Producer Price Index News Release

Transmission of material in this release is embargoed until                          USDL 23-0280
8:30 a.m. (ET) Thursday, February 16, 2023

Technical information:      (202) 691-7705  *  ppi-info@bls.gov  *  www.bls.gov/ppi
Media contact:              (202) 691-5902  *  PressOffice@bls.gov   


                          PRODUCER PRICE INDEXES - JANUARY 2023


The Producer Price Index for final demand increased 0.7 percent in January, seasonally adjusted, 
the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics reported today. Final demand prices declined 0.2 percent in 
December 2022 and advanced 0.3 percent in November. (See table A.) On an unadjusted basis, 
the index for final demand rose 6.0 percent for the 12 months ended January 2023. 

In January, a 1.2-percent rise in prices for final demand goods led the advance in the final 
demand index. Prices for final demand services also moved higher, increasing 0.4 percent.

The index for final demand less foods, energy, and trade services rose 0.6 percent in January 
2023, the largest advance since moving up 0.9 percent in March 2022. For the 12 months ended 
in January 2023, prices for final demand less foods, energy, and trade services increased 4.5 
percent. 

Final Demand

Final demand goods: The index for final demand goods moved up 1.2 percent in January, the 
largest increase since rising 2.1 percent in June 2022. Most of the January advance is attributable to a 
5.0-percent jump in prices for final demand energy. The index for final demand goods less foods and 
energy increased 0.6 percent. In contrast, prices for final demand foods fell 1.0 percent.

Product detail: Nearly one-third of the January rise in the index for final demand goods can be traced 
to prices for gasoline, which increased 6.2 percent. The indexes for residential natural gas, diesel 
fuel, jet fuel, soft drinks, and motor vehicles also moved higher. Conversely, prices for fresh and dry 
vegetables decreased 33.5 percent. The indexes for residual fuels and for basic organic chemicals 
also declined. (See table 2.)

Final demand services: The index for final demand services advanced 0.4 percent in January, the 
same as in December. Over 80 percent of the broad-based increase in January is attributable to prices 
for final demand services less trade, transportation, and warehousing, which rose 0.6 percent. 
Margins for final demand trade services moved up 0.2 percent. (Trade indexes measure changes in 
margins received by wholesalers and retailers.) Prices for final demand transportation and 
warehousing services also advanced 0.2 percent.

Product detail: A major factor in the January rise in prices for final demand services was the index 
for hospital outpatient care, which jumped 1.4 percent. The indexes for automobiles and automobile 
parts retailing; health, beauty, and optical goods retailing; portfolio management; chemicals and 
allied products wholesaling; and airline passenger services also moved higher. In contrast, margins 
for fuels and lubricants retailing fell 17.5 percent. Prices for long-distance motor carrying and for 
securities brokerage, dealing, and investment advice also declined. 

Intermediate Demand by Commodity Type

Within intermediate demand in January, the index for processed goods advanced 1.0 percent, prices 
for unprocessed goods fell 5.0 percent, and the index for services increased 0.5 percent. (See tables B 
and C.)

Processed goods for intermediate demand: The index for processed goods for intermediate 
demand moved up 1.0 percent in January, the first advance since increasing 1.9 percent in June 2022. 
Leading the January rise, prices for processed energy goods jumped 5.4 percent. The index for 
processed foods and feeds advanced 0.3 percent. Conversely, prices for processed materials less 
foods and energy decreased 0.2 percent. For the 12 months ended in January, the index for processed 
goods for intermediate demand rose 3.8 percent. 

Product detail: Over half of the January increase in prices for processed goods for intermediate 
demand can be attributed to the index for diesel fuel, which rose 10.9 percent. Prices for electric 
power, utility natural gas, gasoline, beef and veal, and nonferrous mill shapes also advanced. In 
contrast, the index for basic organic chemicals declined 2.2 percent. Prices for residual fuels and for 
animal and marine feed and fertilizer byproducts also decreased. 

Unprocessed goods for intermediate demand: The index for unprocessed goods for intermediate 
demand fell 5.0 percent in January following a 1.5-percent rise in December. An 8.5-percent decline 
in prices for unprocessed energy materials accounted for 70 percent of the January decrease. The 
index for unprocessed foodstuffs and feedstuffs moved down 4.7 percent. Conversely, prices for 
unprocessed nonfood materials less energy increased 0.9 percent. For the 12 months ended in 
January, the index for unprocessed goods for intermediate demand rose 2.3 percent. 

Product detail: Over 60 percent of the January decline in prices for unprocessed goods for 
intermediate demand can be attributed to the index for natural gas, which dropped 19.1 percent. 
Prices for ungraded chicken eggs, crude petroleum, slaughter chickens, slaughter hogs, and 
recyclable paper also decreased. In contrast, the index for nonferrous metal ores rose 4.5 percent. 
Prices for raw milk and for coal also advanced. 

Services for intermediate demand: The index for services for intermediate demand moved up 
0.5 percent in January after no change in December. Leading the advance, prices for services less 
trade, transportation, and warehousing for intermediate demand rose 0.8 percent. The index for 
transportation and warehousing services for intermediate demand moved up 0.4 percent. 
Conversely, margins for trade services for intermediate demand declined 0.6 percent. For the 12 
months ended in January, the index for services for intermediate demand increased 5.9 percent.

Product detail: Over three-quarters of the January advance in the index for services for 
intermediate demand can be attributed to a 6.6-percent rise in prices for loan services (partial). 
The indexes for services related to securities brokerage and dealing (partial), chemicals and 
allied products wholesaling, legal services, portfolio management, and U.S. postal services also 
moved higher. In contrast, margins for fuels and lubricants retailing dropped 17.5 percent. The 
indexes for securities brokerage, dealing, and investment advice and for arrangement of freight 
and cargo transportation also declined. 

Intermediate Demand by Production Flow

Stage 4 intermediate demand: Prices for stage 4 intermediate demand moved up 0.6 percent in 
January, the largest increase since advancing 0.9 percent in May 2022. In January, the index for 
total services inputs to stage 4 intermediate demand rose 0.7 percent, and prices for total goods 
inputs climbed 0.6 percent. (See table D.) Increases in the indexes for loan services (partial), 
electric power, services related to securities brokerage and dealing (partial), portfolio 
management, diesel fuel, and chemicals and allied products wholesaling outweighed declines in 
the indexes for securities brokerage, dealing, and investment advice; food wholesaling; and 
plastic packaging products. For the 12 months ended in January, prices for stage 4 intermediate 
demand moved up 5.1 percent.

Stage 3 intermediate demand: Prices for stage 3 intermediate demand increased 0.2 percent in 
January, the first advance since moving up 0.5 percent in June 2022. In January, the index for 
total services inputs to stage 3 intermediate demand rose 0.4 percent, while prices for total goods 
inputs were unchanged. Increases in the indexes for loan services (partial), diesel fuel, jet fuel, 
raw milk, U.S. postal services, and asphalt outweighed decreases in prices for ungraded chicken 
eggs, slaughter chickens, and arrangement of freight and cargo transportation. For the 12 months 
ended in January, the index for stage 3 intermediate demand advanced 3.8 percent.

Stage 2 intermediate demand: The index for stage 2 intermediate demand declined 1.5 percent 
in January after increasing 1.2 percent in December. In January, prices for total goods inputs to 
stage 2 intermediate demand fell 4.0 percent. Conversely, the index for total services inputs 
moved up 0.6 percent. Decreases in the indexes for natural gas, crude petroleum, fuels and 
lubricants retailing, oilseeds, arrangement of freight and cargo transportation, and basic organic 
chemicals outweighed advances in prices for loan services (partial), legal services, and coal. For 
the 12 months ended in January, prices for stage 2 intermediate demand increased 5.0 percent.

Stage 1 intermediate demand: The index for stage 1 intermediate demand rose 0.5 percent in 
January, the largest increase since advancing 1.0 percent in June 2022. In January, prices for 
total goods inputs to stage 1 intermediate demand moved up 0.8 percent, and prices for total 
services inputs climbed 0.2 percent. Increases in the indexes for diesel fuel, services related to 
securities brokerage and dealing (partial), utility natural gas, electric power, chemicals and allied 
products wholesaling, and gasoline outweighed declines in the indexes for basic organic 
chemicals; securities brokerage, dealing, and investment advice; and fuels and lubricants 
retailing. For the 12 months ended in January, prices for stage 1 intermediate demand moved up 
4.8 percent. 

________________
The Producer Price Index for February 2023 is scheduled to be released on Wednesday, March 15, 2023, 
at 8:30 a.m. (ET).


                                                *****

                              Resampling of Industries - January 2023

Effective with the release of data for January 2023, the Producer Price Index (PPI) includes data 
for 25 resampled industries classified according to the 2022 North American Industry 
Classification System (NAICS). The Bureau of Labor Statistics periodically updates the sample 
of producers providing data for the PPI to reflect current conditions more accurately when the 
structure, membership, technology, or product mix of an industry shifts. The first results of this 
systematic process were published in July 1986. Subsequent efforts have been completed at 
regular intervals.  

For information on index additions, deletions, and recodes effective January 2023, see the 
current issue of the PPI Detailed Report online at www.bls.gov/ppi/detailed-report/ppi-detailed-
report-january-2023.pdf, or contact the PPI Section of Index Analysis and Public Information at 
ppi-info@bls.gov or (202) 691-7705.

NAICS
Code                    Industry
212110        Coal mining
311520        Ice cream and frozen dessert manufacturing
311710        Seafood product preparation and packaging
311811        Retail bakeries
312130        Wineries
316110        Leather and hide tanning and finishing
322120        Paper mills
325220        Artificial fibers and filaments manufacturing
327215        Glass product manufacturing, made of purchased glass
327991        Cut stone and stone product manufacturing
331420        Copper rolling, drawing, extruding, and alloying
331492        Secondary smelting, refining, and alloying of nonferrous metal (except copper and
              aluminum)
332992        Small arms ammunition manufacturing
333241        Food product machinery manufacturing
333612        Speed changer, drive, and gear manufacturing
334118        Computer terminal and other computer peripheral equipment manufacturing
334210        Telephone apparatus manufacturing
334514        Totalizing fluid meters and counting devices manufacturing
337122        Nonupholstered wood household furniture manufacturing
337920        Blind and shade manufacturing
339113        Surgical appliance and supplies manufacturing
339114        Dental equipment and supplies manufacturing
424500        Farm product raw material merchant wholesalers
424900        Miscellaneous nondurable goods merchant wholesalers
541610        Management consulting services


                                                *****

                              Recalculation of Seasonal Adjustment Factors

Effective with this release, seasonal adjustment factors have been recalculated to reflect price-movement 
patterns during 2022 for the Final Demand-Intermediate Demand (FD-ID) system and commodity-
grouping indexes. This routine annual recalculation may affect previously published seasonally adjusted 
indexes and percent changes for January 2018 through December 2022. 

Revised seasonally adjusted data for this period, as well as seasonal adjustment factors for directly 
adjusted commodity indexes to be used through December 2023, were released February 14, 2023. To 
obtain this information, contact the Producer Price Index Section of Index Analysis and Public 
Information at ppi-info@bls.gov or (202) 691-7705, or visit the Producer Price Index homepage at 
www.bls.gov/ppi.

Tables E and F below provide monthly seasonally adjusted percent changes for major FD-ID system 
indexes in 2022, based on former and recalculated seasonal factors. These percent changes include final 
price data through August 2022 and may differ from values shown in tables A through D of this release, 
which include final price data through September 2022 and revised interim data for October through 
December.

Table E.  Over-the-month percent changes in major final demand indexes, seasonally adjusted, using former 
and recalculated seasonal factors for 2022

               Final           Final demand       Final demand    Final demand less foods,
               demand             goods             services     energy, and trade services
Month      Former  Recalc.    Former  Recalc.    Former  Recalc.      Former    Recalc.
January      1.2     1.1        1.6     1.4        0.9     0.8          0.8       0.8
February     1.1      .9        2.2     1.9         .5      .4           .2        .2
March        1.7     1.6        2.4     2.2        1.3     1.3          1.0        .9
April         .5      .6        1.3     1.4         .0      .1           .4        .5
May           .8      .8        1.5     1.4         .4      .4           .5        .5
June          .9      .9        2.2     2.1         .3      .3           .3        .3
July         -.4     -.3       -1.8    -1.6         .2      .3           .2        .2
August       -.1      .0       -1.0     -.8         .5      .5           .2        .2
September     .3      .3         .3      .5         .3      .2           .3        .3
October       .4      .3         .6      .4         .2      .2           .2        .2
November      .2      .3         .1      .4         .2      .3           .3        .3
December     -.5     -.4       -1.6    -1.4         .1      .1           .1        .1

Table F.  Over-the-month percent changes in major intermediate demand indexes, seasonally 
adjusted, using former and recalculated seasonal factors for 2022

            Processed goods for       Unprocessed goods for          Services for
            intermediate demand        intermediate demand        intermediate demand
Month      Former   Recalculated      Former   Recalculated      Former   Recalculated
January      2.2        2.0             3.1        2.5             0.8        0.7          
February     1.5        1.4             9.8        9.6              .2         .3          
March        2.3        2.1             2.9        2.4             1.3        1.2          
April        2.0        2.0             5.5        5.8              .9         .8          
May          2.3        2.2             5.4        5.4              .5         .6          
June         2.0        1.9             4.8        4.8             -.3        -.3          
July        -2.3       -2.1            -9.3       -8.8              .3         .3          
August      -1.4       -1.2             4.6        4.8              .6         .6          
September    -.1        -.1            -3.0       -3.1              .4         .4          
October      -.1        -.2           -10.2       -9.8              .4         .4          
November     -.8        -.5            -3.7       -3.7              .8         .8          
December    -2.8       -2.7             3.4        3.3              .4         .4           


                                                *****

                        PPI Weights Updated to Reflect 2017 Census Shipment Values

With the release of January 2023 Producer Price Index (PPI) data on February 16, 2023, the 
Bureau of Labor Statistics updated PPI value weights to more accurately reflect recent 
production and marketing patterns. The updated weights are constructed using 2017 value of 
shipments data from the Census of Manufactures, the Census of Mining, the Census of Services, 
and the Census of Agriculture. These data were collected in accordance with the North American 
Product Classification System (NAPCS). From January 2018 through December 2022, PPI 
weights were based on 2012 North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) shipment 
values.

All PPIs were affected by this weight update, including all industry net output indexes, as well as 
indexes for traditional commodity groupings. In addition, weights were updated from the 2012 to 
the 2017 Economic Census for all Final Demand-Intermediate Demand (FD-ID) indexes, special 
commodity-grouping indexes, and inputs to industry indexes. This weight revision did not result 
in changes to the reference base for indexes, the dates when PPIs are set to 100.

It is important to note that the basic structures of the PPI commodity and FD-ID classification 
systems did not change as a result of the weight revision. However, PPIs classified according to 
the NAICS were updated to reflect 2022 NAICS definitions established by the U.S. Census 
Bureau. The weight update also resulted in shifting relative importance values. These shifts 
impacted aggregate indexes in a manner commensurate with the relative gains and losses in 
value weights from 2012 to 2017.

In addition, PPI sample updates normally occurring with the release of October 2022 and 
February 2023 data were combined and released in conjunction with the release of January 2023 
PPI data in February 2023. 

Commodity and FD-ID relative importance figures for December 2022 were released on 
February 14, 2023, two business days prior to the release of January 2023 PPI data. This 
information is available on the PPI website at www.bls.gov/ppi/tables/. A concordance between 
Census product codes and PPI commodity codes is available upon request by contacting the PPI 
Section of Index Analysis and Public Information at ppi-info@bls.gov or (202) 691-7705.

                                          Technical Note


Brief Explanation of Producer Price Indexes

   The Producer Price Index (PPI) of the Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) is a family of 
indexes that measures the average change over time in prices received (price changes) by 
producers for domestically produced goods, services, and construction.  PPIs measure 
price change from the perspective of the seller.  This contrasts with other measures, 
such as the Consumer Price Index (CPI).  CPIs measure price change from the purchaser's 
perspective.  

   More than 10,000 PPIs for individual products and groups of products are released each 
month. PPIs are available for the products of virtually every industry in the mining and 
manufacturing sectors. Over time, new PPIs have been introduced for products of 
industries in the services and construction sectors of the U.S. economy. As of January 
2022, the PPI covered 71 percent of services as measured by 2012 Census revenue, and 
31 percent of construction.

   More than 64,000 price quotations per month are organized into three sets of PPIs: 
(1) Final demand-Intermediate demand (FD-ID) indexes, (2) commodity indexes, and (3) 
indexes for the net output of industries and their products.  The FD-ID structure 
organizes products by class of buyer and degree of fabrication as well as by stage of 
production.  The commodity structure organizes products by similarity of end use or 
product type.  The entire output of various industries is sampled to derive price indexes 
for the net output of industries and their products. 


Final Demand-Intermediate Demand Indexes

   The PPI FD-ID structure measures price change for goods, services, and construction 
sold to final demand and to intermediate demand. The FD-ID system replaced the PPI stage-
of-processing (SOP) system as PPI's primary aggregation model with the release of data 
for January 2014. The FD-ID model expands coverage beyond that of the SOP system through 
the addition of services, construction, exports, and government purchases.  

   Compared with finished goods under the SOP system, the PPI for final demand goods 
includes nearly a 50 percent expansion of coverage. This increase can be traced to the 
addition of government purchases and exports. For overall final demand, expansion to 
include final demand services represents an even larger increase in coverage. In December 
2021, final demand goods were about 33 percent of overall final demand, final demand 
services were roughly 65.1 percent, and final demand construction was about 1.7 percent 
of final demand. Within intermediate demand, coverage of services for intermediate demand 
resulted in about a 45 percent increase in coverage of the intermediate demand portion of 
the economy. 

   FD-ID indexes are constructed from commodity-based producer output price indexes.  
Commodities are allocated to aggregate indexes primarily based on the type of buyer.  The 
main source of data used to determine the type of buyer is the "Use of commodities by 
industries, before redefinition," table from the Benchmark Input-Output Accounts of the 
U.S. In many cases, the same commodity is purchased by different types of buyers.  As a 
result, commodities are often included in several FD-ID indexes.  For example, regular 
gasoline is purchased for personal consumption, export, government use, and business use. 
The PPI program publishes only one commodity index for regular gasoline (wpu057104), 
reflecting sales to all types of buyers, and this index is used in all aggregations 
regardless of whether the gasoline is sold for personal consumption, as an export, to 
government, or to businesses.  Proportions based on BEA "Use of Commodities" data are 
used to allocate the correct portion of the total weight of gasoline to each use 
category.  In cases when buyer type is an important price determining characteristic, 
indexes are created based on specific buyer type. For example, within the PPI category 
for loan services, separate indexes for consumer loans and business loans were 
constructed. For more information relating to the FD-ID structure, see "A new, 
experimental system of indexes from the PPI program" in the February 2011 Monthly Labor 
Review.   

Final Demand:  The final demand portion of the FD-ID structure measures price change for 
commodities sold for personal consumption, capital investment, government, and export.  
The system is composed of six main price indexes: final demand goods; final demand trade 
services; final demand transportation and warehousing services; final demand services 
less trade, transportation, and warehousing; final demand construction; and overall final 
demand. 

   The final demand goods index measures price change for both unprocessed and processed 
goods sold to final demand.  Fresh fruits sold to consumers and computers sold for 
capital investment are examples of transactions included in the final demand goods price 
index. The final demand trade services index measures price change for the retailing and 
wholesaling of merchandise sold to final demand, generally without transformation. (Trade 
indexes measure changes in margins received by wholesalers and retailers.) The final 
demand transportation and warehousing services index tracks price change for 
transportation of passengers, as well as, transportation of cargo sold to final demand, 
and also includes prices for warehousing and storage of goods sold to final demand.  The 
final demand services less trade, transportation, and warehousing index measures price 
change for all services other than trade and transportation sold to final demand.  
Publishing, banking, lodging, and health care are examples of these services.  The final 
demand construction index tracks price change for new construction, as well as 
maintenance and repair construction sold to final demand.  Construction of office 
buildings is an example of a commodity that would be included in the final demand 
construction index.  Lastly, the overall final demand index tracks price change for all 
types of commodities sold to final demand by combining the five final demand component 
indexes described above.

Intermediate Demand: The intermediate demand portion of the FD-ID system tracks price 
change for goods, services, and construction products sold to businesses as inputs to 
production, excluding capital investment. The system includes two parallel treatments of 
intermediate demand. The first treatment organizes intermediate demand commodities by 
type. The second organizes intermediate demand commodities into production stages, with 
the explicit goal of developing a forward-flow model of production and price change. 

   The intermediate demand by commodity type portion of the system organizes commodities 
by similarity of product.  The system is composed of six main price indexes: unprocessed 
goods for intermediate demand; processed goods for intermediate demand; intermediate 
demand trade services; intermediate demand transportation and warehousing services; 
intermediate demand services less trade, transportation, and warehousing; and 
intermediate demand construction.   

   The unprocessed goods for intermediate demand price index measures price change for 
goods sold to businesses as inputs to production that have undergone no fabrication. 
Crude petroleum sold to refineries is an example of an unprocessed good sold to 
intermediate demand.  The processed goods for intermediate demand index tracks price 
change for fabricated goods sold as business inputs.  Examples include car parts sold to 
car manufacturers and gasoline sold to trucking companies.  The index for trade services 
for intermediate demand measures price change for the services of retailing and 
wholesaling goods purchased by businesses as inputs to production. The intermediate 
demand transportation and warehousing services index measures price change for business 
travel, as well as, transportation and warehousing of cargo sold to intermediate demand.  
The intermediate demand services less trade, transportation, and warehousing index 
measures price change for services other than trade, transportation, and warehousing sold 
as inputs to production.  Legal and accounting services purchased by businesses are 
examples of intermediate demand services excluding trade, transportation, and 
warehousing.  Finally, the construction for intermediate demand index measures price 
change for construction purchased by firms as inputs to production.  The index for 
construction for intermediate demand tracks price change for maintenance and repair 
construction purchased by firms.  

   The production flow treatment of intermediate demand is a stage-based system of price 
indexes. These indexes can be used to study price transmission across stages of 
production and final demand. This system is constructed in a manner that maximizes 
forward flow of production between stages, while minimizing back-flow of production. The 
production flow treatment contains four main indexes: intermediate demand stage 1, 
intermediate demand stage 2, intermediate demand stage 3, and intermediate demand stage 
4.   

   Indexes for the four stages were developed by first assigning each industry in the 
economy to one of four stages of production, where industries assigned to the fourth 
stage primarily produce output consumed as final demand, industries in the third stage 
primarily produce output consumed by stage 4 industries, industries assigned to the 
second stage primarily produce output consumed by stage 3 industries, and industries 
assigned to the first stage produce output primarily consumed by stage 2 industries.  The 
four indexes then track prices for the net inputs consumed by industries in each of the 
four stages of production.  The stage 4 intermediate demand index, for example, tracks 
price change for inputs consumed, but not produced, by industries included in the fourth 
stage of production.  Hence, the index tracks price change in inputs to industries that 
primarily produce final demand commodities (stage 4 producers primarily produce 
commodities sold to final demand).  

   Examples of heavily weighted goods-producing industries in stage 4 include the 
manufacture of light trucks and utility vehicles, automobiles, and pharmaceuticals.  
Retail trade, food service and drinking places, and hospitals are examples of heavily 
weighted service industries included in stage 4.  Stage 4 also includes all new 
construction industries.  Examples of goods consumed by stage 4 industries include motor 
vehicle parts, commercial electric power, plastic construction products, biological 
products, and beef and veal.  Engineering services, machinery and equipment wholesaling, 
long distance motor carrying, and legal services constitute examples of services consumed 
by stage 4 industries.

   Examples of highly weighted goods-producing industries included in stage 3 are motor 
vehicle parts manufacturing, animal (except poultry) slaughtering and processing, and 
semiconductor manufacturing.  Services industries classified in stage 3 include wholesale 
trade; insurance carriers; architecture, engineering, and related services; and hotels 
and motels.  Examples of goods consumed by stage 3 industries include slaughter steers 
and heifers, industrial electric power, and hot rolled steel bars, plates, and structural 
shapes.  Services commonly consumed by stage 3 industries include commissions from sales 
of property and casualty insurance, business loans, temporary help services, and 
administrative and general management consulting services.

   Petroleum refineries; electricity generation, transmission, and distribution; natural 
gas distribution; cattle ranching and farming; and plastic materials and resin 
manufacturing are among the goods-based industries assigned to stage 2.  Services 
industries that are heavily weighted in stage 2 include management of companies and 
enterprises; non-depository credit intermediation; insurance agencies and brokerages; and 
services to buildings and dwellings. Goods commonly purchased by stage 2 industries 
include crude oil, natural gas, formula feeds, and primary basic organic chemicals. 
Services that are heavily weighted in the intermediate demand stage 2 index are legal 
services, business loans, and cellular phone and other wireless telecommunication.

   Goods producing industries in stage 1 include oil and gas extraction, paper mills, and 
grain farming.  Real estate, legal services, and advertising services are examples of 
highly weighted services industries included in stage 1.  Examples of goods consumed by 
stage 1 industries are commercial and industrial electric power and gasoline. Services 
commonly consumed by stage 1 industries include solid waste collection, chemicals and 
allied products wholesaling, and guestroom or unit rental.  It should be noted that all 
inputs purchased by stage 1 industries are by definition produced either within stage 1 
or by latter stages of processing, leaving stage 1 less useful for price transmission 
analysis. For additional information on industry stage assignments, see www.bls.gov/ppi/
fd-id/ppi-intermediate-demand-by-production-flow-industry-stage-assignments.htm.


Comparing the PPI with CPI

   Although some data users utilize the PPI as a potential indicator of the Consumer 
Price Index (CPI), there are many reasons why the PPI and the CPI may diverge. The scope 
of the personal consumption portion of the PPI includes all marketable output sold by 
domestic producers for households. The scope of the CPI includes goods and services 
provided by business or government, where explicit user charges are paid by consumers. 
For example, the most heavily weighted item in the CPI, owners' equivalent rent, is 
excluded from the PPI. The scope of the CPI includes imports. The PPI excludes imports. 
The CPI only includes components of personal consumption directly paid for by the 
consumers, while the PPI includes components of personal consumption that may not be paid 
for by consumers. For example, the PPI includes medical services paid for by third 
parties. In contrast to CPI, PPI does not completely cover services. PPIs exclude taxes, 
since they do not represent producer revenue. Conversely, sales and other taxes paid by 
consumers are part of household expenditure and are included in the CPI. Additional 
technical differences between PPI and CPI also exist. For more information see "Comparing 
new final demand producer price indexes with other Government price indexes," Monthly 
Labor Review, January 2014, at www.bls.gov/opub/mlr/.


Commodity Indexes

   The commodity classification of the PPI organizes goods, services, and construction by 
similarity of product or end use, disregarding industry of origin. With the release of 
data for July 2009, PPI expanded its commodity structure to include indexes for services 
and construction products. Prior to this date, the PPI commodity structure only included 
products from goods producing sectors. Table 9 of the PPI Detailed Report includes data 
for commodity indexes, organized in a hierarchal structure, including major groupings, 
subgroups, product classes, sub-product classes, and individual items.


Industry Net-Output Price Indexes

   PPIs for the net output of industries and their products are grouped according to the 
North American Industry Classification System (NAICS).  Prior to the release of January 
2004, industry-based PPIs were published according to the Standard Industrial 
Classification (SIC) system.  Industry price indexes are compatible with other economic 
time series organized by industry, such as data on employment, wages, and productivity.  
Table 11 of the PPI Detailed Report includes data for NAICS industries and industry 
groups (3-, 4-, 5-, and 6-digit codes), Census product classes (7- and 8-digit codes), 
products (9-digit codes), more detailed sub-products (11-digit codes), and, for some 
industries, indexes for other sources of revenue.

   Indexes may represent one of three kinds of product categories.  Every industry has 
primary product indexes that show changes in prices received by establishments classified 
in the industry for products made primarily, but not necessarily exclusively, by that 
industry. The industry classification of an establishment is determined by which products 
make up a plurality of its total shipment value.  In addition, most industries have 
secondary product indexes that show changes in prices received by establishments for 
products chiefly made in some other industry. Some industries have miscellaneous receipts 
indexes that track price changes for other sources of revenue received by establishments 
within the industry that are not derived from sales of their products; for example, 
resales of purchased materials, or revenues from parking lots owned by a manufacturing 
plant.


Data Collection

   PPIs are constructed using selling prices reported by establishments of all sizes, 
selected by probability sampling, with the probability of selection proportionate to
size. Individual items and transaction terms also are chosen by probability proportionate 
to size. BLS strongly encourages cooperating companies to supply actual transaction 
prices at the time of shipment to minimize the use of list prices. Prices submitted 
by survey respondents are effective on the Tuesday of the week containing the 13th day 
of the month. The survey is conducted online via the BLS Internet Data Collection 
Facility (IDCF).) Data provided by survey respondents are supplemented with data from 
other sources for some areas.

   Price data are provided by survey respondents on a voluntary and confidential basis; 
only sworn BLS employees are allowed access to individual company price reports.  BLS 
publishes price indexes, not actual prices.  All PPIs are subject to monthly revisions 
up to 4 months after original publication to reflect the availability of late reports and
corrections by respondents. 

   BLS periodically updates the PPI sample of survey respondents to better reflect 
current conditions when the structure, membership, technology, or product mix of an 
industry shifts significantly and to spread reporting burden among smaller firms.  
Information on these resampling efforts are noted in the PPI News Release and PPI 
Detailed Report in the months they occur.   

   As part of an ongoing effort to expand coverage to sectors of the economy other than 
mining and manufacturing, an increasing number of service and construction sector 
industries have been introduced into the PPI.  The following list of industries 
introduced since the mid-1990s includes the month and year in which an article describing 
the industry's content appeared in the PPI Detailed Report.

                                                                      PPI
                                                                      Detailed
                                                                      Report
              Title                                           Code    Issue

                                                              SIC             
Wireless telecommunications...................................4812    July 1999
Telephone communications, except radio telephone..............4813    July 1995
Television broadcasting.......................................4833    July 2002
Grocery stores................................................5411    July 2000
Meat and fish (seafood) markets...............................5421    July 2000
Fruit and vegetable markets...................................5431    July 2000
Candy, nut, and confectionery stores..........................5441    July 2000
Retail bakeries...............................................5461    July 2000
Miscellaneous food stores.....................................5499    July 2000
New car dealers...............................................5511    July 2000
Gasoline service stations.....................................5541    January 2002
Boat dealers..................................................5551    January 2002
Recreational vehicle dealers..................................5561    January 2002
Miscellaneous retail..........................................59      January 2001
Security brokers, dealers, and investment bankers.............6211    January 2001
Investment advice.............................................6282    January 2003
Life insurance carriers.......................................6311    January 1999
Property and casualty insurance...............................6331    July 1998
Insurance agencies and brokerages.............................6412    January 2003
Operators and lessors of nonresidential buildings.............6512    January 1996
Real estate agents and managers...............................6531    January 1996
Prepackaged software..........................................7372    January 1998
Data processing services......................................7374    January 2002
Home health care services.....................................8082    January 1997
Legal services................................................8111    January 1997
Engineering design, analysis, and consulting services.........8711    January 1997
Architectural design, analysis, and consulting services.......8712    January 1997
Premiums for property and casualty insurance..................9331    July 1998
                                                         
                                                              NAICS            
New industrial building construction..........................236211  January 2008
New warehouse building construction...........................236221  July 2005
New school construction.......................................236222  July 2006
New office construction.......................................236223  January 2007
New health care building construction.........................236224  January 2013
Concrete contractors, nonresidential building work............23811X  July 2008
Roofing contractors, nonresidential building work.............23816X  July 2008
Electrical contractors, nonresidential building work..........23821X  July 2008
Plumbing / HVAC contractors, nonresidential building work.....23822X  July 2008
Merchant wholesalers, durable goods...........................423     July 2005
Merchant wholesalers, nondurable goods........................424     July 2005
Furniture and home furnishings stores.........................442     January 2004
Electronics and appliance stores..............................443     January 2004
Building material and garden equipment and supplies dealers...444     January 2004
Clothing and clothing accessories stores......................448     January 2004
Sporting goods, hobby, book, and music stores.................451     January 2004
General merchandise stores....................................452     January 2004
Miscellaneous store retailers.................................453     January 2004
Pipeline transportation of natural gas........................486210  June 2022
Internet service providers....................................518111  July 2005
Internet publishing and web search portals....................519130  January 2010
Commercial banking............................................522110  January 2005
Savings institutions..........................................522120  January 2005
Direct health and medical insurance carriers..................524114  July 2004
Construction, mining, and forestry machinery and equipment 
rental and leasing............................................532412  January 2005
Management consulting services................................541610  January 2007
Security guards and patrol services...........................561612  July 2005
Offices of dentists...........................................621210  January 2011
Blood and organ banks.........................................621991  January 2007
Amusement and theme parks.....................................713110  July 2006
Golf courses and country clubs................................713910  July 2006
Fitness and recreational sports centers.......................713940  July 2005
Commercial machinery repair and maintenance...................811310  July 2007


Weights

   Weights for most commodity groupings of the PPI, as well as, weights for 
commodity-based aggregate indexes calculated from commodity groupings, such as FD-ID 
indexes, currently reflect 2012 values of shipments as reported in the Census of 
Manufactures and other sources. From January 2012 to December 2017, PPI weights were 
derived from 2007 shipment values. Industry indexes now are calculated under the 2017 
NAICS structure utilizing 2012 value of shipment weights and 2007 net output ratios. 
The periodic update of the value weights used to calculate the PPI is done to more 
accurately reflect changes in production and marketing patterns in the economy.

   Net output values of shipments are used as weights for industry indexes. Net output 
values refer to the value of shipments from establishments within the industry to buyers 
outside the industry. However, weights for commodity indexes are based on gross shipment 
values, including values of shipments between establishments within the same industry. As 
a result, broad commodity grouping indexes, such as the PPI for All Commodities (which is 
composed of major commodity groupings 01 through 15), are affected by the multiple 
counting of price change at successive stages of processing, which can lead to 
exaggerated or misleading signals about inflation. The intermediate demand by commodity 
type FD-ID indexes partially correct for this defect, but industry indexes, final demand 
FD-ID indexes, and intermediate demand by production flow FD-ID indexes consistently 
correct for this at all levels of aggregation.  Therefore, industry and FD-ID indexes are 
more appropriate than broad commodity groupings for analysis of general price trends.


Price Index Reference Base

   Effective with publication of January 1988 data, many important PPI series (including 
most commodity groups and individual items) were placed on a new reference base, 1982 = 
100.  From 1971 through 1987, the standard reference base for most PPI series was 1967 = 
100.  Except for rounding differences, the shift to the new reference base did not alter 
any previously published percent changes for affected PPI series. (See "Calculating Index 
Changes," below.)  The 1982 reference base is not used for commodity indexes with a base 
later than December 1981 or for industry net output indexes and their products.  The FD-
ID indexes typically have a reference base of November 2009 = 100.

   For further information on the underlying concepts and methodology of the Producer 
Price Index, see chapter 14, "Producer Prices," in the BLS Handbook of Methods.  This 
chapter can be downloaded from the BLS Web site at www.bls.gov/opub/hom/homch14.htm.  


Calculating Index Changes

   Each PPI measures price changes from a reference period that equals 100.0.  An 
increase of 5.5 percent from the reference period in the Final Demand Goods Price Index, 
for example, is shown as 105.5.  This change also can be expressed in dollars, as 
follows:  prices received by domestic producers of a sample of final demand goods have 
risen from $100 in November 2009 to $105.50.  Likewise, a current index of 90.0 would 
indicate that prices received by producers of final demand goods are 10 percent lower 
than they were in November 2009.

   Movements of price indexes from one month to another are usually expressed as percent 
changes, rather than as changes in index points.  Index point changes are affected by the 
level of the index in relation to its base period, whereas percent changes are not.  The 
following example shows the computation of index point and percent changes.

   Index point change
      Final Demand Goods Price Index     107.5
      Less previous index                104.0
      Equals index point change            3.5

   Index percent change
      Index point change                   3.5
      Divided by the previous index      104.0
      Equals                             0.034
      Result multiplied by 100           0.034 x 100
      Equals percent change                3.4


Seasonally Adjusted and Unadjusted Data

   Because price data are used for different purposes by different groups, BLS publishes 
seasonally adjusted and unadjusted changes each month.  Seasonally adjusted data are 
preferred for analyzing general price trends in the economy because these data eliminate 
the effect of changes that normally occur at about the same time, and in about the same 
magnitude, every year-such as price movements resulting from normal weather patterns, 
regular production and marketing cycles, model changeovers, seasonal discounts, and 
holidays.  For these reasons, seasonally adjusted data more clearly reveal underlying 
trends.  Unadjusted data are of primary interest to users who need information that can 
be related to actual dollar values of transactions.  Individuals requiring this 
information include marketing specialists, purchasing agents, budget and cost analysts, 
contract specialists, and commodity traders.  It is the unadjusted data that are 
generally cited when escalating long-term contracts such as purchasing agreements or real 
estate leases.  For more information, see Price Adjustment Guide for Contracting Parties, 
on the Web at www.bls.gov/ppi/publications/price-adjustment-guide-for-contracting-
parties.htm.   

   Seasonal adjustment is accomplished using X-13 ARIMA, a software package published by 
the U.S. Census Bureau.  Each year, the seasonal status of most commodity indexes is 
reevaluated to reflect more recent price behavior. Industry net output indexes are not
seasonally adjusted.  For time series that exhibit seasonal pricing patterns, new 
seasonal factors are estimated and applied to the unadjusted data from the prior 5 years.  
Updated seasonally adjusted indexes replace the most recent 5 years of seasonal data. 

   Seasonal factors may be applied to series using either a direct or an aggregative 
method. Generally, commodity indexes are seasonally adjusted using direct seasonal 
adjustment, which produces a more complete elimination of seasonal movements than does 
the aggregative method.  However, the direct seasonal adjustment process may not yield 
figures that possess additive consistency.  Thus, a seasonally adjusted index for a broad 
category that is directly adjusted may not be logically consistent with all seasonally 
adjusted indexes for its components.  Seasonal movements for FD-ID indexes are derived 
indirectly through an aggregative method that combines movements of a wide variety of 
subproduct class (six-digit) series.

   Seasonally adjusted indexes can become problematic when previously stable and 
predictable price patterns abruptly change.  If the new pattern persists, the seasonal 
adjustment method will eventually reflect it; if the pattern keeps shifting, however, 
seasonally adjusted data will become chronically troublesome.  This problem occurs 
relatively infrequently for farm and food-related products, but has more often affected 
manufactured products such as automobiles and steel.

Since January 1988, the PPI has used Intervention Analysis Seasonal Adjustment methods 
to enhance the calculation of seasonal factors.  With this technique, outlier values that 
may distort the seasonal pattern are removed from the data prior to applying the standard 
seasonal factor estimation procedure.  For example, a possible economic cause for large 
price movements for petroleum-based products might have been the COVID-19 pandemic. In 
this case, intervention techniques allowed for better estimates of seasonally adjusted 
data. On the whole, very few series have required intervention.  Out of over 400 seasonally
adjusted commodity series, 76 were subject to intervention in 2022. 

   For more information relating to seasonal adjustment methods, see “PPI and CPI Seasonal 
Adjustment: an Update” in the July 2010 Monthly Labor Review, and “PPI and CPI Seasonal 
Adjustment During the COVID-19 Pandemic” in the May 2022 Monthly Labor Review.


Producer Price Index Data on the Internet

   In 1995, the BLS began posting PPI series, news releases, and technical information to 
the internet. There were more than 9 million instances of PPI data being downloaded from 
the BLS website during 2021.


Retrieving PPI data from the PPI Web site

   PPI data can be obtained online (www.bls.gov/ppi). On this page, under the tab labeled 
"Featured PPI databases" links provide the following methods of data retrieval:

   Top Picks is a form-based application for both Industry Data and Commodity Data that 
allows the user to quickly obtain PPI time series data by selecting the high-level 
aggregate and other commonly requested time series, including the All Commodities Index 
and the FD-ID indexes (for example, Final Demand).  Within each list, any one-or all-of 
the time series shown can be selected.  A user can modify the date range and output 
options after executing the query, using the reformat button above the data output table.

   One-Screen Data Search and Multi-Screen Data Search are form-based query applications 
for both Industry Data and Commodity Data designed for users unfamiliar with the PPI 
coding structure.  These applications guide a user through the PPI classification by 
listing index titles and do not require knowledge of commodity or industry codes.  Data 
retrieved are based on a query formulated by selecting data characteristics from lists 
provided.  Two options are available to create customized tables, depending on a user's 
browser capability.  The one-screen option is a JavaScript application that uses a single 
screen to guide a user through the available time series data.  The second option is a 
multiple-screen, non-Java-based application.  Both methods allow a user to browse the PPI 
coding structure and select multiple series.  Users can modify the date range and output 
options after executing the query using the reformat button above the data output table.

   Series Report is a form-based application that allows users to input multiple, 
formatted PPI time series identifiers (commodity or industry codes) as inputs in 
extracting data according to a specified set of date ranges and output options.  This 
application provides the most efficient path for users who are familiar with the format 
of PPI time series identifiers.  There are five alphabetic prefixes used to create unique 
PPI time series identifiers:  WP, WD, PC, PD, and ND.  Each provides the user access to a 
different PPI database.  Adding either a "u" (not seasonally adjusted) or an "s" 
(seasonally adjusted) to the end of these prefixes further specifies the type of data 
needed. Examples are provided below.

   For commodity and FD-ID indexes, series identifiers combine a "wpu" prefix (not 
seasonally adjusted) or a "wps" prefix (seasonally adjusted) with a commodity code.  

Commodity code   Provides data for:
wps141101        Passenger cars, seasonally adjusted
wpu141101        Passenger cars, not seasonally adjusted
wpufd4           Final demand, not seasonally adjusted
wpsid63          Services for intermediate demand, seasonally adjusted

   For discontinued commodity indexes, series identifiers combine a "wdu" prefix (not 
seasonally adjusted) or a "wds" prefix (seasonally adjusted) with a commodity code.  

Commodity code   Provides data for:
wds019           Other farm products, seasonally adjusted 
wdu0635          Preparations, ethical (prescription), not seasonally adjusted
wdusi138011      Stainless steel mill products, not seasonally adjusted

   Current price indexes grouped by industry according to NAICS have series identifiers 
that begin with the prefix "pcu." After the prefix, there are 12 digits (the 6-digit 
industry code is listed twice) followed by up to 7 alphanumeric characters identifying 
product detail.  Dashes are used as placeholders for higher-level industry group codes.

Industry-product code,
current NAICS series        Provides data for:
pcu325---325---             Chemical manufacturing 
pcu336110336110             Automobile and light duty motor vehicle manufacturing
pcu621111621111411          Offices of physicians, one- and two-physician practices and 
                            single-specialty group practices, general/family practice

   Discontinued industry-product codes based on SIC combine a "pdu" prefix and "#" 
between the fourth and fifth characters of the product code.  Series identifiers for the 
discontinued dataset use underscores as placeholders to complete a reference to an SIC 
industry group code of fewer than four digits.  (All PPI industry-based indexes organized 
by SIC were discontinued with the introduction of NAICS in 2004.)

Industry-product code,
discontinued SIC series     Provides data for:
pdu28_ _#                   Chemicals and allied products
pdu331_#                    Blast furnaces, steel works, and rolling and finishing mills
pdu3711#111                 Passenger cars

   Price indexes for discontinued series grouped by industry according to NAICS have 
identifiers that begin with the prefix "ndu." After the prefix, there are 12 numeric 
digits (the 6-digit industry code is listed twice), and up to 7 additional alphanumeric 
characters that identify product detail.  Dashes are used as placeholders for higher-
level group codes.

Industry-product code,
discontinued NAICS series   Provides data for
ndu212231212231             Lead and zinc ore mining
ndu2122312122312            Lead, zinc concentrates
ndu212231212231214          Lead  concentrates

   Text Files are best suited for users requiring access to either a large volume of time 
series data or other PPI-related documentation, such as seasonal factor tables and 
relative importance tables. The text files can be accessed at download.bls.gov/ or 
directly from links on the "PPI Databases" page or the PPI homepage. Data and 
documentation available for download include the following:

                                       Directory:
Industry Data                          /pub/time.series/pc
Industry Data - Discontinued 
                  (NAICS basis)        /pub/time.series/nd
                  (SIC basis)          /pub/time.series/pd
Commodity Data (incl. FD-ID)           /pub/time.series/wp
Commodity Data - Discontinued          /pub/time.series/wd
Special requests                       /pub/special.requests/ppi


Additional information

   The PPI homepage (www.bls.gov/ppi) contains additional information regarding PPI 
data and methodology. The "PPI Publications" section of the homepage provides PPI news 
releases, both current and archived, as well as general PPI information.  The “PPI Tables”
section provides relative importance and seasonal factor tables.  The remaining sections 
offer special notices and publications pertaining to PPI methodology and applications.  

   For questions or comments regarding PPI data classification, methodology, or data 
availability on the Internet, call or e-mail the Section of Index Analysis and Public 
Information at (202) 691-7705 or ppi-info@bls.gov. If you are deaf, hard of hearing, or 
have a speech disability, please dial 7-1-1 to access telecommunications relay services.