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For release 10:00 a.m. (EDT) Thursday, June 30, 2022 USDL-22-1352 Technical information: (202) 691-5606 • productivity@bls.gov • www.bls.gov/lpc Media contact: (202) 691-5902 • PressOffice@bls.gov PRODUCTIVITY AND COSTS BY INDUSTRY SELECTED SERVICE-PROVIDING INDUSTRIES - 2021 Labor productivity rose in 24 of 30 selected service-providing industries in 2021, the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics reported today. Increases in both output and hours worked were widespread in 2021. Output rose in 27 industries, more than twice the 11 industries that saw increases in 2020. Hours worked increased in 18 industries in 2021. This was three times as many as the 6 industries which had growth in hours worked in 2020. In 2020, labor productivity increased in 17 of 30 industries as declines in hours outpaced declines in output for many industries. Change in productivity is approximately equal to the change in output minus the change in hours worked. In three of the six industries with the largest change in productivity, hours worked fell while output increased, leading to productivity gains. This was the case in travel arrangement and reservation services, the industry with the highest productivity growth, as well as two broadcasting industries: radio and television broadcasting and cable and other subscription programming. Productivity also increased in three industries where hours worked increased at a slower rate than output. This was the case in amusement parks and arcades, air transportation, and full-service restaurants. Trends in Labor Productivity in 2021 • Labor productivity rose in 24 of 30 industries in 2021. • There were 4 industries where productivity rose more than 25 percent: travel arrangement and reservation services (136.8 percent), amusement parks and arcades (87.4 percent), air transportation (61.8 percent), and full-service restaurants (25.3 percent). In all 4 of those industries, output grew more than 44 percent. • The three industries with the greatest productivity gains in 2021 also saw the largest declines in 2020. In each industry productivity fell over 20 percent and output fell by over 40 percent. • Hours worked increased in 18 of the 30 industries. • Hours worked rose in each of the five industries which recorded declines in productivity. Two of these industries had double-digit growth in hours worked: warehousing and storage (15.8 percent) and couriers and messengers (10.5 percent). Unit labor costs decreased in 20 industries in 2021. In 19 of these industries, productivity increased. Unit labor costs reflect the total labor costs required to produce a unit of output. Unit labor costs increase when hourly compensation growth exceeds productivity growth. Changes in labor productivity counter the impact of changes in hourly compensation on unit labor costs facing employers. Hourly compensation increased more than productivity in all four industries with both rising productivity and unit labor costs. Trends in Unit Labor Costs in 2021 • The largest declines in unit labor costs were in air transportation (-37.2 percent), amusement parks and arcades (-44.8 percent), and travel arrangement and reservation services (-51.6 percent). Productivity rose by more than 60 percent in each of these industries. • Two industries had double-digit rates of growth in unit labor costs: couriers and messengers (15.8 percent) and medical and diagnostic laboratories (13.7 percent). Both industries also had double-digit gains in output, hours worked, and hourly compensation. • Hourly compensation rose in 26 of the 30 industries measured. 2019 to 2021 Trends Although 27 selected service-providing industries increased output from 2020 to 2021, not all these industries saw their output return to their pre-pandemic levels. Eight industries had levels of output that were lower in 2021 than in 2019, despite seeing positive output growth from 2020 to 2021. Of these eight industries, the two with the steepest average annual declines in output from 2019 to 2021 were air transportation (-17.6 percent) and line-haul railroads (-7.5 percent). The 2019 to 2021 trends in hours worked show a similar result. Of the 18 selected service-providing industries that increased hours worked from 2020 to 2021, 7 of these had hours worked that were still below their pre-pandemic levels. Of these 7 industries, the 2 with the largest average annual decreases in hours worked from 2019 to 2021 were amusement parks and arcades (-14.6 percent) and gambling industries (-7.1 percent). Long term productivity rose in 44 out of 58 service-providing industries. For most industries studied, this period extends from 1987 to 2020, the latest year for which data are available for all 58 selected service-providing industries published on the BLS website. None of the rates in this section incorporate data for 2021. Trends in Long Term Productivity • Median long term productivity growth for all 58 industries was approximately 1.5 percent per year. • Output increased over the long term in 41 industries while hours worked increased in 31 industries. • Productivity increased in 43 of the 58 industries over the business cycle preceding the pandemic: 2007 to 2019. During this period, 40 industries had increases in output and 27 experienced growth in hours worked. Additional Information The productivity and costs measures in this release incorporate data from the Census Bureau's Service Annual Survey (November 2021). Accordingly, the labor productivity and output series for all industries have been revised for 2020 and earlier years. The following NAICS codes are included in Tables 1 and 3 but not counted in the short-term count of 30 selected industries because they are duplicate codes or aggregates for which full underlying coverage is published: 22, 221, 484, 4841, 4911, 4931, 511, 5111, 515, 5173, 54121, 722, and 72251. The following NAICS codes are included in Table 2 but not counted in the long-term count of 58 selected industries because they are duplicate codes or aggregates for which full underlying coverage is published: 22, 221, 484, 4841, 4842, 491, 493, 4931, 511, 5111, 515, 5151, 5173, 5412, 54121, 5615, 6215, 6221,3, 7131, 72, 721, 7211, 722, 72251, 8121, and 8123. Access productivity data at www.bls.gov/productivity/tables/labor-productivity-detailed-industries.xlsx for • Additional industries and sectors • Detailed data series: indexes of productivity and related measures; rates of change; and levels of industry employment, hours worked, nominal value of production, and labor compensation • Additional years and long-term data Subscribe to productivity news releases on the BLS website at public.govdelivery.com/accounts/USDOLBLS/subscriber/new.
Technical Note Labor Productivity: Labor productivity describes the relationship between real output and the labor hours involved in its production. These measures show the changes from period to period in the amount of goods and services produced per hour worked. Although the labor productivity measures relate output in an industry to hours worked of all persons in that industry, they do not measure the specific contribution of labor to growth in output. Rather, they reflect the joint effects of many influences, including: changes in technology; capital investment; utilization of capacity, energy, and materials; the use of purchased services inputs, including contract employment services; the organization of production; the characteristics and effort of the workforce; and managerial skill. Unit Labor Costs: Unit labor costs represent the cost of labor required to produce one unit of output. The unit labor cost indexes are computed by dividing an index of nominal industry labor compensation by an index of real industry output. Unit labor costs also describe the relationship between compensation per hour and real output per hour (labor productivity). Increases in hourly compensation increase unit labor costs; increases in labor productivity offset compensation increases and reduce unit labor costs. Output: Real industry output is measured as an annual-weighted index of the changes in the various products (in real terms) provided for sale outside the industry. Real industry output is usually derived by deflating nominal sales or values of production using BLS price indexes, but for some industries it is measured by physical quantities of output. Industry output measures are constructed primarily using data from the economic censuses and annual surveys of the U.S. Census Bureau, U.S. Department of Commerce, together with information on price changes from BLS. Other data sources include: the Energy Information Administration, U.S. Department of Energy; the Bureau of Transportation Statistics, U.S. Department of Transportation; the U.S. Postal Service; the Postal Rate Commission; and the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation. Data from the Quarterly Service Survey from the Census Bureau are used to construct preliminary output measures for 2021 for some industries. Data from both the Census Bureau's Quarterly Service Survey and Monthly Retail Trade Survey are used to construct preliminary output measures for 2021 for some industries. Labor Hours: Labor hours are measured as annual hours worked by all employed persons in an industry. Data on industry employment and hours come primarily from the BLS Current Employment Statistics (CES) survey and Current Population Survey (CPS). CES data on the number of total and production worker jobs held by wage and salary workers in nonfarm establishments are supplemented with CPS self-employed and unpaid family worker data to estimate industry employment. Hours worked estimates are derived using CES and CPS employment, CES data on the average weekly hours paid of production workers, CPS data on hours of nonproduction, self-employed, and unpaid family workers, and ratios of hours worked to hours paid based on data from the National Compensation Survey (NCS). For some industries, employment and hours data are supplemented or further disaggregated using data from the BLS Quarterly Census of Employment and Wages (QCEW), the Census Bureau, or other sources. Additional sources of employment and hours data for certain service industries include the Association of American Railroads, the U.S. Department of Transportation, and the U.S. Postal Service. Hours worked are estimated separately for different types of workers and then are directly aggregated; no adjustments for labor composition are made. Labor Compensation: Labor compensation, defined as payroll plus supplemental payments, is a measure of the cost to the employer of securing the services of labor. Payroll includes salaries, wages, commissions, dismissal pay, bonuses, vacation and sick leave pay, and compensation in kind. Supplemental payments include both legally required expenditures and payments for voluntary programs. The legally required portion consists primarily of federal old age and survivors' insurance, unemployment compensation, and workers' compensation. Payments for voluntary programs include all programs not specifically required by legislation, such as the employer portion of private health insurance and pension plans. Industry compensation measures are constructed primarily using data from the economic censuses and annual surveys of the Census Bureau, U.S. Department of Commerce. The estimates for 2021 are constructed using data from the BLS Quarterly Census of Employment and Wages (QCEW). If you are deaf, hard of hearing, or have a speech disability, please dial 7-1-1 to access telecommunications relay services.
Industry | 2017 NAICS code | 2021 Employment (thousands) |
Percent change, 2020-2021 | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Labor productivity | Unit labor costs | Output | Hours worked | Labor compensation | |||
Utilities |
|||||||
Utilities |
22 |
540.8 | 2.1 | 1.1 | 1.4 | -0.7 | 2.5 |
Utilities |
221 |
540.8 | 2.1 | 1.1 | 1.4 | -0.7 | 2.5 |
Power generation and supply |
2211 |
377.7 | 2.7 | -0.3 | 1.8 | -0.9 | 1.4 |
Natural gas distribution |
2212 |
109.1 | 1.0 | 6.6 | -0.3 | -1.3 | 6.3 |
Water, sewage and other systems |
2213 |
54.0 | 1.6 | -0.3 | 3.5 | 1.9 | 3.2 |
Transportation and Warehousing |
|||||||
Air transportation |
481 |
450.1 | 61.8 | -37.2 | 71.3 | 5.9 | 7.6 |
Line-haul railroads |
482111 |
131.2 | 3.9 | -3.2 | 2.6 | -1.2 | -0.7 |
Truck transportation |
484 |
1,770.5 | -0.2 | 2.5 | 7.4 | 7.7 | 10.1 |
General freight trucking |
4841 |
1,292.5 | -1.1 | 4.0 | 7.4 | 8.6 | 11.7 |
General freight trucking, local |
48411 |
363.4 | 7.1 | -7.4 | 20.0 | 12.0 | 11.0 |
General freight trucking, long-distance |
48412 |
929.1 | -2.4 | 6.7 | 4.7 | 7.3 | 11.8 |
Specialized freight trucking |
4842 |
478.0 | 2.9 | -2.1 | 8.4 | 5.3 | 6.2 |
Postal service(1) |
491 |
606.0 | -3.6 | -0.2 | -2.3 | 1.4 | -2.5 |
Postal service(1) |
4911 |
606.0 | -3.6 | -0.2 | -2.3 | 1.4 | -2.5 |
Couriers and messengers |
492 |
1,228.3 | -0.1 | 15.8 | 10.4 | 10.5 | 27.8 |
Warehousing and storage |
493 |
1,653.3 | -3.1 | 7.4 | 12.2 | 15.8 | 20.5 |
Warehousing and storage |
4931 |
1,653.3 | -3.1 | 7.4 | 12.2 | 15.8 | 20.5 |
Information |
|||||||
Publishing |
511 |
815.0 | 12.8 | 1.5 | 14.4 | 1.4 | 16.2 |
Newspaper, book, and directory publishers |
5111 |
271.6 | 14.5 | -10.8 | 5.3 | -8.0 | -6.0 |
Newspaper publishers |
51111 |
113.2 | 6.9 | -5.3 | 2.4 | -4.2 | -3.0 |
Periodical publishers |
51112 |
75.7 | 13.1 | -13.2 | 3.5 | -8.5 | -10.2 |
Software publishers |
5112 |
543.4 | 9.9 | 4.3 | 16.8 | 6.3 | 21.8 |
Broadcasting, except Internet |
515 |
238.8 | 18.4 | -9.5 | 8.3 | -8.5 | -2.0 |
Radio and television broadcasting |
5151 |
192.2 | 18.0 | -8.2 | 8.3 | -8.2 | -0.6 |
Cable and other subscription programming |
5152 |
46.6 | 20.4 | -12.1 | 8.8 | -9.7 | -4.3 |
Wired and wireless telecommunications carriers |
5173 |
587.3 | 4.3 | -2.7 | 3.4 | -0.9 | 0.6 |
Wired telecommunications carriers |
517311 |
489.2 | 0.0 | 0.4 | -0.2 | -0.2 | 0.2 |
Wireless telecommunications carriers |
517312 |
98.1 | 13.2 | -5.6 | 7.7 | -4.8 | 1.7 |
Finance and Insurance |
|||||||
Commercial banking |
52211 |
1,358.6 | 11.7 | -2.6 | 9.1 | -2.3 | 6.2 |
Real Estate and Rental and Leasing |
|||||||
Truck, trailer, and RV rental and leasing |
53212 |
93.0 | 3.8 | 0.0 | 9.3 | 5.3 | 9.4 |
Professional and Technical Services |
|||||||
Accounting and bookkeeping services |
5412 |
1,188.0 | 6.1 | -0.1 | 9.0 | 2.7 | 9.0 |
Accounting and bookkeeping services |
54121 |
1,188.0 | 6.1 | -0.1 | 9.0 | 2.7 | 9.0 |
Engineering services |
54133 |
1,070.4 | 4.6 | -3.3 | 7.8 | 3.1 | 4.3 |
Administrative and Waste Services |
|||||||
Travel arrangement and reservation services |
5615 |
158.7 | 136.8 | -51.6 | 91.6 | -19.1 | -7.3 |
Health Care and Social Assistance |
|||||||
Medical and diagnostic laboratories |
6215 |
325.3 | 3.7 | 13.7 | 15.3 | 11.2 | 31.2 |
Arts, Entertainment, and Recreation |
|||||||
Amusement parks and arcades |
7131 |
164.5 | 87.4 | -44.8 | 121.7 | 18.3 | 22.4 |
Gambling industries |
7132 |
105.2 | 8.7 | -9.7 | 37.2 | 26.2 | 24.0 |
Accommodation and Food Services |
|||||||
Food services and drinking places |
722 |
10,847.7 | 17.0 | -6.2 | 29.3 | 10.5 | 21.3 |
Restaurants and other eating places |
72251 |
9,880.4 | 14.3 | -4.0 | 27.0 | 11.1 | 21.9 |
Full-service restaurants |
722511 |
4625.3 | 25.3 | -10.4 | 44.2 | 15.1 | 29.2 |
Limited-service eating places |
722513,4,5 |
5255.1 | 5.1 | 1.0 | 13.3 | 7.8 | 14.4 |
Other Services |
|||||||
Automotive repair and maintenance |
8111 |
1,184.5 | -2.8 | 9.4 | 4.8 | 7.8 | 14.6 |
Drycleaning and laundry services |
8123 |
242.0 | 5.2 | -2.3 | 3.2 | -1.9 | 0.9 |
Footnotes |
Industry | 2017 NAICS code | 2020 Employment (thousands) |
Average annual percent change, 1987-2020 | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Labor productivity | Unit labor costs | Output | Hours worked | Labor compensation | |||
Utilities |
|||||||
Utilities |
22 |
542.9 | 2.0 | 1.6 | 1.3 | -0.7 | 2.9 |
Utilities |
221 |
542.9 | 2.0 | 1.6 | 1.3 | -0.7 | 2.9 |
Power generation and supply |
2211 |
380.8 | 2.8 | 0.8 | 1.8 | -0.9 | 2.6 |
Natural gas distribution |
2212 |
109.8 | 1.0 | 3.1 | 0.1 | -0.8 | 3.2 |
Water, sewage and other systems |
2213 |
52.3 | -1.7 | 4.7 | 0.6 | 2.3 | 5.4 |
Transportation and Warehousing |
|||||||
Air transportation |
481 |
455.2 | 0.4 | 3.2 | -0.1 | -0.5 | 3.1 |
Line-haul railroads |
482111 |
137.9 | 3.3 | -0.2 | 1.0 | -2.2 | 0.8 |
Truck transportation(1) |
484 |
1,695.0 | 0.9 | 0.9 | 2.1 | 1.2 | 3.0 |
General freight trucking(1) |
4841 |
1,227.0 | 1.4 | 0.9 | 2.4 | 1.1 | 3.4 |
General freight trucking, local(1) |
48411 |
335.2 | 2.8 | 0.1 | 3.8 | 1.0 | 3.9 |
General freight trucking, long-distance |
48412 |
891.8 | 1.4 | 0.5 | 2.3 | 0.8 | 2.8 |
Specialized freight trucking(2) |
4842 |
468.0 | 1.1 | 1.6 | 1.9 | 0.7 | 3.5 |
Used household and office goods moving |
48421 |
96.2 | -0.6 | 2.7 | -0.4 | 0.2 | 2.3 |
Other specialized trucking, local(2) |
48422 |
234.1 | 0.7 | 1.9 | 1.8 | 1.1 | 3.8 |
Other specialized trucking, long-distance(2) |
48423 |
137.7 | 1.9 | 1.0 | 3.2 | 1.3 | 4.3 |
Postal service(3) |
491 |
602.3 | 0.0 | 3.1 | -0.6 | -0.6 | 2.5 |
Postal service(3) |
4911 |
602.3 | 0.0 | 3.1 | -0.6 | -0.6 | 2.5 |
Couriers and messengers |
492 |
1065.4 | -2.6 | 3.0 | 1.0 | 3.7 | 4.1 |
Warehousing and storage(1) |
493 |
1,418.2 | 0.8 | 1.2 | 5.6 | 4.7 | 6.8 |
Warehousing and storage(1) |
4931 |
1,418.2 | 0.8 | 1.2 | 5.6 | 4.7 | 6.8 |
General warehousing and storage(1) |
49311 |
1,286.9 | 1.8 | 0.5 | 6.9 | 5.0 | 7.4 |
Refrigerated warehousing and storage(1) |
49312 |
68.3 | 0.5 | 1.4 | 3.3 | 2.8 | 4.8 |
Information |
|||||||
Publishing |
511 |
804.5 | 4.2 | 1.4 | 4.0 | -0.2 | 5.5 |
Newspaper, book, and directory publishers |
5111 |
298.3 | 0.2 | 3.9 | -2.9 | -3.1 | 0.9 |
Newspaper publishers |
51111 |
120.3 | -0.3 | 3.8 | -4.5 | -4.2 | -0.9 |
Periodical publishers |
51112 |
85.0 | -0.2 | 4.5 | -2.0 | -1.8 | 2.4 |
Book publishers |
51113 |
58.6 | -0.1 | 4.5 | -1.2 | -1.1 | 3.3 |
Software publishers |
5112 |
506.2 | 10.3 | -4.9 | 17.2 | 6.3 | 11.4 |
Motion picture and video exhibition |
51213 |
62.0 | -0.1 | 3.9 | -2.5 | -2.4 | 1.3 |
Broadcasting, except Internet |
515 |
256.9 | 3.1 | 1.3 | 2.8 | -0.3 | 4.1 |
Radio and television broadcasting |
5151 |
205.7 | 2.6 | 1.0 | 2.0 | -0.6 | 3.0 |
Radio broadcasting |
51511 |
75.2 | 3.9 | 0.7 | 2.4 | -1.5 | 3.1 |
Cable and other subscription programming |
5152 |
51.2 | 4.8 | 2.9 | 5.7 | 0.8 | 8.8 |
Wired and wireless telecommunications carriers |
5173 |
604.2 | 6.5 | -2.7 | 5.5 | -1.0 | 2.6 |
Wired telecommunications carriers |
517311 |
500.4 | 3.7 | -0.4 | 2.2 | -1.4 | 1.8 |
Wireless telecommunications carriers |
517312 |
103.8 | 11.8 | -6.4 | 17.1 | 4.7 | 9.5 |
Finance and Insurance |
|||||||
Commercial banking |
52211 |
1,388.3 | 2.6 | 2.4 | 2.5 | -0.1 | 5.0 |
Real Estate and Rental and Leasing |
|||||||
Passenger car rental |
532111 |
94.4 | 2.1 | 1.8 | 1.9 | -0.2 | 3.7 |
Truck, trailer, and RV rental and leasing |
53212 |
86.7 | 2.4 | 1.0 | 3.0 | 0.6 | 4.1 |
Video tape and disc rental |
532282 |
5.7 | 5.3 | 0.1 | -4.5 | -9.3 | -4.4 |
Professional and Technical Services |
|||||||
Accounting and bookkeeping services(4) |
5412 |
1,146.5 | 2.0 | 1.5 | 2.6 | 0.5 | 4.1 |
Accounting and bookkeeping services(4) |
54121 |
1,146.5 | 2.0 | 1.5 | 2.6 | 0.5 | 4.1 |
Offices of certified public accountants(4) |
541211 |
502.5 | 2.0 | 1.8 | 3.1 | 1.1 | 5.0 |
Tax preparation services |
541213 |
130.3 | 0.6 | 2.5 | 1.7 | 1.1 | 4.2 |
Other accounting services(4) |
541219 |
350.7 | 3.4 | -0.6 | 3.3 | -0.2 | 2.6 |
Architectural services |
54131 |
207.2 | 1.5 | 1.6 | 2.5 | 1.0 | 4.2 |
Engineering services |
54133 |
1,046.0 | 0.9 | 2.8 | 2.6 | 1.6 | 5.5 |
Advertising agencies |
54181 |
212.6 | 2.3 | 1.4 | 2.7 | 0.4 | 4.2 |
Photography studios, portrait |
541921 |
38.8 | 1.5 | 0.6 | 0.9 | -0.6 | 1.5 |
Veterinary services(5) |
54194 |
425.9 | -0.7 | 3.9 | 2.1 | 2.8 | 6.1 |
Administrative and Waste Services |
|||||||
Employment placement and executive search(6) |
56131 |
264.6 | 4.5 | -0.1 | 4.9 | 0.4 | 4.7 |
Travel arrangement and reservation services(4) |
5615 |
188.8 | 5.5 | -1.0 | 2.5 | -2.8 | 1.5 |
Travel agencies |
56151 |
80.7 | 6.5 | -1.5 | 4.3 | -2.1 | 2.7 |
Janitorial services |
56172 |
1,328.1 | 2.6 | 0.8 | 4.0 | 1.4 | 4.9 |
Health Care and Social Assistance |
|||||||
Medical and diagnostic laboratories(6) |
6215 |
296.8 | 2.4 | 0.2 | 5.2 | 2.7 | 5.4 |
Medical laboratories(6) |
621511 |
214.3 | 2.5 | -0.1 | 5.4 | 2.8 | 5.4 |
Diagnostic imaging centers(6) |
621512 |
82.5 | 2.3 | 0.8 | 4.7 | 2.3 | 5.5 |
Hospitals, except psychiatric and substance abuse hospitals(7) |
6221,3 |
5052.2 | 0.4 | 3.2 | 1.8 | 1.5 | 5.1 |
Arts, Entertainment, and Recreation |
|||||||
Amusement parks and arcades(8) |
7131 |
156.1 | -1.9 | 7.9 | -5.8 | -3.9 | 1.7 |
Amusement and theme parks |
71311 |
132.5 | -1.2 | 5.6 | -1.0 | 0.1 | 4.5 |
Gambling industries(4) |
7132 |
88.3 | 2.7 | 1.6 | 0.6 | -2.1 | 2.2 |
Golf courses and country clubs(2) |
71391 |
337.3 | -0.9 | 4.2 | -0.8 | 0.1 | 3.3 |
Fitness and recreational sports centers(2) |
71394 |
486.2 | 3.0 | 0.3 | 1.6 | -1.4 | 1.8 |
Bowling centers |
71395 |
44.9 | 0.4 | 3.0 | -2.5 | -3.0 | 0.3 |
Accommodation and Food Services |
|||||||
Accommodation and food services |
72 |
11,588.5 | 0.7 | 2.7 | 1.5 | 0.8 | 4.3 |
Accommodation |
721 |
1,497.7 | 1.7 | 2.1 | 1.3 | -0.4 | 3.4 |
Traveler accommodation |
7211 |
1,425.6 | 1.8 | 2.1 | 1.3 | -0.5 | 3.4 |
Hotels and motels, except casino hotels |
72111 |
1,183.2 | 1.3 | 2.5 | 0.7 | -0.6 | 3.2 |
Food services and drinking places |
722 |
10,090.8 | 0.5 | 3.0 | 1.5 | 1.0 | 4.5 |
Special food services |
7223 |
617.0 | 0.7 | 1.9 | 1.1 | 0.4 | 3.0 |
Drinking places, alcoholic beverages |
7224 |
278.5 | -0.7 | 3.6 | -1.6 | -1.0 | 1.9 |
Restaurants and other eating places |
72251 |
9,195.3 | 0.6 | 3.1 | 1.7 | 1.2 | 4.9 |
Full-service restaurants |
722511 |
4,236.6 | 0.7 | 3.3 | 1.4 | 0.7 | 4.7 |
Limited-service eating places |
722513,4,5 |
4,958.7 | 0.4 | 2.9 | 2.0 | 1.6 | 5.0 |
Other Services |
|||||||
Automotive repair and maintenance |
8111 |
1,091.0 | 1.0 | 2.1 | 1.3 | 0.3 | 3.4 |
Reupholstery and furniture repair |
81142 |
19.1 | -0.9 | 3.5 | -3.0 | -2.0 | 0.4 |
Personal care services |
8121 |
1,022.6 | 2.2 | 1.5 | 2.5 | 0.2 | 4.0 |
Hair, nail, and skin care services |
81211 |
836.8 | 2.0 | 1.5 | 2.1 | 0.1 | 3.6 |
Funeral homes and funeral services |
81221 |
104.1 | -0.1 | 3.7 | -0.3 | -0.2 | 3.3 |
Drycleaning and laundry services |
8123 |
253.1 | 2.1 | 1.4 | 0.6 | -1.5 | 1.9 |
Coin-operated laundries and drycleaners |
81231 |
40.5 | 2.1 | 2.3 | -0.1 | -2.2 | 2.2 |
Drycleaning and laundry services (except coin-operated) |
81232 |
99.9 | 0.5 | 2.2 | -2.3 | -2.8 | -0.1 |
Linen and uniform supply |
81233 |
112.7 | 2.5 | 0.6 | 2.9 | 0.3 | 3.5 |
Photofinishing |
81292 |
6.9 | 2.0 | 1.9 | -5.2 | -7.0 | -3.4 |
Footnotes |
Industry | 2017 NAICS code | 2021 Employment (thousands) |
Average annual percent change, 2019-2021 | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Labor productivity | Unit labor costs | Output | Hours worked | Labor compensation | |||
Utilities |
|||||||
Utilities |
22 |
540.8 | -0.2 | 3.0 | -0.7 | -0.6 | 2.2 |
Utilities |
221 |
540.8 | -0.2 | 3.0 | -0.7 | -0.6 | 2.2 |
Power generation and supply |
2211 |
377.7 | 0.5 | 2.0 | -0.4 | -0.9 | 1.6 |
Natural gas distribution |
2212 |
109.1 | -2.4 | 6.6 | -2.4 | -0.1 | 4.0 |
Water, sewage and other systems |
2213 |
54.0 | 1.1 | 1.9 | 1.8 | 0.7 | 3.8 |
Transportation and Warehousing |
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Air transportation |
481 |
450.1 | -16.1 | 14.0 | -17.6 | -1.8 | -6.0 |
Line-haul railroads |
482111 |
131.2 | 1.7 | 0.5 | -7.5 | -9.0 | -7.0 |
Truck transportation |
484 |
1,770.5 | 2.1 | 0.6 | 3.2 | 1.0 | 3.8 |
General freight trucking |
4841 |
1,292.5 | 1.9 | 1.1 | 3.8 | 1.9 | 4.9 |
General freight trucking, local |
48411 |
363.4 | 5.9 | -4.0 | 9.6 | 3.5 | 5.2 |
General freight trucking, long-distance |
48412 |
929.1 | 1.2 | 2.2 | 2.5 | 1.3 | 4.8 |
Specialized freight trucking |
4842 |
478.0 | 3.4 | -1.3 | 2.1 | -1.3 | 0.8 |
Postal service(1) |
491 |
606.0 | -1.3 | 0.2 | -0.6 | 0.7 | -0.4 |
Postal service(1) |
4911 |
606.0 | -1.3 | 0.2 | -0.6 | 0.7 | -0.4 |
Couriers and messengers |
492 |
1,228.3 | -6.1 | 6.6 | 10.7 | 17.9 | 18.0 |
Warehousing and storage |
493 |
1,653.3 | -7.3 | 13.0 | 7.2 | 15.6 | 21.1 |
Warehousing and storage |
4931 |
1,653.3 | -7.3 | 13.0 | 7.2 | 15.6 | 21.1 |
Information |
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Publishing |
511 |
815.0 | 7.0 | 4.0 | 9.6 | 2.4 | 14.0 |
Newspaper, book, and directory publishers |
5111 |
271.6 | 7.7 | -3.3 | -1.5 | -8.5 | -4.8 |
Newspaper publishers |
51111 |
113.2 | 5.4 | -1.6 | -4.7 | -9.6 | -6.2 |
Periodical publishers |
51112 |
75.7 | 3.8 | -3.2 | -3.6 | -7.2 | -6.7 |
Software publishers |
5112 |
543.4 | 3.4 | 5.9 | 12.5 | 8.8 | 19.2 |
Broadcasting, except Internet |
515 |
238.8 | 15.3 | -7.7 | 4.9 | -9.0 | -3.1 |
Radio and television broadcasting |
5151 |
192.2 | 16.8 | -10.5 | 6.8 | -8.6 | -4.4 |
Cable and other subscription programming |
5152 |
46.6 | 15.7 | -3.9 | 3.3 | -10.7 | -0.6 |
Wired and wireless telecommunications carriers |
5173 |
587.3 | 4.0 | -1.8 | 1.3 | -2.7 | -0.5 |
Wired telecommunications carriers |
517311 |
489.2 | 0.9 | 0.2 | -1.4 | -2.2 | -1.2 |
Wireless telecommunications carriers |
517312 |
98.1 | 9.8 | -2.7 | 4.4 | -4.9 | 1.6 |
Finance and Insurance |
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Commercial banking |
52211 |
1,358.6 | 3.5 | 3.7 | 2.5 | -1.0 | 6.3 |
Real Estate and Rental and Leasing |
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Truck, trailer, and RV rental and leasing |
53212 |
93.0 | 7.6 | -0.5 | 3.5 | -3.9 | 2.9 |
Professional and Technical Services |
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Accounting and bookkeeping services |
5412 |
1,188.0 | 4.6 | -0.9 | 4.9 | 0.2 | 3.9 |
Accounting and bookkeeping services |
54121 |
1,188.0 | 4.6 | -0.9 | 4.9 | 0.2 | 3.9 |
Engineering services |
54133 |
1,070.4 | 2.2 | 0.2 | 3.3 | 1.1 | 3.5 |
Administrative and Waste Services |
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Travel arrangement and reservation services |
5615 |
158.7 | 34.2 | -22.1 | 6.2 | -20.9 | -17.3 |
Health Care and Social Assistance |
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Medical and diagnostic laboratories |
6215 |
325.3 | 8.1 | 2.3 | 12.3 | 3.9 | 14.9 |
Arts, Entertainment, and Recreation |
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Amusement parks and arcades |
7131 |
164.5 | 15.6 | -6.3 | -1.3 | -14.6 | -7.6 |
Gambling industries |
7132 |
105.2 | 10.3 | -6.2 | 2.4 | -7.1 | -3.9 |
Accommodation and Food Services |
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Food services and drinking places |
722 |
10,847.7 | 8.3 | -2.6 | 2.5 | -5.4 | -0.2 |
Restaurants and other eating places |
72251 |
9,880.4 | 7.7 | -1.9 | 2.9 | -4.4 | 1.0 |
Full-service restaurants |
722511 |
4625.3 | 12.4 | -5.6 | 3.3 | -8.1 | -2.5 |
Limited-service eating places |
722513,4,5 |
5255.1 | 3.2 | 3.0 | 2.4 | -0.8 | 5.5 |
Other Services |
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Automotive repair and maintenance |
8111 |
1,184.5 | -3.1 | 6.7 | -1.5 | 1.7 | 5.2 |
Drycleaning and laundry services |
8123 |
242.0 | 6.9 | -2.1 | -5.3 | -11.4 | -7.3 |
Footnotes |