Producer Price Index News Release

Producer Price Index News Release

Transmission of material in this release is embargoed until USDL 20-0920
8:30 a.m. (EDT), Wednesday, May 13, 2020

Technical information: (202) 691-7705 * ppi-info@bls.gov * www.bls.gov/ppi
Media contact: (202) 691-5902 * PressOffice@bls.gov

PRODUCER PRICE INDEXES - APRIL 2020

The Producer Price Index for final demand declined 1.3 percent in April, seasonally adjusted, the
U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics reported today. This decrease is the largest since the index began
in December 2009. Final demand prices fell 0.2 percent in March and 0.6 percent in February.
(See table A.) On an unadjusted basis, the final demand index moved down 1.2 percent for the 12
months ended in April, the largest decline since falling 1.3 percent for the 12 months ended
November 2015.

In April, over 80 percent of the decrease in the final demand index can be traced to a 3.3-percent
drop in prices for final demand goods. The index for final demand services moved down 0.2
percent.

Prices for final demand less foods, energy, and trade services fell 0.9 percent in April, the largest
decline since the index was introduced in September 2013. For the 12 months ended in April, the
index for final demand less foods, energy, and trade services moved down 0.3 percent, the first
12-month decrease.

______________________________________________________________________________________________
| Coronavirus (COVID-19) Pandemic Impact on April 2020 Producer Price Index Survey Data |
| |
| The Producer Price Index (PPI) response rates for April were consistent with those of March |
| and February, and no changes in estimation procedures were necessary. Additional information|
| is available at www.bls.gov/bls/effects-of-covid-19-pandemic-on-bls-price-indexes.htm#PPI. | |
|______________________________________________________________________________________________|

Final Demand

Final demand goods: The index for final demand goods fell 3.3 percent in April, the largest decline
since the series began in December 2009. Most of the broad-based decrease is attributable to prices
for final demand energy, which fell 19.0 percent. The indexes for final demand goods less foods and
energy and for final demand foods moved down 0.4 percent and 0.5 percent, respectively.

Product detail: Two-thirds of the April decrease in the index for final demand goods can be traced to
prices for gasoline, which dropped 56.6 percent. This is the largest decrease since the series began in
February 1947. The indexes for jet fuel, diesel fuel, basic organic chemicals, home heating oil, and
corn also moved lower. In contrast, prices for beef and veal rose 12.6 percent. The indexes for
distilled and bottled liquor (excluding brandy) and for electric power also increased. (See table 4.)

Final demand services: The index for final demand services fell 0.2 percent in April following a
0.2-percent advance in March. Leading the decrease, prices for final demand services less trade,
transportation, and warehousing moved down 0.9 percent. The index for final demand transportation
and warehousing services declined 3.5 percent. Conversely, margins for final demand trade services
increased 1.6 percent. (Trade indexes measure changes in margins received by wholesalers and
retailers.)

Product detail: Leading the April decline in the index for final demand services, prices for portfolio
management fell 12.0 percent. The indexes for airline passenger services; traveler accommodation
services; services related to securities brokerage and dealing (partial); hospital outpatient care; and
apparel, footwear, and accessories retailing also moved lower. In contrast, margins for automotive
fuels and lubricants retailing rose 41.6 percent. The indexes for inpatient care and for chemicals and
allied products wholesaling also advanced.

Table A. Monthly and 12-month percent changes in selected final demand price indexes, seasonally adjusted
Month	Total final demand	Final demand less foods, energy, and trade	Final demand goods				Final demand services				Change in final demand from 12 months ago (unadj.)	Change in final demand less foods, energy, and trade from 12 mo. ago (unadj.)
Month	Total final demand	Final demand less foods, energy, and trade	Total	Foods	Energy	Less foods and energy	Total	Trade	Transportation and warehousing	Other	Change in final demand from 12 months ago (unadj.)
2019
Apr.	0.4	0.4	0.3	-0.2	1.9	0.1	0.5	0.7	0.5	0.3	2.4	2.4
May	0.2	0.3	-0.2	-0.3	-0.5	-0.1	0.3	0.0	0.6	0.4	2.1	2.4
June	-0.2	-0.1	-0.5	0.5	-3.0	-0.1	0.0	0.2	0.1	-0.1	1.6	2.1
July	0.3	0.2	0.3	0.2	1.0	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.2	1.6	1.9
Aug.	0.1	0.1	-0.3	-0.6	-1.4	0.0	0.3	0.9	-0.2	0.2	1.9	1.9
Sept.	-0.3	0.0	-0.2	0.4	-1.4	-0.1	-0.3	-0.9	-0.2	0.0	1.5	1.7
Oct.	0.3	0.0	0.5	1.4	1.8	0.1	0.2	0.5	0.4	0.0	1.0	1.5
Nov.	-0.1	0.1	0.3	1.3	-0.1	0.1	-0.3	-1.2	-0.2	0.1	1.0	1.4
Dec.(1)	0.3	0.2	0.2	-0.2	1.1	0.0	0.3	0.6	1.6	0.1	1.4	1.5
2020
Jan.(1)	0.4	0.3	0.3	0.0	0.2	0.3	0.4	0.8	-1.2	0.4	2.1	1.5
Feb.	-0.6	-0.1	-0.9	-1.6	-3.6	-0.1	-0.3	-0.7	-0.6	-0.1	1.3	1.4
Mar.	-0.2	-0.2	-1.0	0.0	-6.7	0.2	0.2	1.4	-3.3	0.0	0.7	1.0
Apr.	-1.3	-0.9	-3.3	-0.5	-19.0	-0.4	-0.2	1.6	-3.5	-0.9	-1.2	-0.3
Footnotes (1) Some of the figures shown above and elsewhere in this release may differ from those previously reported because data for December 2019 have been revised to reflect the availability of late reports and corrections by respondents.

Intermediate Demand by Commodity Type

Within intermediate demand in April, prices for processed goods fell 3.7 percent, the index for
unprocessed goods dropped 13.7 percent, and prices for services declined 1.6 percent. (See tables B and
C.)

Processed goods for intermediate demand: The index for processed goods for intermediate demand
declined 3.7 percent in April, the largest drop since falling 4.1 percent in December 2008. Seventy
percent of the broad-based April decrease can be attributed to prices for processed energy goods, which
fell 15.1 percent. The indexes for processed materials less foods and energy and for processed foods and
feeds moved down 1.5 percent and 0.1 percent, respectively. For the 12 months ended in April, prices for
processed goods for intermediate demand declined 7.3 percent, the largest decrease since a 7.7-percent
drop in the 12 months ended October 2015.

Product Detail: A major factor in the April decrease in prices for processed goods for intermediate
demand was the index for diesel fuel, which dropped 27.8 percent. Prices for gasoline, basic organic
chemicals, jet fuel, residual fuels, and plastic resins and materials also moved lower. Conversely, the
index for beef and veal jumped 12.6 percent. Prices for industrial electric power, and for distilled and
bottled liquor (except brandy) also rose. (See table 5.)

Unprocessed goods for intermediate demand: The index for unprocessed goods for intermediate
demand moved down 13.7 percent in April, the largest decline since falling 15.4 percent in October 2008.
Sixty percent of the broad-based April decrease was the result of a 27.5-percent drop in prices for
unprocessed energy materials. The indexes for unprocessed foodstuffs and feedstuffs and for unprocessed
nonfood materials less energy also moved down, 9.7 percent and 4.3 percent, respectively. For the 12
months ended in April, prices for unprocessed goods for intermediate demand decreased 28.2 percent, the
largest decline since dropping 31.7 percent in the 12 months ended September 2009.

Product Detail: Nearly half of the April decrease in the index for unprocessed goods for intermediate
demand can be traced to a 48.9-percent drop in prices for crude petroleum. The indexes for slaughter
chickens, natural gas, corn, iron and steel scrap, and slaughter barrows and gilts also moved lower. In
contrast, prices for wastepaper jumped 50.4 percent. The indexes for slaughter cows and bulls and for
wheat also advanced.

Table B. Monthly and 12-month percent changes in selected intermediate demand price indexes for goods by commodity type, seasonally adjusted
Month	Processed goods for intermediate demand					Unprocessed goods for intermediate demand
Month	Total	Foods and feeds	Energy goods	Less foods and energy	Total, change from 12 months ago (unadj.)	Total	Foodstuffs and feedstuffs	Energy materials	Nonfood materials less energy	Total, change from 12 months ago (unadj.)
2019
Apr.	0.1	0.6	0.8	-0.1	0.9	1.6	4.2	1.1	-2.2	-3.3
May	-0.5	-0.5	-1.3	-0.2	-0.7	-3.0	-2.0	-3.4	-3.7	-8.2
June	-1.0	-0.2	-4.2	-0.3	-2.3	-3.0	-0.5	-6.5	-0.6	-10.0
July	0.1	0.1	1.1	-0.2	-2.3	1.4	0.4	2.0	1.5	-9.7
Aug.	-0.5	0.3	-1.4	-0.3	-3.0	-1.6	-0.5	-3.1	-0.6	-7.7
Sept.	-0.1	0.8	-0.5	-0.2	-3.5	0.0	-0.9	1.5	-0.9	-8.9
Oct.	0.3	0.4	0.1	0.3	-3.8	0.3	5.4	-4.1	-0.8	-11.2
Nov.	0.2	1.4	1.4	-0.2	-2.9	3.1	0.6	7.8	-0.1	-5.1
Dec.(1)	-0.1	0.0	0.5	-0.2	-1.7	1.2	0.5	0.8	3.1	-7.3
2020
Jan.(1)	-0.2	-0.2	-1.0	0.1	-1.0	-0.5	-0.2	-4.2	5.3	-3.2
Feb.	-0.9	-0.6	-4.0	-0.2	-2.1	-7.7	-5.8	-13.6	-1.5	-8.2
Mar.	-1.1	-0.8	-5.9	-0.1	-3.7	-8.0	-3.6	-19.1	1.3	-15.4
Apr.	-3.7	-0.1	-15.1	-1.5	-7.3	-13.7	-9.7	-27.5	-4.3	-28.2
Footnotes (1) Some of the figures shown above and elsewhere in this release may differ from those previously reported because data for December 2019 have been revised to reflect the availability of late reports and corrections by respondents.

Services for intermediate demand: The index for services for intermediate demand moved down 
1.6 percent in April, the largest decline since the index began December 2009. Leading the decrease, 
prices for services less trade, transportation, and warehousing for intermediate demand fell 2.0 
percent. In addition, the index for transportation and warehousing services for intermediate demand 
moved down 1.4 percent, and margins for trade services for intermediate demand decreased 0.4 
percent. For the 12 months ended in April, the index for services for intermediate demand declined 
1.2 percent, the first 12-month decrease for this index. 

Product Detail: Over a third of the April decrease in the index for services for intermediate demand 
can be traced to prices for portfolio management, which dropped 12.0 percent. The indexes for 
services related to securities brokerage and dealing (partial), business loans (partial), television 
advertising time sales, airline passenger services, and machinery and equipment parts and supplies 
wholesaling also fell. Conversely, margins for automotive fuels and lubricants retailing jumped 41.6 
percent. Prices for temporary help services and for arrangement of freight and cargo transportation 
also increased.

Table C. Monthly and 12-month percent changes in selected intermediate demand price indexes for services by commodity type, seasonally adjusted
Month	Services for intermediate demand
Month	Total	Trade	Transportation and warehousing	Other	Total, change from 12 months ago (unadj.)
2019
Apr.	0.4	1.1	0.4	0.3	3.1
May	0.1	-0.6	0.4	0.2	2.8
June	0.0	-0.1	0.2	0.0	2.6
July	0.1	0.2	0.4	0.0	2.3
Aug.	0.4	1.4	0.2	0.2	2.7
Sept.	0.2	1.0	0.2	0.0	2.5
Oct.	-0.6	-0.8	0.1	-0.6	1.4
Nov.	-0.1	-0.3	-0.1	-0.1	1.3
Dec.(1)	0.5	1.0	0.7	0.3	1.7
2020
Jan.(1)	0.1	0.4	-0.4	0.1	1.7
Feb.	-0.1	-0.4	-0.2	0.0	1.4
Mar.	-0.1	0.7	-1.3	-0.1	1.0
Apr.	-1.6	-0.4	-1.4	-2.0	-1.2
Footnotes (1) Some of the figures shown above and elsewhere in this release may differ from those previously reported because data for December 2019 have been revised to reflect the availability of late reports and corrections by respondents.

Intermediate Demand by Production Flow

Stage 4 intermediate demand: The index for stage 4 intermediate demand fell 1.8 percent in 
April, the largest decrease since the index began in December 2009. Prices for total goods inputs 
to stage 4 intermediate demand moved down 1.9 percent, and the index for total services inputs 
declined 1.8 percent. (See table D.) Decreases in the indexes for diesel fuel, portfolio 
management, gasoline, business loans (partial), machinery and equipment parts and supplies 
wholesaling, and services related to securities brokerage and dealing (partial) outweighed 
increases in the indexes for gross rents for retail properties, beef and veal, and chemicals and 
allied products wholesaling. (See table 6.) For the 12 months ended in April, prices for stage 4 
intermediate demand declined a record 1.9 percent. 

Stage 3 intermediate demand: The index for stage 3 intermediate demand decreased a record 5.1 
percent in April. Prices for total goods inputs to stage 3 intermediate demand dropped 9.7 percent, 
and the index for total services inputs moved down 1.1 percent. Falling prices for gasoline, jet fuel, 
slaughter chickens, diesel fuel, basic organic chemicals, and services related to securities brokerage 
and dealing (partial) outweighed increases in the indexes for automotive fuels and lubricants 
retailing, slaughter cows and bulls, and chemicals and allied products wholesaling. For the 12 months 
ended in April, prices for stage 3 intermediate demand declined 8.6 percent, the largest 12-month 
drop since the index entered calculation in December 2009.

Stage 2 intermediate demand: Prices for stage 2 intermediate demand declined 4.7 percent in April, 
the largest decrease since the index entered calculation in December 2009. Prices for total goods 
inputs to stage 2 intermediate demand dropped 9.5 percent, and the index for total services inputs 
moved down 1.7 percent. Falling prices for crude petroleum, natural gas, portfolio management, 
services related to securities brokerage and dealing (partial), basic organic chemicals, and television 
advertising time sales outweighed increases in the indexes for temporary help services, automotive 
fuels and lubricants retailing, and wastepaper. For the 12 months ended in April, prices for stage 2 
intermediate demand declined 10.3 percent, the largest decrease since a 12.0-percent drop in the 12 
months ended September 2015.

Stage 1 intermediate demand: The index for stage 1 intermediate demand fell 4.6 percent in April, 
the largest decrease since the index began in December 2009. Prices for total goods inputs to stage 1 
intermediate demand declined 6.9 percent, and the index for total services inputs moved down 1.8 
percent. Falling prices for diesel fuel, basic organic chemicals, gasoline, iron and steel scrap, crude 
petroleum, and business loans (partial) outweighed increases in the indexes for wastepaper, 
automotive fuels and lubricants retailing, and chemicals and allied products wholesaling. For the 12 
months ended in April, prices for stage 1 intermediate demand declined 8.8 percent, the largest 
decrease since dropping 9.4 percent in the 12 months ended October 2015.

Table D. Monthly percent changes in selected intermediate demand price indexes by production flow, seasonally adjusted
Month	Stage 4 intermediate demand			Stage 3 intermediate demand			Stage 2 intermediate demand			Stage 1 intermediate demand
Month	Total	Goods inputs	Services inputs	Total	Goods inputs	Services inputs	Total	Goods inputs	Services inputs	Total	Goods inputs	Services inputs
2019
Apr.	0.3	0.1	0.6	1.0	1.7	0.3	0.4	0.2	0.5	0.0	-0.5	0.6
May	-0.1	-0.3	0.1	-0.3	-0.6	0.0	-0.5	-1.7	0.4	-1.0	-1.7	0.0
June	-0.2	-0.4	0.1	-0.9	-2.0	0.2	-1.3	-2.8	-0.3	-1.2	-2.3	-0.1
July	0.3	0.4	0.2	-0.1	-0.2	0.1	0.4	0.6	0.2	0.3	0.5	-0.2
Aug.	0.1	-0.4	0.6	0.1	-0.4	0.5	-0.5	-1.4	0.3	-0.4	-1.0	0.7
Sept.	0.1	0.1	0.2	-0.3	-0.9	0.3	0.3	0.5	0.1	-0.2	-0.5	0.3
Oct.	-0.2	0.2	-0.6	0.5	1.6	-0.5	-0.7	-0.9	-0.5	-0.2	0.3	-0.8
Nov.	0.1	0.3	-0.1	0.0	0.3	-0.2	1.1	2.4	0.2	0.2	0.6	-0.5
Dec.(1)	0.3	0.2	0.6	0.3	0.3	0.5	0.3	0.0	0.5	0.7	0.7	0.7
2020
Jan.(1)	0.1	-0.1	0.2	-0.1	-0.3	0.0	-0.5	-1.3	0.0	0.2	0.5	-0.1
Feb.	-0.4	-0.5	-0.3	-1.4	-2.8	-0.2	-2.1	-5.4	0.2	-1.6	-2.5	-0.5
Mar.	-0.3	-0.4	0.0	-1.4	-2.9	0.2	-2.6	-6.3	-0.1	-1.2	-2.2	-0.2
Apr.	-1.8	-1.9	-1.8	-5.1	-9.7	-1.1	-4.7	-9.5	-1.7	-4.6	-6.9	-1.8
Footnotes (1) Some of the figures shown above and elsewhere in this release may differ from those previously reported because data for December 2019 have been revised to reflect the availability of late reports and corrections by respondents.

________________
The Producer Price Index for May 2020 is scheduled to be released on Thursday, June 11, 
2020 at 8:30 a.m. (EDT).

Technical Note

Brief Explanation of Producer Price Indexes

The Producer Price Index (PPI) of the Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) is a family of
indexes that measures the average change over time in prices received (price changes) by
producers for domestically produced goods, services, and construction. PPIs measure
price change from the perspective of the seller. This contrasts with other measures,
such as the Consumer Price Index (CPI). CPIs measure price change from the purchaser's
perspective.

More than 10,000 PPIs for individual products and groups of products are released each
month. PPIs are available for the products of virtually every industry in the mining and
manufacturing sectors. Over time, new PPIs have been introduced for products of
industries in the services and construction sectors of the U.S. economy. As of January
2018, the PPI covered 71 percent of services as measured by 2012 Census revenue, and
31 percent of construction.

More than 100,000 price quotations per month are organized into three sets of PPIs:
(1) Final demand-Intermediate demand (FD-ID) indexes, (2) commodity indexes, and (3)
indexes for the net output of industries and their products. The FD-ID structure
organizes products by class of buyer and degree of fabrication as well as by stage of
production. The commodity structure organizes products by similarity of end use or
product type. The entire output of various industries is sampled to derive price indexes
for the net output of industries and their products.

Final Demand-Intermediate Demand Indexes

The PPI FD-ID structure measures price change for goods, services, and construction
sold to final demand and to intermediate demand. The FD-ID system replaced the PPI stage-
of-processing (SOP) system as PPI's primary aggregation model with the release of data
for January 2014. The FD-ID model expands coverage beyond that of the SOP system through
the addition of services, construction, exports, and government purchases.

Compared with finished goods under the SOP system, the PPI for final demand goods
includes nearly a 50 percent expansion of coverage. This increase can be traced to the
addition of government purchases and exports. For overall final demand, expansion to
include final demand services represents an even larger increase in coverage. In December
2017, final demand goods were about 33 percent of overall final demand, final demand
services were roughly 65.5 percent, and final demand construction was about 1.5 percent
of final demand. Within intermediate demand, coverage of services for intermediate demand
resulted in about a 45 percent increase in coverage of the intermediate demand portion of
the economy.

FD-ID indexes are constructed from commodity-based producer output price indexes.
Commodities are allocated to aggregate indexes primarily based on the type of buyer. The
main source of data used to determine the type of buyer is the "Use of commodities by
industries, before redefinition," table from the Benchmark Input-Output Accounts of the
U.S. In many cases, the same commodity is purchased by different types of buyers. As a
result, commodities are often included in several FD-ID indexes. For example, regular
gasoline is purchased for personal consumption, export, government use, and business use.
The PPI program publishes only one commodity index for regular gasoline (wpu057104),
reflecting sales to all types of buyers, and this index is used in all aggregations
regardless of whether the gasoline is sold for personal consumption, as an export, to
government, or to businesses. Proportions based on BEA "Use of Commodities" data are
used to allocate the correct portion of the total weight of gasoline to each use
category. In cases when buyer type is an important price determining characteristic,
indexes are created based on specific buyer type. For example, within the PPI category
for loan services, separate indexes for consumer loans and business loans were
constructed. For more information relating to the FD-ID structure, see "A new,
experimental system of indexes from the PPI program" in the February 2011 Monthly Labor
Review.

Final Demand: The final demand portion of the FD-ID structure measures price change for
commodities sold for personal consumption, capital investment, government, and export.
The system is composed of six main price indexes: final demand goods; final demand trade
services; final demand transportation and warehousing services; final demand services
less trade, transportation, and warehousing; final demand construction; and overall final
demand.

The final demand goods index measures price change for both unprocessed and processed
goods sold to final demand. Fresh fruits sold to consumers and computers sold for
capital investment are examples of transactions included in the final demand goods price
index. The final demand trade services index measures price change for the retailing and
wholesaling of merchandise sold to final demand, generally without transformation. (Trade
indexes measure changes in margins received by wholesalers and retailers.) The final
demand transportation and warehousing services index tracks price change for
transportation of passengers, as well as, transportation of cargo sold to final demand,
and also includes prices for warehousing and storage of goods sold to final demand. The
final demand services less trade, transportation, and warehousing index measures price
change for all services other than trade and transportation sold to final demand.
Publishing, banking, lodging, and health care are examples of these services. The final
demand construction index tracks price change for new construction, as well as
maintenance and repair construction sold to final demand. Construction of office
buildings is an example of a commodity that would be included in the final demand
construction index. Lastly, the overall final demand index tracks price change for all
types of commodities sold to final demand by combining the five final demand component
indexes described above.

Intermediate Demand: The intermediate demand portion of the FD-ID system tracks price
change for goods, services, and construction products sold to businesses as inputs to
production, excluding capital investment. The system includes two parallel treatments of
intermediate demand. The first treatment organizes intermediate demand commodities by
type. The second organizes intermediate demand commodities into production stages, with
the explicit goal of developing a forward-flow model of production and price change.

The intermediate demand by commodity type portion of the system organizes commodities
by similarity of product. The system is composed of six main price indexes: unprocessed
goods for intermediate demand; processed goods for intermediate demand; intermediate
demand trade services; intermediate demand transportation and warehousing services;
intermediate demand services less trade, transportation, and warehousing; and
intermediate demand construction.

The unprocessed goods for intermediate demand price index measures price change for
goods sold to businesses as inputs to production that have undergone no fabrication.
Crude petroleum sold to refineries is an example of an unprocessed good sold to
intermediate demand. The processed goods for intermediate demand index tracks price
change for fabricated goods sold as business inputs. Examples include car parts sold to
car manufacturers and gasoline sold to trucking companies. The index for trade services
for intermediate demand measures price change for the services of retailing and
wholesaling goods purchased by businesses as inputs to production. The intermediate
demand transportation and warehousing services index measures price change for business
travel, as well as, transportation and warehousing of cargo sold to intermediate demand.
The intermediate demand services less trade, transportation, and warehousing index
measures price change for services other than trade, transportation, and warehousing sold
as inputs to production. Legal and accounting services purchased by businesses are
examples of intermediate demand services excluding trade, transportation, and
warehousing. Finally, the construction for intermediate demand index measures price
change for construction purchased by firms as inputs to production. The index for
construction for intermediate demand tracks price change for maintenance and repair
construction purchased by firms.

The production flow treatment of intermediate demand is a stage-based system of price
indexes. These indexes can be used to study price transmission across stages of
production and final demand. This system is constructed in a manner that maximizes
forward flow of production between stages, while minimizing back-flow of production. The
production flow treatment contains four main indexes: intermediate demand stage 1,
intermediate demand stage 2, intermediate demand stage 3, and intermediate demand stage
4.

Indexes for the four stages were developed by first assigning each industry in the
economy to one of four stages of production, where industries assigned to the fourth
stage primarily produce output consumed as final demand, industries in the third stage
primarily produce output consumed by stage 4 industries, industries assigned to the
second stage primarily produce output consumed by stage 3 industries, and industries
assigned to the first stage produce output primarily consumed by stage 2 industries. The
four indexes then track prices for the net inputs consumed by industries in each of the
four stages of production. The stage 4 intermediate demand index, for example, tracks
price change for inputs consumed, but not produced, by industries included in the fourth
stage of production. Hence, the index tracks price change in inputs to industries that
primarily produce final demand commodities (stage 4 producers primarily produce
commodities sold to final demand).

Examples of heavily weighted goods-producing industries in stage 4 include the
manufacture of light trucks and utility vehicles, automobiles, and pharmaceuticals.
Retail trade, food service and drinking places, and hospitals are examples of heavily
weighted service industries included in stage 4. Stage 4 also includes all new
construction industries. Examples of goods consumed by stage 4 industries include motor
vehicle parts, commercial electric power, plastic construction products, biological
products, and beef and veal. Engineering services, machinery and equipment wholesaling,
long distance motor carrying, and legal services constitute examples of services consumed
by stage 4 industries.

Examples of highly weighted goods-producing industries included in stage 3 are motor
vehicle parts manufacturing, animal (except poultry) slaughtering and processing, and
semiconductor manufacturing. Services industries classified in stage 3 include wholesale
trade; insurance carriers; architecture, engineering, and related services; and hotels
and motels. Examples of goods consumed by stage 3 industries include slaughter steers
and heifers, industrial electric power, and hot rolled steel bars, plates, and structural
shapes. Services commonly consumed by stage 3 industries include commissions from sales
of property and casualty insurance, business loans, temporary help services, and
administrative and general management consulting services.

Petroleum refineries; electricity generation, transmission, and distribution; natural
gas distribution; cattle ranching and farming; and plastic materials and resin
manufacturing are among the goods-based industries assigned to stage 2. Services
industries that are heavily weighted in stage 2 include management of companies and
enterprises; non-depository credit intermediation; insurance agencies and brokerages; and
services to buildings and dwellings. Goods commonly purchased by stage 2 industries
include crude oil, natural gas, formula feeds, and primary basic organic chemicals.
Services that are heavily weighted in the intermediate demand stage 2 index are legal
services, business loans, and cellular phone and other wireless telecommunication.

Goods producing industries in stage 1 include oil and gas extraction, paper mills, and
grain farming. Real estate, legal services, and advertising services are examples of
highly weighted services industries included in stage 1. Examples of goods consumed by
stage 1 industries are commercial and industrial electric power and gasoline. Services
commonly consumed by stage 1 industries include solid waste collection, chemicals and
allied products wholesaling, and guestroom or unit rental. It should be noted that all
inputs purchased by stage 1 industries are by definition produced either within stage 1
or by latter stages of processing, leaving stage 1 less useful for price transmission
analysis. For additional information on industry stage assignments, see
https://www.bls.gov/ppi/industryflowstage.htm.

Comparing the PPI with CPI

Although some data users utilize the PPI as a potential indicator of the Consumer
Price Index (CPI), there are many reasons why the PPI and the CPI may diverge. The scope
of the personal consumption portion of the PPI includes all marketable output sold by
domestic producers for households. The scope of the CPI includes goods and services
provided by business or government, where explicit user charges are paid by consumers.
For example, the most heavily weighted item in the CPI, owners' equivalent rent, is
excluded from the PPI. The scope of the CPI includes imports. The PPI excludes imports.
The CPI only includes components of personal consumption directly paid for by the
consumers, while the PPI includes components of personal consumption that may not be paid
for by consumers. For example, the PPI includes medical services paid for by third
parties. In contrast to CPI, PPI does not completely cover services. PPIs exclude taxes,
since they do not represent producer revenue. Conversely, sales and other taxes paid by
consumers are part of household expenditure and are included in the CPI. Additional
technical differences between PPI and CPI also exist. For more information see "Comparing
new final demand producer price indexes with other Government price indexes," Monthly
Labor Review, January 2014, at https://www.bls.gov/opub/mlr/.

Commodity Indexes

The commodity classification of the PPI organizes goods, services, and construction by
similarity of product or end use, disregarding industry of origin. With the release of
data for July 2009, PPI expanded its commodity structure to include indexes for services
and construction products. Prior to this date, the PPI commodity structure only included
products from goods producing sectors. Table 9 of the PPI Detailed Report includes data
for commodity indexes, organized in a hierarchal structure, including major groupings,
subgroups, product classes, sub-product classes, and individual items.

Industry Net-Output Price Indexes

PPIs for the net output of industries and their products are grouped according to the
North American Industry Classification System (NAICS). Prior to the release of January
2004, industry-based PPIs were published according to the Standard Industrial
Classification (SIC) system. Industry price indexes are compatible with other economic
time series organized by industry, such as data on employment, wages, and productivity.
Table 11 of the PPI Detailed Report includes data for NAICS industries and industry
groups (3-, 4-, 5-, and 6-digit codes), Census product classes (7- and 8-digit codes),
products (9-digit codes), more detailed sub-products (11-digit codes), and, for some
industries, indexes for other sources of revenue.

Indexes may represent one of three kinds of product categories. Every industry has
primary product indexes that show changes in prices received by establishments classified
in the industry for products made primarily, but not necessarily exclusively, by that
industry. The industry classification of an establishment is determined by which products
make up a plurality of its total shipment value. In addition, most industries have
secondary product indexes that show changes in prices received by establishments for
products chiefly made in some other industry. Some industries have miscellaneous receipts
indexes that track price changes for other sources of revenue received by establishments
within the industry that are not derived from sales of their products; for example,
resales of purchased materials, or revenues from parking lots owned by a manufacturing
plant.

Data Collection

PPIs are constructed using selling prices reported by establishments of all sizes,
selected by probability sampling, with the probability of selection proportionate to
size. Individual items and transaction terms also are chosen by probability proportionate
to size. BLS strongly encourages cooperating companies to supply actual transaction
prices at the time of shipment to minimize the use of list prices. Prices submitted
by survey respondents are effective on the Tuesday of the week containing the 13th day
of the month. The survey is conducted online via the BLS Internet Data Collection
Facility (IDCF).

Price data are provided on a voluntary and confidential basis; only sworn BLS
employees are allowed access to individual company price reports. BLS publishes price
indexes instead of actual prices. All PPIs are subject to revision 4 months after
original publication to reflect the availability of late reports and corrections by
respondents.

BLS periodically updates the PPI sample of survey respondents to better reflect
current conditions when the structure, membership, technology, or product mix of an
industry shifts significantly and to spread reporting burden among smaller firms.
Information on these resampling efforts are noted in the PPI News Release and PPI
Detailed Report in the months they occur.

As part of an ongoing effort to expand coverage to sectors of the economy other than
mining and manufacturing, an increasing number of service and construction sector
industries have been introduced into the PPI. The following list of industries
introduced since the mid-1990s includes the month and year in which an article describing
the industry's content appeared in the PPI Detailed Report.

PPI
Detailed
Report
Title Code Issue

SIC
Wireless telecommunications...................................4812 July 1999
Telephone communications, except radio telephone..............4813 July 1995
Television broadcasting.......................................4833 July 2002
Grocery stores................................................5411 July 2000
Meat and fish (seafood) markets...............................5421 July 2000
Fruit and vegetable markets...................................5431 July 2000
Candy, nut, and confectionery stores..........................5441 July 2000
Retail bakeries...............................................5461 July 2000
Miscellaneous food stores.....................................5499 July 2000
New car dealers...............................................5511 July 2000
Gasoline service stations.....................................5541 January 2002
Boat dealers..................................................5551 January 2002
Recreational vehicle dealers..................................5561 January 2002
Miscellaneous retail..........................................59 January 2001
Security brokers, dealers, and investment bankers.............6211 January 2001
Investment advice.............................................6282 January 2003
Life insurance carriers.......................................6311 January 1999
Property and casualty insurance...............................6331 July 1998
Insurance agencies and brokerages.............................6412 January 2003
Operators and lessors of nonresidential buildings.............6512 January 1996
Real estate agents and managers...............................6531 January 1996
Prepackaged software..........................................7372 January 1998
Data processing services......................................7374 January 2002
Home health care services.....................................8082 January 1997
Legal services................................................8111 January 1997
Engineering design, analysis, and consulting services.........8711 January 1997
Architectural design, analysis, and consulting services.......8712 January 1997
Premiums for property and casualty insurance..................9331 July 1998

NAICS
New industrial building construction..........................236211 January 2008
New warehouse building construction...........................236221 July 2005
New school construction.......................................236222 July 2006
New office construction.......................................236223 January 2007
New health care building construction.........................236224 January 2013
Concrete contractors, nonresidential building work............23811X July 2008
Roofing contractors, nonresidential building work.............23816X July 2008
Electrical contractors, nonresidential building work..........23821X July 2008
Plumbing / HVAC contractors, nonresidential building work.....23822X July 2008
Merchant wholesalers, durable goods...........................423 July 2005
Merchant wholesalers, nondurable goods........................424 July 2005
Furniture and home furnishings stores.........................442 January 2004
Electronics and appliance stores..............................443 January 2004
Building material and garden equipment and supplies dealers...444 January 2004
Clothing and clothing accessories stores......................448 January 2004
Sporting goods, hobby, book, and music stores.................451 January 2004
General merchandise stores....................................452 January 2004
Miscellaneous store retailers.................................453 January 2004
Internet service providers....................................518111 July 2005
Internet publishing and web search portals....................519130 January 2010
Commercial banking............................................522110 January 2005
Savings institutions..........................................522120 January 2005
Direct health and medical insurance carriers..................524114 July 2004
Construction, mining, and forestry machinery and equipment
rental and leasing............................................532412 January 2005
Management consulting services................................541610 January 2007
Security guards and patrol services...........................561612 July 2005
Offices of dentists...........................................621210 January 2011
Blood and organ banks.........................................621991 January 2007
Amusement and theme parks.....................................713110 July 2006
Golf courses and country clubs................................713910 July 2006
Fitness and recreational sports centers.......................713940 July 2005
Commercial machinery repair and maintenance...................811310 July 2007

Weights

Weights for most commodity groupings of the PPI, as well as, weights for
commodity-based aggregate indexes calculated from commodity groupings, such as FD-ID
indexes, currently reflect 2012 values of shipments as reported in the Census of
Manufactures and other sources. From January 2012 to December 2017, PPI weights were
derived from 2007 shipment values. Industry indexes now are calculated under the 2017
NAICS structure utilizing 2012 value of shipment weights and 2007 net output ratios.
The periodic update of the value weights used to calculate the PPI is done to more
accurately reflect changes in production and marketing patterns in the economy.

Net output values of shipments are used as weights for industry indexes. Net output
values refer to the value of shipments from establishments within the industry to buyers
outside the industry. However, weights for commodity indexes are based on gross shipment
values, including values of shipments between establishments within the same industry. As
a result, broad commodity grouping indexes, such as the PPI for All Commodities (which is
composed of major commodity groupings 01 through 15), are affected by the multiple
counting of price change at successive stages of processing, which can lead to
exaggerated or misleading signals about inflation. The intermediate demand by commodity
type FD-ID indexes partially correct for this defect, but industry indexes, final demand
FD-ID indexes, and intermediate demand by production flow FD-ID indexes consistently
correct for this at all levels of aggregation. Therefore, industry and FD-ID indexes are
more appropriate than broad commodity groupings for analysis of general price trends.

Price Index Reference Base

Effective with publication of January 1988 data, many important PPI series (including
most commodity groups and individual items) were placed on a new reference base, 1982 =
100. From 1971 through 1987, the standard reference base for most PPI series was 1967 =
100. Except for rounding differences, the shift to the new reference base did not alter
any previously published percent changes for affected PPI series. (See "Calculating Index
Changes," below.) The 1982 reference base is not used for commodity indexes with a base
later than December 1981 or for industry net output indexes and their products. The FD-
ID indexes typically have a reference base of November 2009 = 100.

For further information on the underlying concepts and methodology of the Producer
Price Index, see chapter 14, "Producer Prices," in the BLS Handbook of Methods. This
chapter can be downloaded from the BLS Web site at https://www.bls.gov/opub/hom/homch14.htm.

Calculating Index Changes

Each PPI measures price changes from a reference period that equals 100.0. An
increase of 5.5 percent from the reference period in the Final Demand Goods Price Index,
for example, is shown as 105.5. This change also can be expressed in dollars, as
follows: prices received by domestic producers of a sample of final demand goods have
risen from $100 in November 2009 to $105.50. Likewise, a current index of 90.0 would
indicate that prices received by producers of final demand goods are 10 percent lower
than they were in November 2009.

Movements of price indexes from one month to another are usually expressed as percent
changes, rather than as changes in index points. Index point changes are affected by the
level of the index in relation to its base period, whereas percent changes are not. The
following example shows the computation of index point and percent changes.

Index point change
Final Demand Goods Price Index 107.5
Less previous index 104.0
Equals index point change 3.5

Index percent change
Index point change 3.5
Divided by the previous index 104.0
Equals 0.034
Result multiplied by 100 0.034 x 100
Equals percent change 3.4

Seasonally Adjusted and Unadjusted Data

Because price data are used for different purposes by different groups, BLS publishes
seasonally adjusted and unadjusted changes each month. Seasonally adjusted data are
preferred for analyzing general price trends in the economy because these data eliminate
the effect of changes that normally occur at about the same time, and in about the same
magnitude, every year-such as price movements resulting from normal weather patterns,
regular production and marketing cycles, model changeovers, seasonal discounts, and
holidays. For these reasons, seasonally adjusted data more clearly reveal underlying
trends. Unadjusted data are of primary interest to users who need information that can
be related to actual dollar values of transactions. Individuals requiring this
information include marketing specialists, purchasing agents, budget and cost analysts,
contract specialists, and commodity traders. It is the unadjusted data that are
generally cited when escalating long-term contracts such as purchasing agreements or real
estate leases. For more information, see Price Adjustment Guide for Contracting Parties,
on the Web at https://www.bls.gov/ppi/ppiescalation.htm.

Seasonal adjustment is accomplished using X-13 ARIMA, a software package published by
the U.S. Census Bureau. Each year, the seasonal status of most commodity indexes is
reevaluated to reflect more recent price behavior. Industry net output indexes are not
seasonally adjusted. For time series that exhibit seasonal pricing patterns, new
seasonal factors are estimated and applied to the unadjusted data from the prior 5 years.
Updated seasonally adjusted indexes replace the most recent 5 years of seasonal data.

Seasonal factors may be applied to series using either a direct or an aggregative
method. Generally, commodity indexes are seasonally adjusted using direct seasonal
adjustment, which produces a more complete elimination of seasonal movements than does
the aggregative method. However, the direct seasonal adjustment process may not yield
figures that possess additive consistency. Thus, a seasonally adjusted index for a broad
category that is directly adjusted may not be logically consistent with all seasonally
adjusted indexes for its components. Seasonal movements for FD-ID indexes are derived
indirectly through an aggregative method that combines movements of a wide variety of
subproduct class (six-digit) series.

Seasonally adjusted indexes can become problematic when previously stable and
predictable price patterns abruptly change. If the new pattern persists, the seasonal
adjustment method will eventually reflect it; if the pattern keeps shifting, however,
seasonally adjusted data will become chronically troublesome. This problem occurs
relatively infrequently for farm and food-related products, but has more often affected
manufactured products such as automobiles and steel.

Since January 1988, the PPI has used Intervention Analysis Seasonal Adjustment methods
to enhance the calculation of seasonal factors. With this technique, outlier values that
may distort the seasonal pattern are removed from the data prior to applying the standard
seasonal factor estimation procedure. For example, a possible economic cause for large
price movements for petroleum-based products might have been the Persian Gulf War. In
this case, intervention techniques allowed for better estimates of seasonally adjusted
data. On the whole, very few series have required intervention. Out of almost 400
seasonally adjusted series, only 42 were subject to intervention in 2018.

For more information relating to seasonal adjustment methods, see "Summary of Changes
to the PPI's Seasonal Adjustment Methodology" in the January 1995 issue of Producer Price
Indexes, and "PPI and CPI Seasonal Adjustment: an Update" in the July 2010 Monthly Labor
Review.

Producer Price Index Data on the Internet

In 1995, the BLS began posting PPI series, news releases, and technical information to
both a World Wide Web (WWW) site and a file transfer protocol (FTP) site. During the
years following the introduction of PPI Internet services, use of these sites eclipsed
more traditional methods of data dissemination, such as subscriptions to the PPI Detailed
Report. There were more than 4 million instances of PPI data and tables being downloaded
from the BLS website during the 12 months ended December 31, 2017.

Retrieving PPI data from the PPI Web site

PPI data can be obtained from the WWW address (www.bls.gov/ppi). On this page, under
the tab labeled "Featured PPI databases" links provide the following methods of data
retrieval:

Top Picks is a form-based application for both Industry Data and Commodity Data that
allows the user to quickly obtain PPI time series data by selecting the high-level
aggregate and other commonly requested time series, including the All Commodities Index
and the FD-ID indexes (for example, Final Demand). Within each list, any one-or all-of
the time series shown can be selected. A user can modify the date range and output
options after executing the query, using the reformat button above the data output table.

One-Screen Data Search and Multi-Screen Data Search are form-based query applications
for both Industry Data and Commodity Data designed for users unfamiliar with the PPI
coding structure. These applications guide a user through the PPI classification by
listing index titles and do not require knowledge of commodity or industry codes. Data
retrieved are based on a query formulated by selecting data characteristics from lists
provided. Two options are available to create customized tables, depending on a user's
browser capability. The one-screen option is a JavaScript application that uses a single
screen to guide a user through the available time series data. The second option is a
multiple-screen, non-Java-based application. Both methods allow a user to browse the PPI
coding structure and select multiple series. Users can modify the date range and output
options after executing the query using the reformat button above the data output table.

Series Report is a form-based application that allows users to input multiple,
formatted PPI time series identifiers (commodity or industry codes) as inputs in
extracting data according to a specified set of date ranges and output options. This
application provides the most efficient path for users who are familiar with the format
of PPI time series identifiers. There are five alphabetic prefixes used to create unique
PPI time series identifiers: WP, WD, PC, PD, and ND. Each provides the user access to a
different PPI database. Adding either a "u" (not seasonally adjusted) or an "s"
(seasonally adjusted) to the end of these prefixes further specifies the type of data
needed. Examples are provided below.

For commodity and FD-ID indexes, series identifiers combine a "wpu" prefix (not
seasonally adjusted) or a "wps" prefix (seasonally adjusted) with a commodity code.

Commodity code Provides data for:
wps141101 Passenger cars, seasonally adjusted
wpu141101 Passenger cars, not seasonally adjusted
wpufd4 Final demand, not seasonally adjusted
wpsid63 Services for intermediate demand, seasonally adjusted

For discontinued commodity indexes, series identifiers combine a "wdu" prefix (not
seasonally adjusted) or a "wds" prefix (seasonally adjusted) with a commodity code.

Commodity code Provides data for:
wds019 Other farm products, seasonally adjusted
wdu0635 Preparations, ethical (prescription), not seasonally adjusted
wdusi138011 Stainless steel mill products, not seasonally adjusted

Current price indexes grouped by industry according to NAICS have series identifiers
that begin with the prefix "pcu." After the prefix, there are 12 digits (the 6-digit
industry code is listed twice) followed by up to 7 alphanumeric characters identifying
product detail. Dashes are used as placeholders for higher-level industry group codes.

Industry-product code,
current NAICS series Provides data for:
pcu325---325--- Chemical manufacturing
pcu336110336110 Automobile and light duty motor vehicle manufacturing
pcu621111621111411 Offices of physicians, one- and two-physician practices and
single-specialty group practices, general/family practice

Discontinued industry-product codes based on SIC combine a "pdu" prefix and "#"
between the fourth and fifth characters of the product code. Series identifiers for the
discontinued dataset use underscores as placeholders to complete a reference to an SIC
industry group code of fewer than four digits. (All PPI industry-based indexes organized
by SIC were discontinued with the introduction of NAICS in 2004.)

Industry-product code,
discontinued SIC series Provides data for:
pdu28_ _# Chemicals and allied products
pdu331_# Blast furnaces, steel works, and rolling and finishing mills
pdu3711#111 Passenger cars

Price indexes for discontinued series grouped by industry according to NAICS have
identifiers that begin with the prefix "ndu." After the prefix, there are 12 numeric
digits (the 6-digit industry code is listed twice), and up to 7 additional alphanumeric
characters that identify product detail. Dashes are used as placeholders for higher-
level group codes.

Industry-product code,
discontinued NAICS series Provides data for
ndu212231212231 Lead and zinc ore mining
ndu2122312122312 Lead, zinc concentrates
ndu212231212231214 Lead concentrates

Text Files are best suited for users requiring access to either a large volume of time
series data or other PPI-related documentation, such as seasonal factor tables and
relative importance tables. The text files can be accessed at https://download.bls.gov/ or
directly from links on the "PPI Databases" page or the PPI homepage. Data and
documentation available for download include the following:

Directory:
Industry Data /pub/time.series/pc
Industry Data - Discontinued
(NAICS basis) /pub/time.series/nd
(SIC basis) /pub/time.series/pd
Commodity Data (incl. FD-ID) /pub/time.series/wp
Commodity Data - Discontinued /pub/time.series/wd
Special requests /pub/special.requests/ppi

Additional information

The PPI homepage (https://www.bls.gov/ppi) contains additional information regarding PPI
data and methodology. The top section of the homepage provides PPI news releases, both
current and archived, as well as general PPI information. The "PPI Tables" section found
beneath the statistics section provides relative importance and seasonal factor tables.
The remaining sections offer special notices and publications pertaining to PPI
methodology and applications.

For questions or comments regarding PPI data classification, methodology, or data
availability on the Internet, call or e-mail the Section of Index Analysis and Public
Information at (202) 691-7705 or ppi-info@bls.gov.

Table 1. Producer price indexes and percent changes for final demand(1) [Nov 2009=100, unless otherwise indicated]
Grouping	Other index base	Relative Importance Dec. 2019(2)	Unadjusted index			Unadjusted percent change to Apr. 2020 from:		Seasonally adjusted percent change from:
Grouping	Other index base	Relative Importance Dec. 2019(2)	Dec. 2019(3)	Mar. 2020(3)	Apr. 2020(3)	Apr. 2019	Mar. 2020	Jan. to Feb.	Feb. to Mar.	Mar. to Apr.
Final demand		100.000	118.4	118.5	117.1	-1.2	-1.2	-0.6	-0.2	-1.3
Final demand goods		32.794	115.5	114.0	110.5	-5.0	-3.1	-0.9	-1.0	-3.3
Final demand foods		5.733	120.8	118.9	118.6	0.3	-0.3	-1.6	0.0	-0.5
Finished consumer foods(4)	00/82	4.608	215.1	211.8	212.0	0.8	0.1	-1.4	0.2	-0.1
Finished consumer foods, crude	00/82	0.481	228.5	208.7	209.0	5.2	0.1	-10.3	3.9	0.3
Finished consumer foods, processed	00/82	4.127	214.1	212.5	212.8	0.3	0.1	-0.4	-0.2	-0.1
Government purchased foods		0.346	123.9	121.6	121.8	-0.7	0.2	-1.0	-0.7	-0.2
Foods for export		0.779	114.8	113.2	110.1	-1.8	-2.7	-3.3	-0.9	-3.3
Final demand energy		5.382	102.6	93.9	77.0	-29.6	-18.0	-3.6	-6.7	-19.0
Finished consumer energy goods(4)	00/82	4.379	162.5	150.4	125.1	-27.7	-16.8	-2.8	-6.6	-18.1
Government purchased energy		0.771	104.6	92.7	73.0	-34.1	-21.3	-6.4	-6.2	-21.2
Energy for export		0.232	91.2	74.7	50.8	-48.9	-32.0	-9.1	-10.7	-32.4
Final demand goods less foods and energy		21.679	117.8	118.4	117.9	0.1	-0.4	-0.1	0.2	-0.4
Finished goods less foods and energy(4)	00/82	12.869	208.8	210.0	209.7	1.1	-0.1	0.0	0.3	0.0
Finished consumer goods less foods and energy	00/82	6.965	233.2	234.6	234.5	1.1	0.0	0.0	0.3	0.0
Nondurable consumer goods less foods and energy	00/82	4.289	300.0	303.2	303.8	1.7	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.3
Durable consumer goods	00/82	2.676	164.2	163.9	163.2	-0.1	-0.4	-0.3	0.4	-0.3
Private capital equipment	00/82	5.904	178.2	179.2	178.8	1.0	-0.2	0.0	0.3	-0.2
Private capital equipment for manufacturing industries	00/82	1.332	181.7	183.0	182.8	1.0	-0.1	0.0	0.1	-0.1
Private capital equipment for nonmanufacturing industries	00/82	4.572	176.9	177.9	177.4	1.1	-0.3	0.0	0.5	-0.2
Government purchased goods, excluding foods and energy		2.248	115.0	116.0	115.8	0.7	-0.2	-0.1	0.0	-0.3
Government purchased goods excluding foods, energy, and capital equipment		1.316	117.0	117.7	117.3	0.1	-0.3	-0.2	-0.1	-0.4
Government purchased capital equipment		0.932	111.0	112.3	112.3	1.5	0.0	0.0	0.1	0.0
Goods for export, excluding foods and energy		6.562	112.7	113.2	111.9	-1.9	-1.1	-0.3	0.0	-1.1
Final demand services		65.476	119.3	120.3	120.0	0.8	-0.2	-0.3	0.2	-0.2
Final demand trade services(5)		20.213	119.5	122.0	124.4	3.4	2.0	-0.7	1.4	1.6
Trade of finished goods(4)		17.497	118.8	121.4	124.1	3.8	2.2	-0.9	1.6	1.9
Trade of personal consumption goods		14.276	118.5	121.2	124.5	4.8	2.7	-1.6	1.9	2.3
Trade of private capital equipment		3.221	118.6	121.0	121.3	-0.8	0.2	1.8	0.2	0.2
Trade of government purchased goods		0.740	124.1	125.0	125.1	0.4	0.1	0.2	0.3	0.1
Trade of government purchased goods, excluding capital equipment		0.459	125.5	125.2	125.3	1.6	0.1	-0.7	0.3	0.1
Trade of government purchased capital equipment		0.281	121.4	124.2	124.3	-1.4	0.1	1.9	0.2	0.1
Trade of exports		1.976	125.1	126.3	126.0	0.6	-0.2	0.4	0.3	-0.3
Final demand transportation and warehousing services		4.727	127.6	121.8	117.6	-6.3	-3.4	-0.6	-3.3	-3.5
Transportation of passengers for final demand		1.378	125.3	108.1	96.2	-20.3	-11.0	-0.9	-9.8	-11.2
Transportation of private passengers		0.941	125.3	108.1	96.3	-20.2	-10.9	-0.8	-9.8	-11.2
Transportation of government passengers		0.142	125.4	108.2	96.4	-20.2	-10.9	-0.9	-9.7	-11.1
Transportation of passengers for export		0.295	125.3	107.8	95.8	-20.6	-11.1	-0.9	-9.9	-11.4
Transportation and warehousing of goods for final demand		3.349	127.6	126.7	125.6	-0.8	-0.9	-0.4	-0.9	-0.8
Transportation and warehousing of finished goods(4)		2.364	126.5	125.3	124.3	-1.0	-0.8	-0.5	-0.9	-0.8
Transportation and warehousing of personal consumption goods		1.851	126.8	125.7	124.7	-0.9	-0.8	-0.5	-0.9	-0.8
Transportation and warehousing of private capital equipment		0.513	125.3	123.8	122.7	-1.3	-0.9	-0.5	-1.0	-0.9
Transportation and warehousing of government purchased goods		0.246	126.2	125.7	124.8	-0.3	-0.7	-0.4	-0.6	-0.6
Transportation and warehousing of exports		0.739	131.5	131.3	130.1	-0.3	-0.9	-0.3	-0.7	-0.8
Final demand services less trade, transportation, and warehousing		40.536	118.5	119.4	118.2	0.3	-1.0	-0.1	0.0	-0.9
Finished services less trade, transportation, and warehousing(4)		36.077	118.9	119.9	118.7	0.3	-1.0	-0.1	-0.1	-0.8
Finished consumer services less trade, transportation, and warehousing		32.569	118.8	119.9	118.7	0.3	-1.0	-0.1	-0.1	-0.8
Private capital investment services less trade, transportation, and warehousing		3.508	120.2	120.3	119.1	0.2	-1.0	0.2	0.0	-1.0
Government purchased services less trade, transportation, and warehousing		3.013	112.9	113.2	112.1	-0.3	-1.0	-0.1	-0.4	-1.0
Gov. purchased services less trade, transportation, and warehousing, excl. capital investment		2.912	113.2	113.5	112.3	-0.4	-1.1	0.0	-0.4	-1.0
Government purchased capital investment services less trade, transportation, and warehousing		0.101	104.1	104.7	105.0	2.1	0.3	-0.2	0.8	0.3
Services for export less trade, transportation, and warehousing		1.446	118.5	120.3	117.4	-2.0	-2.4	0.3	0.4	-2.4
Final demand construction		1.732	128.9	129.8	130.4	2.8	0.5	0.1	0.1	0.5
Construction for private capital investment		1.169	129.0	129.8	130.5	2.8	0.5	0.1	0.0	0.5
Construction for government		0.563	128.4	129.6	130.1	2.8	0.4	0.1	0.2	0.4

Special groupings

Final demand less exports	04/10	87.971	116.9	117.1	115.9	-0.9	-1.0	-0.6	-0.2	-1.1
Final demand less government	04/10	91.931	116.8	117.1	115.8	-0.9	-1.1	-0.5	-0.2	-1.1
Final demand less foods, food and nonalcoholic beverages for immediate consumption, and energy(6)	04/10	88.358	117.9	118.8	118.5	0.6	-0.3	-0.3	0.2	-0.3
Final demand less foods and energy(6)	04/10	88.885	117.9	118.8	118.4	0.6	-0.3	-0.3	0.2	-0.3
Final demand less foods and food and nonalcoholic beverages for immediate consumption(6)	04/10	93.740	116.5	116.7	115.3	-1.3	-1.2	-0.4	-0.3	-1.4
Final demand less foods(6)	04/10	94.267	116.5	116.8	115.3	-1.2	-1.3	-0.4	-0.3	-1.3
Final demand less energy	04/10	94.618	117.8	118.5	118.2	0.6	-0.3	-0.3	0.2	-0.3
Final demand less trade services	01/10	79.787	116.8	116.3	114.1	-2.2	-1.9	-0.4	-0.6	-2.1
Final demand less distributive services(7)	01/10	76.438	116.4	116.0	113.6	-2.3	-2.1	-0.4	-0.6	-2.1
Final demand goods less energy	01/10	27.412	117.3	117.5	117.0	0.2	-0.4	-0.4	0.2	-0.5
Final demand goods less foods	04/10	27.061	111.8	110.4	106.3	-6.1	-3.7	-0.9	-1.2	-3.9
Final demand services less trade services	04/10	45.263	118.4	118.7	117.2	-0.4	-1.3	-0.1	-0.4	-1.2
Final demand distributive services(7)	04/10	23.562	118.4	120.4	122.2	2.8	1.5	-0.7	1.1	1.2
Final demand goods plus final demand distributive services(7)	04/10	56.356	115.1	115.0	113.7	-1.7	-1.1	-0.9	-0.1	-1.4
Final demand less foods, energy, and trade services(6)	08/13	68.672	110.9	111.3	110.2	-0.3	-1.0	-0.1	-0.2	-0.9
Private and government purchased capital equipment	08/13	6.836	108.5	109.2	109.0	1.1	-0.2	0.0	0.4	-0.2
Private and government purchased capital investment services	08/13	7.624	110.2	111.2	110.8	-0.3	-0.4	0.9	0.0	-0.4
Total private and government purchased capital investment	08/13	14.460	110.7	111.6	111.3	0.6	-0.3	0.5	0.1	-0.2
Total finished(4)	01/10	79.904	117.9	118.3	117.2	-0.6	-0.9	-0.5	-0.2	-1.0
Total finished less foods, food and nonalcoholic beverages for immediate consumption, and energy(4)(6)	12/10	70.403	118.1	119.2	119.1	1.1	-0.1	-0.3	0.3	-0.1
Total finished less foods and energy(4)(6)	01/10	70.917	119.0	120.1	119.9	1.0	-0.2	-0.3	0.3	-0.2
Total finished less foods and food and nonalcoholic beverages for immediate consumption(4)(6)	12/10	74.782	116.4	116.9	115.7	-0.8	-1.0	-0.4	-0.2	-1.0
Total finished less foods(4)(6)	01/10	75.296	117.8	118.3	117.1	-0.7	-1.0	-0.4	-0.2	-1.1
Total finished less energy(4)	01/10	75.525	119.1	119.9	119.8	1.0	-0.1	-0.3	0.3	-0.1
Finished goods(4)	00/82	21.856	206.0	203.0	196.5	-5.1	-3.2	-0.9	-1.1	-3.5
Finished goods less energy(4)	00/82	17.477	210.1	210.1	210.0	1.0	0.0	-0.4	0.3	0.0
Finished goods, excluding foods(4)(6)	00/82	17.248	202.9	200.0	191.8	-6.6	-4.1	-0.7	-1.4	-4.4
Finished services(4)	01/10	56.879	118.3	119.5	119.3	1.0	-0.2	-0.3	0.3	-0.2
Private capital investment services	04/10	7.242	118.6	119.6	119.1	-0.3	-0.4	0.9	0.0	-0.5
Finished distributive services(4)(7)	04/10	19.861	117.3	119.5	121.7	3.2	1.8	-0.8	1.2	1.6
Finished services less trade services(4)	04/10	39.382	118.6	119.0	117.6	-0.3	-1.2	-0.2	-0.3	-1.1
Finished services less distributive services(4)(7)	04/10	37.018	118.3	118.8	117.4	-0.2	-1.2	-0.1	-0.3	-1.1
Total private capital investment (goods, services, and construction)	04/10	14.315	117.0	117.8	117.5	0.5	-0.3	0.4	0.2	-0.3
Finished goods plus finished distributive services(4)	04/10	41.717	116.1	116.2	115.4	-1.1	-0.7	-0.9	0.0	-1.0
Total exports	04/10	12.029	113.3	113.1	110.9	-2.8	-1.9	-0.4	-0.4	-1.9
Goods for export	00/82	7.573	188.0	187.4	183.5	-3.4	-2.1	-0.9	-0.3	-2.2
Services for export	04/10	4.456	122.7	122.7	120.6	-1.7	-1.7	0.2	-0.5	-1.7
Total government purchases	04/10	8.069	113.1	112.0	109.4	-3.4	-2.3	-0.7	-0.9	-2.4
Government purchased goods	00/82	3.365	185.4	181.3	173.2	-7.7	-4.5	-1.7	-1.4	-4.6
Government purchased services	04/10	4.141	115.7	115.4	114.2	-0.8	-1.0	0.0	-0.6	-1.0
Total government purchased capital investment (goods, services, construction)	08/13	1.877	111.0	112.4	112.6	1.5	0.2	0.3	0.2	0.2
Personal consumption	01/10	65.589	118.1	118.3	117.0	-0.8	-1.1	-0.8	-0.2	-1.2
Personal consumption goods (finished consumer goods)	00/82	15.952	217.6	212.7	203.4	-7.4	-4.4	-1.2	-1.7	-4.8
Personal consumption goods less energy	00/82	11.573	226.2	225.6	225.6	0.9	0.0	-0.6	0.2	0.0
Personal consumption goods less foods	00/82	11.344	216.9	211.5	198.4	-10.5	-6.2	-1.1	-2.4	-6.7
Personal consumption nondurable goods less foods	00/82	8.668	240.3	232.5	213.8	-13.7	-8.0	-1.4	-3.3	-8.7
Personal consumption services	04/10	49.637	117.8	119.0	118.9	1.3	-0.1	-0.5	0.3	-0.1
Personal consumption less trade services	04/10	51.313	117.6	117.1	114.6	-2.5	-2.1	-0.4	-0.8	-2.2
Personal consumption less distributive services(7)	04/10	49.462	117.4	117.0	114.4	-2.6	-2.2	-0.5	-0.8	-2.2
Personal consumption less foods and energy	04/14	56.602	110.3	111.3	111.2	1.2	-0.1	-0.5	0.4	-0.1
Personal consumption less foods, energy, and trade services(5)	04/14	42.326	110.8	111.3	110.2	0.0	-1.0	-0.2	-0.3	-0.8
Personal consumption less foods, energy, and distributive services(7)	04/14	40.475	111.0	111.5	110.4	0.0	-1.0	-0.1	-0.3	-0.8
Personal consumption goods plus personal consumption distributive services(7)	08/13	32.079	106.0	105.9	104.9	-1.6	-0.9	-1.3	-0.1	-1.3
Footnotes (1) Further information about the Final Demand-Intermediate Demand Aggregation system is available online at https://www.bls.gov/ppi/fdidaggregation.htm. (2) Comprehensive relative importance figures are initially computed after the publication of December indexes and are recalculated after final December indexes are available. Individual items and subtotals may not add exactly to totals because of rounding differences. (3) The indexes for December 2019 have been recalculated to incorporate late reports and corrections by respondents. All indexes are subject to revision 4 months after original publication. (4) PPI defines Total finished as including only the personal consumption and private capital investment portions of final demand. (5) Trade indexes measure changes in margins received by wholesalers and retailers. (6) The PPI definition of foods does not include food and beverages for immediate consumption. PPI defines food and beverages for immediate consumption as the service of preparing meals, snacks, and beverages to customer order for immediate on-premises and off-premises consumption. (7) Distributive services include transportation, warehousing, and trade of goods.
"-" Data not available.

Table 2. Producer price indexes and percent changes for intermediate demand by commodity type(1) [Nov. 2009=100, unless otherwise indicated]
Grouping	Other index base	Relative Importance Dec. 2019(2)	Unadjusted index			Unadjusted percent change to Apr. 2020 from:		Seasonally adjusted percent change from:
Grouping	Other index base	Relative Importance Dec. 2019(2)	Dec. 2019(3)	Mar. 2020(3)	Apr. 2020(3)	Apr. 2019	Mar. 2020	Jan. to Feb.	Feb. to Mar.	Mar. to Apr.
Processed goods

Processed goods for intermediate demand	00/82	100.000	196.0	192.3	185.5	-7.3	-3.5	-0.9	-1.1	-3.7
Materials and components for manufacturing	00/82	45.127	182.3	181.6	177.9	-4.6	-2.0	-0.4	-0.3	-2.0
Materials for manufacturing		27.337	109.2	108.4	104.7	-7.8	-3.4	-0.7	-0.4	-3.5
Materials for food manufacturing	00/82	4.104	199.7	196.4	197.2	0.2	0.4	-0.5	-0.8	0.0
Materials for nondurable manufacturing	00/82	12.582	209.0	205.7	193.0	-11.4	-6.2	-1.1	-1.1	-6.3
Materials for durable manufacturing	00/82	10.651	195.6	196.5	193.8	-6.2	-1.4	-0.4	0.5	-1.4
Components for manufacturing	00/82	17.790	155.7	156.0	156.0	0.5	0.0	0.1	0.1	0.0
Components for nondurable manufacturing		0.749	115.0	114.7	115.1	0.3	0.3	0.4	-0.5	0.4
Components for durable manufacturing		17.041	110.2	110.4	110.4	0.5	0.0	0.1	0.1	0.0
Materials and components for construction	00/82	9.167	250.8	253.9	253.1	0.5	-0.3	0.1	0.6	-0.5
Materials for construction		3.988	124.8	127.3	126.0	0.6	-1.0	0.2	0.8	-1.2
Components for construction		5.179	123.2	124.0	124.2	0.4	0.2	0.1	0.4	0.0
Processed fuels and lubricants for intermediate demand	00/82	18.465	173.8	156.2	132.8	-27.8	-15.0	-4.0	-5.9	-15.1
Processed fuels and lubricants to manufacturing industries	00/82	4.613	185.3	173.9	163.6	-15.1	-5.9	-1.7	-3.4	-5.3
Processed fuels and lubricants to nonmanufacturing industries	00/82	13.852	170.3	150.8	123.3	-32.0	-18.2	-4.7	-6.7	-18.6
Containers for intermediate demand	00/82	2.994	236.1	236.5	235.8	-0.8	-0.3	0.2	-0.3	-0.3
Supplies for intermediate demand	00/82	24.247	201.1	201.2	200.8	-0.2	-0.2	-0.2	0.0	-0.3
Supplies to manufacturing industries	00/82	2.951	200.1	199.2	198.8	-1.5	-0.2	-0.2	-0.3	-0.2
Supplies to nonmanufacturing industries	00/82	21.296	199.7	200.0	199.5	-0.1	-0.3	-0.2	-0.1	-0.4
Supplies to nonmanufacturing industries, feeds	00/82	1.663	176.5	179.0	181.0	1.9	1.1	-1.5	-0.9	0.7
Supplies to nonmanufacturing industries, other than feeds	00/82	19.633	203.6	203.7	203.0	-0.2	-0.3	0.0	0.0	-0.4

Unprocessed goods

Unprocessed goods for intermediate demand	00/82	100.000	187.2	161.2	138.9	-28.2	-13.8	-7.7	-8.0	-13.7
Unprocessed foodstuffs and feedstuffs	00/82	39.019	168.6	158.7	142.7	-16.0	-10.1	-5.8	-3.6	-9.7
Unprocessed nonfood materials	00/82	60.981	191.6	155.0	129.2	-35.8	-16.6	-9.0	-10.9	-16.7
Unprocessed nonfood materials except fuel	00/82	44.021	245.4	198.3	162.3	-37.5	-18.2	-8.2	-14.2	-18.3
Unprocessed nonfood materials except fuel to manufacturing industries	00/82	42.091	226.3	180.6	145.8	-39.3	-19.3	-8.6	-14.9	-19.5
Unprocessed nonfood materials except fuel to nonmanufacturing industries	00/82	1.930	270.8	278.9	279.7	4.6	0.3	0.2	0.1	0.1
Unprocessed fuel	00/82	16.960	108.4	88.0	76.9	-31.2	-12.6	-11.3	-0.8	-12.5
Unprocessed fuel to manufacturing industries	00/82	0.643	153.9	135.8	127.3	-19.4	-6.3	-7.2	-0.3	-6.3
Unprocessed fuel to nonmanufacturing industries	00/82	16.317	109.2	88.2	76.9	-31.7	-12.8	-11.6	-0.8	-12.8

Services

Services for intermediate demand		100.000	121.7	122.1	120.2	-1.2	-1.6	-0.1	-0.1	-1.6
Trade services for intermediate demand(4)		19.143	127.2	128.1	127.8	2.1	-0.2	-0.4	0.7	-0.4
Trade services for manufacturing industries	12/12	9.477	115.7	116.2	115.5	2.2	-0.6	-0.4	0.7	-0.7
Trade services for nonmanufacturing industries	12/12	9.666	113.8	114.7	114.9	2.0	0.2	-0.3	0.7	0.0
Transportation and warehousing services for intermediate demand		12.312	130.2	129.0	127.0	-1.2	-1.6	-0.2	-1.3	-1.4
Transportation of passengers for intermediate demand		1.221	125.3	108.3	96.5	-20.0	-10.9	-0.9	-9.7	-11.1
Transportation of passengers for manufacturing industries		0.203	125.3	107.8	95.8	-20.6	-11.1	-0.9	-9.9	-11.4
Transportation of passengers for nonmanufacturing industries		1.018	125.3	108.4	96.6	-20.0	-10.9	-0.8	-9.7	-11.0
Transportation and warehousing of goods for intermediate demand		11.091	130.5	131.1	130.2	0.7	-0.7	0.0	-0.5	-0.5
Transportation and warehousing of goods for manufacturing industries	12/12	1.685	109.3	108.4	107.4	-0.6	-0.9	-0.6	-0.6	-0.9
Transportation and warehousing of goods for nonmanufacturing industries	12/12	9.406	116.4	117.2	116.5	1.0	-0.6	0.0	-0.4	-0.4
Services less trade, transportation, and warehousing for intermediate demand		68.544	118.7	119.3	116.9	-2.0	-2.0	0.0	-0.1	-2.0
Services less trade, transportation, and warehousing for manufacturing industries		2.320	110.6	111.7	111.6	1.5	-0.1	0.0	0.1	-0.2
Services less trade, transportation, and warehousing for nonmanufacturing industries		66.224	119.0	119.5	117.1	-2.1	-2.0	-0.1	0.0	-2.2

Construction

Construction for intermediate demand		100.000	120.0	121.4	120.8	1.5	-0.5	0.1	0.2	-0.5

Special groupings

Processed materials less foods and feeds	00/82	91.293	196.2	192.3	184.8	-8.1	-3.9	-1.0	-1.2	-4.0
Processed foods and feeds	00/82	8.707	194.9	192.7	193.3	0.5	0.3	-0.6	-0.8	-0.1
Processed energy goods	00/82	18.465	174.6	157.0	133.4	-27.8	-15.0	-4.0	-5.9	-15.1
Processed materials less energy	00/82	81.535	199.0	198.9	196.4	-2.6	-1.3	-0.3	-0.1	-1.3
Processed materials less foods and energy	00/82	72.828	199.1	199.3	196.5	-2.9	-1.4	-0.2	-0.1	-1.5
Intermediate distributive services(5)	04/10	30.234	126.0	126.7	126.2	1.5	-0.4	-0.2	0.3	-0.5
Processed goods plus intermediate distributive services	04/10	-	111.8	110.5	107.6	-4.9	-2.6	-0.8	-0.7	-2.7
Unprocessed materials less agricultural products	00/82	58.085	192.5	154.1	128.3	-36.7	-16.7	-9.2	-11.2	-16.8
Unprocessed energy materials(6)	00/82	38.908	143.1	96.0	69.6	-54.1	-27.5	-13.6	-19.1	-27.5
Unprocessed materials less energy	00/82	61.092	208.2	204.3	188.3	-11.0	-7.8	-4.2	-1.8	-7.6
Unprocessed nonfood materials less energy(7)	00/82	22.073	322.3	340.9	327.0	-1.8	-4.1	-1.5	1.3	-4.3
Footnotes (1) Further information about the Final Demand-Intermediate Demand Aggregation system is available online at https://www.bls.gov/ppi/fdidaggregation.htm (2) Comprehensive relative importance figures are initially computed after the publication of December indexes and are recalculated after final December indexes are available. Individual items and subtotals may not add exactly to totals because of rounding differences. (3) The indexes for December 2019 have been recalculated to incorporate late reports and corrections by respondents. All indexes are subject to revision 4 months after original publication. (4) Trade indexes measure changes in margins received by wholesalers and retailers. (5) Includes intermediate trade, transportation, and warehousing services. (6) Includes crude petroleum. (7) Excludes crude petroleum.
"-" Data not available.

Table 3. Producer price indexes and percent changes for intermediate demand by production flow(1) [Nov. 2009=100, unless otherwise indicated]
Grouping	Other index base	Relative Importance Dec. 2019(2)	Unadjusted index			Unadjusted percent change to Apr. 2020 from:		Seasonally adjusted percent change from:
Grouping	Other index base	Relative Importance Dec. 2019(2)	Dec. 2019(3)	Mar. 2020(3)	Apr. 2020(3)	Apr. 2019	Mar. 2020	Jan. to Feb.	Feb. to Mar.	Mar. to Apr.
Stage 4
Stage 4 intermediate demand		100.000	119.2	118.8	116.9	-1.9	-1.6	-0.4	-0.3	-1.8
Inputs to stage 4 goods producers		30.504	115.6	115.3	114.2	-0.9	-1.0	-0.3	-0.2	-1.0
Goods		22.517	112.2	111.8	110.9	-1.6	-0.8	-0.3	-0.2	-0.9
Foods		2.644	114.3	111.9	109.2	-1.9	-2.4	-1.6	-0.4	-2.7
Energy		1.073	109.2	106.4	103.6	-8.1	-2.6	-1.3	-0.6	-1.7
Goods excluding foods and energy		18.800	111.9	111.9	111.3	-1.2	-0.5	0.0	-0.1	-0.6
Services		7.987	126.4	126.3	124.9	1.3	-1.1	-0.2	-0.2	-1.1
Trade services		6.408	130.5	130.5	129.0	1.5	-1.1	-0.2	0.1	-1.2
Transportation and warehousing services		0.239	125.8	118.0	112.6	-8.7	-4.6	-0.9	-4.3	-4.6
Transportation of passengers		0.090	125.3	107.8	95.8	-20.6	-11.1	-0.9	-9.9	-11.4
Transportation and warehousing of goods		0.149	125.6	123.6	122.2	-1.7	-1.1	-1.0	-1.0	-1.1
Services less trade, transportation, and warehousing		1.340	112.0	113.2	112.8	2.0	-0.4	0.0	0.0	-0.4
Inputs to stage 4 services producers		50.208	121.1	121.0	118.9	-1.7	-1.7	-0.3	-0.2	-1.7
Goods		13.237	116.5	115.5	114.2	-2.0	-1.1	-0.6	-0.4	-1.2
Foods		2.864	123.1	119.5	118.8	-1.3	-0.6	-1.2	-0.8	-1.0
Energy		2.226	105.8	101.5	95.3	-12.2	-6.1	-1.7	-3.1	-5.5
Goods excluding foods and energy		8.147	120.0	120.9	120.7	0.7	-0.2	0.0	0.3	-0.2
Services		36.821	122.6	122.8	120.5	-1.5	-1.9	-0.3	-0.1	-2.0
Trade services		4.260	123.0	123.7	124.1	2.3	0.3	-0.3	0.6	0.3
Transportation and warehousing services		2.340	125.8	123.2	120.6	-2.9	-2.1	-0.3	-1.8	-2.0
Transportation of passengers		0.382	125.1	107.7	95.7	-20.6	-11.1	-0.9	-10.0	-11.3
Transportation and warehousing of goods		1.958	126.0	126.3	125.5	0.4	-0.6	-0.2	-0.3	-0.6
Services less trade, transportation, and warehousing		30.221	121.9	122.2	119.6	-2.0	-2.1	-0.3	0.0	-2.3
Construction		0.150	120.0	121.4	120.8	1.5	-0.5	0.1	0.2	-0.5
Inputs to stage 4 construction producers		19.286	119.9	118.8	115.6	-4.4	-2.7	-0.7	-0.6	-3.1
Goods		13.230	119.8	117.8	113.6	-6.4	-3.6	-0.9	-1.1	-4.0
Energy		1.673	95.3	75.1	50.8	-50.7	-32.4	-8.3	-12.8	-33.9
Goods excluding foods and energy		11.557	124.1	125.5	125.0	0.3	-0.4	0.1	0.4	-0.6
Services		6.056	120.0	120.8	119.8	0.2	-0.8	-0.2	0.3	-1.1
Trade services		3.229	121.8	123.1	121.9	0.8	-1.0	-0.2	0.8	-1.5
Transportation and warehousing services		0.836	125.0	122.6	120.9	-2.3	-1.4	-0.7	-1.4	-1.4
Transportation of passengers		0.043	125.4	110.2	99.8	-17.5	-9.4	-0.8	-8.6	-9.6
Transportation and warehousing of goods		0.793	124.9	123.2	122.0	-1.5	-1.0	-0.7	-1.0	-1.0
Services less trade, transportation, and warehousing		1.991	117.1	118.3	117.8	-0.1	-0.4	0.1	0.3	-0.4

Stage 3
Stage 3 intermediate demand		100.000	116.7	114.4	108.7	-8.6	-5.0	-1.4	-1.4	-5.1
Inputs to stage 3 goods producers		47.784	118.8	116.5	111.7	-7.9	-4.1	-1.5	-1.0	-4.0
Goods		37.704	115.6	112.5	106.8	-10.3	-5.1	-1.8	-1.4	-4.9
Foods		11.336	128.7	119.5	106.8	-18.4	-10.6	-5.1	-3.7	-9.7
Energy		1.900	96.9	92.3	82.9	-21.0	-10.2	-2.1	-3.9	-10.6
Goods excluding foods and energy		24.468	113.7	113.4	110.8	-5.6	-2.3	-0.2	-0.3	-2.4
Services		10.014	124.1	124.7	124.1	1.7	-0.5	-0.5	0.8	-0.6
Trade services		8.229	124.3	125.1	124.6	2.1	-0.4	-0.5	1.0	-0.6
Transportation and warehousing services		0.636	126.3	125.9	124.6	-0.6	-1.0	-0.2	-0.6	-1.1
Transportation of passengers		0.033	126.3	111.8	101.8	-16.6	-8.9	-0.7	-8.1	-9.0
Transportation and warehousing of goods		0.603	126.1	126.6	125.7	0.2	-0.7	-0.2	-0.2	-0.7
Services less trade, transportation, and warehousing		1.149	113.4	113.8	113.1	0.3	-0.6	-0.7	0.1	-0.6
Construction		0.066	120.0	121.4	120.8	1.5	-0.5	0.1	0.2	-0.5
Inputs to stage 3 services producers		50.107	115.5	113.6	107.3	-8.5	-5.5	-1.3	-1.5	-5.9
Goods		10.569	97.6	88.4	66.8	-36.4	-24.4	-5.4	-7.1	-25.8
Foods		0.003	138.7	133.5	127.9	-0.9	-4.2	0.3	-1.0	-4.1
Energy		7.214	91.5	78.7	49.1	-51.8	-37.6	-7.9	-10.6	-39.4
Goods excluding foods and energy		3.352	110.2	110.1	109.7	-0.4	-0.4	0.0	-0.1	-0.4
Services		38.457	120.6	121.1	119.7	-0.7	-1.2	-0.1	-0.1	-1.1
Trade services		3.479	140.8	140.5	141.8	3.0	0.9	-1.1	0.8	0.9
Transportation and warehousing services		8.528	134.7	136.0	135.2	1.3	-0.6	0.2	-0.4	-0.3
Transportation of passengers		0.036	125.7	110.2	99.6	-17.8	-9.6	-0.7	-8.7	-9.7
Transportation and warehousing of goods		8.492	134.9	136.3	135.6	1.3	-0.5	0.2	-0.4	-0.3
Services less trade, transportation, and warehousing		26.450	116.5	116.8	114.9	-1.9	-1.6	-0.1	0.0	-1.7
Construction		1.081	120.0	121.4	120.8	1.5	-0.5	0.1	0.2	-0.5
Inputs to stage 3 construction producers		2.110	112.9	99.8	87.6	-23.9	-12.2	-4.7	-5.4	-12.6
Goods		1.672	105.3	89.5	75.3	-30.2	-15.9	-6.0	-7.1	-16.3
Energy		1.033	92.8	69.3	49.2	-48.9	-29.0	-9.9	-12.9	-29.5
Goods excluding foods and energy		0.639	126.2	127.8	127.3	0.2	-0.4	-0.1	0.9	-0.5
Services		0.438	127.5	128.8	127.8	0.5	-0.8	-0.1	0.5	-1.2
Trade services		0.397	129.8	131.2	130.2	0.6	-0.8	0.0	0.5	-1.2
Transportation and warehousing services		0.002	125.3	107.8	95.8	-20.6	-11.1	-0.9	-9.9	-11.4
Transportation of passengers		0.002	125.3	107.8	95.8	-20.6	-11.1	-0.9	-9.9	-11.4
Services less trade, transportation, and warehousing		0.039	106.7	107.5	106.9	0.0	-0.6	-0.7	0.5	-0.6

Stage 2
Stage 2 intermediate demand		100.000	105.8	100.9	96.2	-10.3	-4.7	-2.1	-2.6	-4.7
Inputs to stage 2 goods producers		43.280	93.4	82.7	75.5	-22.0	-8.7	-5.0	-6.0	-8.8
Goods		36.433	88.0	76.1	68.1	-26.0	-10.5	-5.9	-7.1	-10.7
Foods		3.774	112.3	112.5	109.5	-0.1	-2.7	-3.2	-1.8	-3.5
Energy		13.957	63.5	41.1	28.4	-58.2	-30.9	-14.2	-20.7	-30.9
Goods excluding foods and energy		18.702	110.7	110.9	108.4	-6.1	-2.3	-0.6	0.2	-2.2
Services		6.372	122.9	122.6	122.0	0.6	-0.5	0.1	-0.6	-0.4
Trade services		0.441	126.8	130.6	136.9	9.7	4.8	-0.2	2.8	4.5
Transportation and warehousing services		3.655	143.7	141.3	139.5	-1.2	-1.3	-0.1	-1.4	-1.1
Transportation of passengers		0.288	125.7	109.3	98.0	-19.1	-10.3	-0.8	-9.3	-10.5
Transportation and warehousing of goods		3.367	143.8	142.8	142.0	0.4	-0.6	-0.1	-0.8	-0.4
Services less trade, transportation, and warehousing		2.276	108.7	110.2	109.8	1.6	-0.4	0.4	0.2	-0.3
Construction		0.475	120.0	121.4	120.8	1.5	-0.5	0.1	0.2	-0.5
Inputs to stage 2 services producers		56.721	118.0	118.7	116.4	-1.2	-1.9	0.1	-0.2	-1.9
Goods		4.821	111.7	110.5	108.3	-3.4	-2.0	-0.7	-0.6	-2.2
Foods		0.067	92.1	94.0	84.1	-4.2	-10.5	-4.4	-1.3	-10.8
Energy		0.420	108.5	90.3	72.5	-36.1	-19.7	-6.7	-8.8	-20.3
Goods excluding foods and energy		4.334	112.2	112.6	112.1	-0.1	-0.4	0.0	0.0	-0.5
Services		50.392	118.5	119.4	117.1	-1.0	-1.9	0.2	-0.1	-1.8
Trade services		1.081	124.4	127.6	126.5	0.0	-0.9	1.0	0.2	-1.3
Transportation and warehousing services		6.664	125.7	124.4	121.8	-1.9	-2.1	-0.1	-1.7	-1.9
Transportation of passengers		1.060	125.4	108.3	96.4	-20.2	-11.0	-0.8	-9.8	-11.2
Transportation and warehousing of goods		5.604	126.2	127.8	127.0	1.4	-0.6	0.1	-0.2	-0.4
Services less trade, transportation, and warehousing		42.647	118.0	119.2	116.9	-0.8	-1.9	0.2	0.1	-1.9
Construction		1.508	120.0	121.4	120.8	1.5	-0.5	0.1	0.2	-0.5

Stage 1
Stage 1 intermediate demand		100.000	113.6	111.1	106.2	-8.8	-4.4	-1.6	-1.2	-4.6
Inputs to stage 1 goods producers		45.176	107.1	105.3	99.9	-10.2	-5.1	-2.0	-1.1	-5.3
Goods		34.471	102.4	99.8	93.1	-13.8	-6.7	-2.5	-1.8	-6.9
Foods		2.715	109.7	110.4	104.3	-3.1	-5.5	-3.7	-1.2	-5.9
Energy		6.209	96.8	79.9	66.4	-35.2	-16.9	-6.8	-8.9	-16.9
Goods excluding foods and energy		25.547	104.7	105.4	100.3	-9.7	-4.8	-1.4	-0.3	-5.0
Services		10.699	123.4	124.4	124.0	1.8	-0.3	-0.3	0.9	-0.3
Trade services		7.761	127.5	129.6	130.5	3.9	0.7	-0.4	1.7	0.6
Transportation and warehousing services		1.330	128.0	122.8	118.8	-5.5	-3.3	-1.6	-2.4	-3.3
Transportation of passengers		0.240	125.3	107.8	95.8	-20.6	-11.1	-0.9	-10.0	-11.3
Transportation and warehousing of goods		1.090	128.1	125.5	123.3	-2.3	-1.8	-1.8	-0.9	-1.7
Services less trade, transportation, and warehousing		1.608	103.2	103.9	100.8	-2.4	-3.0	0.9	-0.3	-3.0
Construction		0.006	120.0	121.4	120.8	1.5	-0.5	0.1	0.2	-0.5
Inputs to stage 1 services producers		47.728	119.4	115.9	111.3	-8.0	-4.0	-1.4	-1.5	-4.1
Goods		15.438	110.1	101.5	93.3	-16.8	-8.1	-3.0	-3.8	-8.2
Foods		0.093	97.7	95.8	95.8	0.0	0.0	0.9	0.0	0.0
Energy		7.895	105.9	89.6	74.5	-31.9	-16.9	-5.9	-7.9	-16.8
Goods excluding foods and energy		7.450	117.3	117.3	116.9	-0.6	-0.3	0.0	0.0	-0.4
Services		32.285	123.9	123.0	120.3	-4.0	-2.2	-0.6	-0.5	-2.3
Trade services		4.552	126.8	126.9	127.9	3.1	0.8	-0.7	0.8	0.6
Transportation and warehousing services		2.691	133.1	120.8	112.4	-13.0	-7.0	-0.4	-6.7	-6.9
Transportation of passengers		1.708	125.2	107.8	95.7	-20.6	-11.2	-0.9	-9.9	-11.4
Transportation and warehousing of goods		0.983	134.6	133.1	132.4	-0.1	-0.5	0.3	-1.3	-0.3
Services less trade, transportation, and warehousing		25.042	122.5	122.7	119.8	-4.3	-2.4	-0.6	-0.1	-2.4
Construction		0.005	120.0	121.4	120.8	1.5	-0.5	0.1	0.2	-0.5
Inputs to stage 1 construction producers		7.097	120.6	120.6	117.8	-3.4	-2.3	-0.5	-0.4	-2.6
Goods		4.733	119.0	118.3	114.7	-5.0	-3.0	-0.7	-0.8	-3.5
Energy		0.496	92.6	78.6	53.3	-48.9	-32.2	-6.3	-11.3	-34.7
Goods excluding foods and energy		4.237	124.0	125.4	125.1	0.6	-0.2	-0.1	0.5	-0.5
Services		2.364	123.7	124.9	124.1	0.1	-0.6	-0.2	0.3	-1.0
Trade services		1.709	125.1	127.0	126.2	0.3	-0.6	0.0	0.5	-1.2
Transportation and warehousing services		0.097	117.5	110.4	104.8	-8.2	-5.1	-3.1	-3.0	-5.0
Transportation of passengers		0.025	125.3	107.8	95.8	-20.6	-11.1	-0.9	-9.9	-11.4
Transportation and warehousing of goods		0.072	116.1	112.4	108.8	-4.0	-3.2	-3.8	-0.6	-3.1
Services less trade, transportation, and warehousing		0.558	118.0	118.7	118.8	0.4	0.1	-0.1	0.0	0.1

Special groupings

Total goods inputs to stage 4 intermediate demand	04/10	48.984	112.6	111.6	109.8	-3.0	-1.6	-0.5	-0.4	-1.9
Total services inputs to stage 4 intermediate demand	04/10	50.864	122.2	122.5	120.5	-0.9	-1.6	-0.3	0.0	-1.8
Total construction inputs to stage 4 intermediate demand	04/10	0.150	119.0	120.4	119.8	1.5	-0.5	0.1	0.2	-0.5
Total foods inputs to stage 4 intermediate demand	04/10	5.508	115.7	112.7	111.1	-1.6	-1.4	-1.4	-0.6	-1.9
Total energy goods inputs to stage 4 intermediate demand	04/10	4.972	97.0	87.8	76.5	-24.6	-12.9	-3.7	-5.6	-13.0
Total goods less foods and energy inputs to stage 4 intermediate demand	04/10	38.504	115.3	115.9	115.4	-0.3	-0.4	0.0	0.2	-0.5
Total goods inputs to stage 3 intermediate demand	04/10	49.945	105.3	100.5	91.0	-17.0	-9.5	-2.8	-2.9	-9.7
Total services inputs to stage 3 intermediate demand	04/10	48.909	119.9	120.5	119.2	-0.3	-1.1	-0.2	0.2	-1.1
Total construction inputs to stage 3 intermediate demand	04/10	1.147	119.0	120.4	119.8	1.5	-0.5	0.1	0.2	-0.5
Total foods inputs to stage 3 intermediate demand	04/10	11.339	114.6	106.4	95.1	-18.4	-10.6	-5.1	-3.8	-9.7
Total energy goods inputs to stage 3 intermediate demand	04/10	10.147	89.0	77.0	53.0	-45.8	-31.2	-7.0	-9.4	-32.6
Total goods less foods and energy inputs to stage 3 intermediate demand	04/10	28.459	108.4	108.2	106.0	-4.9	-2.0	-0.2	-0.3	-2.0
Total goods inputs to stage 2 intermediate demand	04/10	41.254	86.0	75.6	68.4	-23.7	-9.5	-5.4	-6.3	-9.5
Total services inputs to stage 2 intermediate demand	04/10	56.764	119.8	120.5	118.4	-0.8	-1.7	0.2	-0.1	-1.7
Total construction inputs to stage 2 intermediate demand	04/10	1.983	119.0	120.4	119.8	1.5	-0.5	0.1	0.2	-0.5
Total foods inputs to stage 2 intermediate demand	04/10	3.841	112.7	113.0	109.8	-0.2	-2.8	-3.2	-1.7	-3.8
Total energy goods inputs to stage 2 intermediate demand	04/10	14.377	62.7	40.9	28.5	-57.4	-30.3	-13.9	-20.3	-30.3
Total goods less foods and energy inputs to stage 2 intermediate demand	04/10	23.036	104.6	104.8	102.8	-5.0	-1.9	-0.5	0.1	-1.8
Total goods inputs to stage 1 intermediate demand	04/10	54.642	95.0	91.4	85.2	-13.9	-6.8	-2.5	-2.2	-6.9
Total services inputs to stage 1 intermediate demand	04/10	45.348	122.8	122.5	120.4	-2.4	-1.7	-0.5	-0.2	-1.8
Total construction inputs to stage 1 intermediate demand	04/10	0.011	119.0	120.4	119.8	1.5	-0.5	0.1	0.2	-0.5
Total foods inputs to stage 1 intermediate demand	04/10	2.808	103.1	103.7	98.2	-3.0	-5.3	-3.6	-1.2	-5.7
Total energy goods inputs to stage 1 intermediate demand	04/10	14.600	97.1	81.4	67.2	-33.9	-17.4	-6.3	-8.4	-17.5
Total goods less foods and energy inputs to stage 1 intermediate demand	04/10	37.234	92.2	92.8	89.6	-6.9	-3.4	-1.0	-0.1	-3.7
Footnotes (1) Further information about the Final Demand-Intermediate Demand Aggregation system is available online at https://www.bls.gov/ppi/fdidaggregation.htm (2) Comprehensive relative importance figures are initially computed after the publication of December indexes and are recalculated after final December indexes are available. Individual items and subtotals may not add exactly to totals because of rounding differences. (3) The indexes for December 2019 have been recalculated to incorporate late reports and corrections by respondents. All indexes are subject to revision 4 months after original publication.
"-" Data not available.

Table 4. Producer price indexes and percent changes for selected commodity groupings by final demand category(1) [1982=100, unless otherwise indicated]
Grouping	Commodity code	Other index base	Unadjusted index			Unadjusted percent change to Apr. 2020 from:		Seasonally adjusted percent change from:
Grouping	Commodity code	Other index base	Dec. 2019(2)	Mar. 2020(2)	Apr. 2020(2)	Apr. 2019	Mar. 2020	Jan. to Feb.	Feb. to Mar.	Mar. to Apr.
Final demand		11/09	118.4	118.5	117.1	-1.2	-1.2	-0.6	-0.2	-1.3
Final demand goods		11/09	115.5	114.0	110.5	-5.0	-3.1	-0.9	-1.0	-3.3
Final demand foods		11/09	120.8	118.9	118.6	0.3	-0.3	-1.6	0.0	-0.5
Fresh fruits and melons(3)	01-11		153.6	133.8	119.8	-7.3	-10.5	1.0	-2.5	-10.5
Fresh and dry vegetables(3)	01-13		252.5	215.0	207.7	-7.5	-3.4	-28.9	-1.1	-3.4
Grains	01-2		149.9	153.1	134.6	-4.7	-12.1	-5.4	-1.2	-12.5
Eggs for fresh use(3)	01-71-07	12/91	153.6	167.7	221.0	111.9	31.8	33.4	26.4	31.8
Oilseeds	01-83-01		166.4	163.7	159.1	-0.7	-2.8	-5.4	-3.1	-5.2
Bakery products(3)	02-11		292.8	294.3	294.6	1.2	0.1	-0.1	0.5	0.1
Milled rice(3)	02-13		208.1	215.1	217.2	6.1	1.0	0.7	1.2	1.0
Pasta products	02-14-02	06/85	203.0	204.3	202.1	-0.9	-1.1	-0.2	-0.2	-1.6
Beef and veal	02-21-01		202.3	192.6	221.1	0.8	14.8	-2.7	-2.7	12.6
Pork	02-21-04		156.1	140.9	140.2	2.3	-0.5	-3.7	-3.0	-0.1
Processed young chickens	02-22-03		158.7	163.6	150.6	-10.4	-7.9	-2.3	0.8	-8.4
Processed turkeys	02-22-06		150.8	147.5	143.6	3.3	-2.6	1.9	-0.9	-3.0
Finfish and shellfish(3)	02-23		360.6	341.3	335.7	-7.9	-1.6	-6.6	0.9	-1.6
Dairy products	02-3		207.9	201.9	192.9	-2.4	-4.5	0.1	-0.9	-4.4
Processed fruits and vegetables(3)	02-4		208.2	209.5	209.7	0.3	0.1	0.1	0.2	0.1
Confectionery end products(3)	02-55		286.0	285.0	281.7	0.0	-1.2	0.4	0.0	-1.2
Soft drinks(3)	02-62		215.1	217.4	215.7	0.6	-0.8	0.3	-0.7	-0.8
Roasted coffee(3)	02-63-01		193.5	193.5	193.3	-0.4	-0.1	-0.2	0.1	-0.1
Shortening and cooking oils(3)	02-78		238.0	237.5	237.9	-0.6	0.2	0.5	-0.8	0.2
Frozen specialty food(3)	02-85		185.1	189.8	181.8	-1.5	-4.2	-1.1	4.7	-4.2
Final demand energy		11/09	102.6	93.9	77.0	-29.6	-18.0	-3.6	-6.7	-19.0
Liquefied petroleum gas(3)	05-32		121.2	67.9	49.4	-64.6	-27.2	-11.3	-21.1	-27.2
Residential electric power	05-41	12/90	178.3	179.6	178.7	-0.1	-0.5	0.2	-0.5	0.2
Residential natural gas	05-51	12/90	202.5	200.7	198.2	-2.2	-1.2	0.0	0.0	-0.5
Gasoline	05-71		174.5	144.0	68.4	-67.0	-52.5	-6.5	-16.8	-56.6
Home heating oil and distillates	05-73-02		184.2	157.7	102.7	-47.3	-34.9	-11.6	-7.7	-35.6
No. 2 diesel fuel	05-73-03		231.1	171.6	124.2	-47.7	-27.6	-10.0	-12.6	-27.8
Final demand goods less foods and energy		11/09	117.8	118.4	117.9	0.1	-0.4	-0.1	0.2	-0.4
Alcoholic beverages(3)	02-61		200.3	203.2	206.0	3.0	1.4	0.0	0.3	1.4
Pet food(3)	02-94-02		273.0	273.1	273.3	1.1	0.1	0.0	0.0	0.1
Women's, girls', and infants' apparel(3)	03-81-06	12/03	108.8	106.4	107.9	0.9	1.4	-2.4	0.2	1.4
Men's and boys' apparel(3)	03-81-07	12/03	117.9	118.2	118.2	1.1	0.0	0.0	-0.2	0.0
Textile housefurnishings(3)	03-82		169.1	168.0	168.3	-0.6	0.2	-0.6	-1.6	0.2
Footwear	04-3		210.4	210.2	210.1	0.3	0.0	0.0	-0.2	-0.1
Industrial chemicals	06-1		246.9	238.3	211.9	-18.2	-11.1	-1.7	-2.2	-11.5
Pharmaceutical preparations	06-38	06/01	268.1	274.6	274.6	2.1	0.0	0.4	0.5	0.3
Soaps and detergents(3)	06-71		183.0	183.0	183.4	1.0	0.2	-0.1	0.0	0.2
Cleaning and polishing products(3)	06-72	06/83	203.5	203.6	205.6	3.6	1.0	0.0	0.0	1.0
Cosmetics and other toiletries(3)	06-75		167.9	167.9	167.9	0.7	0.0	-0.1	0.0	0.0
Tires(3)	07-12-01		148.8	148.5	150.4	1.1	1.3	0.2	0.0	1.3
Consumer, institutional, and commercial products, n.e.c.(3)	07-2B	12/06	137.8	137.6	137.7	-0.5	0.1	0.1	-0.6	0.1
Sanitary paper products(3)	09-15-01		183.6	183.9	183.6	0.4	-0.2	0.1	-0.5	-0.2
Iron and steel scrap(3)	10-12		381.2	406.6	343.3	-27.6	-15.6	-7.1	3.2	-15.6
Agricultural machinery and equipment	11-1		240.6	242.4	242.5	2.4	0.0	0.1	0.2	0.2
Construction machinery and equipment	11-2		234.2	236.5	236.6	2.1	0.0	0.3	0.3	0.2
Metal cutting machine tools(3)	11-37		205.1	206.4	206.4	1.2	0.0	0.1	0.4	0.0
Metal forming machine tools	11-38		237.6	241.9	242.6	2.5	0.3	-0.1	0.0	0.5
Tools, dies, jigs, fixtures, and industrial molds(3)	11-39		154.5	154.7	154.3	-1.7	-0.3	0.3	0.0	-0.3
Pumps, compressors, and equipment	11-41		267.8	270.5	270.7	1.7	0.1	-0.3	0.6	0.1
Industrial material handling equipment	11-44		226.4	229.4	229.1	1.9	-0.1	0.0	0.8	0.0
Electronic computers and computer equipment(3)	11-5	12/98	26.1	25.6	25.6	-4.1	0.0	0.4	-0.4	0.0
Textile machinery and equipment(3)	11-62		172.2	174.2	174.1	1.1	-0.1	1.2	0.0	-0.1
Paper industries machinery(3)	11-64	06/82	228.4	228.4	228.5	0.7	0.0	0.1	-0.3	0.0
Printing trades machinery and equipment(3)	11-65		165.1	164.8	165.5	0.6	0.4	0.1	-0.1	0.4
Transformers and power regulators(3)	11-74		236.5	234.8	232.4	0.8	-1.0	0.1	-1.1	-1.0
Communication and related equipment	11-76	12/85	116.7	120.0	119.7	2.9	-0.3	0.1	0.0	-0.3
Electronic components and accessories	11-78		65.6	65.5	64.6	-0.9	-1.4	0.0	-0.2	-1.4
X-ray and electromedical equipment(3)	11-79-05		86.3	87.0	86.9	0.3	-0.1	0.2	0.0	-0.1
Oil field and gas field machinery(3)	11-91		218.3	217.4	217.8	-1.0	0.2	0.0	0.0	0.2
Mining machinery and equipment(3)	11-92		303.4	305.9	305.6	3.6	-0.1	-0.1	0.3	-0.1
Office and store machines and equipment(3)	11-93		122.1	122.2	121.8	1.8	-0.3	-0.1	0.0	-0.3
Household furniture(3)	12-1		221.7	221.3	221.9	1.5	0.3	-0.9	-0.1	0.3
Commercial furniture(3)	12-2		236.2	240.6	239.1	3.7	-0.6	0.6	1.1	-0.6
Floor coverings(3)	12-3		197.2	198.5	198.5	-0.5	0.0	0.6	0.1	0.0
Household appliances(3)	12-4		123.7	123.8	124.5	0.6	0.6	1.2	0.1	0.6
Home electronic equipment(3)	12-5		52.5	52.9	52.8	2.3	-0.2	0.0	0.0	-0.2
Lawn and garden equipment excl. garden tractors(3)	12-66		150.9	151.1	151.2	1.2	0.1	0.0	0.1	0.1
Passenger cars	14-11-01		135.3	134.4	133.8	-1.0	-0.4	0.4	0.4	-0.4
Light motor trucks	14-11-05		179.2	177.6	174.8	-1.4	-1.6	-1.5	1.3	-1.2
Heavy motor trucks	14-11-06		232.8	233.8	233.8	0.8	0.0	0.5	0.1	0.0
Motor vehicles parts(3)	14-12		127.2	127.8	127.7	0.6	-0.1	0.4	0.3	-0.1
Truck trailers(3)	14-14		227.0	226.4	224.7	0.4	-0.8	0.0	0.0	-0.8
Travel trailers and campers	14-16	06/84	217.9	219.0	219.0	2.1	0.0	-0.5	0.0	0.0
Aircraft	14-21		308.0	309.8	310.3	1.2	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.2
Ships(3)	14-31	12/85	229.7	230.4	230.4	2.2	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Railroad equipment(3)	14-4		204.0	204.3	204.3	0.4	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Toys, games, and children's vehicles(3)	15-11		158.5	159.6	159.6	2.4	0.0	0.4	0.3	0.0
Sporting and athletic goods	15-12		144.8	145.6	145.6	3.2	0.0	-0.3	0.3	0.0
Cigarettes(3)	15-21		1,148.8	1,168.4	1,168.4	4.8	0.0	0.9	0.8	0.0
Mobile homes(3)	15-5		324.9	330.1	330.1	1.7	0.0	-0.2	1.5	0.0
Medical, surgical & personal aid devices	15-6		183.9	185.1	185.7	1.9	0.3	-0.4	1.0	0.3
Jewelry, platinum and karat gold(3)	15-94-02		233.9	240.7	239.5	3.8	-0.5	0.5	0.5	-0.5
Costume jewelry and novelties(3)	15-94-04		202.0	202.6	202.6	5.1	0.0	0.4	0.0	0.0
Final demand services		11/09	119.3	120.3	120.0	0.8	-0.2	-0.3	0.2	-0.2
Final demand trade services(4)		11/09	119.5	122.0	124.4	3.4	2.0	-0.7	1.4	1.6
Machinery and equipment parts and supplies wholesaling(3)	57-11-02	03/09	132.8	132.2	129.5	0.9	-2.0	0.2	-0.9	-2.0
Machinery and vehicle wholesaling(3)	57-11-03	05/19	96.9	100.7	101.1	-	0.4	2.8	0.2	0.4
Professional and commercial equipment wholesaling(3)	57-11-04	05/19	93.5	92.7	92.4	-	-0.3	0.5	0.4	-0.3
Furnishings wholesaling(3)	57-2	03/09	101.1	102.3	102.6	10.3	0.3	0.0	1.4	0.3
Chemicals and allied products wholesaling(3)	57-5	03/09	110.5	113.8	116.3	3.7	2.2	0.3	1.2	2.2
Paper and plastics products wholesaling(3)	57-6	03/09	142.9	141.0	142.8	5.3	1.3	-0.3	0.9	1.3
Apparel wholesaling(3)	57-7	03/09	122.2	120.8	123.6	2.0	2.3	0.6	-0.7	2.3
Food and alcohol wholesaling(3)	57-8	06/09	114.9	115.2	115.3	0.7	0.1	-1.5	1.8	0.1
Food and alcohol retailing	58-1	03/09	134.1	137.6	139.2	3.0	1.2	-0.5	1.4	1.0
Health, beauty, and optical goods retailing(3)	58-2	03/09	125.8	125.6	124.2	2.3	-1.1	-1.0	-2.1	-1.1
Apparel, jewelry, footwear, and accessories retailing	58-3	06/09	112.0	115.5	115.1	-0.2	-0.3	-11.7	8.1	-2.3
Computer hardware, software, and supplies retailing(3)	58-4	03/09	93.3	93.6	98.4	1.9	5.1	4.8	-0.5	5.1
TV, video, and photographic equipment and supplies retailing(3)	58-5	03/09	52.4	58.6	61.9	8.6	5.6	7.1	-0.2	5.6
Automobiles retailing (Partial)	58-61-01	03/09	75.0	77.3	80.7	-0.2	4.4	4.2	-3.6	1.0
Automotive parts, including tires, retailing(3)	58-61-02	03/09	115.2	113.0	114.5	-0.4	1.3	-0.7	-0.2	1.3
RVs, trailers, and campers retailing(3)	58-8	03/09	106.1	106.1	90.0	-15.7	-15.2	0.1	0.0	-15.2
Sporting goods, including boats, retailing(3)	58-9	03/09	112.1	115.7	116.8	1.7	1.0	-0.8	1.8	1.0
Lawn, garden, and farm equipment and supplies retailing(3)	58-A	03/09	113.1	111.1	111.9	4.3	0.7	0.5	0.2	0.7
Furniture retailing(3)	58-B	03/09	104.6	109.0	107.4	2.9	-1.5	1.1	1.3	-1.5
Flooring and floor coverings retailing(3)	58-C	03/09	101.8	100.3	101.5	1.1	1.2	-0.6	-2.0	1.2
Hardware, building materials, and supplies retailing	58-D	03/09	123.9	126.5	124.7	-2.2	-1.4	1.0	-0.3	-1.7
Major household appliances retailing	58-E	03/09	94.8	99.0	101.9	0.8	2.9	0.1	-2.0	2.1
Fuels and lubricants retailing(3)	58-F	06/09	172.0	215.3	291.4	80.8	35.3	3.7	17.2	35.3
Cleaning supplies and paper products retailing(3)	58-G	03/09	149.2	145.5	151.3	3.7	4.0	1.3	-2.0	4.0
Book retailing(3)	58-H	03/09	126.7	124.7	127.7	7.3	2.4	-3.2	0.6	2.4
Final demand transportation and warehousing services		11/09	127.6	121.8	117.6	-6.3	-3.4	-0.6	-3.3	-3.5
Rail transportation of freight and mail(3)	30-11	12/08	129.0	129.5	128.7	0.2	-0.6	-0.2	-0.2	-0.6
Truck transportation of freight(3)	30-12	06/09	125.8	124.2	123.2	-1.4	-0.8	-0.5	-1.1	-0.8
Air transportation of freight(3)	30-14	12/08	113.8	111.1	109.9	-1.8	-1.1	-1.2	-0.9	-1.1
Courier, messenger, and U.S. postal services	30-16	06/09	146.4	151.3	150.2	3.1	-0.7	0.1	0.2	-0.3
Rail transportation of passengers	30-21	12/08	127.6	127.8	127.8	2.4	0.0	0.1	0.2	0.1
Airline passenger services	30-22	12/08	123.1	106.0	94.1	-20.7	-11.2	-0.9	-10.0	-11.3
Final demand services less trade, transportation, and warehousing		11/09	118.5	119.4	118.2	0.3	-1.0	-0.1	0.0	-0.9
Sales of books(3)	33-11		392.5	407.4	402.8	2.2	-1.1	-0.6	2.5	-1.1
Sales and subscriptions of periodicals and newspapers(3)	33-12	06/09	126.2	133.9	132.6	6.8	-1.0	0.2	3.7	-1.0
Application software publishing(3)	34-2	06/09	101.3	101.9	102.4	1.3	0.5	-1.6	2.7	0.5
Advertising space sales in periodicals, newspapers, directories, and mailing lists(3)	36-1	06/09	101.9	101.2	98.8	-3.3	-2.4	0.0	-0.3	-2.4
Residential wired telecommunication services	37-11	06/09	139.8	142.2	146.0	4.4	2.7	0.5	1.2	2.7
Wireless telecommunication services	37-2	06/09	65.2	64.6	65.3	0.3	1.1	2.9	-2.0	0.5
Cable and satellite subscriber services(3)	37-3	12/08	135.3	138.4	139.2	2.6	0.6	2.3	-0.2	0.6
Internet access services(3)	37-4	03/09	93.3	93.4	93.4	-1.3	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bundled wired telecommunications access services(3)	37-5	12/11	111.0	114.9	111.9	2.2	-2.6	0.0	0.0	-2.6
Consumer loans (partial)	39-12	06/09	109.5	115.1	114.3	-3.5	-0.7	-3.3	5.7	-2.6
Deposit services (partial)(3)	39-2	04/09	65.9	61.1	61.7	-10.6	1.0	-1.6	-7.7	1.0
Other credit intermediation, incl. trust services (partial)(3)	39-3	04/09	104.0	106.6	105.9	4.4	-0.7	1.0	0.1	-0.7
Securities brokerage, dealing, investment advice, and related services(3)	40-1	06/09	144.0	155.7	144.2	-11.6	-7.4	3.6	4.8	-7.4
Portfolio management(3)	40-2	12/08	225.6	229.4	201.8	-7.0	-12.0	0.3	-0.8	-12.0
Life insurance(3)	41-11-01	03/09	104.4	104.5	104.5	0.5	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Disability insurance, including accidental death(3)	41-11-02	03/09	104.0	103.9	103.9	-0.1	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Health and medical insurance	41-11-03	03/09	135.9	136.3	136.4	0.9	0.1	0.0	0.0	0.3
Property and casualty insurance(3)	41-11-04	03/09	125.3	125.5	125.6	2.0	0.1	0.1	0.2	0.1
Annuities(3)	41-2	03/09	117.4	117.6	117.6	0.3	0.0	0.0	0.3	0.0
Residential property sales and leases, brokerage fees and commissions	43-21	12/08	148.9	148.8	148.7	3.4	-0.1	0.4	0.3	0.1
Passenger car rental	44-1	03/09	85.4	84.8	66.4	-23.1	-21.7	0.0	-4.4	-20.5
Legal services	45-1	03/09	136.0	140.1	140.4	4.4	0.2	0.4	0.0	0.3
Tax preparation and planning	45-21-02	04/09	119.4	119.3	118.9	1.5	-0.3	0.8	0.7	-0.1
Architectural and engineering services(3)	45-3	06/09	118.0	118.8	119.0	0.7	0.2	0.0	0.0	0.2
Management, scientific, and technical consulting services	45-4	06/09	103.8	102.6	99.2	-5.3	-3.3	-0.2	-2.0	-3.2
Arrangement of flights (partial)(3)	47-1	06/09	106.0	106.1	105.0	1.3	-1.0	-0.8	-0.9	-1.0
Arrangement of vehicle rentals and lodging(3)	47-2	12/08	81.0	74.8	77.7	-11.2	3.9	-5.8	2.2	3.9
Arrangement of cruises and tours(3)	47-3	12/08	102.7	108.4	102.4	-20.0	-5.5	1.0	7.3	-5.5
Physician care	51-11-01	03/09	110.4	110.3	110.8	1.0	0.5	0.1	0.0	0.5
Medical laboratory and diagnostic imaging care(3)	51-11-02	03/09	95.5	94.6	94.7	-0.7	0.1	-0.1	0.0	0.1
Home health and hospice care(3)	51-11-03	12/08	113.4	114.2	114.4	2.1	0.2	1.1	0.4	0.2
Hospital outpatient care	51-11-04	12/08	132.1	134.5	133.3	2.5	-0.9	1.0	-0.7	-0.9
Dental care	51-11-05	06/10	117.0	117.9	117.6	1.1	-0.3	0.4	0.0	-0.3
Hospital inpatient care	51-21-01	12/08	131.1	132.0	132.3	2.8	0.2	-0.3	0.4	0.5
Nursing home care	51-21-02	12/08	128.3	130.0	130.4	4.3	0.3	1.3	0.5	0.5
Traveler accommodation services	53-11	06/09	117.6	113.9	100.3	-17.8	-11.9	-10.0	-2.2	-9.7
Food and beverages for immediate consumption services (partial)(3)	54-1	06/09	120.6	120.7	120.8	0.2	0.1	-2.6	0.5	0.1
Motor vehicle repair and maintenance (partial)	55-2	12/08	139.7	140.7	140.9	2.8	0.1	0.5	0.1	0.1
Membership dues and admissions and recreation facility use fees (partial)	56-1	06/09	124.8	125.2	125.7	-0.2	0.4	0.0	-0.2	0.7
Recreational activity instruction fees (partial)(3)	56-2	12/08	120.2	121.8	123.3	2.8	1.2	0.0	1.2	1.2
Gaming receipts (partial)(3)	56-3	12/08	106.5	105.5	107.8	-1.8	2.2	1.0	-2.9	2.2
Mining services(3)	60-1	06/85	230.4	230.1	221.7	-5.2	-3.7	0.8	-0.9	-3.7
Final demand construction		11/09	128.9	129.8	130.4	2.8	0.5	0.1	0.1	0.5
New warehouse building construction(3)	80-11-01	12/04	162.0	162.9	162.6	2.4	-0.2	0.1	0.0	-0.2
New school building construction(3)	80-11-02	12/05	172.1	173.7	174.9	3.4	0.7	0.0	0.1	0.7
New office building construction(3)	80-11-03	06/06	144.7	145.4	145.9	2.7	0.3	-0.1	0.1	0.3
New industrial building construction(3)	80-11-04	06/07	137.7	138.4	139.8	3.0	1.0	0.0	0.0	1.0
New health care building construction(3)	80-11-05	06/12	117.9	118.9	119.5	2.6	0.5	0.5	-0.3	0.5
Footnotes (1) Further information about the Final Demand-Intermediate Demand Aggregation system is available online at https://www.bls.gov/ppi/fdidaggregation.htm (2) The indexes for December 2019 have been recalculated to incorporate late reports and corrections by respondents. All indexes are subject to revision 4 months after original publication. (3) Not seasonally adjusted. (4) Trade indexes measure changes in margins received by wholesalers and retailers.
"-" Data not available. NOTE: The term "(partial)" denotes incomplete coverage of the index category.

Table 5. Producer price indexes and percent changes for selected commodity groupings of intermediate demand by commodity type category(1) [1982=100, unless otherwise indicated]
Grouping	Commodity code	Other index base	Unadjusted index			Unadjusted percent change to Apr. 2020 from:		Seasonally adjusted percent change from:
Grouping	Commodity code	Other index base	Dec. 2019(2)	Mar. 2020(2)	Apr. 2020(2)	Apr. 2019	Mar. 2020	Jan. to Feb.	Feb. to Mar.	Mar. to Apr.
Processed goods for intermediate demand			196.0	192.3	185.5	-7.3	-3.5	-0.9	-1.1	-3.7
Processed foods and feeds			194.9	192.7	193.3	0.5	0.3	-0.6	-0.8	-0.1
Meats	02-21		184.8	175.6	185.5	1.0	5.6	-2.6	-2.2	4.2
Processed poultry	02-22		153.9	153.4	153.3	-1.0	-0.1	-1.3	1.0	-1.5
Dairy products	02-3		207.9	201.9	192.9	-2.4	-4.5	0.1	-0.9	-4.4
Processed fruits and vegetables(3)	02-4		208.2	209.5	209.7	0.3	0.1	0.1	0.2	0.1
Refined sugar and byproducts(3)	02-53		179.4	183.5	182.3	5.1	-0.7	1.2	0.5	-0.7
Fats and oils(3)	02-7		235.0	234.8	235.5	-1.1	0.3	1.3	-1.4	0.3
Prepared animal feeds	02-9		188.8	190.8	192.4	1.6	0.8	-1.8	0.0	0.7
Processed materials less foods and feeds			196.2	192.3	184.8	-8.1	-3.9	-1.0	-1.2	-4.0
Synthetic fibers(3)	03-1		130.8	128.2	127.7	-3.0	-0.4	-0.1	-1.3	-0.4
Processed yarns and threads(3)	03-2		139.4	139.3	137.9	-3.4	-1.0	0.1	0.1	-1.0
Finished fabrics(3)	03-4		161.3	160.9	160.8	-0.3	-0.1	-0.3	-0.1	-0.1
Liquefied petroleum gas(3)	05-32		121.2	67.9	49.4	-64.6	-27.2	-11.3	-21.1	-27.2
Commercial electric power	05-42		191.9	193.3	192.6	-1.0	-0.4	0.1	-0.8	0.7
Industrial electric power	05-43		232.5	233.5	233.7	-2.1	0.1	0.0	0.5	1.6
Commercial natural gas	05-52	12/90	193.4	187.1	181.0	-6.6	-3.3	-0.4	-0.3	-1.6
Industrial natural gas	05-53	12/90	149.5	136.9	130.5	-12.9	-4.7	-2.8	0.8	-2.1
Natural gas to electric utilities	05-54	12/90	145.6	128.4	122.5	-21.7	-4.6	-2.0	0.2	-4.1
Gasoline	05-71		174.5	144.0	68.4	-67.0	-52.5	-6.5	-16.8	-56.6
Jet fuel(3)	05-72-03		200.3	161.1	82.0	-61.0	-49.1	-16.5	-8.2	-49.1
No. 2 diesel fuel	05-73-03		231.1	171.6	124.2	-47.7	-27.6	-10.0	-12.6	-27.8
Residual fuels(3)	05-74		114.4	116.1	56.1	-66.1	-51.7	-0.9	-6.6	-51.7
Finished lubricants(3)	05-76		439.6	438.7	439.1	2.8	0.1	-0.2	-0.2	0.1
Lubricating oil base stocks(3)	05-78	06/09	118.8	99.5	86.5	-24.7	-13.1	2.5	-17.8	-13.1
Asphalt	05-81-02	06/85	170.6	195.8	144.3	-39.1	-26.3	-1.2	-2.5	-30.1
Basic inorganic chemicals(3)	06-13		276.6	271.8	270.7	-3.7	-0.4	-0.2	-0.3	-0.4
Basic organic chemicals	06-14		243.1	233.9	203.3	-20.7	-13.1	-1.9	-2.5	-13.5
Prepared paint(3)	06-21		301.6	303.0	303.7	2.6	0.2	0.0	-0.1	0.2
Paint materials(3)	06-22		262.4	262.9	263.1	1.9	0.1	0.0	0.7	0.1
Medicinal and botanical chemicals(3)	06-31		180.8	184.9	185.5	2.3	0.3	0.0	0.7	0.3
Biological products, including diagnostics	06-37		276.6	280.0	279.8	1.5	-0.1	0.0	0.0	-0.3
Fats and oils, inedible	06-4		195.7	198.6	190.2	-1.2	-4.2	-2.5	-2.1	-5.2
Nitrogenates	06-52-01		232.9	236.6	236.7	-14.3	0.0	-1.0	-0.3	-0.7
Phosphates	06-52-02		156.1	163.4	163.4	-19.4	0.0	-1.3	2.4	-0.5
Other agricultural chemicals(3)	06-53		194.8	194.8	189.4	-7.8	-2.8	0.2	-0.6	-2.8
Plastic resins and materials	06-6		217.3	219.9	209.4	-6.9	-4.8	-0.2	0.2	-4.1
Industrial gases(3)	06-79-03		281.7	277.1	275.8	-0.8	-0.5	-1.9	-0.6	-0.5
Adhesives and sealants(3)	06-79-04	12/83	267.4	269.3	269.2	0.8	0.0	0.2	0.1	0.0
Synthetic rubber(3)	07-11-02		198.5	201.9	192.0	-9.3	-4.9	1.1	-1.5	-4.9
Tires(3)	07-12-01		148.8	148.5	150.4	1.1	1.3	0.2	0.0	1.3
Plastic construction products(3)	07-21		228.8	232.1	231.4	0.7	-0.3	-0.1	1.4	-0.3
Unsupported plastic film, sheet, other shapes(3)	07-22		220.0	218.9	220.8	-0.1	0.9	1.1	-1.0	0.9
Parts for manufacturing from plastics(3)	07-26		154.0	152.2	153.3	0.5	0.7	0.1	-1.0	0.7
Plastic packaging products(3)	07-2A	12/06	115.2	113.7	113.6	-3.5	-0.1	-0.6	-0.4	-0.1
Softwood lumber	08-11		220.6	239.5	212.7	-0.7	-11.2	2.0	3.7	-10.8
Hardwood lumber(3)	08-12		204.7	205.8	203.6	-8.9	-1.1	0.1	1.7	-1.1
Millwork	08-2		264.5	267.7	268.4	1.6	0.3	0.3	0.5	0.1
Plywood(3)	08-3		194.9	198.8	201.5	-5.4	1.4	-0.2	1.8	1.4
Paper(3)	09-13		199.9	195.1	195.8	-2.9	0.4	-2.3	0.4	0.4
Paperboard(3)	09-14		260.9	255.8	255.3	-6.5	-0.2	-1.7	-0.2	-0.2
Paper boxes and containers(3)	09-15-03		269.0	268.7	267.9	-0.6	-0.3	0.4	-0.3	-0.3
Building paper and board(3)	09-2		206.6	224.2	212.8	4.4	-5.1	-1.7	11.4	-5.1
Commercial printing(3)	09-47	06/82	178.2	179.0	179.0	1.8	0.0	0.0	-0.1	0.0
Foundry and forge shop products(3)	10-15		211.3	212.1	212.3	0.2	0.1	0.4	0.4	0.1
Steel mill products(3)	10-17		187.4	190.7	188.8	-11.0	-1.0	0.3	1.3	-1.0
Primary nonferrous metals(3)	10-22		184.2	183.2	175.3	-6.5	-4.3	-2.3	0.2	-4.3
Secondary nonferrous metals(3)	10-24		239.5	234.3	247.6	5.8	5.7	-1.1	-3.5	5.7
Aluminum mill shapes(3)	10-25-01		191.7	186.2	177.9	-12.1	-4.5	-2.4	-0.7	-4.5
Copper and brass mill shapes(3)	10-25-02		386.7	374.9	358.9	-12.5	-4.3	-3.2	-1.8	-4.3
Nonferrous wire and cable(3)	10-26		245.0	242.0	239.8	-5.3	-0.9	-0.6	-0.2	-0.9
Nonferrous foundry shop products	10-28		211.5	211.4	210.9	-2.2	-0.2	0.0	-0.1	-0.3
Metal containers(3)	10-3		162.5	163.4	162.9	-1.7	-0.3	0.0	-1.0	-0.3
Hardware(3)	10-4		225.7	226.8	226.7	1.6	0.0	0.0	0.5	0.0
Plumbing fixtures and brass fittings	10-5		284.1	287.6	287.4	2.3	-0.1	0.3	0.2	0.0
Heating equipment(3)	10-6		283.0	281.9	284.4	2.2	0.9	-0.3	-0.2	0.9
Fabricated structural metal products	10-7		237.2	238.9	238.8	-1.1	0.0	0.2	0.2	-0.5
Bolts, nuts, screws, rivets, and washers(3)	10-81	00/82	210.4	211.9	212.1	1.7	0.1	-0.8	-0.1	0.1
Lighting fixtures(3)	10-83	00/82	186.2	187.3	187.5	3.2	0.1	0.0	0.1	0.1
Fabricated ferrous wire products(3)	10-88	06/82	251.4	251.9	252.5	-2.4	0.2	0.4	-0.2	0.2
Other miscellaneous metal products(3)	10-89		166.8	165.9	166.0	-0.5	0.1	-0.6	0.1	0.1
Fluid power equipment(3)	11-43		267.1	269.9	270.0	1.8	0.0	-0.1	0.5	0.0
Mechanical power transmission equipment(3)	11-45		280.6	282.3	282.6	1.9	0.1	0.6	-0.1	0.1
Air conditioning and refrigeration equipment	11-48		201.2	200.2	203.5	1.5	1.6	-0.4	-0.4	1.6
Metal valves, except fluid power	11-49-02	12/82	341.9	343.5	346.0	1.8	0.7	-0.2	-0.5	0.6
Ball and roller bearings(3)	11-49-05		282.0	283.2	282.5	1.4	-0.2	-0.2	0.6	-0.2
Wiring devices(3)	11-71		239.2	239.7	240.8	1.6	0.5	0.1	0.0	0.5
Motors, generators, motor generator sets(3)	11-73		222.7	222.2	222.2	0.5	0.0	0.0	-0.6	0.0
Switchgear, switchboard, and industrial controls equip.(3)	11-75		233.2	234.5	234.9	2.2	0.2	0.0	-0.2	0.2
Electronic components and accessories	11-78		65.6	65.5	64.6	-0.9	-1.4	0.0	-0.2	-1.4
Internal combustion engines(3)	11-94		169.6	170.8	170.7	0.9	-0.1	0.2	0.0	-0.1
Machine shop products(3)	11-95		195.2	194.8	195.1	0.9	0.2	0.1	-0.4	0.2
Flat glass(3)	13-11		137.3	138.9	138.6	1.4	-0.2	0.4	0.4	-0.2
Cement	13-22		258.0	256.8	262.3	1.4	2.1	0.2	0.3	0.5
Concrete products	13-3		273.5	278.5	280.0	3.5	0.5	0.6	0.4	0.1
Asphalt felts and coatings(3)	13-6		246.8	249.5	247.5	1.6	-0.8	-0.8	1.6	-0.8
Paving mixtures and blocks(3)	13-94		311.6	330.3	315.7	-1.2	-4.4	0.3	-1.9	-4.4
Motor vehicle parts(3)	14-12		127.2	127.8	127.7	0.6	-0.1	0.4	0.3	-0.1
Aircraft engines and engine parts	14-23	12/85	230.3	230.8	231.3	0.7	0.2	0.2	0.0	0.2
Aircraft parts and auxiliary equipment, n.e.c.	14-25	06/85	189.9	190.7	191.2	1.6	0.3	0.1	-0.1	0.3
Medical, surgical, and personal aid devices	15-6		183.9	185.1	185.7	1.9	0.3	-0.4	1.0	0.3

Unprocessed goods for intermediate demand			187.2	161.2	138.9	-28.2	-13.8	-7.7	-8.0	-13.7
Unprocessed foodstuffs and feedstuffs			168.6	158.7	142.7	-16.0	-10.1	-5.8	-3.6	-9.7
Wheat(3)	01-21		141.1	142.7	150.2	10.8	5.3	-3.9	-4.7	5.3
Corn	01-22-02		151.0	154.4	126.0	-10.6	-18.4	-6.5	-0.2	-19.1
Slaughter cattle	01-31		171.5	164.5	160.1	-11.9	-2.7	-4.1	-10.5	0.1
Slaughter hogs	01-32		74.4	71.5	57.0	-42.5	-20.3	-10.2	4.4	-17.4
Slaughter chickens	01-41-02		228.7	213.8	115.6	-56.5	-45.9	-7.6	-10.4	-48.2
Slaughter turkeys	01-42		201.0	205.9	213.2	13.8	3.5	-1.8	0.3	2.7
Raw milk	01-6		157.9	133.2	126.9	-6.0	-4.7	-6.0	0.6	-3.8
Alfalfa hay	01-81		328.0	308.7	323.5	-13.8	4.8	-2.1	-5.0	-0.4
Oilseeds	01-83-01		166.4	163.7	159.1	-0.7	-2.8	-5.4	-3.1	-5.2
Raw cane sugar and byproducts(3)	02-52-01		161.2	168.4	169.5	11.5	0.7	1.9	1.5	0.7
Unprocessed nonfood materials			191.6	155.0	129.2	-35.8	-16.6	-9.0	-10.9	-16.7
Raw cotton(3)	01-51		99.1	91.8	78.5	-32.4	-14.5	-4.3	-10.5	-14.5
Hides and skins	04-1		122.7	105.7	93.4	-31.0	-11.6	-6.7	-13.8	-8.6
Coal	05-1		196.4	189.2	188.6	-5.8	-0.3	-2.2	-3.1	-0.3
Natural gas(3)	05-31		81.3	59.9	47.7	-43.4	-20.4	-15.8	-1.5	-20.4
Crude petroleum(3)	05-61		162.8	87.5	44.7	-74.7	-48.9	-16.3	-34.6	-48.9
Logs, bolts, timber, pulpwood, and woodchips	08-5		234.9	238.4	239.2	-1.6	0.3	0.6	1.1	0.1
Wastepaper(3)	09-12		145.6	182.2	274.0	40.2	50.4	4.7	14.8	50.4
Iron ores	10-11		146.7	146.7	147.0	1.7	0.2	-0.2	1.4	-7.2
Iron and steel scrap(3)	10-12		381.2	406.6	343.3	-27.6	-15.6	-7.1	3.2	-15.6
Nonferrous metal ores(3)	10-21	12/83	391.9	434.0	416.3	18.0	-4.1	1.4	3.5	-4.1
Copper base scrap(3)	10-23-01		400.9	362.6	351.2	-21.3	-3.1	-5.2	-7.8	-3.1
Aluminum base scrap	10-23-02		150.4	153.6	160.9	-20.2	4.8	-1.9	-3.2	5.0
Construction sand, gravel, and crushed stone	13-21		351.8	362.5	364.8	5.3	0.6	0.0	0.4	0.4

Services for intermediate demand		11/09	121.7	122.1	120.2	-1.2	-1.6	-0.1	-0.1	-1.6
Trade services for intermediate demand(4)		11/09	127.2	128.1	127.8	2.1	-0.2	-0.4	0.7	-0.4
Machinery and equipment parts and supplies wholesaling(3)	57-11-02	03/09	132.8	132.2	129.5	0.9	-2.0	0.2	-0.9	-2.0
Building materials, paint, and hardware wholesaling	57-3	03/09	102.4	103.0	102.0	3.6	-1.0	-1.3	2.8	-2.2
Metals, minerals, and ores wholesaling(3)	57-4	03/09	167.8	173.2	163.5	-0.4	-5.6	-0.5	3.0	-5.6
Chemicals and allied products wholesaling(3)	57-5	03/09	110.5	113.8	116.3	3.7	2.2	0.3	1.2	2.2
Paper and plastics products wholesaling(3)	57-6	03/09	142.9	141.0	142.8	5.3	1.3	-0.3	0.9	1.3
Food wholesaling(3)	57-81-01	03/09	113.7	113.1	113.2	-0.1	0.1	-1.8	1.3	0.1
Automotive parts, including tires, retailing(3)	58-61-02	03/09	115.2	113.0	114.5	-0.4	1.3	-0.7	-0.2	1.3
Hardware, building material, and supplies retailing	58-D	03/09	123.9	126.5	124.7	-2.2	-1.4	1.0	-0.3	-1.7
Transportation and warehousing services for intermediate demand		11/09	130.2	129.0	127.0	-1.2	-1.6	-0.2	-1.3	-1.4
Rail transportation of freight and mail(3)	30-11	12/08	129.0	129.5	128.7	0.2	-0.6	-0.2	-0.2	-0.6
Truck transportation of freight(3)	30-12	06/09	125.8	124.2	123.2	-1.4	-0.8	-0.5	-1.1	-0.8
Water transportation of freight(3)	30-13	06/09	125.7	121.5	117.5	-4.2	-3.3	-4.0	-0.5	-3.3
Air transportation of freight(3)	30-14	12/08	113.8	111.1	109.9	-1.8	-1.1	-1.2	-0.9	-1.1
Pipeline transportation of petroleum products	30-15-01	12/08	160.9	161.1	160.6	3.4	-0.3	0.2	-0.1	0.1
U.S. Postal Service	30-16-01	06/89	232.1	237.5	237.5	3.4	0.0	0.3	0.3	0.4
Courier and messenger services, except air mail	30-16-02	04/09	161.2	168.2	167.7	4.0	-0.3	0.4	0.4	0.0
Air mail and package delivery services, excluding by USPS	30-16-03	04/09	177.9	184.4	177.6	-0.3	-3.7	-1.4	0.7	-3.4
Transportation of passengers (partial)	30-2	06/09	133.6	115.3	102.6	-20.3	-11.0	-0.9	-9.8	-11.3
Services related to water transportation	31-1	06/09	124.4	124.4	123.6	1.8	-0.6	1.0	-0.9	-0.3
Arrangement of freight and cargo(3)	31-31	12/08	110.2	103.4	106.5	-0.7	3.0	1.5	-4.6	3.0
Warehousing, storage, and related services(3)	32-1	12/08	107.1	107.2	106.8	-0.1	-0.4	-0.4	0.4	-0.4
Services less trade, transportation, and warehousing for intermediate demand		11/09	118.7	119.3	116.9	-2.0	-2.0	0.0	-0.1	-2.0
Network compensation from broadcast TV, cable TV, radio(3)	35	06/09	146.6	146.5	146.5	2.7	0.0	0.0	0.9	0.0
Advertising space sales in periodicals and newspapers(3)	36-11	06/09	102.9	102.0	99.1	-4.0	-2.8	-0.1	-0.4	-2.8
Advertising space sales in directories and mail lists(3)	36-12	12/08	100.8	100.8	100.8	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Television advertising time sales	36-2	06/09	108.9	111.5	100.0	-9.3	-10.3	-0.4	-1.5	-11.0
Radio advertising time sales	36-3	03/09	107.3	107.6	107.3	5.7	-0.3	1.8	-4.5	-0.2
Internet advertising space sales, excluding Internet ads sold by print publishers(3)	36-5	12/09	60.9	56.0	59.1	-2.0	5.5	-1.2	-4.6	5.5
Business wired telecommunication services(3)	37-12	06/09	102.4	102.3	102.0	0.3	-0.3	0.0	0.0	-0.3
Wireless telecommunication services	37-2	06/09	65.2	64.6	65.3	0.3	1.1	2.9	-2.0	0.5
Cable and satellite subscriber services(3)	37-3	12/08	135.3	138.4	139.2	2.6	0.6	2.3	-0.2	0.6
Bundled wired telecommunication access services(3)	37-5	12/11	111.0	114.9	111.9	2.2	-2.6	0.0	0.0	-2.6
Data processing and related services(3)	38-1	06/09	103.0	103.2	102.6	1.8	-0.6	1.3	-0.8	-0.6
Business loans (partial)	39-11	04/09	199.4	201.4	187.5	-22.4	-6.9	-0.9	4.0	-9.4
Deposit services (partial)(3)	39-2	04/09	65.9	61.1	61.7	-10.6	1.0	-1.6	-7.7	1.0
Other credit intermediation, incl. trust services (partial)(3)	39-3	04/09	104.0	106.6	105.9	4.4	-0.7	1.0	0.1	-0.7
Securities brokerage, dealing, investment advice, and related services(3)	40-1	06/09	144.0	155.7	144.2	-11.6	-7.4	3.6	4.8	-7.4
Portfolio management(3)	40-2	12/08	225.6	229.4	201.8	-7.0	-12.0	0.3	-0.8	-12.0
Investment banking(3)	40-3	12/08	195.7	200.8	199.2	12.1	-0.8	1.6	2.4	-0.8
Life insurance(3)	41-11-01	03/09	104.4	104.5	104.5	0.5	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Health and medical insurance	41-11-03	03/09	135.9	136.3	136.4	0.9	0.1	0.0	0.0	0.3
Property and casualty insurance(3)	41-11-04	03/09	125.3	125.5	125.6	2.0	0.1	0.1	0.2	0.1
Annuities(3)	41-2	03/09	117.4	117.6	117.6	0.3	0.0	0.0	0.3	0.0
Commissions from sales of insurance(3)	42-1	06/09	108.2	108.6	108.5	0.4	-0.1	0.1	0.1	-0.1
Nonresidential real estate rents(3)	43-11	06/09	118.8	115.6	117.2	1.0	1.4	-3.7	-0.3	1.4
Nonresidential property sales and leases(3)	43-12	12/08	128.6	129.2	128.9	4.7	-0.2	0.4	-0.1	-0.2
Residential property management fees(3)	43-22	12/08	118.1	118.2	118.3	0.1	0.1	0.0	0.1	0.1
Passenger car rental	44-1	03/09	85.4	84.8	66.4	-23.1	-21.7	0.0	-4.4	-20.5
Truck, utility trailer, and RV rental and leasing(3)	44-2	06/09	111.4	111.1	109.0	0.3	-1.9	3.0	-2.0	-1.9
Construction, mining, and forestry machinery and equipment rental and leasing(3)	44-3	03/09	98.8	99.2	97.7	-1.1	-1.5	-0.4	0.5	-1.5
Legal services	45-1	03/09	136.0	140.1	140.4	4.4	0.2	0.4	0.0	0.3
Accounting services (partial)	45-2	06/09	113.4	114.6	115.1	3.0	0.4	0.9	0.4	0.8
Architectural and engineering services(3)	45-3	06/09	118.0	118.8	119.0	0.7	0.2	0.0	0.0	0.2
Management, scientific, and technical consulting services	45-4	06/09	103.8	102.6	99.2	-5.3	-3.3	-0.2	-2.0	-3.2
Advertising and related services (partial)(3)	45-5	12/08	110.5	108.6	108.5	-1.1	-0.1	0.1	0.6	-0.1
Permanent placement services(3)	46-1	03/09	119.0	119.7	119.2	2.9	-0.4	0.3	0.3	-0.4
Executive search services(3)	46-2	12/08	93.8	98.2	95.0	-2.0	-3.3	1.3	1.0	-3.3
Staffing services	46-3	06/09	116.6	115.3	116.2	1.5	0.8	-0.3	0.3	1.0
Security guard services(3)	48-1	03/09	118.5	120.0	121.8	4.0	1.5	0.0	0.7	1.5
Janitorial services(3)	49-1	03/09	112.2	112.8	112.2	0.9	-0.5	0.0	-0.2	-0.5
Waste collection	50-1	12/08	132.6	136.2	136.4	3.0	0.1	0.1	0.4	-0.4
Traveler accommodation services	53-11	06/09	117.6	113.9	100.3	-17.8	-11.9	-10.0	-2.2	-9.7
Commercial and industrial machinery and equipment repair and maintenance(3)	55-1	03/09	124.7	127.2	127.2	2.3	0.0	0.4	-0.1	0.0
Aircraft repair and maintenance	55-4	04/09	126.0	129.3	127.3	1.0	-1.5	0.2	0.3	-1.3
Metal treatment services(3)	59-1	12/84	187.7	189.6	189.4	0.7	-0.1	-0.5	0.4	-0.1

Construction for intermediate demand		11/09	120.0	121.4	120.8	1.5	-0.5	0.1	0.2	-0.5
Maintenance and repair of non-residential buildings (partial)(3)	80-2	12/10	121.3	122.7	122.1	1.5	-0.5	0.1	0.2	-0.5
Footnotes (1) Further information about the Final Demand-Intermediate Demand Aggregation system is available online at https://www.bls.gov/ppi/fdidaggregation.htm (2) The indexes for December 2019 have been recalculated to incorporate late reports and corrections by respondents. All indexes are subject to revision 4 months after original publication. (3) Not seasonally adjusted. (4) Trade indexes measure changes in margins received by wholesalers and retailers.
"-" Data not available. NOTE: The term "(partial)" denotes incomplete coverage of the index category.

Table 6. Producer price indexes and percent changes for selected commodity groupings of intermediate demand by production flow category(1) [1982=100, unless otherwise indicated]
Grouping	Commodity code	Other index base	Unadjusted index			Unadjusted percent change to Apr. 2020 from:		Seasonally adjusted percent change from:
Grouping	Commodity code	Other index base	Dec. 2019(2)	Mar. 2020(2)	Apr. 2020(2)	Apr. 2019	Mar. 2020	Jan. to Feb.	Feb. to Mar.	Mar. to Apr.
Stage 4 intermediate demand		11/09	119.2	118.8	116.9	-1.9	-1.6	-0.4	-0.3	-1.8
Stage 4 intermediate demand goods		04/10	112.6	111.6	109.8	-3.0	-1.6	-0.5	-0.4	-1.9
Grains	01-2		149.9	153.1	134.6	-4.7	-12.1	-5.4	-1.2	-12.5
Meats	02-21		184.8	175.6	185.5	1.0	5.6	-2.6	-2.2	4.2
Unprocessed and packaged fish(3)	02-23		360.6	341.3	335.7	-7.9	-1.6	-6.6	0.9	-1.6
Dairy products	02-3		207.9	201.9	192.9	-2.4	-4.5	0.1	-0.9	-4.4
Commercial electric power	05-42		191.9	193.3	192.6	-1.0	-0.4	0.1	-0.8	0.7
Industrial electric power	05-43		232.5	233.5	233.7	-2.1	0.1	0.0	0.5	1.6
Gasoline	05-71		174.5	144.0	68.4	-67.0	-52.5	-6.5	-16.8	-56.6
No. 2 diesel fuel	05-73-03		231.1	171.6	124.2	-47.7	-27.6	-10.0	-12.6	-27.8
Basic organic chemicals	06-14		243.1	233.9	203.3	-20.7	-13.1	-1.9	-2.5	-13.5
Prepared paint(3)	06-21		301.6	303.0	303.7	2.6	0.2	0.0	-0.1	0.2
Medicinal and botanical chemicals(3)	06-31		180.8	184.9	185.5	2.3	0.3	0.0	0.7	0.3
Biological products, including diagnostics	06-37		276.6	280.0	279.8	1.5	-0.1	0.0	0.0	-0.3
Pharmaceutical preparations	06-38	06/01	268.1	274.6	274.6	2.1	0.0	0.4	0.5	0.3
Plastic construction products(3)	07-21	00/82	228.8	232.1	231.4	0.7	-0.3	-0.1	1.4	-0.3
Unsupported plastic film, sheet, and other shapes(3)	07-22		220.0	218.9	220.8	-0.1	0.9	1.1	-1.0	0.9
Parts for manufacturing from plastics(3)	07-26		154.0	152.2	153.3	0.5	0.7	0.1	-1.0	0.7
Plastic packaging products(3)	07-2A	12/06	115.2	113.7	113.6	-3.5	-0.1	-0.6	-0.4	-0.1
Lumber	08-1	00/82	210.0	222.2	204.7	-3.7	-7.9	1.4	3.1	-7.6
Millwork	08-2		264.5	267.7	268.4	1.6	0.3	0.3	0.5	0.1
Paper boxes and containers(3)	09-15-03		269.0	268.7	267.9	-0.6	-0.3	0.4	-0.3	-0.3
Commercial printing(3)	09-47	06/82	178.2	179.0	179.0	1.8	0.0	0.0	-0.1	0.0
Steel mill products(3)	10-17		187.4	190.7	188.8	-11.0	-1.0	0.3	1.3	-1.0
Nonferrous wire and cable(3)	10-26		245.0	242.0	239.8	-5.3	-0.9	-0.6	-0.2	-0.9
Fabricated structural metal products	10-7		237.2	238.9	238.8	-1.1	0.0	0.2	0.2	-0.5
Other miscellaneous metal products(3)	10-89		166.8	165.9	166.0	-0.5	0.1	-0.6	0.1	0.1
Air conditioning and refrigeration equipment	11-48		201.2	200.2	203.5	1.5	1.6	-0.4	-0.4	1.6
Wiring devices(3)	11-71		239.2	239.7	240.8	1.6	0.5	0.1	0.0	0.5
Electronic components and accessories	11-78		65.6	65.5	64.6	-0.9	-1.4	0.0	-0.2	-1.4
Miscellaneous electrical machinery and equipment(3)	11-79		124.1	124.7	124.7	-1.2	0.0	0.2	0.0	0.0
Internal combustion engines(3)	11-94		169.6	170.8	170.7	0.9	-0.1	0.2	0.0	-0.1
Machine shop products(3)	11-95		195.2	194.8	195.1	0.9	0.2	0.1	-0.4	0.2
Concrete ingredients and related products	13-2		311.4	318.0	321.3	4.3	1.0	0.0	0.4	0.4
Concrete products	13-3		273.5	278.5	280.0	3.5	0.5	0.6	0.4	0.1
Prepared asphalt, tar roofing and siding products(3)	13-61		247.0	250.2	247.9	1.9	-0.9	-0.9	1.8	-0.9
Paving mixtures and blocks(3)	13-94		311.6	330.3	315.7	-1.2	-4.4	0.3	-1.9	-4.4
Motor vehicle parts(3)	14-12		127.2	127.8	127.7	0.6	-0.1	0.4	0.3	-0.1
Aircraft engines and engine parts	14-23	12/85	230.3	230.8	231.3	0.7	0.2	0.2	0.0	0.2
Aircraft parts and auxiliary equipment, n.e.c.	14-25	06/85	189.9	190.7	191.2	1.6	0.3	0.1	-0.1	0.3
Medical, surgical and personal aid devices	15-6		183.9	185.1	185.7	1.9	0.3	-0.4	1.0	0.3
Stage 4 intermediate demand services		04/10	122.2	122.5	120.5	-0.9	-1.6	-0.3	0.0	-1.8
Truck transportation of freight(3)	30-12	06/09	125.8	124.2	123.2	-1.4	-0.8	-0.5	-1.1	-0.8
Courier, messenger, and U.S. postal services	30-16	06/09	146.4	151.3	150.2	3.1	-0.7	0.1	0.2	-0.3
Airline passenger services	30-22	12/08	123.1	106.0	94.1	-20.7	-11.2	-0.9	-10.0	-11.3
Warehousing, storage, and related services(3)	32-1	12/08	107.1	107.2	106.8	-0.1	-0.4	-0.4	0.4	-0.4
Advertising space sales in periodicals and newspapers(3)	36-11	06/09	102.9	102.0	99.1	-4.0	-2.8	-0.1	-0.4	-2.8
Data processing and related services(3)	38-1	06/09	103.0	103.2	102.6	1.8	-0.6	1.3	-0.8	-0.6
Business loans (partial)	39-11	04/09	199.4	201.4	187.5	-22.4	-6.9	-0.9	4.0	-9.4
Deposit services (partial)(3)	39-2	04/09	65.9	61.1	61.7	-10.6	1.0	-1.6	-7.7	1.0
Securities brokerage, dealing, investment advice, and related services(3)	40-1	06/09	144.0	155.7	144.2	-11.6	-7.4	3.6	4.8	-7.4
Portfolio management(3)	40-2	12/08	225.6	229.4	201.8	-7.0	-12.0	0.3	-0.8	-12.0
Investment banking(3)	40-3	12/08	195.7	200.8	199.2	12.1	-0.8	1.6	2.4	-0.8
Insurance	41-11	06/09	124.9	125.1	125.2	1.5	0.1	0.2	0.2	0.2
Annuities(3)	41-2	03/09	117.4	117.6	117.6	0.3	0.0	0.0	0.3	0.0
Nonresidential real estate rents(3)	43-11	06/09	118.8	115.6	117.2	1.0	1.4	-3.7	-0.3	1.4
Nonresidential property sales and leases(3)	43-12	12/08	128.6	129.2	128.9	4.7	-0.2	0.4	-0.1	-0.2
Nonresidential property management fees(3)	43-13	12/08	94.4	94.1	90.4	-4.2	-3.9	-0.2	-0.9	-3.9
Residential property management fees(3)	43-22	12/08	118.1	118.2	118.3	0.1	0.1	0.0	0.1	0.1
Construction, mining, and forestry machinery and equipment rental and leasing(3)	44-3	03/09	98.8	99.2	97.7	-1.1	-1.5	-0.4	0.5	-1.5
Legal services	45-1	03/09	136.0	140.1	140.4	4.4	0.2	0.4	0.0	0.3
Advertising agency services(3)	45-51	12/08	110.5	108.6	108.5	-1.1	-0.1	0.1	0.6	-0.1
Accounting services (partial)	45-2	06/09	113.4	114.6	115.1	3.0	0.4	0.9	0.4	0.8
Architectural and engineering services(3)	45-3	06/09	118.0	118.8	119.0	0.7	0.2	0.0	0.0	0.2
Management, scientific, and technical consulting services	45-4	06/09	103.8	102.6	99.2	-5.3	-3.3	-0.2	-2.0	-3.2
Staffing services	46-3	06/09	116.6	115.3	116.2	1.5	0.8	-0.3	0.3	1.0
Janitorial services(3)	49-1	03/09	112.2	112.8	112.2	0.9	-0.5	0.0	-0.2	-0.5
Commercial and industrial machinery and equipment repair and maintenance(3)	55-1	03/09	124.7	127.2	127.2	2.3	0.0	0.4	-0.1	0.0
Machinery and equipment parts and supplies wholesaling(3)	57-11-02	03/09	132.8	132.2	129.5	0.9	-2.0	0.2	-0.9	-2.0
Building materials, paint, and hardware wholesaling	57-3	03/09	102.4	103.0	102.0	3.6	-1.0	-1.3	2.8	-2.2
Metals, minerals, and ores wholesaling(3)	57-4	03/09	167.8	173.2	163.5	-0.4	-5.6	-0.5	3.0	-5.6
Chemicals and allied products wholesaling(3)	57-5	03/09	110.5	113.8	116.3	3.7	2.2	0.3	1.2	2.2
Paper and plastics products wholesaling(3)	57-6	03/09	142.9	141.0	142.8	5.3	1.3	-0.3	0.9	1.3
Food and alcohol wholesaling(3)	57-8	06/09	114.9	115.2	115.3	0.7	0.1	-1.5	1.8	0.1
Hardware and building materials and supplies retailing	58-D	03/09	123.9	126.5	124.7	-2.2	-1.4	1.0	-0.3	-1.7
Metal treatment services(3)	59-1	12/84	187.7	189.6	189.4	0.7	-0.1	-0.5	0.4	-0.1

Stage 3 intermediate demand		11/09	116.7	114.4	108.7	-8.6	-5.0	-1.4	-1.4	-5.1
Stage 3 intermediate demand goods		04/10	105.3	100.5	91.0	-17.0	-9.5	-2.8	-2.9	-9.7
Slaughter cattle	01-31		171.5	164.5	160.1	-11.9	-2.7	-4.1	-10.5	0.1
Slaughter hogs	01-32		74.4	71.5	57.0	-42.5	-20.3	-10.2	4.4	-17.4
Slaughter poultry	01-4		220.2	209.7	135.5	-44.9	-35.4	-6.4	-8.2	-36.8
Raw milk	01-6		157.9	133.2	126.9	-6.0	-4.7	-6.0	0.6	-3.8
Commercial electric power	05-42		191.9	193.3	192.6	-1.0	-0.4	0.1	-0.8	0.7
Industrial electric power	05-43		232.5	233.5	233.7	-2.1	0.1	0.0	0.5	1.6
Gasoline	05-71		174.5	144.0	68.4	-67.0	-52.5	-6.5	-16.8	-56.6
Jet fuel(3)	05-72-03		200.3	161.1	82.0	-61.0	-49.1	-16.5	-8.2	-49.1
No. 2 diesel fuel	05-73-03		231.1	171.6	124.2	-47.7	-27.6	-10.0	-12.6	-27.8
Finished lubricants(3)	05-76		439.6	438.7	439.1	2.8	0.1	-0.2	-0.2	0.1
Lubricating oil base stocks(3)	05-78	06/09	118.8	99.5	86.5	-24.7	-13.1	2.5	-17.8	-13.1
Asphalt	05-81-02	06/85	170.6	195.8	144.3	-39.1	-26.3	-1.2	-2.5	-30.1
Basic inorganic chemicals(3)	06-13		276.6	271.8	270.7	-3.7	-0.4	-0.2	-0.3	-0.4
Basic organic chemicals	06-14		243.1	233.9	203.3	-20.7	-13.1	-1.9	-2.5	-13.5
Paints and allied products(3)	06-2		295.1	296.3	296.8	2.3	0.2	0.0	0.1	0.2
Agricultural chemicals and chemical products	06-5		204.4	206.5	204.0	-11.6	-1.2	-1.3	0.5	-1.6
Plastic resins and materials	06-6		217.3	219.9	209.4	-6.9	-4.8	-0.2	0.2	-4.1
Synthetic rubber(3)	07-11-02		198.5	201.9	192.0	-9.3	-4.9	1.1	-1.5	-4.9
Unsupported plastic film, sheet, and other shapes(3)	07-22		220.0	218.9	220.8	-0.1	0.9	1.1	-1.0	0.9
Paper(3)	09-13		199.9	195.1	195.8	-2.9	0.4	-2.3	0.4	0.4
Paperboard(3)	09-14		260.9	255.8	255.3	-6.5	-0.2	-1.7	-0.2	-0.2
Converted paper and paperboard products(3)	09-15		241.5	241.4	241.0	-0.2	-0.2	0.0	-0.2	-0.2
Commercial printing(3)	09-47	06/82	178.2	179.0	179.0	1.8	0.0	0.0	-0.1	0.0
Foundry and forge shop products(3)	10-15		211.3	212.1	212.3	0.2	0.1	0.4	0.4	0.1
Steel mill products(3)	10-17		187.4	190.7	188.8	-11.0	-1.0	0.3	1.3	-1.0
Nonferrous mill shapes(3)	10-25		208.4	202.2	193.8	-11.3	-4.2	-3.2	-0.1	-4.2
Nonferrous foundry shop products	10-28		211.5	211.4	210.9	-2.2	-0.2	0.0	-0.1	-0.3
Metal containers(3)	10-3		162.5	163.4	162.9	-1.7	-0.3	0.0	-1.0	-0.3
Structural, architectural, and pre-engineered metal products	10-74		229.1	231.1	230.1	-2.6	-0.4	0.6	0.3	-1.3
Bolts, nuts, screws, rivets, and washers(3)	10-81		210.4	211.9	212.1	1.7	0.1	-0.8	-0.1	0.1
Other miscellaneous metal products(3)	10-89		166.8	165.9	166.0	-0.5	0.1	-0.6	0.1	0.1
General purpose machinery and equipment	11-4		248.3	249.9	250.6	1.5	0.3	-0.2	0.2	0.4
Electrical machinery and equipment	11-7		117.0	118.0	117.5	0.5	-0.4	0.0	-0.2	-0.4
Construction sand, gravel, and crushed stone	13-21		351.8	362.5	364.8	5.3	0.6	0.0	0.4	0.4
Cement	13-22		258.0	256.8	262.3	1.4	2.1	0.2	0.3	0.5
Motor vehicle parts(3)	14-12		127.2	127.8	127.7	0.6	-0.1	0.4	0.3	-0.1
Aircraft and aircraft equipment	14-2		278.3	279.6	280.1	1.2	0.2	0.1	0.1	0.2
Stage 3 intermediate demand services		04/10	119.9	120.5	119.2	-0.3	-1.1	-0.2	0.2	-1.1
Rail transportation of freight and mail(3)	30-11	12/08	129.0	129.5	128.7	0.2	-0.6	-0.2	-0.2	-0.6
Courier, messenger, and U.S. postal services	30-16	06/09	146.4	151.3	150.2	3.1	-0.7	0.1	0.2	-0.3
Arrangement of freight and cargo(3)	31-31	12/08	110.2	103.4	106.5	-0.7	3.0	1.5	-4.6	3.0
Freight forwarding(3)	31-32-01	12/08	98.4	98.8	98.5	0.0	-0.3	0.4	0.0	-0.3
Warehousing, storage, and related services(3)	32-1	12/08	107.1	107.2	106.8	-0.1	-0.4	-0.4	0.4	-0.4
Advertising space sales in periodicals, newspapers, directories, and mailing lists(3)	36-1	06/09	101.9	101.2	98.8	-3.3	-2.4	0.0	-0.3	-2.4
Wired telephone services(3)	37-1	06/09	117.4	117.7	118.4	1.3	0.6	0.0	0.3	0.6
Bundled wired telecommunications access services(3)	37-5	12/11	111.0	114.9	111.9	2.2	-2.6	0.0	0.0	-2.6
Data processing and related services(3)	38-1	06/09	103.0	103.2	102.6	1.8	-0.6	1.3	-0.8	-0.6
Business loans (partial)	39-11	04/09	199.4	201.4	187.5	-22.4	-6.9	-0.9	4.0	-9.4
Deposit services (partial)(3)	39-2	04/09	65.9	61.1	61.7	-10.6	1.0	-1.6	-7.7	1.0
Securities brokerage, dealing, investment advice, and related services(3)	40-1	06/09	144.0	155.7	144.2	-11.6	-7.4	3.6	4.8	-7.4
Insurance	41-11	06/09	124.9	125.1	125.2	1.5	0.1	0.2	0.2	0.2
Nonresidential real estate rents(3)	43-11	06/09	118.8	115.6	117.2	1.0	1.4	-3.7	-0.3	1.4
Legal services	45-1	03/09	136.0	140.1	140.4	4.4	0.2	0.4	0.0	0.3
Accounting services (partial)	45-2	06/09	113.4	114.6	115.1	3.0	0.4	0.9	0.4	0.8
Architectural and engineering services(3)	45-3	06/09	118.0	118.8	119.0	0.7	0.2	0.0	0.0	0.2
Management, scientific, and technical consulting services	45-4	06/09	103.8	102.6	99.2	-5.3	-3.3	-0.2	-2.0	-3.2
Advertising agency services(3)	45-51	12/08	110.5	108.6	108.5	-1.1	-0.1	0.1	0.6	-0.1
Staffing services	46-3	06/09	116.6	115.3	116.2	1.5	0.8	-0.3	0.3	1.0
Aircraft repair maintenance	55-4	04/09	126.0	129.3	127.3	1.0	-1.5	0.2	0.3	-1.3
Machinery and equipment parts and supplies wholesaling(3)	57-11-02	03/09	132.8	132.2	129.5	0.9	-2.0	0.2	-0.9	-2.0
Building materials, paint, and hardware wholesaling	57-3	03/09	102.4	103.0	102.0	3.6	-1.0	-1.3	2.8	-2.2
Metals, minerals, and ores wholesaling(3)	57-4	03/09	167.8	173.2	163.5	-0.4	-5.6	-0.5	3.0	-5.6
Chemicals and allied products wholesaling(3)	57-5	03/09	110.5	113.8	116.3	3.7	2.2	0.3	1.2	2.2
Paper and plastics products wholesaling(3)	57-6	03/09	142.9	141.0	142.8	5.3	1.3	-0.3	0.9	1.3
Food wholesaling(3)	57-81-01	03/09	113.7	113.1	113.2	-0.1	0.1	-1.8	1.3	0.1
Metal treatment services(3)	59-1	12/84	187.7	189.6	189.4	0.7	-0.1	-0.5	0.4	-0.1

Stage 2 intermediate demand		11/09	105.8	100.9	96.2	-10.3	-4.7	-2.1	-2.6	-4.7
Stage 2 intermediate demand goods		04/10	86.0	75.6	68.4	-23.7	-9.5	-5.4	-6.3	-9.5
Corn	01-22-02		151.0	154.4	126.0	-10.6	-18.4	-6.5	-0.2	-19.1
Oilseeds	01-83		166.4	163.7	159.1	-0.7	-2.8	-5.4	-3.1	-5.2
Prepared animal feeds	02-9		188.8	190.8	192.4	1.6	0.8	-1.8	0.0	0.7
Coal	05-1		196.4	189.2	188.6	-5.8	-0.3	-2.2	-3.1	-0.3
Natural gas(3)	05-31		81.3	59.9	47.7	-43.4	-20.4	-15.8	-1.5	-20.4
Liquefied petroleum gas(3)	05-32		121.2	67.9	49.4	-64.6	-27.2	-11.3	-21.1	-27.2
Crude petroleum(3)	05-61		162.8	87.5	44.7	-74.7	-48.9	-16.3	-34.6	-48.9
No. 2 diesel fuel	05-73-03		231.1	171.6	124.2	-47.7	-27.6	-10.0	-12.6	-27.8
Industrial chemicals	06-1		246.9	238.3	211.9	-18.2	-11.1	-1.7	-2.2	-11.5
Plastic resins and materials	06-6		217.3	219.9	209.4	-6.9	-4.8	-0.2	0.2	-4.1
Plastic products(3)	07-2		207.7	207.1	207.3	-0.8	0.1	0.1	-0.2	0.1
Logs, bolts, timber, pulpwood, and wood chips	08-5		234.9	238.4	239.2	-1.6	0.3	0.6	1.1	0.1
Paper(3)	09-13		199.9	195.1	195.8	-2.9	0.4	-2.3	0.4	0.4
Paperboard, excluding corrugated paperboard(3)	09-14-11	12/82	272.7	267.4	266.7	-6.8	-0.3	-2.2	-0.2	-0.3
Commercial printing(3)	09-47	06/82	178.2	179.0	179.0	1.8	0.0	0.0	-0.1	0.0
Iron and steel scrap(3)	10-12		381.2	406.6	343.3	-27.6	-15.6	-7.1	3.2	-15.6
Steel mill products(3)	10-17		187.4	190.7	188.8	-11.0	-1.0	0.3	1.3	-1.0
Nonferrous mill shapes(3)	10-25		208.4	202.2	193.8	-11.3	-4.2	-3.2	-0.1	-4.2
Electrical machinery and equipment	11-7		117.0	118.0	117.5	0.5	-0.4	0.0	-0.2	-0.4
Electronic components and accessories	11-78		65.6	65.5	64.6	-0.9	-1.4	0.0	-0.2	-1.4
Stage 2 intermediate demand services		04/10	119.8	120.5	118.4	-0.8	-1.7	0.2	-0.1	-1.7
Rail transportation of freight and mail(3)	30-11	12/08	129.0	129.5	128.7	0.2	-0.6	-0.2	-0.2	-0.6
Truck transportation of freight(3)	30-12	06/09	125.8	124.2	123.2	-1.4	-0.8	-0.5	-1.1	-0.8
Pipeline transportation of petroleum products	30-15-01	12/08	160.9	161.1	160.6	3.4	-0.3	0.2	-0.1	0.1
U.S. Postal Service	30-16-01	06/89	232.1	237.5	237.5	3.4	0.0	0.3	0.3	0.4
Courier and messenger services, except air	30-16-02	04/09	161.2	168.2	167.7	4.0	-0.3	0.4	0.4	0.0
Air mail and package delivery services, excluding by USPS	30-16-03	04/09	177.9	184.4	177.6	-0.3	-3.7	-1.4	0.7	-3.4
Airline passenger services	30-22	12/08	123.1	106.0	94.1	-20.7	-11.2	-0.9	-10.0	-11.3
Arrangement of freight and cargo(3)	31-31	12/08	110.2	103.4	106.5	-0.7	3.0	1.5	-4.6	3.0
Television advertising time sales	36-21	06/09	108.9	111.5	100.0	-9.3	-10.3	-0.4	-1.5	-11.0
Wireless telecommunication services	37-2	06/09	65.2	64.6	65.3	0.3	1.1	2.9	-2.0	0.5
Data processing and related services(3)	38-1	06/09	103.0	103.2	102.6	1.8	-0.6	1.3	-0.8	-0.6
Securities brokerage, dealing, investment advice, and related services(3)	40-1	06/09	144.0	155.7	144.2	-11.6	-7.4	3.6	4.8	-7.4
Portfolio management(3)	40-2	12/08	225.6	229.4	201.8	-7.0	-12.0	0.3	-0.8	-12.0
Investment banking(3)	40-31	12/08	195.7	200.8	199.2	12.1	-0.8	1.6	2.4	-0.8
Insurance	41-11	06/09	124.9	125.1	125.2	1.5	0.1	0.2	0.2	0.2
Commissions from sales of insurance(3)	42-11	06/09	108.2	108.6	108.5	0.4	-0.1	0.1	0.1	-0.1
Legal services	45-1	03/09	136.0	140.1	140.4	4.4	0.2	0.4	0.0	0.3
Accounting services (partial)	45-2	06/09	113.4	114.6	115.1	3.0	0.4	0.9	0.4	0.8
Management, scientific, and technical consulting services	45-4	06/09	103.8	102.6	99.2	-5.3	-3.3	-0.2	-2.0	-3.2
Advertising agency services(3)	45-51	12/08	110.5	108.6	108.5	-1.1	-0.1	0.1	0.6	-0.1
Staffing services	46-3	06/09	116.6	115.3	116.2	1.5	0.8	-0.3	0.3	1.0
Security guard services(3)	48-1	03/09	118.5	120.0	121.8	4.0	1.5	0.0	0.7	1.5
Janitorial services(3)	49-1	03/09	112.2	112.8	112.2	0.9	-0.5	0.0	-0.2	-0.5
Traveler accommodation services	53-1	06/09	117.6	113.9	100.3	-17.8	-11.9	-10.0	-2.2	-9.7
Commercial and industrial machinery and equipment repair and maintenance(3)	55-1	03/09	124.7	127.2	127.2	2.3	0.0	0.4	-0.1	0.0
Hardware and building materials and supplies retailing	58-D	03/09	123.9	126.5	124.7	-2.2	-1.4	1.0	-0.3	-1.7

Stage 1 intermediate demand		11/09	113.6	111.1	106.2	-8.8	-4.4	-1.6	-1.2	-4.6
Stage 1 intermediate demand goods		04/10	95.0	91.4	85.2	-13.9	-6.8	-2.5	-2.2	-6.9
Prepared animal feeds	02-9		188.8	190.8	192.4	1.6	0.8	-1.8	0.0	0.7
Commercial electric power	05-42		191.9	193.3	192.6	-1.0	-0.4	0.1	-0.8	0.7
Industrial electric power	05-43		232.5	233.5	233.7	-2.1	0.1	0.0	0.5	1.6
Commercial natural gas	05-52	12/90	193.4	187.1	181.0	-6.6	-3.3	-0.4	-0.3	-1.6
Industrial natural gas	05-53	12/90	149.5	136.9	130.5	-12.9	-4.7	-2.8	0.8	-2.1
Gasoline	05-71		174.5	144.0	68.4	-67.0	-52.5	-6.5	-16.8	-56.6
No. 2 diesel fuel	05-73-03		231.1	171.6	124.2	-47.7	-27.6	-10.0	-12.6	-27.8
Industrial chemicals	06-1		246.9	238.3	211.9	-18.2	-11.1	-1.7	-2.2	-11.5
Prepared paint(3)	06-21		301.6	303.0	303.7	2.6	0.2	0.0	-0.1	0.2
Plastic construction products(3)	07-21		228.8	232.1	231.4	0.7	-0.3	-0.1	1.4	-0.3
Wastepaper(3)	09-12		145.6	182.2	274.0	40.2	50.4	4.7	14.8	50.4
Paper(3)	09-13		199.9	195.1	195.8	-2.9	0.4	-2.3	0.4	0.4
Converted paper and paperboard products(3)	09-15		241.5	241.4	241.0	-0.2	-0.2	0.0	-0.2	-0.2
Iron and steel scrap(3)	10-12		381.2	406.6	343.3	-27.6	-15.6	-7.1	3.2	-15.6
Steel mill products(3)	10-17		187.4	190.7	188.8	-11.0	-1.0	0.3	1.3	-1.0
Primary nonferrous metals(3)	10-22		184.2	183.2	175.3	-6.5	-4.3	-2.3	0.2	-4.3
Nonferrous scrap	10-23		356.1	383.3	366.9	0.4	-4.3	-0.3	-1.1	-4.3
Nonferrous wire and cable(3)	10-26		245.0	242.0	239.8	-5.3	-0.9	-0.6	-0.2	-0.9
Fabricated structural metal products	10-7		237.2	238.9	238.8	-1.1	0.0	0.2	0.2	-0.5
General purpose machinery and equipment	11-4		248.3	249.9	250.6	1.5	0.3	-0.2	0.2	0.4
Construction sand, gravel, and crushed stone	13-21		351.8	362.5	364.8	5.3	0.6	0.0	0.4	0.4
Stage 1 intermediate demand services		04/10	122.8	122.5	120.4	-2.4	-1.7	-0.5	-0.2	-1.8
Truck transportation of freight(3)	30-12	06/09	125.8	124.2	123.2	-1.4	-0.8	-0.5	-1.1	-0.8
Airline passenger services	30-22	12/08	123.1	106.0	94.1	-20.7	-11.2	-0.9	-10.0	-11.3
Advertising space sales in periodicals, newspapers, directories, and mailing lists(3)	36-1	06/09	101.9	101.2	98.8	-3.3	-2.4	0.0	-0.3	-2.4
Business wired telecommunication services(3)	37-12	06/09	102.4	102.3	102.0	0.3	-0.3	0.0	0.0	-0.3
Wireless telecommunication services	37-2	06/09	65.2	64.6	65.3	0.3	1.1	2.9	-2.0	0.5
Bundled wired telecommunications access services(3)	37-5	12/11	111.0	114.9	111.9	2.2	-2.6	0.0	0.0	-2.6
Business loans (partial)	39-11	04/09	199.4	201.4	187.5	-22.4	-6.9	-0.9	4.0	-9.4
Deposit services (partial)(3)	39-2	04/09	65.9	61.1	61.7	-10.6	1.0	-1.6	-7.7	1.0
Securities brokerage, dealing, investment advice, and related services(3)	40-1	06/09	144.0	155.7	144.2	-11.6	-7.4	3.6	4.8	-7.4
Portfolio management(3)	40-2	12/08	225.6	229.4	201.8	-7.0	-12.0	0.3	-0.8	-12.0
Investment banking(3)	40-3	12/08	195.7	200.8	199.2	12.1	-0.8	1.6	2.4	-0.8
Insurance	41-11	06/09	124.9	125.1	125.2	1.5	0.1	0.2	0.2	0.2
Nonresidential real estate rents(3)	43-11	06/09	118.8	115.6	117.2	1.0	1.4	-3.7	-0.3	1.4
Architectural and engineering services(3)	45-3	06/09	118.0	118.8	119.0	0.7	0.2	0.0	0.0	0.2
Management consulting services	45-41	06/09	103.8	102.6	99.2	-5.3	-3.3	-0.2	-2.0	-3.2
Waste collection	50-1	12/08	132.6	136.2	136.4	3.0	0.1	0.1	0.4	-0.4
Traveler accommodation services	53-11	06/09	117.6	113.9	100.3	-17.8	-11.9	-10.0	-2.2	-9.7
Commercial and industrial machinery and equipment repair and maintenance(3)	55-1	03/09	124.7	127.2	127.2	2.3	0.0	0.4	-0.1	0.0
Machinery and equipment parts and supplies wholesaling(3)	57-11-02	03/09	132.8	132.2	129.5	0.9	-2.0	0.2	-0.9	-2.0
Building materials, paint, and hardware wholesaling	57-3	03/09	102.4	103.0	102.0	3.6	-1.0	-1.3	2.8	-2.2
Metals, minerals, and ores wholesaling(3)	57-4	03/09	167.8	173.2	163.5	-0.4	-5.6	-0.5	3.0	-5.6
Chemicals and allied products wholesaling(3)	57-5	03/09	110.5	113.8	116.3	3.7	2.2	0.3	1.2	2.2
Paper and plastics products wholesaling(3)	57-6	03/09	142.9	141.0	142.8	5.3	1.3	-0.3	0.9	1.3
Hardware and building materials and supplies retailing	58-D	03/09	123.9	126.5	124.7	-2.2	-1.4	1.0	-0.3	-1.7
Mining services(3)	60-1	06/85	230.4	230.1	221.7	-5.2	-3.7	0.8	-0.9	-3.7
Footnotes (1) Further information about the Final Demand-Intermediate Demand Aggregation system is available online at https://www.bls.gov/ppi/fdidaggregation.htm (2) The indexes for December 2019 have been recalculated to incorporate late reports and corrections by respondents. All indexes are subject to revision 4 months after original publication. (3) Not seasonally adjusted.
"-" Data not available. NOTE: The term "(partial)" denotes incomplete coverage of the index category.

Table 7. Producer price indexes for selected final demand and intermediate demand categories, seasonally adjusted [Nov 2009=100, unless otherwise indicated]
Grouping	Other index base	Index(1)
Grouping	Other index base	Nov. 2019	Dec. 2019	Jan. 2020	Feb. 2020	Mar. 2020	Apr. 2020
Final demand		118.6	118.9	119.4	118.7	118.5	117.0
Final demand goods		116.0	116.2	116.5	115.4	114.3	110.5
Final demand foods		121.6	121.3	121.3	119.3	119.3	118.7
Final demand energy		104.8	106.0	106.2	102.4	95.5	77.4
Final demand goods less foods and energy		117.8	117.8	118.2	118.1	118.3	117.8
Final demand services		119.4	119.8	120.3	119.9	120.1	119.8
Final demand trade services		119.3	120.0	121.0	120.1	121.8	123.8
Final demand transportation and warehousing services		125.7	127.7	126.2	125.5	121.3	117.1
Final demand services less trade, transportation, and warehousing		118.8	118.9	119.4	119.3	119.3	118.2
Intermediate demand by commodity type
Processed goods for intermediate demand	00/82	197.3	197.2	196.9	195.1	192.9	185.8
Materials and components for manufacturing	00/82	183.2	182.7	182.7	182.0	181.5	177.8
Materials and components for construction	00/82	251.4	251.3	252.2	252.4	253.8	252.5
Processed fuels and lubricants for intermediate demand	00/82	176.9	177.8	176.2	169.2	159.3	135.2
Containers for intermediate demand	00/82	236.1	236.2	236.6	237.0	236.4	235.7
Supplies for intermediate demand	00/82	201.7	201.6	201.7	201.3	201.2	200.5
Unprocessed goods for intermediate demand	00/82	186.6	188.9	187.9	173.5	159.7	137.8
Unprocessed foodstuffs and feedstuffs	00/82	171.2	172.0	171.6	161.7	155.8	140.7
Unprocessed nonfood materials except fuel	00/82	237.2	245.9	251.3	230.7	198.0	161.7
Unprocessed fuel	00/82	112.1	108.6	99.7	88.4	87.7	76.7
Services for intermediate demand		121.5	122.1	122.2	122.1	122.0	120.0
Trade services for intermediate demand		126.0	127.3	127.8	127.3	128.2	127.7
Transportation and warehousing services for intermediate demand		129.9	130.8	130.3	130.1	128.4	126.6
Services less trade, transportation, and warehousing for intermediate demand		118.8	119.2	119.3	119.3	119.2	116.8
Intermediate demand by production flow
Stage 4 intermediate demand		119.2	119.6	119.7	119.2	118.9	116.8
Inputs to stage 4 goods producers		115.4	115.7	115.8	115.5	115.3	114.2
Inputs to stage 4 services producers		121.2	121.7	121.7	121.3	121.0	118.9
Inputs to stage 4 construction producers		119.9	120.4	120.7	119.8	119.1	115.4
Stage 3 intermediate demand		117.3	117.7	117.6	115.9	114.3	108.5
Inputs to stage 3 goods producers		119.3	119.6	119.1	117.3	116.1	111.5
Inputs to stage 3 services producers		116.3	116.7	117.0	115.5	113.8	107.1
Inputs to stage 3 construction producers		111.2	113.6	111.8	106.5	100.7	88.0
Stage 2 intermediate demand		105.8	106.1	105.6	103.4	100.7	96.0
Inputs to stage 2 goods producers		93.5	93.6	92.5	87.9	82.6	75.3
Inputs to stage 2 services producers		117.8	118.4	118.5	118.6	118.4	116.2
Stage 1 intermediate demand		113.5	114.3	114.5	112.7	111.3	106.2
Inputs to stage 1 goods producers		106.8	107.5	108.7	106.5	105.3	99.7
Inputs to stage 1 services producers		119.5	120.4	119.7	118.0	116.2	111.4
Inputs to stage 1 construction producers		120.8	121.3	121.9	121.3	120.8	117.6

Special groupings
Final demand less foods and energy	04/10	117.9	118.2	118.7	118.4	118.6	118.2
Final demand less foods	04/10	116.7	117.0	117.5	117.0	116.7	115.2
Final demand less energy	04/10	117.9	118.2	118.6	118.2	118.4	118.0
Total finished(2)	01/10	118.2	118.5	119.0	118.4	118.2	117.0
Total exports	04/10	113.2	113.6	114.0	113.5	113.0	110.8
Total Government purchases	04/10	113.2	113.5	113.9	113.1	112.1	109.4
Total private capital investment (goods, services, and construction)	04/10	116.7	116.9	117.1	117.6	117.8	117.5
Finished goods(2)	00/82	207.3	207.7	207.8	206.0	203.7	196.6

Processed materials less foods and feeds	00/82	197.4	197.3	197.1	195.2	192.9	185.2
Processed foods and feeds	00/82	196.4	196.4	196.0	194.8	193.3	193.2
Processed energy goods	00/82	177.8	178.7	177.0	170.0	160.0	135.8
Processed materials less foods and energy	00/82	199.8	199.4	199.6	199.2	199.1	196.2

Unprocessed materials less agricultural products	00/82	189.4	192.8	190.9	173.3	153.9	128.1
Unprocessed energy materials	00/82	142.1	143.2	137.2	118.5	95.9	69.5
Unprocessed nonfood materials less energy	00/82	313.9	323.6	340.7	335.7	339.9	325.3

Total goods inputs to stage 4 intermediate demand	04/10	112.9	113.1	113.0	112.4	111.9	109.8
Total services inputs to stage 4 intermediate demand	04/10	121.9	122.6	122.9	122.5	122.5	120.3
Total goods inputs to stage 3 intermediate demand	04/10	106.5	106.8	106.5	103.5	100.5	90.8
Total services inputs to stage 3 intermediate demand	04/10	119.8	120.4	120.4	120.2	120.4	119.1
Total goods inputs to stage 2 intermediate demand	04/10	86.3	86.3	85.2	80.6	75.5	68.3
Total services inputs to stage 2 intermediate demand	04/10	119.6	120.2	120.2	120.4	120.3	118.2
Total goods inputs to stage 1 intermediate demand	04/10	94.9	95.6	96.1	93.7	91.6	85.3
Total services inputs to stage 1 intermediate demand	04/10	122.6	123.4	123.3	122.7	122.5	120.3
Footnotes (1) All seasonally adjusted indexes are subject to change up to 5 years after original publication due to the recalculation of seasonal factors each January. The indexes for December 2019 have been recalculated to incorporate late reports and corrections by respondents. (2) PPI defines Total finished as including only the personal consumption and private capital investment portions of final demand.

Table 8. Producer price indexes for selected commodity groupings, not seasonally adjusted [1982=100, unless otherwise indicated]
Grouping	Commodity code	Other index base	Index			Percent change to Apr. 2020 from:
Grouping	Commodity code	Other index base	Dec. 2019(1)	Mar. 2020(1)	Apr. 2020(1)	Apr. 2019	Mar. 2020
Goods
All commodities			199.0	193.8	186.0	-8.0	-4.0
Farm products, processed foods and feeds			196.3	192.1	188.0	-3.0	-2.1
Farm products	01		166.3	156.9	143.0	-12.2	-8.9
Processed foods and feeds	02		211.1	209.4	210.1	0.5	0.3
Industrial commodities			199.0	193.7	185.0	-9.0	-4.5
Textile products and apparel	03		150.1	149.1	149.0	-1.2	-0.1
Hides, skins, leather, and related products	04		163.8	157.2	152.0	-10.1	-3.3
Fuels and related products and power	05		165.2	143.2	117.4	-33.1	-18.0
Chemicals and allied products	06		285.1	284.6	273.8	-6.1	-3.8
Rubber and plastic products	07		194.9	194.6	194.6	-0.8	0.0
Lumber and wood products	08		235.5	241.1	236.4	-1.0	-1.9
Pulp, paper, and allied products	09		257.1	257.1	259.0	-0.7	0.7
Metals and metal products	10		216.9	219.7	215.9	-4.5	-1.7
Machinery and equipment	11		143.8	144.8	144.7	1.0	-0.1
Furniture and household durables	12		177.4	178.6	178.5	1.7	-0.1
Nonmetallic mineral products	13		253.4	258.4	257.7	2.0	-0.3
Transportation equipment	14		183.6	183.7	183.1	0.3	-0.3
Miscellaneous products	15		277.3	279.8	279.9	2.4	0.0
Industrial commodities less fuels			206.3	207.3	205.1	-1.5	-1.1
Other commodity groupings
Petroleum products, refined	057		191.3	155.5	94.4	-55.4	-39.3
Industrial chemicals	061		246.9	238.3	211.9	-18.2	-11.1
Rubber and rubber products	071		178.9	179.7	179.2	-0.7	-0.3
Lumber	081		210.0	222.2	204.7	-3.7	-7.9
Iron and steel	101		207.3	212.3	204.6	-12.6	-3.6
Nonferrous metals	102		247.6	252.0	245.6	-1.3	-2.5
General purpose machinery and equipment	114		248.3	249.9	250.6	1.5	0.3
Electrical machinery and equipment	117		117.0	118.0	117.5	0.5	-0.4
Electronic components and accessories	1178		65.6	65.5	64.6	-0.9	-1.4
Aircraft and aircraft equipment	142		278.3	279.6	280.1	1.2	0.2
Services and construction
Transportation services	30	06/09	134.2	130.2	126.4	-4.5	-2.9
Services related to transportation activities	31	06/09	116.1	114.2	114.0	-0.2	-0.2
Warehousing, storage, and related activities	32	12/08	107.1	107.2	106.8	-0.1	-0.4
Publishing sales, excluding software	33	06/09	122.5	126.9	126.3	3.4	-0.5
Software publishing	34	06/09	92.1	92.2	92.7	0.5	0.5
Network compensation from broadcast and cable television and radio	35	06/09	146.6	146.5	146.5	2.7	0.0
Advertising space and time sales	36	06/09	98.1	97.2	93.2	-4.9	-4.1
Telecommunication, cable, and internet user services	37	06/09	102.7	103.9	103.7	1.3	-0.2
Data processing and related services	38	06/09	103.0	103.2	102.6	1.8	-0.6
Credit intermediation services (partial)	39	06/09	88.9	88.4	86.7	-11.2	-1.9
Investment services	40	06/09	176.4	183.4	166.7	-6.6	-9.1
Insurance and annuities	41	06/09	123.4	123.7	123.7	1.3	0.0
Commissions and fees from sales and administration of insurance policies (partial)	42	06/09	108.2	108.6	108.5	0.4	-0.1
Real estate services (partial)	43	06/09	127.0	125.2	125.8	1.5	0.5
Rental and leasing of goods (partial)	44	06/09	95.0	94.8	85.6	-9.8	-9.7
Professional services (partial)	45	06/09	121.0	122.2	121.6	0.9	-0.5
Employment services	46	06/09	116.3	115.2	115.9	1.4	0.6
Travel arrangement services	47	06/09	102.3	102.4	101.4	-5.1	-1.0
Selected security services (partial)	48	03/09	118.5	120.0	121.8	4.0	1.5
Cleaning and building maintenance services (partial)	49	03/09	112.2	112.8	112.2	0.9	-0.5
Waste collection and remediation services (partial)	50	12/08	132.6	136.2	136.4	3.0	0.1
Health care services	51	06/09	122.2	123.2	123.2	2.2	0.0
Accommodation services	53	06/09	117.6	113.9	100.3	-17.8	-11.9
Food and beverages for immediate consumption services (partial)	54	06/09	120.6	120.7	120.8	0.2	0.1
Repair and maintenance services (partial)	55	06/09	131.1	132.9	132.5	2.2	-0.3
Entertainment services (partial)	56	06/09	115.3	115.1	116.4	-0.9	1.1
Wholesale trade services	57	06/09	123.3	124.1	124.1	1.0	0.0
Retail trade services	58	06/09	118.5	122.4	126.6	6.1	3.4
Metal treatment services	59	12/84	187.7	189.6	189.4	0.7	-0.1
Mining services	60	06/85	230.4	230.1	221.7	-5.2	-3.7
Contract work on textile products, apparel, and leather	61	06/10	116.1	120.0	119.8	3.5	-0.2
Construction (partial)	80	06/09	123.9	124.9	125.2	2.5	0.2
Footnotes (1) The indexes for December 2019 have been recalculated to incorporate late reports and corrections by respondents. All indexes are subject to revision 4 months after original publication.
"-" Data not available. NOTE: The term "(partial)" denotes incomplete coverage of the index category.

Last Modified Date: May 13, 2020