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For release 10:00 a.m. (EDT) Thursday, May 18, 2017 USDL-17-0619 Technical information: (202) 691-5618 • productivity@bls.gov • www.bls.gov/lpc Media contact: (202) 691-5902 • PressOffice@bls.gov PRODUCTIVITY AND COSTS BY INDUSTRY SELECTED SERVICE-PROVIDING INDUSTRIES -- 2016 Labor productivity rose in 17 of 28 selected service-providing industries in 2016, the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics reported today. This was greater than in 2015, when labor productivity increased in 14 of 28 industries. In 2016, output and hours increased in fewer industries than in 2015. Unit labor costs declined in 5 industries in 2016. Each of the industries with declines in unit labor costs also recorded increases in productivity. Increases in labor productivity counter the impact of rising hourly compensation on unit labor costs facing employers. Long term measures of productivity and cost through 2015 are available for 58 industries; included for the first time are veterinary services. Trends in Labor Productivity in 2016 * Labor productivity increased in 17 of 28 industries in 2016. Among those with increasing productivity, output grew in 13 industries. * Hours worked grew in 15 of the 28 industries. * Productivity gains of at least 8.0 percent occurred in 3 industries where output increases coincided with declines in hours worked: cable and other subscription programming (19.1 percent), wireless telecommunications carriers (12.7 percent), and accounting and bookkeeping services (8.8 percent). * Three industries recorded productivity declines despite output gains of at least 3.0 percent because of larger increases in hours worked: warehousing and storage (-8.8 percent); couriers and messengers (-1.5 percent); and truck, trailer, and RV rental and leasing (-1.4 percent). Trends in Unit Labor Costs in 2016 * Unit labor costs fell in 5 industries in 2016. * All unit labor cost declines occurred in industries where productivity rose. * Each of the industries where productivity fell also recorded an increase in unit labor costs. * Hourly labor compensation rose in all but 1 of the 28 industries measured. Long Term Productivity Trends * Over the long term, productivity rose in 45 service-providing industries. For the majority of the industries studied, this period extends from 1987 to 2015. * Median long term productivity growth for all 58 industries was approximately 1.6 percent per year. * Output increased over the long term in 44 industries while hours worked increased in 38 industries. * Productivity increased in 36 of the 58 industries in the more recent 2007 to 2015 period that began with a severe recession. Only 35 industries had increases in output and 23 experienced growth in hours worked. * Veterinary services is published for the first time in this release. Productivity in this industry increased by 0.9 percent from 2014 to 2015. ************************************************************************************************************ * Want to know more? * * * * Find data at www.bls.gov/lpc for: * * - Additional industries and sectors * * - Detailed data series: indexes of productivity and related measures; rates of change; and * * levels of industry employment, hours worked, nominal value of production, and labor compensation * * - Additional years and long-term data * * * * Questions? * * * * Additional information can be obtained by calling the BLS productivity program at (202) 691-5618 or by * * sending an email to productivity@bls.gov. Information in this release will be made available to sensory * * impaired individuals upon request. Voice phone: (202) 691-5200; Federal Relay Service: (800) 877-8339. * * * * Subscribe to news releases * * * * Subscribe to productivity news releases on the BLS website at * * https://subscriptions.bls.gov/accounts/USDOLBLS/subscriber/new. * * * ************************************************************************************************************
Technical Note Labor Productivity: Labor productivity describes the relationship between real output and the labor hours involved in its production. These measures show the changes from period to period in the amount of goods and services produced per hour worked. Although the labor productivity measures relate output in an industry to hours worked of all persons in that industry, they do not measure the specific contribution of labor to growth in output. Rather, they reflect the joint effects of many influences, including: changes in technology; capital investment; utilization of capacity, energy, and materials; the use of purchased services inputs, including contract employment services; the organization of production; the characteristics and effort of the workforce; and managerial skill. Unit Labor Costs: Unit labor costs represent the cost of labor required to produce one unit of output. The unit labor cost indexes are computed by dividing an index of nominal industry labor compensation by an index of real industry output. Unit labor costs also describe the relationship between compensation per hour and real output per hour (labor productivity). Increases in hourly compensation increase unit labor costs; increases in labor productivity offset compensation increases and reduce unit labor costs. Output: Industry output is measured as an annual-weighted index of the changes in the various products (in real terms) provided for sale outside the industry. Real industry output is usually derived by deflating nominal sales or values of production using BLS price indexes, but for some industries it is measured by physical quantities of output. Industry output measures are constructed primarily using data from the economic censuses and annual surveys of the U.S. Census Bureau, U.S. Department of Commerce, together with information on price changes from BLS. Other data sources include: the Energy Information Administration, U.S. Department of Energy; the Bureau of Transportation Statistics, U.S. Department of Transportation; the U.S. Geological Survey, U.S. Department of the Interior; the U.S. Postal Service; the Postal Rate Commission; and the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation. Industrial production data from the Quarterly Service Survey from the Census Bureau are used to construct preliminary output measures for 2016 for some industries. Labor Hours: Labor hours are measured as annual hours worked by all employed persons in an industry. Data on industry employment and hours come primarily from the BLS Current Employment Statistics (CES) survey and Current Population Survey (CPS). CES data on the number of total and production worker jobs held by wage and salary workers in nonfarm establishments are supplemented with CPS self-employed and unpaid family worker data to estimate industry employment. Hours worked estimates are derived using CES and CPS employment, CES data on the average weekly hours paid of production workers, CPS data on hours of nonproduction, self-employed, and unpaid family workers, and ratios of hours worked to hours paid based on data from the National Compensation Survey (NCS). For some industries, employment and hours data are supplemented or further disaggregated using data from the BLS Quarterly Census of Employment and Wages (QCEW), the Census Bureau, or other sources. Additional sources of employment and hours data for certain service industries include the Association of American Railroads, the U.S. Department of Transportation, and the U.S. Postal Service. Hours worked are estimated separately for different types of workers and then are directly aggregated; no adjustments for labor composition are made. Labor Compensation: Labor compensation, defined as payroll plus supplemental payments, is a measure of the cost to the employer of securing the services of labor. Payroll includes salaries, wages, commissions, dismissal pay, bonuses, vacation and sick leave pay, and compensation in kind. Supplemental payments include both legally required expenditures and payments for voluntary programs. The legally required portion consists primarily of federal old age and survivors’ insurance, unemployment compensation, and workers’ compensation. Payments for voluntary programs include all programs not specifically required by legislation, such as the employer portion of private health insurance and pension plans. Industry compensation measures are constructed primarily using data from the economic censuses and annual surveys of the Census Bureau, U.S. Department of Commerce. The estimates for 2016 are constructed using data from the BLS Quarterly Census of Employment and Wages (QCEW).
Industry | 2012 NAICS code | 2016 Employment (thousands) |
Percent change, 2015-2016 | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Labor productivity | Unit labor costs | Output | Hours worked | Labor compensation | |||
Utilities |
|||||||
Utilities |
22 |
556.2 | -0.8 | 3.7 | -0.8 | 0.0 | 2.9 |
Utilities |
221 |
556.2 | -0.8 | 3.7 | -0.8 | 0.0 | 2.9 |
Power generation and supply |
2211 |
393.6 | -1.0 | 4.0 | -0.7 | 0.3 | 3.3 |
Natural gas distribution |
2212 |
112.5 | 1.0 | 1.7 | -0.8 | -1.8 | 0.8 |
Water, sewage and other systems |
2213 |
50.1 | -5.2 | 9.3 | -3.3 | 2.1 | 5.7 |
Transportation and Warehousing |
|||||||
Air transportation |
481 |
448.1 | 0.4 | 5.7 | 3.4 | 2.9 | 9.3 |
Line-haul railroads |
482111 |
173.1 | 9.6 | -7.0 | -0.1 | -8.9 | -7.1 |
Truck transportation |
484 |
1,671.2 | 0.5 | 1.8 | 0.0 | -0.5 | 1.8 |
General freight trucking |
4841 |
1,201.5 | -2.3 | 5.1 | -1.9 | 0.5 | 3.1 |
General freight trucking, local |
48411 |
317.4 | -2.8 | 9.3 | -3.7 | -0.9 | 5.3 |
General freight trucking, long-distance |
48412 |
884.1 | -2.6 | 4.2 | -1.7 | 0.9 | 2.5 |
Specialized freight trucking |
4842 |
469.7 | 6.5 | -4.5 | 3.4 | -2.9 | -1.3 |
Postal service |
491 |
608.9 | 1.3 | 3.1 | 1.2 | -0.2 | 4.4 |
Postal service |
4911 |
608.9 | 1.3 | 3.1 | 1.2 | -0.2 | 4.4 |
Couriers and messengers |
492 |
675.4 | -1.5 | 3.4 | 3.6 | 5.2 | 7.1 |
Warehousing and storage |
493 |
922.1 | -8.8 | 5.6 | 5.1 | 15.2 | 11.0 |
Warehousing and storage |
4931 |
922.1 | -8.8 | 5.6 | 5.1 | 15.2 | 11.0 |
Information |
|||||||
Publishing |
511 |
760.0 | 2.3 | 7.3 | -0.4 | -2.6 | 6.9 |
Newspaper publishers |
51111 |
183.0 | 4.3 | 2.5 | -5.8 | -9.7 | -3.5 |
Periodical publishers |
51112 |
108.4 | 2.7 | 1.6 | -4.2 | -6.7 | -2.7 |
Software publishers |
5112 |
356.1 | -2.1 | 10.4 | 1.8 | 4.0 | 12.4 |
Broadcasting, except Internet |
515 |
277.2 | 7.7 | -2.7 | 4.3 | -3.2 | 1.4 |
Radio and television broadcasting |
5151 |
223.0 | 2.3 | 2.0 | 1.3 | -0.9 | 3.4 |
Cable and other subscription programming |
5152 |
54.2 | 19.1 | -9.6 | 6.6 | -10.5 | -3.6 |
Wired telecommunications carriers |
5171 |
590.6 | 3.0 | 4.6 | 1.4 | -1.6 | 6.1 |
Wireless telecommunications carriers |
5172 |
122.5 | 12.7 | -10.4 | 8.5 | -3.8 | -2.9 |
Finance and Insurance |
|||||||
Commercial banking |
52211 |
1,307.0 | -3.5 | 3.8 | -0.6 | 3.1 | 3.2 |
Real Estate and Rental and Leasing |
|||||||
Truck, trailer, and RV rental and leasing |
53212 |
76.3 | -1.4 | 3.8 | 4.2 | 5.7 | 8.2 |
Professional and Technical Services |
|||||||
Accounting and bookkeeping services |
5412 |
1,145.4 | 8.8 | -3.3 | 8.1 | -0.6 | 4.6 |
Accounting and bookkeeping services |
54121 |
1,145.4 | 8.8 | -3.3 | 8.1 | -0.6 | 4.6 |
Engineering services |
54133 |
973.0 | -0.2 | 0.4 | 0.2 | 0.4 | 0.6 |
Administrative and Waste Services |
|||||||
Travel arrangement and reservation services |
5615 |
238.4 | 0.3 | 3.4 | 6.6 | 6.2 | 10.2 |
Health Care and Social Assistance |
|||||||
Medical and diagnostic laboratories |
6215 |
271.2 | 2.1 | 2.1 | 2.2 | 0.1 | 4.3 |
Arts, Entertainment, and Recreation |
|||||||
Amusement parks and arcades |
7131 |
208.8 | 3.4 | 3.9 | 2.7 | -0.7 | 6.6 |
Gambling industries |
7132 |
136.1 | 1.3 | 1.5 | 2.1 | 0.8 | 3.7 |
Other Services |
|||||||
Automotive repair and maintenance |
8111 |
1,113.5 | -0.8 | 7.1 | -0.5 | 0.3 | 6.5 |
Drycleaning and laundry services |
8123 |
316.6 | 1.3 | 1.3 | 2.4 | 1.0 | 3.7 |
Industry | 2012 NAICS code | 2015 Employment (thousands) |
Average annual percent change, 1987-2015 | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Labor productivity | Unit labor costs | Output | Hours worked | Labor compensation | |||
Utilities |
|||||||
Utilities |
22 |
556.0 | 2.2 | 1.5 | 1.4 | -0.8 | 2.9 |
Utilities |
221 |
556.0 | 2.2 | 1.5 | 1.4 | -0.8 | 2.9 |
Power generation and supply |
2211 |
394.2 | 3.1 | 0.5 | 2.1 | -1.0 | 2.7 |
Natural gas distribution |
2212 |
112.9 | 0.6 | 3.8 | -0.3 | -1.0 | 3.5 |
Water, sewage and other systems |
2213 |
48.9 | -1.6 | 4.5 | 0.8 | 2.5 | 5.4 |
Transportation and Warehousing |
|||||||
Air transportation |
481 |
434.9 | 3.1 | 0.6 | 2.6 | -0.4 | 3.3 |
Line-haul railroads |
482111 |
189.8 | 3.6 | -0.3 | 2.0 | -1.5 | 1.7 |
Truck transportation(1) |
484 |
1,668.9 | 0.6 | 0.9 | 2.1 | 1.5 | 3.0 |
General freight trucking(1) |
4841 |
1,193.1 | 1.1 | 1.0 | 2.4 | 1.3 | 3.4 |
General freight trucking, local(1) |
48411 |
313.1 | 2.4 | 0.2 | 3.6 | 1.2 | 3.8 |
General freight trucking, long-distance |
48412 |
880.0 | 1.2 | 0.4 | 2.3 | 1.1 | 2.7 |
Specialized freight trucking(2) |
4842 |
475.8 | 0.7 | 1.8 | 2.2 | 1.4 | 4.0 |
Used household and office goods moving |
48421 |
98.7 | -0.7 | 2.6 | -0.2 | 0.5 | 2.4 |
Other specialized trucking, local(2) |
48422 |
236.9 | 0.1 | 2.4 | 1.9 | 1.8 | 4.4 |
Other specialized trucking, long-distance(2) |
48423 |
140.1 | 1.3 | 1.2 | 3.9 | 2.5 | 5.1 |
Postal service |
491 |
596.9 | 0.5 | 3.2 | -0.7 | -1.2 | 2.5 |
Postal service |
4911 |
596.9 | 0.5 | 3.2 | -0.7 | -1.2 | 2.5 |
Couriers and messengers |
492 |
641.5 | -1.9 | 3.3 | 0.4 | 2.4 | 3.7 |
Warehousing and storage(1) |
493 |
837.4 | 2.2 | 0.0 | 5.8 | 3.5 | 5.7 |
Warehousing and storage(1) |
4931 |
837.4 | 2.2 | 0.0 | 5.8 | 3.5 | 5.7 |
General warehousing and storage(1) |
49311 |
725.4 | 3.4 | -0.9 | 7.2 | 3.6 | 6.2 |
Refrigerated warehousing and storage(1) |
49312 |
55.9 | -0.3 | 1.7 | 2.8 | 3.1 | 4.6 |
Information |
|||||||
Publishing |
511 |
770.9 | 3.7 | 1.5 | 3.4 | -0.3 | 4.9 |
Newspaper, book, and directory publishers |
5111 |
435.8 | -0.4 | 4.4 | -2.6 | -2.2 | 1.7 |
Newspaper publishers |
51111 |
201.2 | -1.2 | 4.4 | -4.3 | -3.1 | -0.1 |
Periodical publishers |
51112 |
113.5 | -0.8 | 5.1 | -1.6 | -0.8 | 3.4 |
Book publishers |
51113 |
72.7 | -0.4 | 5.0 | -0.9 | -0.5 | 4.1 |
Software publishers |
5112 |
335.1 | 11.6 | -6.0 | 18.1 | 5.9 | 11.1 |
Motion picture and video exhibition |
51213 |
137.9 | 1.9 | 1.8 | 1.8 | -0.1 | 3.6 |
Broadcasting, except Internet |
515 |
289.4 | 2.9 | 1.8 | 3.0 | 0.1 | 4.8 |
Radio and television broadcasting |
5151 |
227.9 | 1.9 | 2.1 | 1.6 | -0.3 | 3.7 |
Radio broadcasting |
51511 |
92.9 | 3.7 | 1.6 | 2.6 | -1.0 | 4.3 |
Cable and other subscription programming |
5152 |
61.5 | 5.1 | 2.7 | 6.9 | 1.7 | 9.8 |
Wired telecommunications carriers |
5171 |
598.0 | 3.7 | -0.8 | 2.8 | -0.9 | 1.9 |
Wireless telecommunications carriers |
5172 |
129.8 | 11.7 | -6.7 | 19.1 | 6.6 | 11.1 |
Finance and Insurance |
|||||||
Commercial banking |
52211 |
1,284.7 | 3.4 | 1.8 | 3.2 | -0.2 | 5.1 |
Real Estate and Rental and Leasing |
|||||||
Passenger car rental |
532111 |
120.2 | 1.8 | 2.0 | 2.7 | 0.9 | 4.8 |
Truck, trailer, and RV rental and leasing |
53212 |
72.2 | 2.2 | 1.1 | 2.5 | 0.4 | 3.6 |
Video tape and disc rental |
53223 |
14.1 | 6.8 | -2.1 | -1.2 | -7.4 | -3.3 |
Professional and Technical Services |
|||||||
Accounting and bookkeeping services(3) |
5412 |
1,126.6 | 2.6 | 1.2 | 3.4 | 0.7 | 4.5 |
Accounting and bookkeeping services(3) |
54121 |
1,126.6 | 2.6 | 1.2 | 3.4 | 0.7 | 4.5 |
Offices of certified public accountants(3) |
541211 |
468.3 | 1.9 | 2.4 | 2.9 | 1.1 | 5.4 |
Tax preparation services |
541213 |
139.9 | 0.5 | 1.8 | 2.4 | 1.9 | 4.2 |
Other accounting services(3) |
541219 |
346.6 | 4.7 | -2.1 | 4.9 | 0.2 | 2.7 |
Architectural services |
54131 |
191.4 | 1.5 | 1.9 | 2.4 | 0.9 | 4.4 |
Engineering services |
54133 |
963.7 | 1.2 | 3.0 | 2.8 | 1.6 | 5.9 |
Advertising agencies |
54181 |
218.1 | 1.6 | 2.5 | 2.2 | 0.6 | 4.7 |
Photography studios, portrait |
541921 |
59.5 | 0.2 | 1.8 | 1.2 | 1.0 | 3.0 |
Veterinary services(4) |
54194 |
358.2 | -1.1 | 4.1 | 1.3 | 2.5 | 5.5 |
Administrative and Waste Services |
|||||||
Employment placement and executive search(5) |
56131 |
301.6 | 4.1 | 0.3 | 5.1 | 1.0 | 5.5 |
Travel arrangement and reservation services(3) |
5615 |
226.0 | 6.2 | -1.2 | 3.6 | -2.4 | 2.3 |
Travel agencies |
56151 |
100.0 | 5.5 | -0.6 | 4.2 | -1.2 | 3.5 |
Janitorial services |
56172 |
1,354.2 | 1.9 | 1.5 | 3.5 | 1.6 | 5.0 |
Health Care and Social Assistance |
|||||||
Medical and diagnostic laboratories(5) |
6215 |
270.3 | 2.0 | 0.5 | 5.1 | 3.1 | 5.7 |
Medical laboratories(5) |
621511 |
194.4 | 1.8 | 0.5 | 5.1 | 3.2 | 5.6 |
Diagnostic imaging centers(5) |
621512 |
75.9 | 2.2 | 0.7 | 5.2 | 2.9 | 6.0 |
Hospitals, except psychiatric and substance abuse hospitals(6) |
6221,3 |
4,675.9 | 0.5 | 3.3 | 1.9 | 1.4 | 5.3 |
Arts, Entertainment, and Recreation |
|||||||
Amusement parks and arcades(7) |
7131 |
203.4 | -2.7 | 6.2 | -0.9 | 1.9 | 5.2 |
Amusement and theme parks |
71311 |
179.6 | -0.8 | 4.2 | 1.9 | 2.8 | 6.2 |
Gambling industries(3) |
7132 |
136.2 | 2.0 | 2.4 | 2.0 | 0.1 | 4.4 |
Golf courses and country clubs(2) |
71391 |
382.4 | -1.2 | 4.2 | -0.1 | 1.1 | 4.1 |
Fitness and recreational sports centers(2) |
71394 |
601.9 | 3.7 | -0.8 | 4.0 | 0.3 | 3.2 |
Bowling centers |
71395 |
68.6 | 0.5 | 2.7 | -1.1 | -1.6 | 1.5 |
Accommodation and Food Services |
|||||||
Accommodation and food services |
72 |
13,279.1 | 0.8 | 2.7 | 2.3 | 1.5 | 5.1 |
Accommodation |
721 |
1,953.9 | 2.1 | 1.7 | 2.8 | 0.7 | 4.5 |
Traveler accommodation |
7211 |
1,868.4 | 2.1 | 1.7 | 2.8 | 0.7 | 4.5 |
Hotels and motels, except casino hotels |
72111 |
1,565.1 | 1.5 | 2.4 | 2.2 | 0.7 | 4.7 |
Food services and drinking places |
722 |
11,325.2 | 0.4 | 3.1 | 2.1 | 1.7 | 5.3 |
Special food services |
7223 |
807.0 | 1.0 | 1.6 | 2.4 | 1.4 | 4.0 |
Drinking places, alcoholic beverages |
7224 |
383.3 | -0.5 | 3.5 | -0.6 | -0.1 | 2.8 |
Restaurants and other eating places |
72251 |
10,134.9 | 0.5 | 3.3 | 2.3 | 1.8 | 5.6 |
Full-service restaurants |
722511 |
5,254.0 | 0.6 | 3.6 | 2.3 | 1.7 | 6.0 |
Limited-service eating places |
722513,4,5 |
4,880.9 | 0.4 | 2.8 | 2.3 | 1.9 | 5.1 |
Other Services |
|||||||
Automotive repair and maintenance |
8111 |
1,131.6 | 1.0 | 2.3 | 1.4 | 0.4 | 3.7 |
Reupholstery and furniture repair |
81142 |
20.5 | -0.5 | 3.4 | -2.7 | -2.2 | 0.6 |
Personal care services |
8121 |
1,198.0 | 2.4 | 1.6 | 3.4 | 1.0 | 5.1 |
Hair, nail, and skin care services |
81211 |
974.7 | 2.3 | 1.7 | 3.0 | 0.7 | 4.8 |
Funeral homes and funeral services |
81221 |
110.5 | -0.4 | 4.1 | -0.3 | 0.1 | 3.9 |
Drycleaning and laundry services |
8123 |
310.3 | 2.0 | 1.5 | 1.0 | -0.9 | 2.5 |
Coin-operated laundries and drycleaners |
81231 |
40.2 | 2.5 | 1.7 | 0.5 | -2.0 | 2.2 |
Drycleaning and laundry services |
81232 |
143.1 | 0.8 | 2.1 | -1.1 | -1.9 | 1.0 |
Linen and uniform supply |
81233 |
127.0 | 2.1 | 1.1 | 2.9 | 0.8 | 4.0 |
Photofinishing |
81292 |
11.6 | 2.6 | 2.0 | -4.3 | -6.7 | -2.4 |
Footnotes |