4	2.4	2.6
Health care and social assistance	593	620	598	623	601	625	3.0	3.1	3.0	3.1	3.0	3.1
Leisure and hospitality	1,074	1,047	1,065	1,059	1,079	1,103	6.6	6.4	6.5	6.5	6.6	6.7
Arts, entertainment, and recreation	180	166	146	173	171	176	7.7	7.1	6.2	7.4	7.2	7.4
Accommodation and food services	894	881	918	886	908	927	6.5	6.3	6.6	6.3	6.5	6.6
Other services	249	202	184	231	201	219	4.3	3.4	3.1	3.9	3.4	3.7
Government	333	349	347	355	338	355	1.5	1.6	1.6	1.6	1.5	1.6
Federal	41	30	33	32	38	35	1.5	1.1	1.2	1.2	1.4	1.3
State and local	292	320	314	322	300	320	1.5	1.6	1.6	1.6	1.5	1.6
State and local education	153	165	157	173	159	165	1.5	1.6	1.5	1.7	1.5	1.6
State and local, excluding education	139	155	157	149	141	155	1.5	1.7	1.7	1.6	1.5	1.7
REGION(3)
Northeast	930	898	936	880	803	830	3.4	3.3	3.4	3.2	2.9	3.0
South	2,279	2,286	2,305	2,400	2,388	2,501	4.2	4.2	4.2	4.4	4.4	4.6
Midwest	1,151	1,245	1,271	1,296	1,309	1,273	3.5	3.8	3.9	3.9	4.0	3.8
West	1,240	1,249	1,201	1,330	1,196	1,288	3.7	3.6	3.5	3.9	3.5	3.7
Footnotes (1) Hires are the number of hires during the entire month. (2) The hires rate is the number of hires during the entire month as a percent of total employment. (3) The states (including the District of Columbia) that comprise the regions are: Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont; South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia; Midwest: Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin; West: Alaska, Arizona, California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming. (p) Preliminary
NOTE: Total nonfarm, government, federal government, and regional data in this table have been corrected for the months January 2011 through March 2018.

Table 3. Total separations levels and rates by industry and region, seasonally adjusted(1)

Industry and region	Levels (in thousands)						Rates(2)
	Oct. 2017	June 2018	July 2018	Aug. 2018	Sept. 2018	Oct. 2018(p)	Oct. 2017	June 2018	July 2018	Aug. 2018	Sept. 2018	Oct. 2018(p)
Total	5,272	5,514	5,596	5,779	5,641	5,556	3.6	3.7	3.8	3.9	3.8	3.7
INDUSTRY
Total private	4,929	5,172	5,242	5,422	5,306	5,210	3.9	4.1	4.1	4.3	4.2	4.1
Mining and logging	31	34	33	35	34	29	4.4	4.6	4.5	4.6	4.5	3.8
Construction	344	350	337	334	343	315	4.9	4.8	4.7	4.6	4.7	4.3
Manufacturing	314	337	358	343	315	345	2.5	2.6	2.8	2.7	2.5	2.7
Durable goods	177	180	195	188	179	200	2.3	2.3	2.5	2.4	2.2	2.5
Nondurable goods	137	156	162	154	136	145	2.9	3.3	3.4	3.2	2.8	3.0
Trade, transportation, and utilities	1,014	1,116	1,130	1,206	1,192	1,183	3.7	4.0	4.1	4.3	4.3	4.2
Wholesale trade	138	131	125	151	137	146	2.3	2.2	2.1	2.5	2.3	2.4
Retail trade	691	778	806	837	848	792	4.4	4.9	5.1	5.3	5.3	5.0
Transportation, warehousing, and utilities	185	207	200	218	207	244	3.2	3.5	3.4	3.7	3.5	4.1
Information	81	81	79	83	81	68	2.9	2.9	2.8	3.0	2.9	2.4
Financial activities	219	234	225	231	209	183	2.6	2.7	2.6	2.7	2.4	2.1
Finance and insurance	152	154	145	143	143	120	2.4	2.4	2.3	2.3	2.3	1.9
Real estate and rental and leasing	67	79	80	88	66	62	3.0	3.5	3.6	3.9	2.9	2.7
Professional and business services	1,077	1,132	1,118	1,194	1,161	1,131	5.2	5.4	5.3	5.7	5.5	5.4
Education and health services	669	665	664	665	646	659	2.9	2.8	2.8	2.8	2.7	2.8
Educational services	102	71	97	88	89	89	2.8	1.9	2.6	2.3	2.4	2.4
Health care and social assistance	567	594	566	577	557	570	2.9	3.0	2.8	2.9	2.8	2.8
Leisure and hospitality	968	1,018	1,058	1,072	1,097	1,090	6.0	6.2	6.5	6.6	6.7	6.6
Arts, entertainment, and recreation	155	173	138	177	164	170	6.6	7.4	5.9	7.5	7.0	7.2
Accommodation and food services	812	845	920	895	933	920	5.9	6.0	6.6	6.4	6.7	6.6
Other services	212	207	240	260	228	207	3.7	3.5	4.1	4.4	3.9	3.5
Government	342	341	354	357	335	347	1.5	1.5	1.6	1.6	1.5	1.5
Federal	42	32	34	33	34	31	1.5	1.2	1.2	1.2	1.2	1.1
State and local	301	309	320	324	301	316	1.5	1.6	1.6	1.7	1.5	1.6
State and local education	158	153	160	172	157	169	1.5	1.5	1.5	1.6	1.5	1.6
State and local, excluding education	142	156	160	152	144	147	1.6	1.7	1.8	1.7	1.6	1.6
REGION(3)
Northeast	815	857	773	856	841	764	3.0	3.1	2.8	3.1	3.1	2.8
South	2,156	2,189	2,311	2,356	2,378	2,287	4.0	4.0	4.2	4.3	4.4	4.2
Midwest	1,137	1,236	1,257	1,257	1,255	1,300	3.5	3.7	3.8	3.8	3.8	3.9
West	1,165	1,232	1,256	1,310	1,167	1,205	3.4	3.6	3.7	3.8	3.4	3.5
Footnotes (1) Total separations are the number of total separations during the entire month. (2) The total separations rate is the number of total separations during the entire month as a percent of total employment. (3) The states (including the District of Columbia) that comprise the regions are: Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont; South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia; Midwest: Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin; West: Alaska, Arizona, California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming. (p) Preliminary
NOTE: Total nonfarm, government, federal government, and regional data in this table have been corrected for the months January 2011 through March 2018.

Table 4. Quits levels and rates by industry and region, seasonally adjusted(1)

Industry and region	Levels (in thousands)						Rates(2)
	Oct. 2017	June 2018	July 2018	Aug. 2018	Sept. 2018	Oct. 2018(p)	Oct. 2017	June 2018	July 2018	Aug. 2018	Sept. 2018	Oct. 2018(p)
Total	3,224	3,477	3,608	3,648	3,564	3,514	2.2	2.3	2.4	2.4	2.4	2.3
INDUSTRY
Total private	3,059	3,285	3,422	3,480	3,391	3,340	2.4	2.6	2.7	2.7	2.7	2.6
Mining and logging	19	21	21	21	21	19	2.7	2.8	2.8	2.8	2.8	2.6
Construction	164	164	178	165	164	154	2.3	2.3	2.5	2.3	2.3	2.1
Manufacturing	195	206	217	212	198	201	1.6	1.6	1.7	1.7	1.6	1.6
Durable goods	109	113	120	119	108	109	1.4	1.4	1.5	1.5	1.4	1.4
Nondurable goods	86	93	96	93	90	92	1.8	2.0	2.0	2.0	1.9	1.9
Trade, transportation, and utilities	666	751	730	759	761	745	2.4	2.7	2.6	2.7	2.7	2.7
Wholesale trade	98	79	78	108	85	86	1.7	1.3	1.3	1.8	1.4	1.4
Retail trade	464	550	535	529	569	523	2.9	3.5	3.4	3.3	3.6	3.3
Transportation, warehousing, and utilities	104	122	117	122	106	136	1.8	2.1	2.0	2.1	1.8	2.3
Information	44	51	49	49	47	48	1.6	1.8	1.8	1.8	1.7	1.7
Financial activities	122	129	141	155	126	112	1.4	1.5	1.6	1.8	1.5	1.3
Finance and insurance	79	78	77	89	75	64	1.3	1.2	1.2	1.4	1.2	1.0
Real estate and rental and leasing(3)	44	52	64	66	50	48	2.0	2.3	2.8	2.9	2.2	2.1
Professional and business services	641	723	709	696	704	682	3.1	3.4	3.4	3.3	3.3	3.2
Education and health services	453	440	449	469	431	476	1.9	1.9	1.9	2.0	1.8	2.0
Educational services	50	34	45	35	47	59	1.4	0.9	1.2	0.9	1.3	1.6
Health care and social assistance	403	407	404	434	384	417	2.1	2.0	2.0	2.2	1.9	2.1
Leisure and hospitality	646	705	765	777	780	782	4.0	4.3	4.7	4.7	4.8	4.8
Arts, entertainment, and recreation	63	77	76	84	85	90	2.7	3.3	3.2	3.6	3.6	3.8
Accommodation and food services	583	629	689	693	695	692	4.2	4.5	4.9	4.9	5.0	4.9
Other services(3)	109	95	163	177	159	120	1.9	1.6	2.8	3.0	2.7	2.0
Government	166	192	187	168	174	174	0.7	0.9	0.8	0.8	0.8	0.8
Federal	16	14	14	13	16	16	0.6	0.5	0.5	0.5	0.6	0.6
State and local	150	178	172	155	158	158	0.8	0.9	0.9	0.8	0.8	0.8
State and local education	80	92	91	85	83	84	0.8	0.9	0.9	0.8	0.8	0.8
State and local, excluding education	70	86	82	70	75	74	0.8	0.9	0.9	0.8	0.8	0.8
REGION(4)
Northeast	444	460	442	448	459	404	1.6	1.7	1.6	1.6	1.7	1.5
South	1,401	1,432	1,504	1,500	1,533	1,511	2.6	2.6	2.8	2.8	2.8	2.8
Midwest	670	819	824	856	799	789	2.1	2.5	2.5	2.6	2.4	2.4
West	709	766	838	845	773	809	2.1	2.2	2.4	2.5	2.3	2.4
Footnotes (1) Quits are the number of quits during the entire month. (2) The quits rate is the number of quits during the entire month as a percent of total employment. (3) No regular seasonal movements could be identified in this series; therefore, identical numbers appear for the unadjusted and seasonally adjusted series. (4) The states (including the District of Columbia) that comprise the regions are: Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont; South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia; Midwest: Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin; West: Alaska, Arizona, California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming. (p) Preliminary

Table 5. Layoffs and discharges levels and rates by industry and region, seasonally adjusted(1)

Industry and region	Levels (in thousands)						Rates(2)
	Oct. 2017	June 2018	July 2018	Aug. 2018	Sept. 2018	Oct. 2018(p)	Oct. 2017	June 2018	July 2018	Aug. 2018	Sept. 2018	Oct. 2018(p)
Total	1,711	1,652	1,622	1,790	1,707	1,691	1.2	1.1	1.1	1.2	1.1	1.1
INDUSTRY
Total private	1,595	1,568	1,520	1,666	1,609	1,579	1.3	1.2	1.2	1.3	1.3	1.2
Mining and logging(3)	10	11	11	13	11	9	1.5	1.5	1.5	1.7	1.5	1.1
Construction	160	176	151	159	169	133	2.3	2.4	2.1	2.2	2.3	1.8
Manufacturing	100	111	120	112	95	124	0.8	0.9	0.9	0.9	0.7	1.0
Durable goods	57	55	60	60	59	77	0.7	0.7	0.8	0.8	0.7	1.0
Nondurable goods	43	56	60	52	36	47	0.9	1.2	1.3	1.1	0.8	1.0
Trade, transportation, and utilities	274	290	329	384	374	380	1.0	1.0	1.2	1.4	1.3	1.4
Wholesale trade(3)	34	37	34	38	44	49	0.6	0.6	0.6	0.6	0.7	0.8
Retail trade	174	184	230	264	242	233	1.1	1.2	1.4	1.7	1.5	1.5
Transportation, warehousing, and utilities	66	70	66	82	89	98	1.2	1.2	1.1	1.4	1.5	1.6
Information	33	22	24	27	28	16	1.2	0.8	0.9	1.0	1.0	0.6
Financial activities	76	68	57	55	59	47	0.9	0.8	0.7	0.6	0.7	0.5
Finance and insurance	54	44	43	40	44	33	0.9	0.7	0.7	0.6	0.7	0.5
Real estate and rental and leasing	22	23	15	15	14	14	1.0	1.0	0.7	0.7	0.6	0.6
Professional and business services	376	341	326	443	376	376	1.8	1.6	1.6	2.1	1.8	1.8
Education and health services	170	172	167	141	154	145	0.7	0.7	0.7	0.6	0.6	0.6
Educational services	45	29	42	45	33	26	1.2	0.8	1.1	1.2	0.9	0.7
Health care and social assistance	125	143	125	96	121	119	0.6	0.7	0.6	0.5	0.6	0.6
Leisure and hospitality	295	283	263	265	278	276	1.8	1.7	1.6	1.6	1.7	1.7
Arts, entertainment, and recreation	90	94	60	87	72	78	3.8	4.0	2.6	3.7	3.0	3.3
Accommodation and food services	205	189	202	177	206	198	1.5	1.4	1.4	1.3	1.5	1.4
Other services	99	94	72	67	65	74	1.7	1.6	1.2	1.1	1.1	1.3
Government	116	84	102	125	98	112	0.5	0.4	0.5	0.6	0.4	0.5
Federal	12	6	7	7	6	6	0.4	0.2	0.3	0.2	0.2	0.2
State and local	104	78	95	118	92	106	0.5	0.4	0.5	0.6	0.5	0.5
State and local education	53	34	44	60	51	58	0.5	0.3	0.4	0.6	0.5	0.6
State and local, excluding education	51	44	51	57	41	48	0.6	0.5	0.6	0.6	0.5	0.5
REGION(4)
Northeast	306	316	277	322	308	297	1.1	1.2	1.0	1.2	1.1	1.1
South	632	632	685	731	714	655	1.2	1.2	1.3	1.3	1.3	1.2
Midwest	397	334	347	348	375	430	1.2	1.0	1.1	1.1	1.1	1.3
West	377	369	314	389	311	309	1.1	1.1	0.9	1.1	0.9	0.9
Footnotes (1) Layoffs and discharges are the number of layoffs and discharges during the entire month. (2) The layoffs and discharges rate is the number of layoffs and discharges during the entire month as a percent of total employment. (3) No regular seasonal movements could be identified in this series; therefore, identical numbers appear for the unadjusted and seasonally adjusted series. (4) The states (including the District of Columbia) that comprise the regions are: Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont; South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia; Midwest: Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin; West: Alaska, Arizona, California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming. (p) Preliminary
NOTE: Total nonfarm, government, federal government, and regional data in this table have been corrected for the months January 2011 through March 2018.

Table 6. Other separations levels and rates by industry and region, seasonally adjusted(1)

Industry and region	Levels (in thousands)						Rates(2)
	Oct. 2017	June 2018	July 2018	Aug. 2018	Sept. 2018	Oct. 2018(p)	Oct. 2017	June 2018	July 2018	Aug. 2018	Sept. 2018	Oct. 2018(p)
Total	336	384	365	341	369	351	0.2	0.3	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.2
INDUSTRY
Total private	276	319	300	277	307	291	0.2	0.3	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.2
Mining and logging	2	2	1	1	1	1	0.2	0.3	0.1	0.1	0.2	0.1
Construction(3)	21	10	8	10	10	28	0.3	0.1	0.1	0.1	0.1	0.4
Manufacturing	19	20	22	19	22	19	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.1	0.2	0.2
Durable goods	11	13	15	9	12	14	0.1	0.2	0.2	0.1	0.1	0.2
Nondurable goods(3)	8	7	7	10	10	5	0.2	0.1	0.1	0.2	0.2	0.1
Trade, transportation, and utilities	74	75	71	64	57	58	0.3	0.3	0.3	0.2	0.2	0.2
Wholesale trade	6	15	14	6	7	11	0.1	0.3	0.2	0.1	0.1	0.2
Retail trade	53	44	41	44	37	37	0.3	0.3	0.3	0.3	0.2	0.2
Transportation, warehousing, and utilities(3)	15	15	17	14	12	10	0.3	0.3	0.3	0.2	0.2	0.2
Information(3)	3	8	5	7	6	4	0.1	0.3	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.2
Financial activities	21	37	27	21	25	24	0.2	0.4	0.3	0.2	0.3	0.3
Finance and insurance	19	33	25	14	23	23	0.3	0.5	0.4	0.2	0.4	0.4
Real estate and rental and leasing(3)	1	4	1	7	2	1	0.1	0.2	0.1	0.3	0.1	0.0
Professional and business services	59	69	84	54	80	73	0.3	0.3	0.4	0.3	0.4	0.3
Education and health services	47	52	48	54	60	38	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.3	0.2
Educational services(3)	8	8	10	8	8	3	0.2	0.2	0.3	0.2	0.2	0.1
Health care and social assistance(3)	39	44	38	47	52	35	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.3	0.2
Leisure and hospitality	26	29	30	31	40	31	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.2
Arts, entertainment, and recreation(3)	3	3	1	5	8	2	0.1	0.1	0.1	0.2	0.3	0.1
Accommodation and food services(3)	24	27	28	25	32	30	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.2
Other services(3)	4	18	5	16	5	13	0.1	0.3	0.1	0.3	0.1	0.2
Government	61	65	65	64	63	60	0.3	0.3	0.3	0.3	0.3	0.3
Federal	14	12	13	13	12	9	0.5	0.4	0.5	0.5	0.4	0.3
State and local	47	53	53	51	51	52	0.2	0.3	0.3	0.3	0.3	0.3
State and local education	25	27	25	26	24	27	0.2	0.3	0.2	0.3	0.2	0.3
State and local, excluding education	22	26	27	25	27	25	0.2	0.3	0.3	0.3	0.3	0.3
REGION(4)
Northeast	64	80	54	86	74	63	0.2	0.3	0.2	0.3	0.3	0.2
South	123	124	122	125	131	120	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.2
Midwest	70	83	86	53	81	82	0.2	0.3	0.3	0.2	0.2	0.2
West	79	97	103	77	83	87	0.2	0.3	0.3	0.2	0.2	0.3
Footnotes (1) Other separations are the number of other separations during the entire month. (2) The other separations rate is the number of other separations during the entire month as a percent of total employment. (3) No regular seasonal movements could be identified in this series; therefore, identical numbers appear for the unadjusted and seasonally adjusted series. (4) The states (including the District of Columbia) that comprise the regions are: Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont; South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia; Midwest: Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin; West: Alaska, Arizona, California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming. (p) Preliminary
NOTE: Levels are rounded to the nearest thousand and rates are rounded to the nearest tenth. Levels and rates may round down to zero.

Table 7. Job openings levels and rates by industry and region, not seasonally adjusted(1)

Industry and region	Levels (in thousands)			Rates(2)
	Oct. 2017	Sept. 2018	Oct. 2018(p)	Oct. 2017	Sept. 2018	Oct. 2018(p)
Total	6,304	7,027	7,320	4.1	4.5	4.6
INDUSTRY
Total private	5,768	6,409	6,732	4.4	4.8	5.0
Mining and logging	28	34	29	3.9	4.2	3.6
Construction	233	272	292	3.1	3.5	3.7
Manufacturing	410	485	522	3.2	3.7	3.9
Durable goods	248	307	332	3.1	3.7	4.0
Nondurable goods	162	178	189	3.3	3.6	3.8
Trade, transportation, and utilities	1,115	1,391	1,362	3.9	4.8	4.7
Wholesale trade	152	230	231	2.5	3.7	3.7
Retail trade	740	881	884	4.5	5.3	5.3
Transportation, warehousing, and utilities	223	280	247	3.7	4.5	4.0
Information	96	104	149	3.3	3.6	5.1
Financial activities	378	339	378	4.3	3.8	4.2
Finance and insurance	267	259	259	4.1	3.9	3.9
Real estate and rental and leasing	111	81	119	4.8	3.4	5.0
Professional and business services	1,163	1,279	1,291	5.3	5.7	5.7
Education and health services	1,188	1,246	1,365	4.8	5.0	5.4
Educational services	93	83	103	2.4	2.2	2.6
Health care and social assistance	1,095	1,162	1,261	5.3	5.5	5.9
Leisure and hospitality	865	1,026	1,071	5.1	5.8	6.1
Arts, entertainment, and recreation	83	83	75	3.5	3.3	3.1
Accommodation and food services	783	943	996	5.4	6.3	6.6
Other services	292	234	273	4.8	3.8	4.4
Government	537	618	588	2.3	2.7	2.5
Federal	87	89	80	3.0	3.1	2.8
State and local	450	529	508	2.2	2.6	2.5
State and local education	149	197	215	1.4	1.9	1.9
State and local, excluding education	301	331	293	3.2	3.5	3.1
REGION(3)
Northeast	1,070	1,233	1,221	3.8	4.3	4.2
South	2,153	2,499	2,588	3.8	4.4	4.5
Midwest	1,595	1,688	1,796	4.6	4.9	5.1
West	1,487	1,607	1,715	4.2	4.5	4.7
Footnotes (1) Job openings are the number of job openings on the last business day of the month. (2) The job openings rate is the number of job openings on the last business day of the month as a percent of total employment plus job openings. (3) The states (including the District of Columbia) that comprise the regions are: Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont; South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia; Midwest: Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin; West: Alaska, Arizona, California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming. (p) Preliminary
NOTE: Total nonfarm, government, federal government, and regional data in this table have been corrected for the months January 2011 through March 2018.

Table 8. Hires levels and rates by industry and region, not seasonally adjusted(1)

Industry and region	Levels (in thousands)			Rates(2)
	Oct. 2017	Sept. 2018	Oct. 2018(p)	Oct. 2017	Sept. 2018	Oct. 2018(p)
Total	5,966	5,751	6,338	4.0	3.8	4.2
INDUSTRY
Total private	5,650	5,324	5,988	4.5	4.2	4.7
Mining and logging	36	43	36	5.2	5.7	4.7
Construction	378	349	352	5.3	4.7	4.7
Manufacturing	350	330	392	2.8	2.6	3.1
Durable goods	188	185	219	2.4	2.3	2.7
Nondurable goods	162	144	173	3.4	3.0	3.6
Trade, transportation, and utilities	1,300	1,174	1,541	4.7	4.2	5.5
Wholesale trade	165	136	186	2.8	2.3	3.1
Retail trade	891	799	1,009	5.6	5.1	6.3
Transportation, warehousing, and utilities	243	239	347	4.2	4.0	5.8
Information	96	75	94	3.4	2.7	3.4
Financial activities	250	211	200	2.9	2.5	2.3
Finance and insurance	165	141	126	2.6	2.2	2.0
Real estate and rental and leasing	84	71	74	3.8	3.1	3.2
Professional and business services	1,204	1,156	1,246	5.8	5.5	5.8
Education and health services	753	750	811	3.2	3.2	3.4
Educational services	82	152	91	2.1	4.1	2.3
Health care and social assistance	671	598	720	3.4	3.0	3.6
Leisure and hospitality	1,046	1,045	1,106	6.5	6.3	6.8
Arts, entertainment, and recreation	161	143	162	7.0	5.9	6.9
Accommodation and food services	885	902	944	6.4	6.4	6.7
Other services	238	191	211	4.1	3.3	3.6
Government	316	427	350	1.4	1.9	1.5
Federal	39	37	37	1.4	1.3	1.3
State and local	277	390	313	1.4	2.0	1.6
State and local education	153	266	173	1.4	2.5	1.6
State and local, excluding education	124	124	139	1.4	1.4	1.5
REGION(3)
Northeast	980	888	868	3.6	3.2	3.1
South	2,412	2,344	2,694	4.5	4.3	4.9
Midwest	1,221	1,306	1,352	3.7	3.9	4.1
West	1,354	1,213	1,423	4.0	3.5	4.1
Footnotes (1) Hires are the number of hires during the entire month. (2) The hires rate is the number of hires during the entire month as a percent of total employment. (3) The states (including the District of Columbia) that comprise the regions are: Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont; South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia; Midwest: Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin; West: Alaska, Arizona, California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming. (p) Preliminary
NOTE: Total nonfarm, government, federal government, and regional data in this table have been corrected for the months January 2011 through March 2018.

Table 9. Total separations levels and rates by industry and region, not seasonally adjusted(1)

Industry and region	Levels (in thousands)			Rates(2)
	Oct. 2017	Sept. 2018	Oct. 2018(p)	Oct. 2017	Sept. 2018	Oct. 2018(p)
Total	5,394	6,005	5,634	3.6	4.0	3.7
INDUSTRY
Total private	5,107	5,631	5,343	4.1	4.4	4.2
Mining and logging	34	37	30	4.8	4.9	4.0
Construction	379	356	333	5.3	4.8	4.4
Manufacturing	326	330	355	2.6	2.6	2.8
Durable goods	177	186	198	2.3	2.3	2.5
Nondurable goods	150	144	157	3.2	3.0	3.3
Trade, transportation, and utilities	992	1,157	1,156	3.6	4.2	4.1
Wholesale trade	151	137	159	2.5	2.3	2.6
Retail trade	665	835	755	4.2	5.3	4.8
Transportation, warehousing, and utilities	176	186	242	3.0	3.1	4.0
Information	80	85	66	2.9	3.1	2.4
Financial activities	225	205	181	2.6	2.4	2.1
Finance and insurance	153	140	116	2.4	2.2	1.8
Real estate and rental and leasing	71	65	64	3.2	2.8	2.8
Professional and business services	1,090	1,190	1,129	5.2	5.6	5.3
Education and health services	657	661	657	2.8	2.8	2.7
Educational services	74	92	66	1.9	2.5	1.7
Health care and social assistance	583	569	591	3.0	2.8	2.9
Leisure and hospitality	1,104	1,360	1,216	6.9	8.2	7.4
Arts, entertainment, and recreation	220	276	228	9.6	11.4	9.8
Accommodation and food services	884	1,084	988	6.4	7.7	7.0
Other services	221	250	220	3.8	4.3	3.7
Government	288	375	291	1.3	1.7	1.3
Federal	43	38	35	1.5	1.3	1.2
State and local	244	337	256	1.2	1.7	1.3
State and local education	95	131	104	0.9	1.3	1.0
State and local, excluding education	149	206	152	1.6	2.2	1.7
REGION(3)
Northeast	802	1,011	728	2.9	3.7	2.6
South	2,217	2,455	2,338	4.1	4.5	4.2
Midwest	1,166	1,328	1,335	3.6	4.0	4.0
West	1,211	1,211	1,233	3.6	3.5	3.6
Footnotes (1) Total separations are the number of total separations during the entire month. (2) The total separations rate is the number of total separations during the entire month as a percent of total employment. (3) The states (including the District of Columbia) that comprise the regions are: Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont; South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia; Midwest: Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin; West: Alaska, Arizona, California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming. (p) Preliminary
NOTE: Total nonfarm, government, federal government, and regional data in this table have been corrected for the months January 2011 through March 2018.

Table 10. Quits levels and rates by industry and region, not seasonally adjusted(1)

Industry and region	Levels (in thousands)			Rates(2)
	Oct. 2017	Sept. 2018	Oct. 2018(p)	Oct. 2017	Sept. 2018	Oct. 2018(p)
Total	3,334	3,784	3,604	2.2	2.5	2.4
INDUSTRY
Total private	3,192	3,605	3,458	2.5	2.8	2.7
Mining and logging	22	24	21	3.1	3.2	2.7
Construction	181	173	163	2.5	2.3	2.2
Manufacturing	204	206	209	1.6	1.6	1.6
Durable goods	113	115	111	1.5	1.4	1.4
Nondurable goods	91	91	98	1.9	1.9	2.0
Trade, transportation, and utilities	701	793	791	2.5	2.9	2.8
Wholesale trade	111	87	101	1.9	1.4	1.7
Retail trade	476	599	535	3.0	3.8	3.4
Transportation, warehousing, and utilities	114	107	155	2.0	1.8	2.6
Information	43	50	47	1.6	1.8	1.7
Financial activities	126	128	114	1.5	1.5	1.3
Finance and insurance	83	77	66	1.3	1.2	1.0
Real estate and rental and leasing	44	50	48	2.0	2.2	2.1
Professional and business services	676	732	701	3.2	3.5	3.3
Education and health services	460	450	488	2.0	1.9	2.0
Educational services	40	57	48	1.0	1.5	1.2
Health care and social assistance	420	393	440	2.1	2.0	2.2
Leisure and hospitality	670	890	805	4.2	5.4	4.9
Arts, entertainment, and recreation	65	113	96	2.8	4.7	4.1
Accommodation and food services	606	777	709	4.4	5.5	5.1
Other services	109	159	120	1.9	2.7	2.0
Government	141	179	146	0.6	0.8	0.6
Federal	16	17	17	0.6	0.6	0.6
State and local	125	162	129	0.6	0.8	0.6
State and local education	57	73	58	0.5	0.7	0.5
State and local, excluding education	69	88	71	0.8	1.0	0.8
REGION(3)
Northeast	446	528	389	1.6	1.9	1.4
South	1,443	1,586	1,558	2.7	2.9	2.8
Midwest	700	868	816	2.1	2.6	2.4
West	744	801	842	2.2	2.3	2.4
Footnotes (1) Quits are the number of quits during the entire month. (2) The quits rate is the number of quits during the entire month as a percent of total employment. (3) The states (including the District of Columbia) that comprise the regions are: Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont; South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia; Midwest: Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin; West: Alaska, Arizona, California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming. (p) Preliminary

Table 11. Layoffs and discharges levels and rates by industry and region, not seasonally adjusted(1)

Industry and region	Levels (in thousands)			Rates(2)
	Oct. 2017	Sept. 2018	Oct. 2018(p)	Oct. 2017	Sept. 2018	Oct. 2018(p)
Total	1,748	1,863	1,703	1.2	1.2	1.1
INDUSTRY
Total private	1,647	1,727	1,602	1.3	1.4	1.3
Mining and logging	10	11	9	1.5	1.5	1.1
Construction	177	173	142	2.5	2.3	1.9
Manufacturing	104	104	127	0.8	0.8	1.0
Durable goods	53	61	74	0.7	0.8	0.9
Nondurable goods	51	43	54	1.1	0.9	1.1
Trade, transportation, and utilities	227	312	318	0.8	1.1	1.1
Wholesale trade	34	44	49	0.6	0.7	0.8
Retail trade	146	201	192	0.9	1.3	1.2
Transportation, warehousing, and utilities	48	67	77	0.8	1.1	1.3
Information	33	29	14	1.2	1.0	0.5
Financial activities	79	54	44	0.9	0.6	0.5
Finance and insurance	53	41	29	0.8	0.6	0.5
Real estate and rental and leasing	26	13	16	1.2	0.6	0.7
Professional and business services	351	377	351	1.7	1.8	1.6
Education and health services	150	151	131	0.6	0.6	0.5
Educational services	26	27	15	0.7	0.7	0.4
Health care and social assistance	124	124	116	0.6	0.6	0.6
Leisure and hospitality	407	430	379	2.5	2.6	2.3
Arts, entertainment, and recreation	153	156	130	6.7	6.4	5.6
Accommodation and food services	255	275	249	1.8	1.9	1.8
Other services	108	86	87	1.9	1.5	1.5
Government	101	136	101	0.4	0.6	0.4
Federal	14	8	9	0.5	0.3	0.3
State and local	87	129	92	0.4	0.7	0.5
State and local education	26	39	32	0.2	0.4	0.3
State and local, excluding education	61	90	60	0.7	1.0	0.7
REGION(3)
Northeast	290	403	278	1.1	1.5	1.0
South	660	746	668	1.2	1.4	1.2
Midwest	406	382	447	1.2	1.2	1.3
West	393	331	311	1.2	1.0	0.9
Footnotes (1) Layoffs and discharges are the number of layoffs and discharges during the entire month. (2) The layoffs and discharges rate is the number of layoffs and discharges during the entire month as a percent of total employment. (3) The states (including the District of Columbia) that comprise the regions are: Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont; South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia; Midwest: Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin; West: Alaska, Arizona, California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming. (p) Preliminary
NOTE: Total nonfarm, government, federal government, and regional data in this table have been corrected for the months January 2011 through March 2018.

Table 12. Other separations levels and rates by industry and region, not seasonally adjusted(1)

Industry and region	Levels (in thousands)			Rates(2)
	Oct. 2017	Sept. 2018	Oct. 2018(p)	Oct. 2017	Sept. 2018	Oct. 2018(p)
Total	313	359	326	0.2	0.2	0.2
INDUSTRY
Total private	267	299	282	0.2	0.2	0.2
Mining and logging	1	1	1	0.2	0.2	0.1
Construction	21	10	28	0.3	0.1	0.4
Manufacturing	19	20	19	0.1	0.2	0.1
Durable goods	11	11	14	0.1	0.1	0.2
Nondurable goods	8	10	5	0.2	0.2	0.1
Trade, transportation, and utilities	64	52	48	0.2	0.2	0.2
Wholesale trade	6	6	10	0.1	0.1	0.2
Retail trade	43	34	28	0.3	0.2	0.2
Transportation, warehousing, and utilities	15	12	10	0.3	0.2	0.2
Information	3	6	4	0.1	0.2	0.2
Financial activities	19	23	22	0.2	0.3	0.3
Finance and insurance	18	21	21	0.3	0.3	0.3
Real estate and rental and leasing	1	2	1	0.1	0.1	0.0
Professional and business services	63	81	77	0.3	0.4	0.4
Education and health services	47	60	38	0.2	0.3	0.2
Educational services	8	8	3	0.2	0.2	0.1
Health care and social assistance	39	52	35	0.2	0.3	0.2
Leisure and hospitality	26	40	31	0.2	0.2	0.2
Arts, entertainment, and recreation	3	8	2	0.1	0.3	0.1
Accommodation and food services	24	32	30	0.2	0.2	0.2
Other services	4	5	13	0.1	0.1	0.2
Government	46	60	44	0.2	0.3	0.2
Federal	14	13	9	0.5	0.5	0.3
State and local	32	47	35	0.2	0.2	0.2
State and local education	13	19	14	0.1	0.2	0.1
State and local, excluding education	19	28	21	0.2	0.3	0.2
REGION(3)
Northeast	66	80	62	0.2	0.3	0.2
South	114	122	112	0.2	0.2	0.2
Midwest	59	78	72	0.2	0.2	0.2
West	74	79	80	0.2	0.2	0.2
Footnotes (1) Other separations are the number of other separations during the entire month. (2) The other separations rate is the number of other separations during the entire month as a percent of total employment. (3) The states (including the District of Columbia) that comprise the regions are: Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont; South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia; Midwest: Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin; West: Alaska, Arizona, California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming. (p) Preliminary
NOTE: Levels are rounded to the nearest thousand and rates are rounded to the nearest tenth. Levels and rates may round down to zero.