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For release: 10:00 A.M. (EDT) USDL-10-0994 THURSDAY, JULY 22, 2010 Technical information: (202) 691-6199 NCSinfo@bls.gov http://www.bls.gov/ncs Media contact: (202) 691-5902 PressOffice@bls.gov OCCUPATIONAL PAY COMPARISONS AMONG METROPOLITAN AREAS, 2009 Average pay for civilian workers in the San Jose-San Francisco-Oakland, CA metropolitan area was 20 percent above the national average in 2009, one of 77 metropolitan areas studied by the National Compensation Survey (NCS), the Bureau of Labor Statistics of the U.S. Department of Labor reported today. The Brownsville-Harlingen, TX metropolitan area had a pay relative of 79, meaning workers earned an average of 79 cents for every dollar earned by workers nationwide. Using data from the NCS, pay relatives--a means of assessing pay differences--are available for each of the nine major occupational groups within surveyed metropolitan areas, as well as averaged across all occupations for each area. The average pay relative nationally for all occupations and for each occupational group equals 100. (See table 1.) A pay relative is a calculation of pay--wages, salaries, commissions, and production bonuses--for a given metropolitan area relative to the nation as a whole. The calculation controls for differences among areas in occupational composition, establishment and occupational characteristics, and the fact that data are collected for areas at different times during the year. Simple pay comparisons calculating the ratio of the average pay for an area to the entire United States in percentage terms would not control for interarea differences in occupational composition and other factors, which may impact pay relatives. Chart 1 above lists selected metropolitan area pay relatives compared to average pay nationally among those studied in the NCS. Table A provides selected metropolitan area pay relatives for each of nine major occupational groups. In addition, area-to-area comparisons have been calculated for all 77 metropolitan areas and are available on the BLS website at http://www.bls.gov/ncs/ocs/payrel.htm. Table A. Selected metropolitan area-to-national pay relatives for nine major occupational groups, July 2009 (of 77 metropolitan areas surveyed) Major Occupational Group Metropolitan Area Pay Relative Management, business, and financial New York-Newark-Bridgeport, NY-NJ-CT-PA 117 San Jose-San Francisco-Oakland, CA 113 Professional and related Salinas, CA 120 San Jose-San Francisco-Oakland, CA 120 Service San Jose-San Francisco-Oakland, CA 125 Salinas, CA 124 Sales and related Salinas, CA 124 San Jose-San Francisco-Oakland, CA 124 Office and administrative support San Jose-San Francisco-Oakland, CA 120 New York-Newark-Bridgeport, NY-NJ-CT-PA 116 Construction and extraction Chicago-Naperville-Michigan City, IL-IN-WI 132 New York-Newark-Bridgeport, NY-NJ-CT-PA 130 Installation, maintenance, and repair Salinas, CA 122 Denver-Aurora-Boulder, CO 116 San Jose-San Francisco-Oakland, CA 116 Production Sacramento-Arden-Arcade-Truckee, CA-NV 117 Seattle-Tacoma-Olympia, WA 117 Transportation and material moving Minneapolis-St. Paul-St. Cloud, MN-WI 115 Providence-New Bedford-Fall River, RI-MA 113 The pay relative for construction and extraction occupations in the Chicago-Naperville-Michigan City, IL-IN-WI area was 132, meaning the pay in the Chicago metropolitan area for that occupational group averaged 32 percent more than the national average pay for that occupational group. By contrast, the pay relative for workers in construction and extraction in the Brownsville-Harlingen, Texas area was 67, meaning pay for workers in those occupations averaged 33 percent less than the national average. (See table 1.) Yearly differences in area and occupational group pay relatives do not infer changes in underlying economic conditions.
TECHNICAL NOTE Pay relative controls and calculations Pay relatives control for differences among areas in occupational composition as well as establishment and occupational characteristics. Metropolitan areas often differ greatly in the composition of establishments and occupations that are available to the local workforce. For example, in Brownsville-Harlingen, Texas, the ratio of workers in the high-paying management, business, and financial occupational group to the number of workers in all occupations is under 6 percent, whereas nationally this ratio is over 9 percent.1 In addition to these factors, the NCS collects compensation data for metropolitan areas at different times during the year. Payroll reference dates differ between areas, which makes direct comparisons between areas difficult. The pay relative approach controls for these differences to isolate the geographic effect on wages. To illustrate the importance of controlling for these effects, consider the following example. The average pay for construction and extraction workers in the Chicago-Naperville-Michigan City, IL-IN-WI metropolitan area in 2009 was $32.15 and in the United States, $20.98.2 A simple pay comparison can be calculated from the ratio of the two average pay levels, multiplied by 100 to express the comparison as a percentage. The pay comparison in the example is calculated as: ($32.15 ÷ $20.98) × 100 ≅ 153 This comparison does not control for differences between Chicago and the nation in the mix of occupations, industries, and other factors. A more accurate estimate of the geographic effect of wages in Chicago can be obtained by taking these differences into account. Controlling for differences in occupational composition, establishment and occupational characteristics, and the payroll reference date in Chicago relative to the nation as a whole, the pay relative for construction and extraction occupations in Chicago is 132. Survey methodology Pay relatives were estimated using a multivariate regression technique designed to control for interarea differences. This technique controls for the following ten characteristics: - Occupational type - Industry type - Work level - Full-time / part-time status - Time / incentive status - Union / nonunion status - Ownership type - Profit / non-profit status - Establishment employment - Payroll reference date Even accounting for the characteristics used in the current regression analysis, there is still wage variation across the areas. The variation is due to differences in wage determinants that were not included in the model. Examples of these determinants include price levels, environmental amenities such as a pleasant climate, and cultural amenities. Historical pay relatives data are available for the survey years 1992-1996, 1998, 2002, 2004-2008. There are several differences between the recent pay relatives and the pay relatives for earlier years, including different industry and occupation classification systems, varying methodology, and different survey designs. These differences limit comparability. The pay relatives since 2004 have been calculated using the same industry and occupation classification systems, methodology, and survey design. Nonetheless, comparisons between the estimates for these years should be made only with caution. For more details on survey design, methodology, classification systems, recent changes in the survey, and appropriate use and limitations of the data, see BLS Handbook of Methods, Chapter 8, "National Compensation Measures," available on the Internet at http://www.bls.gov/opub/hom/homch8_a.htm, especially the major section "Area-to-Nation and Area-to-Area Pay Comparisons." Obtaining information Articles, bulletins, and other information from the National Compensation Survey may be obtained by calling (202) 691-6199, sending email to NCSinfo@bls.gov, or visiting the Internet site http://www.bls.gov/ncs. Information in this release will be made available to sensory impaired individuals upon request. Voice phone: (202) 691-5200; Federal Relay Service Number: 1-800-877-8339. __________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Footnotes (1) Data for this example are based on the May 2009 Metropolitan and Nonmetropolitan Area Occupational Employment and Wage Estimates, on the Internet at http://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oessrcma.htm. (2) Average pay for construction and extraction workers in Chicago and for the United States are based on wage estimates published in the Chicago-Naperville-Michigan City, IL-IN-WI National Compensation Survey, October 2009 and the National Compensation Survey: Occupational Wages in the United States, 2009, on the Internet at http://www.bls.gov/ncs/ocs/compub.htm.
Table 1. Pay relatives for major occupational groups in metropolitan areas, National Compensation Survey, July 2009 (Average pay nationally for all occupations and for each occupational group shown = 100.) Management, Metropolitan Area(1) All business, occupations and financial United States......................... 100 100 Amarillo, TX.......................... 87 93 Atlanta-Sandy Springs-Gainesville, GA-AL................................. 100 102 Austin-Round Rock, TX................. 93 92 Birmingham-Hoover, AL................. 95 91 Bloomington, IN....................... 91 91 Bloomington-Normal, IL................ 100 95 Boston-Worcester-Manchester, MA-NH.... 111 104 Brownsville-Harlingen, TX............. 79 89 Buffalo-Niagara-Cattaraugus, NY....... 97 91 Charleston-North Charleston-Summerville, SC............ 93 92 Charlotte-Gastonia-Concord, NC-SC..... 98 103 Chicago-Naperville-Michigan City, IL-IN-WI.............................. 107 106 Cincinnati-Middletown-Wilmington, OH-KY-IN.............................. 100 99 Cleveland-Akron-Elyria, OH............ 100 103 Columbus-Marion-Chillicothe, OH....... 100 95 Corpus Christi, TX.................... 89 86 Dallas-Fort Worth, TX................. 99 101 Dayton-Springfield-Greenville, OH..... 96 100 Denver-Aurora-Boulder, CO............. 104 101 Detroit-Warren-Flint, MI.............. 103 95 Elkhart-Goshen, IN.................... 96 99 Fort Collins-Loveland, CO............. 101 98 Grand Rapids-Wyoming, MI.............. 100 93 Great Falls, MT....................... 89 86 Greensboro-High Point, NC............. 96 101 Greenville-Mauldin-Easley, SC......... 95 99 Hartford-West Hartford-Willimantic, CT.................................... 110 106 Hickory-Lenoir-Morganton, NC.......... 94 92 Honolulu, HI.......................... 106 107 Houston-Baytown-Huntsville, TX........ 98 101 Huntsville-Decatur, AL................ 98 104 (Continued) (Average pay nationally for all occupations and for each occupational group shown = 100.) Metropolitan Area(1) Professional Service and related United States......................... 100 100 Amarillo, TX.......................... 84 91 Atlanta-Sandy Springs-Gainesville, GA-AL................................. 103 95 Austin-Round Rock, TX................. 91 89 Birmingham-Hoover, AL................. 101 96 Bloomington, IN....................... 91 88 Bloomington-Normal, IL................ 105 103 Boston-Worcester-Manchester, MA-NH.... 110 113 Brownsville-Harlingen, TX............. 89 85 Buffalo-Niagara-Cattaraugus, NY....... 90 104 Charleston-North Charleston-Summerville, SC............ 94 88 Charlotte-Gastonia-Concord, NC-SC..... 94 95 Chicago-Naperville-Michigan City, IL-IN-WI.............................. 107 107 Cincinnati-Middletown-Wilmington, OH-KY-IN.............................. 103 100 Cleveland-Akron-Elyria, OH............ 99 101 Columbus-Marion-Chillicothe, OH....... 96 103 Corpus Christi, TX.................... 90 88 Dallas-Fort Worth, TX................. 101 94 Dayton-Springfield-Greenville, OH..... 94 97 Denver-Aurora-Boulder, CO............. 100 109 Detroit-Warren-Flint, MI.............. 104 98 Elkhart-Goshen, IN.................... 91 95 Fort Collins-Loveland, CO............. 95 99 Grand Rapids-Wyoming, MI.............. 98 104 Great Falls, MT....................... 79 97 Greensboro-High Point, NC............. 96 91 Greenville-Mauldin-Easley, SC......... 90 98 Hartford-West Hartford-Willimantic, CT.................................... 108 119 Hickory-Lenoir-Morganton, NC.......... 85 90 Honolulu, HI.......................... 105 116 Houston-Baytown-Huntsville, TX........ 103 87 Huntsville-Decatur, AL................ 99 93 (Continued) (Average pay nationally for all occupations and for each occupational group shown = 100.) Office and Metropolitan Area(1) Sales and administra- related tive support United States......................... 100 100 Amarillo, TX.......................... 82 91 Atlanta-Sandy Springs-Gainesville, GA-AL................................. 97 102 Austin-Round Rock, TX................. 101 94 Birmingham-Hoover, AL................. 96 98 Bloomington, IN....................... 85 91 Bloomington-Normal, IL................ 100 97 Boston-Worcester-Manchester, MA-NH.... 107 113 Brownsville-Harlingen, TX............. 73 77 Buffalo-Niagara-Cattaraugus, NY....... 96 93 Charleston-North Charleston-Summerville, SC............ 97 95 Charlotte-Gastonia-Concord, NC-SC..... 100 99 Chicago-Naperville-Michigan City, IL-IN-WI.............................. 103 108 Cincinnati-Middletown-Wilmington, OH-KY-IN.............................. 102 100 Cleveland-Akron-Elyria, OH............ 95 101 Columbus-Marion-Chillicothe, OH....... 102 99 Corpus Christi, TX.................... 93 86 Dallas-Fort Worth, TX................. 107 99 Dayton-Springfield-Greenville, OH..... 94 92 Denver-Aurora-Boulder, CO............. 105 105 Detroit-Warren-Flint, MI.............. 102 101 Elkhart-Goshen, IN.................... 91 94 Fort Collins-Loveland, CO............. 101 103 Grand Rapids-Wyoming, MI.............. 113 100 Great Falls, MT....................... 90 81 Greensboro-High Point, NC............. 98 96 Greenville-Mauldin-Easley, SC......... 90 95 Hartford-West Hartford-Willimantic, CT.................................... 108 112 Hickory-Lenoir-Morganton, NC.......... 93 91 Honolulu, HI.......................... 109 96 Houston-Baytown-Huntsville, TX........ 102 100 Huntsville-Decatur, AL................ 100 93 (Continued) (Average pay nationally for all occupations and for each occupational group shown = 100.) Construction Installation, Metropolitan Area(1) and maintenance, extraction and repair United States......................... 100 100 Amarillo, TX.......................... 86 91 Atlanta-Sandy Springs-Gainesville, GA-AL................................. 87 97 Austin-Round Rock, TX................. 85 102 Birmingham-Hoover, AL................. 84 100 Bloomington, IN....................... 81 83 Bloomington-Normal, IL................ 115 95 Boston-Worcester-Manchester, MA-NH.... 120 114 Brownsville-Harlingen, TX............. 67 88 Buffalo-Niagara-Cattaraugus, NY....... 111 100 Charleston-North Charleston-Summerville, SC............ 85 88 Charlotte-Gastonia-Concord, NC-SC..... 90 102 Chicago-Naperville-Michigan City, IL-IN-WI.............................. 132 109 Cincinnati-Middletown-Wilmington, OH-KY-IN.............................. 87 102 Cleveland-Akron-Elyria, OH............ 107 107 Columbus-Marion-Chillicothe, OH....... 100 108 Corpus Christi, TX.................... 90 99 Dallas-Fort Worth, TX................. 92 96 Dayton-Springfield-Greenville, OH..... 93 99 Denver-Aurora-Boulder, CO............. 96 116 Detroit-Warren-Flint, MI.............. 102 96 Elkhart-Goshen, IN.................... 113 87 Fort Collins-Loveland, CO............. 109 115 Grand Rapids-Wyoming, MI.............. 105 94 Great Falls, MT....................... 102 102 Greensboro-High Point, NC............. 89 90 Greenville-Mauldin-Easley, SC......... 75 87 Hartford-West Hartford-Willimantic, CT.................................... 111 107 Hickory-Lenoir-Morganton, NC.......... 97 93 Honolulu, HI.......................... 113 107 Houston-Baytown-Huntsville, TX........ 91 95 Huntsville-Decatur, AL................ 93 91 (Continued) (Average pay nationally for all occupations and for each occupational group shown = 100.) Transporta- Metropolitan Area(1) Production ion and material moving United States......................... 100 100 Amarillo, TX.......................... 88 89 Atlanta-Sandy Springs-Gainesville, GA-AL................................. 98 105 Austin-Round Rock, TX................. 90 98 Birmingham-Hoover, AL................. 92 101 Bloomington, IN....................... 100 100 Bloomington-Normal, IL................ 107 101 Boston-Worcester-Manchester, MA-NH.... 106 110 Brownsville-Harlingen, TX............. 75 74 Buffalo-Niagara-Cattaraugus, NY....... 106 97 Charleston-North Charleston-Summerville, SC............ 103 98 Charlotte-Gastonia-Concord, NC-SC..... 101 96 Chicago-Naperville-Michigan City, IL-IN-WI.............................. 103 105 Cincinnati-Middletown-Wilmington, OH-KY-IN.............................. 101 104 Cleveland-Akron-Elyria, OH............ 102 99 Columbus-Marion-Chillicothe, OH....... 102 102 Corpus Christi, TX.................... 91 87 Dallas-Fort Worth, TX................. 93 101 Dayton-Springfield-Greenville, OH..... 101 102 Denver-Aurora-Boulder, CO............. 109 102 Detroit-Warren-Flint, MI.............. 116 106 Elkhart-Goshen, IN.................... 97 104 Fort Collins-Loveland, CO............. 104 108 Grand Rapids-Wyoming, MI.............. 101 95 Great Falls, MT....................... 91 100 Greensboro-High Point, NC............. 101 102 Greenville-Mauldin-Easley, SC......... 106 100 Hartford-West Hartford-Willimantic, CT.................................... 110 107 Hickory-Lenoir-Morganton, NC.......... 104 98 Honolulu, HI.......................... 112 95 Houston-Baytown-Huntsville, TX........ 98 95 Huntsville-Decatur, AL................ 101 96 (Continued) (Average pay nationally for all occupations and for each occupational group shown = 100.) Management, Metropolitan Area(1) All business, occupations and financial Indianapolis-Anderson-Columbus, IN.... 94 82 Iowa City, IA......................... 97 97 Johnstown, PA......................... 87 82 Kansas City, MO-KS.................... 99 94 Kennewick-Pasco-Richland, WA.......... 104 104 Knoxville, TN......................... 88 103 Lincoln, NE........................... 88 81 Los Angeles-Long Beach-Riverside, CA.................................... 109 109 Louisville/Jefferson County-Elizabethtown-Scottsburg, KY-IN................................. 94 88 Memphis, TN-MS-AR..................... 94 95 Miami-Fort Lauderdale-Pompano Beach, FL.................................... 97 100 Milwaukee-Racine-Waukesha, WI......... 100 97 Minneapolis-St. Paul-St. Cloud, MN-WI................................. 108 101 Mobile, AL............................ 90 93 New Orleans-Metairie-Kenner, LA....... 100 95 New York-Newark-Bridgeport, NY-NJ-CT-PA........................... 114 117 Ocala, FL............................. 89 75 Oklahoma City, OK..................... 92 93 Orlando-Kissimmee, FL................. 91 92 Palm Bay-Melbourne-Titusville, FL..... 92 84 Philadelphia-Camden-Vineland, PA-NJ-DE-MD........................... 105 105 Phoenix-Mesa-Scottsdale, AZ........... 98 100 Pittsburgh-New Castle, PA............. 95 91 Portland-Vancouver-Beaverton, OR-WA... 105 103 Providence-New Bedford-Fall River, RI-MA................................. 107 102 Reading, PA........................... 100 102 Reno-Sparks, NV....................... 100 100 Richmond, VA.......................... 98 95 Rochester, NY......................... 100 94 Rockford, IL.......................... 97 89 (Continued) (Average pay nationally for all occupations and for each occupational group shown = 100.) Metropolitan Area(1) Professional Service and related Indianapolis-Anderson-Columbus, IN.... 96 94 Iowa City, IA......................... 94 102 Johnstown, PA......................... 83 92 Kansas City, MO-KS.................... 99 96 Kennewick-Pasco-Richland, WA.......... 98 111 Knoxville, TN......................... 93 80 Lincoln, NE........................... 83 92 Los Angeles-Long Beach-Riverside, CA.................................... 109 113 Louisville/Jefferson County-Elizabethtown-Scottsburg, KY-IN................................. 94 96 Memphis, TN-MS-AR..................... 94 86 Miami-Fort Lauderdale-Pompano Beach, FL.................................... 92 100 Milwaukee-Racine-Waukesha, WI......... 94 98 Minneapolis-St. Paul-St. Cloud, MN-WI................................. 103 117 Mobile, AL............................ 92 90 New Orleans-Metairie-Kenner, LA....... 103 93 New York-Newark-Bridgeport, NY-NJ-CT-PA........................... 115 114 Ocala, FL............................. 84 90 Oklahoma City, OK..................... 90 92 Orlando-Kissimmee, FL................. 85 92 Palm Bay-Melbourne-Titusville, FL..... 86 96 Philadelphia-Camden-Vineland, PA-NJ-DE-MD........................... 106 103 Phoenix-Mesa-Scottsdale, AZ........... 103 99 Pittsburgh-New Castle, PA............. 95 94 Portland-Vancouver-Beaverton, OR-WA... 100 112 Providence-New Bedford-Fall River, RI-MA................................. 108 106 Reading, PA........................... 96 97 Reno-Sparks, NV....................... 99 98 Richmond, VA.......................... 97 97 Rochester, NY......................... 100 105 Rockford, IL.......................... 93 99 (Continued) (Average pay nationally for all occupations and for each occupational group shown = 100.) Office and Metropolitan Area(1) Sales and administra- related tive support Indianapolis-Anderson-Columbus, IN.... 83 96 Iowa City, IA......................... 96 101 Johnstown, PA......................... 86 89 Kansas City, MO-KS.................... 104 99 Kennewick-Pasco-Richland, WA.......... 108 99 Knoxville, TN......................... 95 90 Lincoln, NE........................... 82 89 Los Angeles-Long Beach-Riverside, CA.................................... 112 107 Louisville/Jefferson County-Elizabethtown-Scottsburg, KY-IN................................. 98 97 Memphis, TN-MS-AR..................... 103 96 Miami-Fort Lauderdale-Pompano Beach, FL.................................... 99 100 Milwaukee-Racine-Waukesha, WI......... 108 100 Minneapolis-St. Paul-St. Cloud, MN-WI................................. 109 105 Mobile, AL............................ 85 91 New Orleans-Metairie-Kenner, LA....... 102 98 New York-Newark-Bridgeport, NY-NJ-CT-PA........................... 112 116 Ocala, FL............................. 91 95 Oklahoma City, OK..................... 97 89 Orlando-Kissimmee, FL................. 95 89 Palm Bay-Melbourne-Titusville, FL..... 96 89 Philadelphia-Camden-Vineland, PA-NJ-DE-MD........................... 98 108 Phoenix-Mesa-Scottsdale, AZ........... 102 99 Pittsburgh-New Castle, PA............. 89 96 Portland-Vancouver-Beaverton, OR-WA... 106 106 Providence-New Bedford-Fall River, RI-MA................................. 106 106 Reading, PA........................... 104 102 Reno-Sparks, NV....................... 103 102 Richmond, VA.......................... 94 101 Rochester, NY......................... 100 99 Rockford, IL.......................... 101 95 (Continued) (Average pay nationally for all occupations and for each occupational group shown = 100.) Construction Installation, Metropolitan Area(1) and maintenance, extraction and repair Indianapolis-Anderson-Columbus, IN.... 94 97 Iowa City, IA......................... 106 92 Johnstown, PA......................... 90 90 Kansas City, MO-KS.................... 101 95 Kennewick-Pasco-Richland, WA.......... 107 104 Knoxville, TN......................... 81 88 Lincoln, NE........................... 80 90 Los Angeles-Long Beach-Riverside, CA.................................... 110 113 Louisville/Jefferson County-Elizabethtown-Scottsburg, KY-IN................................. 93 95 Memphis, TN-MS-AR..................... 91 98 Miami-Fort Lauderdale-Pompano Beach, FL.................................... 95 95 Milwaukee-Racine-Waukesha, WI......... 107 94 Minneapolis-St. Paul-St. Cloud, MN-WI................................. 111 106 Mobile, AL............................ 92 90 New Orleans-Metairie-Kenner, LA....... 90 104 New York-Newark-Bridgeport, NY-NJ-CT-PA........................... 130 110 Ocala, FL............................. 80 95 Oklahoma City, OK..................... 104 91 Orlando-Kissimmee, FL................. 93 93 Palm Bay-Melbourne-Titusville, FL..... 96 96 Philadelphia-Camden-Vineland, PA-NJ-DE-MD........................... 105 110 Phoenix-Mesa-Scottsdale, AZ........... 84 99 Pittsburgh-New Castle, PA............. 92 97 Portland-Vancouver-Beaverton, OR-WA... 105 108 Providence-New Bedford-Fall River, RI-MA................................. 110 114 Reading, PA........................... 98 96 Reno-Sparks, NV....................... 93 108 Richmond, VA.......................... 85 102 Rochester, NY......................... 99 102 Rockford, IL.......................... 115 96 (Continued) (Average pay nationally for all occupations and for each occupational group shown = 100.) Transporta- Metropolitan Area(1) Production tion and material moving Indianapolis-Anderson-Columbus, IN.... 105 95 Iowa City, IA......................... 97 99 Johnstown, PA......................... 88 85 Kansas City, MO-KS.................... 103 102 Kennewick-Pasco-Richland, WA.......... 101 108 Knoxville, TN......................... 87 91 Lincoln, NE........................... 91 100 Los Angeles-Long Beach-Riverside, CA.................................... 100 105 Louisville/Jefferson County-Elizabethtown-Scottsburg, KY-IN................................. 104 88 Memphis, TN-MS-AR..................... 92 93 Miami-Fort Lauderdale-Pompano Beach, FL.................................... 95 98 Milwaukee-Racine-Waukesha, WI......... 107 107 Minneapolis-St. Paul-St. Cloud, MN-WI................................. 110 115 Mobile, AL............................ 99 104 New Orleans-Metairie-Kenner, LA....... 111 102 New York-Newark-Bridgeport, NY-NJ-CT-PA........................... 106 105 Ocala, FL............................. 93 99 Oklahoma City, OK..................... 82 89 Orlando-Kissimmee, FL................. 102 105 Palm Bay-Melbourne-Titusville, FL..... 103 105 Philadelphia-Camden-Vineland, PA-NJ-DE-MD........................... 98 106 Phoenix-Mesa-Scottsdale, AZ........... 96 99 Pittsburgh-New Castle, PA............. 101 96 Portland-Vancouver-Beaverton, OR-WA... 102 100 Providence-New Bedford-Fall River, RI-MA................................. 110 113 Reading, PA........................... 103 101 Reno-Sparks, NV....................... 104 100 Richmond, VA.......................... 100 102 Rochester, NY......................... 103 100 Rockford, IL.......................... 99 104 (Continued) (Average pay nationally for all occupations and for each occupational group shown = 100.) Management, Metropolitan Area(1) All business, occupations and financial Sacramento-Arden-Arcade-Truckee, CA-NV................................. 108 106 Salinas, CA........................... 114 109 San Antonio, TX....................... 92 93 San Diego-Carlsbad-San Marcos, CA..... 108 105 San Jose-San Francisco-Oakland, CA.... 120 113 Seattle-Tacoma-Olympia, WA............ 110 105 Springfield, MA....................... 110 97 Springfield, MO....................... 90 92 St. Louis, MO-IL...................... 102 96 Tallahassee, FL....................... 88 79 Tampa-St. Petersburg-Clearwater, FL... 93 94 Virginia Beach-Norfolk-Newport News, VA-NC................................. 92 83 Visalia-Porterville, CA............... 99 87 Washington-Baltimore-Northern Virginia, DC-MD-VA-WV................. 108 104 York-Hanover, PA...................... 95 100 Youngstown-Warren-Boardman, OH-PA..... 91 97 (Continued) (Average pay nationally for all occupations and for each occupational group shown = 100.) Metropolitan Area(1) Professional Service and related Sacramento-Arden-Arcade-Truckee, CA-NV................................. 110 111 Salinas, CA........................... 120 124 San Antonio, TX....................... 96 89 San Diego-Carlsbad-San Marcos, CA..... 108 115 San Jose-San Francisco-Oakland, CA.... 120 125 Seattle-Tacoma-Olympia, WA............ 106 119 Springfield, MA....................... 112 108 Springfield, MO....................... 86 90 St. Louis, MO-IL...................... 102 96 Tallahassee, FL....................... 82 93 Tampa-St. Petersburg-Clearwater, FL... 88 97 Virginia Beach-Norfolk-Newport News, VA-NC................................. 91 94 Visalia-Porterville, CA............... 105 101 Washington-Baltimore-Northern Virginia, DC-MD-VA-WV................. 111 106 York-Hanover, PA...................... 98 95 Youngstown-Warren-Boardman, OH-PA..... 88 93 (Continued) (Average pay nationally for all occupations and for each occupational group shown = 100.) Office and Metropolitan Area(1) Sales and administra- related tive support Sacramento-Arden-Arcade-Truckee, CA-NV................................. 106 103 Salinas, CA........................... 124 110 San Antonio, TX....................... 89 93 San Diego-Carlsbad-San Marcos, CA..... 102 104 San Jose-San Francisco-Oakland, CA.... 124 120 Seattle-Tacoma-Olympia, WA............ 112 106 Springfield, MA....................... 106 111 Springfield, MO....................... 92 88 St. Louis, MO-IL...................... 100 103 Tallahassee, FL....................... 91 89 Tampa-St. Petersburg-Clearwater, FL... 98 98 Virginia Beach-Norfolk-Newport News, VA-NC................................. 94 94 Visalia-Porterville, CA............... 101 92 Washington-Baltimore-Northern Virginia, DC-MD-VA-WV................. 109 112 York-Hanover, PA...................... 92 95 Youngstown-Warren-Boardman, OH-PA..... 92 92 (Continued) (Average pay nationally for all occupations and for each occupational group shown = 100.) Construction Installation, Metropolitan Area(1) and maintenance, extraction and repair Sacramento-Arden-Arcade-Truckee, CA-NV................................. 117 111 Salinas, CA........................... 124 122 San Antonio, TX....................... 96 98 San Diego-Carlsbad-San Marcos, CA..... 111 107 San Jose-San Francisco-Oakland, CA.... 127 116 Seattle-Tacoma-Olympia, WA............ 111 101 Springfield, MA....................... 116 101 Springfield, MO....................... 82 88 St. Louis, MO-IL...................... 113 112 Tallahassee, FL....................... 92 88 Tampa-St. Petersburg-Clearwater, FL... 92 86 Virginia Beach-Norfolk-Newport News, VA-NC................................. 88 95 Visalia-Porterville, CA............... 90 95 Washington-Baltimore-Northern Virginia, DC-MD-VA-WV................. 101 109 York-Hanover, PA...................... 98 97 Youngstown-Warren-Boardman, OH-PA..... 90 89 (Continued) (Average pay nationally for all occupations and for each occupational group shown = 100.) Transporta- Metropolitan Area(1) Production tion and material moving Sacramento-Arden-Arcade-Truckee, CA-NV................................. 117 110 Salinas, CA........................... 94 107 San Antonio, TX....................... 96 93 San Diego-Carlsbad-San Marcos, CA..... 101 103 San Jose-San Francisco-Oakland, CA.... 111 109 Seattle-Tacoma-Olympia, WA............ 117 111 Springfield, MA....................... 108 111 Springfield, MO....................... 96 96 St. Louis, MO-IL...................... 101 105 Tallahassee, FL....................... 88 96 Tampa-St. Petersburg-Clearwater, FL... 88 92 Virginia Beach-Norfolk-Newport News, VA-NC................................. 90 91 Visalia-Porterville, CA............... 105 104 Washington-Baltimore-Northern Virginia, DC-MD-VA-WV................. 105 106 York-Hanover, PA...................... 98 99 Youngstown-Warren-Boardman, OH-PA..... 93 86 1 A metropolitan area can be a Metropolitan Statistical Area (MSA) or Combined Statistical Area (CSA) as defined by the Office of Management and Budget, December 2003.