Productivity and Costs by Industry: Selected Service-Providing Industries News Release

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Productivity and Costs by Industry: Selected Service-Providing Industries News Release

For release 10:00 a.m. (EDT) Friday, June 11, 2021 USDL-21-1020

Technical information: (202) 691-5606 � productivity@bls.gov � www.bls.gov/lpc
Media contact: (202) 691-5902 � PressOffice@bls.gov

PRODUCTIVITY AND COSTS BY INDUSTRY
SELECTED SERVICE-PROVIDING INDUSTRIES - 2020

Labor productivity fell in 13 of 29 selected service-providing industries in 2020, the U.S. Bureau of
Labor Statistics reported today. In 2019 labor productivity decreased in 14 of 29 industries. The
economic downturn in 2020 resulted in output declines in 21 industries and hours worked declines in 24
industries. More than twice as many industries experienced decreases in 2020 compared to 2019, when
output fell in 8 industries and hours worked fell in 10 industries.

Trends in Labor Productivity in 2020

� Labor productivity fell in 13 of 29 industries in 2020.
� There were 3 industries where productivity fell more than 38 percent: Air transportation (-57.0
percent), travel arrangement and reservation services (-44.7 percent), and amusement parks and
arcades (-38.5 percent). In all 3 of those industries, output fell more than 55 percent.
� Productivity increased in 5 industries where declines in hours worked exceeded the decrease in
output. In all of those industries, output fell more than 10 percent.
� Hours worked fell in 24 of the 29 industries.
� Hours worked decreased in 14 out of the 16 industries which recorded increases in productivity.
Of these, the largest declines in hours worked were in gambling industries (-32.8 percent),
drycleaning and laundry services (-19.5 percent), and line-haul railroads (-16.3 percent); the
other 11 industries had hours worked declines of 11.7 percent or less.

Unit labor costs increased in 21 industries in 2020. Productivity fell in 13 of the industries with a rise
in unit labor costs. Changes in labor productivity counter the impact of changes in hourly compensation on
unit labor costs facing employers. In all 8 industries where both unit labor costs and productivity
increased, hourly compensation also increased and by a faster rate than productivity.

Trends in Unit Labor Costs in 2020

� The largest increases in unit labor costs were in air transportation (106.9 percent),
amusement parks and arcades (76.4 percent), and travel arrangement and reservation
services (73.7 percent). Productivity fell by more than 38 percent in all 3 of those industries.
� Unit labor costs rose alongside a drop in productivity in 13 industries. Of the 16 industries
where productivity went up, unit labor costs increased in half and decreased in the other half.
There were no industries where both unit labor costs and productivity declined.
� Hourly compensation rose in 23 of the 29 industries measured.

Long term productivity rose in 45 out of 58 service-providing industries. For the majority of
industries studied, this period extends from 1987 to 2019, the latest year for which data are
available for all 58 selected service-providing industries published on the BLS website. None of
the rates in this section incorporate data for 2020.

Trends in Long Term Productivity

� Median long term productivity growth for all 58 industries was approximately 1.4 percent
per year.
� Output increased over the long term in 45 industries while hours worked increased in 38
industries.
� Productivity increased in 43 of the 58 industries in the period from 2007 to 2019 that began
with a severe recession. During this period, only 41 industries had increases in output and 27
experienced growth in hours worked.

Additional Information

The productivity and costs measures in this release incorporate data from the Census Bureau's Service
Annual Survey (December 2020) and Nonemployer Statistics (May 2020). Accordingly, the labor
productivity and output series for all industries have been revised for 2019 and earlier years.

The COVID-19 pandemic did not impact the availability of source data used to construct productivity
measures in this release. Data source providers continued to collect and publish high quality industry
data for 2020. Additional information can be found on the BLS website at www.bls.gov/covid19/effects-
of-covid-19-pandemic-on-productivity-and-costs-statistics.htm#Industry-Productivity.

The following NAICS codes are included in Table 1 but not counted in the short-term count of 29
selected industries because they are duplicate codes or aggregates for which full underlying coverage is
published: 22, 221, 484, 4841, 4911, 4931, 511, 5111, 515, 5173, 54121, 722, 722511, and 722513,4,5.

The following NAICS codes are included in Table 2 but not counted in the long-term count of 58
selected industries because they are duplicate codes or aggregates for which full underlying coverage is
published: 22, 221, 484, 4841, 4842, 491, 493, 4931, 511, 5111, 515, 5151, 5173, 5412, 54121, 5615,
6215, 6221,3, 7131, 72, 721, 7211, 722, 72251, 8121, and 8123.

Access the productivity data dashboard at www.bls.gov/lpc/lpc_by_industry_dashboard.xlsx for
� Additional industries and sectors
� Detailed data series: indexes of productivity and related measures; rates of change; and levels of
industry employment, hours worked, nominal value of production, and labor compensation
� Additional years and long-term data

Subscribe to productivity news releases on the BLS website at
https://public.govdelivery.com/accounts/USDOLBLS/subscriber/new.

Information in this release will be made available to sensory impaired individuals upon request. Voice
phone: (202) 691-5200; Federal Relay Service: (800) 877-8339.

Technical Note

Labor Productivity: Labor productivity describes the relationship between real output and the
labor hours involved in its production. These measures show the changes from period to period in
the amount of goods and services produced per hour worked. Although the labor productivity
measures relate output in an industry to hours worked of all persons in that industry, they do not
measure the specific contribution of labor to growth in output. Rather, they reflect the joint effects
of many influences, including: changes in technology; capital investment; utilization of capacity,
energy, and materials; the use of purchased services inputs, including contract employment
services; the organization of production; the characteristics and effort of the workforce; and
managerial skill.

Unit Labor Costs: Unit labor costs represent the cost of labor required to produce one unit of
output. The unit labor cost indexes are computed by dividing an index of nominal industry labor
compensation by an index of real industry output. Unit labor costs also describe the relationship
between compensation per hour and real output per hour (labor productivity). Increases in hourly
compensation increase unit labor costs; increases in labor productivity offset compensation
increases and reduce unit labor costs.

Output: Real industry output is measured as an annual-weighted index of the changes in the
various products (in real terms) provided for sale outside the industry. Real industry output is
usually derived by deflating nominal sales or values of production using BLS price indexes, but for
some industries it is measured by physical quantities of output.

Industry output measures are constructed primarily using data from the economic censuses and
annual surveys of the U.S. Census Bureau, U.S. Department of Commerce, together with
information on price changes from BLS. Other data sources include: the Energy Information
Administration, U.S. Department of Energy; the Bureau of Transportation Statistics, U.S.
Department of Transportation; the U.S. Postal Service; the Postal Rate Commission; and the
Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation. Data from the Quarterly Service Survey from the Census
Bureau are used to construct preliminary output measures for 2020 for some industries. Data from
both the Census Bureau's Quarterly Service Survey and Monthly Retail Trade Survey are used to
construct preliminary output measures for 2020 for some industries.

Labor Hours: Labor hours are measured as annual hours worked by all employed persons in an
industry. Data on industry employment and hours come primarily from the BLS Current
Employment Statistics (CES) survey and Current Population Survey (CPS). CES data on the
number of total and production worker jobs held by wage and salary workers in nonfarm
establishments are supplemented with CPS self-employed and unpaid family worker data to
estimate industry employment. Hours worked estimates are derived using CES and CPS
employment, CES data on the average weekly hours paid of production workers, CPS data on
hours of nonproduction, self-employed, and unpaid family workers, and ratios of hours worked to
hours paid based on data from the National Compensation Survey (NCS). For some industries,
employment and hours data are supplemented or further disaggregated using data from the BLS
Quarterly Census of Employment and Wages (QCEW), the Census Bureau, or other sources.
Additional sources of employment and hours data for certain service industries include the
Association of American Railroads, the U.S. Department of Transportation, and the U.S. Postal
Service. Hours worked are estimated separately for different types of workers and then are directly
aggregated; no adjustments for labor composition are made.

Labor Compensation: Labor compensation, defined as payroll plus supplemental payments, is a
measure of the cost to the employer of securing the services of labor. Payroll includes salaries,
wages, commissions, dismissal pay, bonuses, vacation and sick leave pay, and compensation in
kind. Supplemental payments include both legally required expenditures and payments for
voluntary programs. The legally required portion consists primarily of federal old age and
survivors' insurance, unemployment compensation, and workers' compensation. Payments for
voluntary programs include all programs not specifically required by legislation, such as the
employer portion of private health insurance and pension plans. Industry compensation measures
are constructed primarily using data from the economic censuses and annual surveys of the Census
Bureau, U.S. Department of Commerce. The estimates for 2020 are constructed using data from
the BLS Quarterly Census of Employment and Wages (QCEW).





Table 1.  Recent labor productivity, unit labor costs, and related data




	Industry
	2017 NAICS code
	2020
Employment
(thousands)
	Percent change, 2019-2020


	Labor productivity
	Unit labor costs
	Output
	Hours worked
	Labor compensation






	Utilities
				



	


	Utilities
	22
	542.0
	-2.3
	3.2
	-2.8
	-0.5
	0.3



	Utilities
	221
	542.0
	-2.3
	3.2
	-2.8
	-0.5
	0.3



	Power generation and supply
	2211
	380.8
	-1.7
	2.6
	-2.5
	-0.8
	0.1



	Natural gas distribution
	2212
	109.2
	-5.2
	5.0
	-4.6
	0.7
	0.2



	Water, sewage and other systems
	2213
	52.0
	0.4
	4.5
	-0.7
	-1.1
	3.8



	


	Transportation and Warehousing
				



	


	Air transportation
	481
	460.5
	-57.0
	106.9
	-60.4
	-8.0
	-18.1



	Line-haul railroads
	482111
	137.9
	19.4
	-13.5
	0.0
	-16.3
	-13.5



	Truck transportation
	484
	1,689.3
	0.6
	1.5
	-5.0
	-5.6
	-3.6



	General freight trucking
	4841
	1,222.5
	0.7
	1.2
	-4.1
	-4.8
	-3.0



	General freight trucking, local
	48411
	333.9
	4.5
	-1.2
	-0.6
	-4.9
	-1.8



	General freight trucking, long-distance
	48412
	888.6
	-0.2
	1.7
	-5.0
	-4.8
	-3.4



	Specialized freight trucking
	4842
	466.8
	1.1
	1.6
	-6.6
	-7.6
	-5.1



	Postal service(1)
	491
	602.1
	1.0
	0.6
	1.1
	0.1
	1.7



	Postal service(1)
	4911
	602.1
	1.0
	0.6
	1.1
	0.1
	1.7



	Couriers and messengers
	492
	1,055.2
	-10.5
	7.3
	11.3
	24.3
	19.4



	Warehousing and storage
	493
	1,355.5
	-7.2
	15.0
	2.3
	10.2
	17.6



	Warehousing and storage
	4931
	1,355.5
	-7.2
	15.0
	2.3
	10.2
	17.6



	


	Information
				



	


	Publishing
	511
	798.5
	3.9
	3.9
	7.0
	3.0
	11.2



	Newspaper, book, and directory publishers
	5111
	298.0
	-4.8
	9.9
	-13.2
	-8.9
	-4.6



	Newspaper publishers
	51111
	120.9
	-3.5
	8.2
	-17.0
	-14.0
	-10.2



	Periodical publishers
	51112
	84.4
	-7.9
	11.1
	-13.6
	-6.2
	-4.0



	Software publishers
	5112
	500.5
	2.1
	2.9
	12.7
	10.4
	15.9



	Broadcasting, except Internet
	515
	258.2
	10.2
	-6.7
	0.1
	-9.2
	-6.6



	Radio and television broadcasting
	5151
	206.6
	17.2
	-11.7
	7.1
	-8.6
	-5.4



	Cable and other subscription programming
	5152
	51.6
	7.5
	-4.9
	-4.3
	-11.0
	-9.0



	Wired and wireless telecommunications carriers
	5173
	607.6
	2.0
	2.1
	-1.8
	-3.8
	0.2



	Wired telecommunications carriers
	517311
	503.0
	0.3
	4.6
	-3.5
	-3.8
	0.9



	Wireless telecommunications carriers
	517312
	104.6
	5.0
	-2.9
	0.7
	-4.1
	-2.2



	


	Finance and Insurance
				



	


	Commercial banking
	52211
	1,382.9
	1.2
	5.1
	1.2
	-0.1
	6.4



	


	Real Estate and Rental and Leasing
				



	


	Truck, trailer, and RV rental and leasing
	53212
	87.2
	13.1
	-4.1
	-0.2
	-11.7
	-4.3



	


	Professional and Technical Services
				



	


	Accounting and bookkeeping services
	5412
	1,148.4
	0.9
	0.1
	-1.1
	-1.9
	-1.0



	Accounting and bookkeeping services
	54121
	1,148.4
	0.9
	0.1
	-1.1
	-1.9
	-1.0



	Engineering services
	54133
	1,050.8
	-8.8
	11.8
	-9.1
	-0.3
	1.7



	


	Administrative and Waste Services
				



	


	Travel arrangement and reservation services
	5615
	194.2
	-44.7
	73.7
	-55.9
	-20.1
	-23.3



	


	Health Care and Social Assistance
				



	


	Medical and diagnostic laboratories
	6215
	293.6
	13.4
	-10.5
	9.2
	-3.7
	-2.3



	


	Arts, Entertainment, and Recreation
				



	


	Amusement parks and arcades
	7131
	158.6
	-38.5
	76.4
	-61.4
	-37.3
	-31.9



	Gambling industries
	7132
	86.6
	16.2
	-8.1
	-21.9
	-32.8
	-28.2



	


	Accommodation and Food Services
				



	


	Food services and drinking places
	722
	10,209.3
	-4.7
	4.5
	-22.0
	-18.1
	-18.6



	Restaurants and other eating places
	72251
	9,316.0
	-1.8
	1.1
	-18.3
	-16.8
	-17.4



	Full-service restaurants
	722511
	4,350.5
	-8.2
	5.2
	-30.8
	-24.6
	-27.2



	Limited-service eating places
	722513,4,5
	4,965.5
	1.3
	3.5
	-7.4
	-8.6
	-4.2



	


	Other Services
				



	


	Automotive repair and maintenance
	8111
	1,093.8
	-6.3
	6.5
	-10.0
	-3.9
	-4.1



	Drycleaning and laundry services
	8123
	253.9
	6.1
	1.0
	-14.6
	-19.5
	-13.7







	
		Footnotes

		(1) For NAICS industries 491 and 4911, average annual percent changes are for the fiscal year ending in September.

Table 1. Recent labor productivity, unit labor costs, and related data
Industry	2017 NAICS code	2020 Employment (thousands)	Percent change, 2019-2020
Utilities

Utilities	22	542.0	-2.3	3.2	-2.8	-0.5	0.3
Utilities	221	542.0	-2.3	3.2	-2.8	-0.5	0.3
Power generation and supply	2211	380.8	-1.7	2.6	-2.5	-0.8	0.1
Natural gas distribution	2212	109.2	-5.2	5.0	-4.6	0.7	0.2
Water, sewage and other systems	2213	52.0	0.4	4.5	-0.7	-1.1	3.8

Transportation and Warehousing

Air transportation	481	460.5	-57.0	106.9	-60.4	-8.0	-18.1
Line-haul railroads	482111	137.9	19.4	-13.5	0.0	-16.3	-13.5
Truck transportation	484	1,689.3	0.6	1.5	-5.0	-5.6	-3.6
General freight trucking	4841	1,222.5	0.7	1.2	-4.1	-4.8	-3.0
General freight trucking, local	48411	333.9	4.5	-1.2	-0.6	-4.9	-1.8
General freight trucking, long-distance	48412	888.6	-0.2	1.7	-5.0	-4.8	-3.4
Specialized freight trucking	4842	466.8	1.1	1.6	-6.6	-7.6	-5.1
Postal service(1)	491	602.1	1.0	0.6	1.1	0.1	1.7
Postal service(1)	4911	602.1	1.0	0.6	1.1	0.1	1.7
Couriers and messengers	492	1,055.2	-10.5	7.3	11.3	24.3	19.4
Warehousing and storage	493	1,355.5	-7.2	15.0	2.3	10.2	17.6
Warehousing and storage	4931	1,355.5	-7.2	15.0	2.3	10.2	17.6

Information

Publishing	511	798.5	3.9	3.9	7.0	3.0	11.2
Newspaper, book, and directory publishers	5111	298.0	-4.8	9.9	-13.2	-8.9	-4.6
Newspaper publishers	51111	120.9	-3.5	8.2	-17.0	-14.0	-10.2
Periodical publishers	51112	84.4	-7.9	11.1	-13.6	-6.2	-4.0
Software publishers	5112	500.5	2.1	2.9	12.7	10.4	15.9
Broadcasting, except Internet	515	258.2	10.2	-6.7	0.1	-9.2	-6.6
Radio and television broadcasting	5151	206.6	17.2	-11.7	7.1	-8.6	-5.4
Cable and other subscription programming	5152	51.6	7.5	-4.9	-4.3	-11.0	-9.0
Wired and wireless telecommunications carriers	5173	607.6	2.0	2.1	-1.8	-3.8	0.2
Wired telecommunications carriers	517311	503.0	0.3	4.6	-3.5	-3.8	0.9
Wireless telecommunications carriers	517312	104.6	5.0	-2.9	0.7	-4.1	-2.2

Finance and Insurance

Commercial banking	52211	1,382.9	1.2	5.1	1.2	-0.1	6.4

Real Estate and Rental and Leasing

Truck, trailer, and RV rental and leasing	53212	87.2	13.1	-4.1	-0.2	-11.7	-4.3

Professional and Technical Services

Accounting and bookkeeping services	5412	1,148.4	0.9	0.1	-1.1	-1.9	-1.0
Accounting and bookkeeping services	54121	1,148.4	0.9	0.1	-1.1	-1.9	-1.0
Engineering services	54133	1,050.8	-8.8	11.8	-9.1	-0.3	1.7

Administrative and Waste Services

Travel arrangement and reservation services	5615	194.2	-44.7	73.7	-55.9	-20.1	-23.3

Health Care and Social Assistance

Medical and diagnostic laboratories	6215	293.6	13.4	-10.5	9.2	-3.7	-2.3

Arts, Entertainment, and Recreation

Amusement parks and arcades	7131	158.6	-38.5	76.4	-61.4	-37.3	-31.9
Gambling industries	7132	86.6	16.2	-8.1	-21.9	-32.8	-28.2

Accommodation and Food Services

Food services and drinking places	722	10,209.3	-4.7	4.5	-22.0	-18.1	-18.6
Restaurants and other eating places	72251	9,316.0	-1.8	1.1	-18.3	-16.8	-17.4
Full-service restaurants	722511	4,350.5	-8.2	5.2	-30.8	-24.6	-27.2
Limited-service eating places	722513,4,5	4,965.5	1.3	3.5	-7.4	-8.6	-4.2

Other Services

Automotive repair and maintenance	8111	1,093.8	-6.3	6.5	-10.0	-3.9	-4.1
Drycleaning and laundry services	8123	253.9	6.1	1.0	-14.6	-19.5	-13.7
Footnotes (1) For NAICS industries 491 and 4911, average annual percent changes are for the fiscal year ending in September.





Table 2.  Long run labor productivity, unit labor costs, and related data




	Industry
	2017 NAICS code
	2019
Employment
(thousands)
	Average annual percent change, 1987-2019


	Labor productivity
	Unit labor costs
	Output
	Hours worked
	Labor compensation






	Utilities
				



	


	Utilities
	22
	549.4
	2.2
	1.5
	1.4
	-0.7
	2.9



	Utilities
	221
	549.4
	2.2
	1.5
	1.4
	-0.7
	2.9



	Power generation and supply
	2211
	386.0
	2.9
	0.8
	1.9
	-0.9
	2.7



	Natural gas distribution
	2212
	110.1
	1.2
	3.0
	0.3
	-0.9
	3.3



	Water, sewage and other systems
	2213
	53.3
	-1.7
	4.8
	0.7
	2.4
	5.5



	


	Transportation and Warehousing
				



	


	Air transportation
	481
	494.4
	3.0
	1.0
	2.8
	-0.2
	3.8



	Line-haul railroads
	482111
	158.8
	3.4
	-0.4
	1.7
	-1.7
	1.3



	Truck transportation(1)
	484
	1,763.5
	0.8
	1.0
	2.2
	1.4
	3.3



	General freight trucking(1)
	4841
	1,271.5
	1.3
	1.1
	2.5
	1.3
	3.6



	General freight trucking, local(1)
	48411
	341.2
	2.8
	0.1
	4.0
	1.2
	4.1



	General freight trucking, long-distance
	48412
	930.3
	1.3
	0.6
	2.4
	1.0
	3.0



	Specialized freight trucking(2)
	4842
	492.0
	1.0
	1.8
	2.2
	1.2
	4.1



	Used household and office goods moving
	48421
	100.9
	-0.8
	2.8
	-0.3
	0.5
	2.5



	Other specialized trucking, local(2)
	48422
	246.8
	0.6
	2.2
	2.2
	1.7
	4.5



	Other specialized trucking, long-distance(2)
	48423
	144.3
	1.9
	1.2
	3.6
	1.7
	4.8



	Postal service(3)
	491
	607.2
	0.0
	3.2
	-0.7
	-0.6
	2.5



	Postal service(3)
	4911
	607.2
	0.0
	3.2
	-0.7
	-0.6
	2.5



	Couriers and messengers
	492
	883.6
	-2.3
	3.5
	0.7
	3.1
	4.2



	Warehousing and storage(1)
	493
	1,238.8
	1.3
	0.5
	5.7
	4.4
	6.2



	Warehousing and storage(1)
	4931
	1,238.8
	1.3
	0.5
	5.7
	4.4
	6.2



	General warehousing and storage(1)
	49311
	1,106.8
	2.3
	-0.2
	7.0
	4.6
	6.8



	Refrigerated warehousing and storage(1)
	49312
	67.2
	0.5
	1.1
	3.6
	3.0
	4.7



	


	Information
				



	


	Publishing
	511
	795.8
	4.3
	1.3
	4.0
	-0.3
	5.3



	Newspaper, book, and directory publishers
	5111
	329.8
	0.2
	3.9
	-2.8
	-2.9
	1.0



	Newspaper publishers
	51111
	145.1
	-0.5
	3.8
	-4.3
	-3.9
	-0.6



	Periodical publishers
	51112
	90.2
	-0.1
	4.4
	-1.8
	-1.7
	2.6



	Book publishers
	51113
	59.8
	-0.1
	4.5
	-1.1
	-1.0
	3.3



	Software publishers
	5112
	466.0
	10.7
	-5.2
	17.5
	6.1
	11.3



	Motion picture and video exhibition
	51213
	149.0
	1.1
	2.4
	1.5
	0.4
	4.0



	Broadcasting, except Internet
	515
	278.0
	3.0
	1.4
	3.0
	0.0
	4.4



	Radio and television broadcasting
	5151
	222.0
	2.2
	1.4
	1.9
	-0.3
	3.4



	Radio broadcasting
	51511
	84.9
	3.6
	1.2
	2.4
	-1.2
	3.6



	Cable and other subscription programming
	5152
	56.0
	4.9
	2.5
	6.2
	1.2
	8.9



	Wired and wireless telecommunications carriers
	5173
	631.4
	6.6
	-2.6
	5.7
	-0.9
	2.9



	Wired telecommunications carriers
	517311
	523.7
	3.8
	-0.2
	2.4
	-1.4
	2.2



	Wireless telecommunications carriers
	517312
	107.7
	12.0
	-6.7
	17.6
	5.0
	9.7



	


	Finance and Insurance
				



	


	Commercial banking
	52211
	1,392.8
	2.8
	2.2
	2.7
	-0.1
	4.9



	


	Real Estate and Rental and Leasing
				



	


	Passenger car rental
	532111
	128.4
	2.0
	1.7
	3.0
	1.0
	4.8



	Truck, trailer, and RV rental and leasing
	53212
	91.4
	2.2
	1.1
	3.2
	1.0
	4.4



	Video tape and disc rental
	532282
	7.3
	5.6
	-0.8
	-3.6
	-8.7
	-4.4



	


	Professional and Technical Services
				



	


	Accounting and bookkeeping services(4)
	5412
	1,186.3
	2.0
	1.7
	2.7
	0.7
	4.4



	Accounting and bookkeeping services(4)
	54121
	1,186.3
	2.0
	1.7
	2.7
	0.7
	4.4



	Offices of certified public accountants(4)
	541211
	505.4
	2.1
	2.0
	3.1
	1.1
	5.2



	Tax preparation services
	541213
	137.7
	0.6
	2.4
	1.9
	1.4
	4.4



	Other accounting services(4)
	541219
	366.2
	3.3
	-0.4
	3.4
	0.1
	2.9



	Architectural services
	54131
	216.0
	1.5
	1.8
	2.7
	1.2
	4.5



	Engineering services
	54133
	1,047.4
	1.0
	2.8
	2.7
	1.7
	5.6



	Advertising agencies
	54181
	227.6
	2.0
	1.8
	2.6
	0.6
	4.5



	Photography studios, portrait
	541921
	52.3
	1.4
	1.2
	1.6
	0.2
	2.8



	Veterinary services(5)
	54194
	418.7
	-1.2
	4.7
	1.5
	2.7
	6.2



	


	Administrative and Waste Services
				



	


	Employment placement and executive search(6)
	56131
	299.8
	4.2
	0.0
	5.1
	0.9
	5.2



	Travel arrangement and reservation services(4)
	5615
	248.1
	7.1
	-2.0
	5.1
	-1.8
	3.0



	Travel agencies
	56151
	107.3
	7.4
	-2.1
	6.1
	-1.2
	3.9



	Janitorial services
	56172
	1,374.1
	2.6
	0.9
	4.1
	1.5
	5.0



	


	Health Care and Social Assistance
				



	


	Medical and diagnostic laboratories(6)
	6215
	298.7
	2.1
	0.6
	5.0
	2.9
	5.7



	Medical laboratories(6)
	621511
	211.5
	2.0
	0.5
	5.0
	2.9
	5.5



	Diagnostic imaging centers(6)
	621512
	87.2
	2.2
	0.9
	5.1
	2.8
	6.0



	Hospitals, except psychiatric and substance abuse hospitals(7)
	6221,3
	5001.7
	0.3
	3.2
	1.8
	1.5
	5.1



	


	Arts, Entertainment, and Recreation
				



	


	Amusement parks and arcades(8)
	7131
	228.0
	0.7
	4.6
	0.4
	-0.3
	5.1



	Amusement and theme parks
	71311
	195.4
	0.1
	4.1
	1.8
	1.7
	5.9



	Gambling industries(4)
	7132
	124.9
	2.2
	2.0
	1.7
	-0.4
	3.8



	Golf courses and country clubs(2)
	71391
	386.5
	-1.1
	4.2
	-0.1
	1.0
	4.1



	Fitness and recreational sports centers(2)
	71394
	707.4
	3.7
	-0.2
	4.3
	0.6
	4.1



	Bowling centers
	71395
	71.8
	0.6
	2.6
	-0.8
	-1.4
	1.8



	


	Accommodation and Food Services
				



	


	Accommodation and food services
	72
	14,407.4
	0.8
	2.7
	2.4
	1.6
	5.1



	Accommodation
	721
	2,116.0
	1.9
	1.9
	2.7
	0.8
	4.6



	Traveler accommodation
	7211
	2,024.2
	1.9
	1.8
	2.8
	0.8
	4.7



	Hotels and motels, except casino hotels
	72111
	1,698.2
	1.3
	2.6
	2.1
	0.8
	4.7



	Food services and drinking places
	722
	12,291.4
	0.5
	3.0
	2.2
	1.7
	5.3



	Special food services
	7223
	873.8
	1.0
	1.7
	2.4
	1.3
	4.1



	Drinking places, alcoholic beverages
	7224
	417.2
	-0.5
	3.3
	-0.1
	0.4
	3.2



	Restaurants and other eating places
	72251
	11,000.4
	0.5
	3.2
	2.4
	1.8
	5.6



	Full-service restaurants
	722511
	5,573.4
	0.7
	3.5
	2.4
	1.7
	5.9



	Limited-service eating places
	722513,4,5
	5,427.0
	0.4
	2.8
	2.4
	2.0
	5.3



	


	Other Services
				



	


	Automotive repair and maintenance
	8111
	1,163.3
	1.2
	2.1
	1.6
	0.4
	3.7



	Reupholstery and furniture repair
	81142
	22.4
	-1.5
	4.3
	-3.0
	-1.5
	1.2



	Personal care services
	8121
	1,314.9
	2.2
	1.7
	3.5
	1.2
	5.2



	Hair, nail, and skin care services
	81211
	1,079.3
	2.1
	1.7
	3.1
	1.0
	4.9



	Funeral homes and funeral services
	81221
	112.3
	-0.4
	4.1
	-0.5
	-0.1
	3.5



	Drycleaning and laundry services
	8123
	305.9
	1.9
	1.6
	1.0
	-0.8
	2.6



	Coin-operated laundries and drycleaners
	81231
	42.9
	2.2
	2.2
	0.3
	-1.9
	2.5



	Drycleaning and laundry services (except coin-operated)
	81232
	129.2
	0.7
	2.2
	-1.3
	-2.0
	0.9



	Linen and uniform supply
	81233
	133.8
	2.1
	1.0
	3.1
	0.9
	4.1



	Photofinishing
	81292
	9.1
	2.0
	2.4
	-4.8
	-6.7
	-2.6







	
		Footnotes

		(1) For NAICS industries 484, 4841, 48411, 493, 4931, 49311, and 49312, average annual percent changes are for 1992-2019.

		(2) For NAICS industries 4842, 48422, 48423, 71391, and 71394, average annual percent changes are for 2002-2019.

		(3) For NAICS industries 491 and 4911, average annual percent changes are for the fiscal year ending in September.

		(4) For NAICS industries 5412, 54121, 541211, 541219, 5615, and 7132, average annual percent changes are for 1997-2019.

		(5) For NAICS industry 54194, average annual percent changes are for 2004-2019.

		(6) For NAICS industries 56131, 6215, 621511, and 621512, average annual percent changes are for 1994-2019.

		(7) For NAICS industry 6221,3, average annual percent changes are for 1993-2018. Employment is for 2018.

		(8) For NAICS industry 7131, average annual percent changes are for 2007-2019.

Table 2. Long run labor productivity, unit labor costs, and related data
Industry	2017 NAICS code	2019 Employment (thousands)	Average annual percent change, 1987-2019
Utilities

Utilities	22	549.4	2.2	1.5	1.4	-0.7	2.9
Utilities	221	549.4	2.2	1.5	1.4	-0.7	2.9
Power generation and supply	2211	386.0	2.9	0.8	1.9	-0.9	2.7
Natural gas distribution	2212	110.1	1.2	3.0	0.3	-0.9	3.3
Water, sewage and other systems	2213	53.3	-1.7	4.8	0.7	2.4	5.5

Transportation and Warehousing

Air transportation	481	494.4	3.0	1.0	2.8	-0.2	3.8
Line-haul railroads	482111	158.8	3.4	-0.4	1.7	-1.7	1.3
Truck transportation(1)	484	1,763.5	0.8	1.0	2.2	1.4	3.3
General freight trucking(1)	4841	1,271.5	1.3	1.1	2.5	1.3	3.6
General freight trucking, local(1)	48411	341.2	2.8	0.1	4.0	1.2	4.1
General freight trucking, long-distance	48412	930.3	1.3	0.6	2.4	1.0	3.0
Specialized freight trucking(2)	4842	492.0	1.0	1.8	2.2	1.2	4.1
Used household and office goods moving	48421	100.9	-0.8	2.8	-0.3	0.5	2.5
Other specialized trucking, local(2)	48422	246.8	0.6	2.2	2.2	1.7	4.5
Other specialized trucking, long-distance(2)	48423	144.3	1.9	1.2	3.6	1.7	4.8
Postal service(3)	491	607.2	0.0	3.2	-0.7	-0.6	2.5
Postal service(3)	4911	607.2	0.0	3.2	-0.7	-0.6	2.5
Couriers and messengers	492	883.6	-2.3	3.5	0.7	3.1	4.2
Warehousing and storage(1)	493	1,238.8	1.3	0.5	5.7	4.4	6.2
Warehousing and storage(1)	4931	1,238.8	1.3	0.5	5.7	4.4	6.2
General warehousing and storage(1)	49311	1,106.8	2.3	-0.2	7.0	4.6	6.8
Refrigerated warehousing and storage(1)	49312	67.2	0.5	1.1	3.6	3.0	4.7

Information

Publishing	511	795.8	4.3	1.3	4.0	-0.3	5.3
Newspaper, book, and directory publishers	5111	329.8	0.2	3.9	-2.8	-2.9	1.0
Newspaper publishers	51111	145.1	-0.5	3.8	-4.3	-3.9	-0.6
Periodical publishers	51112	90.2	-0.1	4.4	-1.8	-1.7	2.6
Book publishers	51113	59.8	-0.1	4.5	-1.1	-1.0	3.3
Software publishers	5112	466.0	10.7	-5.2	17.5	6.1	11.3
Motion picture and video exhibition	51213	149.0	1.1	2.4	1.5	0.4	4.0
Broadcasting, except Internet	515	278.0	3.0	1.4	3.0	0.0	4.4
Radio and television broadcasting	5151	222.0	2.2	1.4	1.9	-0.3	3.4
Radio broadcasting	51511	84.9	3.6	1.2	2.4	-1.2	3.6
Cable and other subscription programming	5152	56.0	4.9	2.5	6.2	1.2	8.9
Wired and wireless telecommunications carriers	5173	631.4	6.6	-2.6	5.7	-0.9	2.9
Wired telecommunications carriers	517311	523.7	3.8	-0.2	2.4	-1.4	2.2
Wireless telecommunications carriers	517312	107.7	12.0	-6.7	17.6	5.0	9.7

Finance and Insurance

Commercial banking	52211	1,392.8	2.8	2.2	2.7	-0.1	4.9

Real Estate and Rental and Leasing

Passenger car rental	532111	128.4	2.0	1.7	3.0	1.0	4.8
Truck, trailer, and RV rental and leasing	53212	91.4	2.2	1.1	3.2	1.0	4.4
Video tape and disc rental	532282	7.3	5.6	-0.8	-3.6	-8.7	-4.4

Professional and Technical Services

Accounting and bookkeeping services(4)	5412	1,186.3	2.0	1.7	2.7	0.7	4.4
Accounting and bookkeeping services(4)	54121	1,186.3	2.0	1.7	2.7	0.7	4.4
Offices of certified public accountants(4)	541211	505.4	2.1	2.0	3.1	1.1	5.2
Tax preparation services	541213	137.7	0.6	2.4	1.9	1.4	4.4
Other accounting services(4)	541219	366.2	3.3	-0.4	3.4	0.1	2.9
Architectural services	54131	216.0	1.5	1.8	2.7	1.2	4.5
Engineering services	54133	1,047.4	1.0	2.8	2.7	1.7	5.6
Advertising agencies	54181	227.6	2.0	1.8	2.6	0.6	4.5
Photography studios, portrait	541921	52.3	1.4	1.2	1.6	0.2	2.8
Veterinary services(5)	54194	418.7	-1.2	4.7	1.5	2.7	6.2

Administrative and Waste Services

Employment placement and executive search(6)	56131	299.8	4.2	0.0	5.1	0.9	5.2
Travel arrangement and reservation services(4)	5615	248.1	7.1	-2.0	5.1	-1.8	3.0
Travel agencies	56151	107.3	7.4	-2.1	6.1	-1.2	3.9
Janitorial services	56172	1,374.1	2.6	0.9	4.1	1.5	5.0

Health Care and Social Assistance

Medical and diagnostic laboratories(6)	6215	298.7	2.1	0.6	5.0	2.9	5.7
Medical laboratories(6)	621511	211.5	2.0	0.5	5.0	2.9	5.5
Diagnostic imaging centers(6)	621512	87.2	2.2	0.9	5.1	2.8	6.0
Hospitals, except psychiatric and substance abuse hospitals(7)	6221,3	5001.7	0.3	3.2	1.8	1.5	5.1

Arts, Entertainment, and Recreation

Amusement parks and arcades(8)	7131	228.0	0.7	4.6	0.4	-0.3	5.1
Amusement and theme parks	71311	195.4	0.1	4.1	1.8	1.7	5.9
Gambling industries(4)	7132	124.9	2.2	2.0	1.7	-0.4	3.8
Golf courses and country clubs(2)	71391	386.5	-1.1	4.2	-0.1	1.0	4.1
Fitness and recreational sports centers(2)	71394	707.4	3.7	-0.2	4.3	0.6	4.1
Bowling centers	71395	71.8	0.6	2.6	-0.8	-1.4	1.8

Accommodation and Food Services

Accommodation and food services	72	14,407.4	0.8	2.7	2.4	1.6	5.1
Accommodation	721	2,116.0	1.9	1.9	2.7	0.8	4.6
Traveler accommodation	7211	2,024.2	1.9	1.8	2.8	0.8	4.7
Hotels and motels, except casino hotels	72111	1,698.2	1.3	2.6	2.1	0.8	4.7
Food services and drinking places	722	12,291.4	0.5	3.0	2.2	1.7	5.3
Special food services	7223	873.8	1.0	1.7	2.4	1.3	4.1
Drinking places, alcoholic beverages	7224	417.2	-0.5	3.3	-0.1	0.4	3.2
Restaurants and other eating places	72251	11,000.4	0.5	3.2	2.4	1.8	5.6
Full-service restaurants	722511	5,573.4	0.7	3.5	2.4	1.7	5.9
Limited-service eating places	722513,4,5	5,427.0	0.4	2.8	2.4	2.0	5.3

Other Services

Automotive repair and maintenance	8111	1,163.3	1.2	2.1	1.6	0.4	3.7
Reupholstery and furniture repair	81142	22.4	-1.5	4.3	-3.0	-1.5	1.2
Personal care services	8121	1,314.9	2.2	1.7	3.5	1.2	5.2
Hair, nail, and skin care services	81211	1,079.3	2.1	1.7	3.1	1.0	4.9
Funeral homes and funeral services	81221	112.3	-0.4	4.1	-0.5	-0.1	3.5
Drycleaning and laundry services	8123	305.9	1.9	1.6	1.0	-0.8	2.6
Coin-operated laundries and drycleaners	81231	42.9	2.2	2.2	0.3	-1.9	2.5
Drycleaning and laundry services (except coin-operated)	81232	129.2	0.7	2.2	-1.3	-2.0	0.9
Linen and uniform supply	81233	133.8	2.1	1.0	3.1	0.9	4.1
Photofinishing	81292	9.1	2.0	2.4	-4.8	-6.7	-2.6
Footnotes (1) For NAICS industries 484, 4841, 48411, 493, 4931, 49311, and 49312, average annual percent changes are for 1992-2019. (2) For NAICS industries 4842, 48422, 48423, 71391, and 71394, average annual percent changes are for 2002-2019. (3) For NAICS industries 491 and 4911, average annual percent changes are for the fiscal year ending in September. (4) For NAICS industries 5412, 54121, 541211, 541219, 5615, and 7132, average annual percent changes are for 1997-2019. (5) For NAICS industry 54194, average annual percent changes are for 2004-2019. (6) For NAICS industries 56131, 6215, 621511, and 621512, average annual percent changes are for 1994-2019. (7) For NAICS industry 6221,3, average annual percent changes are for 1993-2018. Employment is for 2018. (8) For NAICS industry 7131, average annual percent changes are for 2007-2019.

Last Modified Date: June 11, 2021