For release 10:00 a.m. (ET) Thursday, August 28, 2025 USDL-25-1325
Technical information: (202) 691-5606 productivity@bls.gov www.bls.gov/productivity
Media contact: (202) 691-5902 PressOffice@bls.gov
TOTAL FACTOR PRODUCTIVITY FOR DETAILED INDUSTRIES - 2022
Total factor productivity--defined as output per unit of combined inputs--fell in 66 of the 86 4-digit
NAICS manufacturing industries in 2022, the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics reported today. Among
durable manufacturing industries, 38 of 51 had total factor productivity declines led by an 11.9-percent
decline in the HVAC and commercial refrigeration equipment industry. Total factor productivity
declined in 28 of 35 nondurable manufacturing industries led by a 15.9-percent decline in paints,
coatings, and adhesives.
Four of the ten largest 4-digit NAICS manufacturing industries (those with employment over 350,000
workers) experienced increasing total factor productivity in 2022: animal slaughtering and processing
(+9.3 percent), aerospace products and parts (+4.6 percent), motor vehicle parts (+3.8 percent), and
semiconductors and electronic components (+1.3 percent). Output rose in 6 of these 10 industries led by
a 9.4-percent increase in motor vehicle parts. Combined inputs (capital, hours worked, materials, energy,
and purchased services) declined in two of these industries: animal slaughtering and processing (-3.2
percent) and aerospace products and parts (-0.6 percent). (See table 1.)
Six of the 20 industries with rising total factor productivity in 2022 had increases of more than 7.0
percent:
Glass and glass products (+13.1 percent)
Leather and hide tanning and finishing (+10.2 percent)
Apparel knitting mills (+9.4 percent)
Animal slaughtering and processing (+9.3 percent)
Communications equipment (+8.3 percent)
Resin, rubber, and artificial fibers (+7.7 percent)
Eight industries posted total factor productivity declines of more than 10.0 percent:
Paints, coatings, and adhesives (-15.9 percent)
Agricultural chemicals (-14.8 percent)
HVAC and commercial refrigeration equipment (-11.9 percent)
Spring and wire products (-11.8 percent)
Pharmaceuticals and medicines (-11.0 percent)
Electrical equipment (-10.7 percent)
Boilers, tanks, and shipping containers (-10.7 percent)
Iron and steel mills and ferroalloys (-10.6 percent)
Total Factor Productivity: Definition and Concepts
Changes in total factor productivity show the relationship between changes in real output and the
combined inputs used to produce that output. These combined inputs include hours worked, capital, and
intermediate inputs (energy, materials, and purchased services).
Measures of total factor productivity capture a variety of factors that influence economic growth that are
not specifically accounted for among measured inputs, including technological change, returns to scale,
enhancements in managerial and staff skills, changes in the organization of production, and other
efficiency improvements. Total factor productivity reflects these factors. See the technical note for more
information.
Components of Total Factor Productivity Growth: Output and Combined Inputs
Output increased in 42 of 86 manufacturing industries in 2022, compared to 65 industries in 2021.
Among the industries that posted gains, output increased by 15.0 percent or more in the following seven
industries in 2022:
Other electrical equipment and components (+24.6 percent)
Apparel knitting mills (+22.7 percent)
Railroad rolling stock (+20.5 percent)
Steel products from purchased steel (+19.0 percent)
Communications equipment (+18.2 percent)
Motor vehicles (+17.3 percent)
Glass and glass products (+15.1 percent)
Combined inputs of capital, labor, and intermediate inputs rose in 60 of 86 manufacturing industries in
2022, compared to 24 in 2021. Seventy-two industries saw increases in hours worked. Intermediate
inputs grew in 57 industries. Capital also increased in 41 of the industries reported.
Of the industries with rising combined inputs in 2022, six had gains of more than 11.0 percent:
Steel products from purchased steel (+22.4 percent)
Other electrical equipment and components (+16.6 percent)
Railroad rolling stock (+13.9 percent)
Accessories and other apparel (+12.8 percent)
Apparel knitting mills (+12.2 percent)
Motor vehicles (+11.3 percent)
Trends in Total Factor Productivity for Selected Time Periods
Both year-to-year movements and long-term trends in industry total factor productivity may reflect
cyclical changes in the economy. This was particularly true in 2022 due to economic volatility induced
by the COVID-19 pandemic. While long-term annual percent changes in total factor productivity are
affected by economic conditions such as the pandemic, these historical trends are nevertheless more
reliable indicators of industry performance.
More industries saw total factor productivity growth over the long term than the short term, a reversal
from 2021. Over the long-term period from 1987 to 2022, total factor productivity grew in 63 out of 86
manufacturing industries, compared to 20 from 2021 to 2022. (See tables 1 and 2.) Annual rates of
change in total factor productivity for all but four manufacturing industries ranged between -2.0 percent
and +2.0 percent per year over the long term. In contrast, total factor productivity decreased by 2.0
percent or more in 52 industries in 2022.
Although the distribution of total factor productivity growth for all the manufacturing industries may
change significantly annually, 55 out of 86 industries are clustered between an increase of 0.1 percent
and 1.0 percent in the long run.
Between 1987 and 2022, the number of manufacturing industries with growth in total factor productivity
was highest in 1992, 2003, 2010, and 2021. These were years of economic growth following recessions.
In contrast, relatively few manufacturing industries saw total factor productivity growth in the recession
years of 1991, 2001, 2009, and 2020.
Annual percent changes in total factor productivity by industry for periods between 1987 and 2022 are
provided in table 3. Seventy manufacturing industries had total factor productivity growth from 2000 to
2007, the most of any period. The 1990 to 2000 period recorded the highest number of industries with
growth in output (76) and combined inputs (70).
Total Factor Productivity as a Source of Labor Productivity Growth
Total factor productivity measures differ from the BLS labor productivity measures because they
compare output to the combined inputs of hours worked, capital, and intermediate inputs. Labor
productivity relates output only to hours worked. Mathematically, an industry's labor productivity is
equal to total factor productivity plus the effects of factor substitutions, also known as the contributions
of capital intensity and of intermediate inputs intensity. The contribution of capital intensity to labor
productivity refers to the change that is directly attributed to the use of capital relative to labor hours.
Similarly, the contribution of intermediate inputs intensity refers to the change that is directly attributed
to the use of purchased inputs relative to labor hours.
Seventy-nine of the 86 manufacturing industries posted gains in labor productivity from 1987 to 2022.
Among these industries, substitution of intermediate inputs for labor was the leading source of labor
productivity growth. (See table 4.) Growth in the contribution of intermediate inputs intensity occurs
when firms purchase a greater share of materials instead of using their own labor. Contribution of
intermediate inputs intensity may also rise when firms substitute contracted labor for payroll labor.
For the majority of industries with labor productivity growth between 1987 and 2000, the contribution of
intermediate inputs intensity was the greatest source of such growth. During the three successive time
periods (2000-2007, 2007-2019, and 2019-2022), fewer industries experienced labor productivity
growth that was primarily caused by contribution of intermediate inputs intensity. Total factor
productivity's influence receded from 2007 to 2019, but this trend has since reversed. From 2019 to
2022, the majority of manufacturing industries owed labor productivity gains to total factor productivity.
There were 12 manufacturing industries with labor productivity growth of at least 2.0 percent per year
from 1987 to 2022. Of these 12 industries, total factor productivity was the dominant source of labor
productivity growth in 8, including 4 industries that manufacture computers and electronic products
(computer and peripheral equipment, semiconductors and electronic components, communications
equipment, and audio and video equipment). Uniquely, the tobacco industry's labor productivity growth
was fueled by the contribution of capital intensity.
Additional Information
Measures of output and combined inputs for this release incorporate data from the 2022 Economic
Census (Geographic area statistics) which were released in December 2024. In years without an
Economic Census, total factor productivity measures for detailed manufacturing industries are based on
data from annual economic surveys produced by the U.S. Census Bureau. These annual surveys are
generally published approximately 1 year after the end of the calendar year being measured. Because of
the longer publication schedule of the Economic Census, the 2022 total factor productivity data for
detailed industries is being published with a 1-year lag behind BLS's standard publication schedule.
Durable manufacturing industries are those which produce durable goods. These are defined as tangible
products that can be stored or inventoried and that have an average life of at least 3 years, including
vehicles, appliances, and computers. Durable goods manufacturing industries are classified by the North
American Industry Classification System (NAICS) under the codes beginning with 321, 327, 331, 332,
333, 334, 335, 336, 337, and 339.
Nondurable manufacturing industries are those which produce nondurable goods. These are defined as
tangible products that can be stored or inventoried and that have an average life of less than 3 years,
including food products, chemicals, and apparel. Nondurable goods manufacturing industries are
classified by NAICS under the codes beginning with 311, 312, 313, 314, 315, 316, 322, 323, 324, 325,
and 326.
Access https://www.bls.gov/productivity/tables/total-factor-productivity-manufacturing-and-
transportation-detailed-industries.xlsx for:
Additional industries and sectors, including air transportation and line-haul railroads
Detailed data series: indexes of total factor productivity and related measures; rates of change;
and levels of industry employment, hours worked, sectoral output, and labor compensation
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Technical Note
Total Factor Productivity: Total factor productivity measures are derived by dividing an index of real
industry output by an index of the combined inputs of labor, capital, and intermediate inputs. The total
factor productivity indexes do not measure the specific contributions of capital, labor, and intermediate
inputs. Rather, they reflect the joint influences on economic growth of a number of factors that are not
specifically accounted for on the input side, including technological change, returns to scale, improved
skills of the workforce, better management techniques, or other efficiency improvements.
Output: Industry output is measured as annual sectoral output, the total value, in real terms, of goods
and services produced for sale outside the industry. Industry value of production is derived by adjusting
industry shipments for changes in inventories and subtracting intra-industry transfers and resales. For
most manufacturing industries, real output is measured by deflating nominal value of production, but for
some industries physical quantities of output are measured.
Output measures are constructed using data primarily from the economic censuses and annual surveys of
the Bureau of the Census, U.S. Department of Commerce, together with information on price changes
chiefly from the Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS).
Combined Inputs: The index of combined inputs is a Tφrnqvist index of separate quantity indexes of
capital, labor, and intermediate inputs (including fuels, electricity, materials, and purchased services).
The annual growth rates of the various inputs are aggregated using their relative cost shares as weights.
The labor weight is based on labor compensation, including fringe benefits. The weight for intermediate
inputs is based on the total cost of materials, fuels, electricity, and purchased services. The capital
weight is based on total capital cost, which is calculated as the value of sectoral production minus the
costs of labor compensation and intermediate inputs.
Capital Input: Capital input reflects the flow of services derived from the stock of physical assets.
Capital services are estimated by calculating productive capital stocks and are assumed to be
proportional to changes in these capital stocks for each asset. The capital index is a Tφrnqvist index of
separate quantity indexes of equipment, structures, inventories, and land.
Physical capital is composed of 24 categories of equipment, 10 categories of structures, 3 categories of
inventories, and land. Measures of total capital services for each industry are estimated by aggregating
the capital stocks of individual asset types. Estimates of investment by asset type for each industry are
derived using annual capital expenditures for detailed industries from the economic censuses and annual
surveys of the Bureau of the Census. Additional annual investment data comes from the fixed asset
accounts from the Bureau of Economic Analysis (BEA).
Annual investment data is supplemented with the 1997 benchmark capital flow table from the BEA as
well as the 2008, 2012, and 2017 Annual Capital Expenditures Surveys from the Bureau of the Census.
Price changes are removed from the annual investment data before calculating stocks. Price deflators for
each asset category are constructed by combining detailed price indexes (mostly BLS Producer Price
Indexes) with weights that reflect each industry's use of individual asset commodities.
The capital stocks for the different assets are combined using weights based on estimated annual rental
prices for each asset type, averaged between two time periods. Each rental price reflects the nominal rate
of return to all assets within the industry and the rates of economic depreciation and revaluation of the
specific asset. Rental prices are adjusted for the effects of taxes.
Labor Hours: Labor hours are measured as annual hours worked by all employed persons in an
industry. Data on industry employment and hours come primarily from the BLS Current Employment
Statistics (CES) survey and the Current Population Survey (CPS). CES data on the number of total and
production worker jobs held by wage and salary workers in nonfarm establishments are supplemented
with CPS data on self-employed and unpaid family workers to estimate industry employment. Hours
worked estimates are derived using CES and CPS employment, CES data on the average weekly hours
paid all employees, CPS data on hours of self-employed and unpaid family workers, and ratios of hours
worked to hours paid based on data from both the CPS and the National Compensation Survey (NCS).
For some industries, employment and hours data are supplemented or further disaggregated using data
from the BLS Quarterly Census of Employment and Wages (QCEW), the Census Bureau, or other
sources. Hours worked are estimated separately for different types of workers and then are directly
aggregated; no adjustments for labor composition are made.
Intermediate Inputs: The index of intermediate inputs is a Tφrnqvist index of separate quantities of
materials, purchased services, fuels, and electricity consumed by each industry. Except for electricity
consumed by manufacturing industries, for which direct quantity data are available, quantities are derived by
deflating current dollar values with appropriate price deflators.
Nominal values of materials, fuels and electricity, along with quantities of electricity consumed by each
industry are obtained from economic censuses and annual surveys of the Bureau of the Census. To avoid
double counting, an adjustment is made to the materials estimates to exclude the value of intra-industry
commodity transfers. Purchased business services are estimated using annual industry data and
benchmark input-output tables from BEA.
Constant dollar materials consumed are derived by dividing annual current dollar industry purchases by
a weighted price deflator for each industry. Aggregate materials deflators are constructed for each industry
by combining producer price indexes and import price indexes from BLS for detailed commodities. The
deflators are combined using weights based on detailed commodity data from the BEA benchmark input-
output tables. Aggregate price indexes to deflate purchased business services are constructed in a similar
manner using consumer price indexes (CPIs), PPIs, and deflators developed by BEA. The value of fuels
consumed by each industry is deflated with a weighted price deflator based on PPIs for individual fuel
categories; the weights reflect fuel expenditures by industry from the Energy Information
Administration (EIA), U.S. Department of Energy.
Labor Productivity: Labor productivity describes the relationship between real output and the labor
hours involved in its production. These measures show the changes from period to period in the amount
of goods and services produced per hour worked. Although the labor productivity measures relate output
in an industry to hours worked of all persons in that industry, they do not measure the specific
contribution of labor to growth in output. Rather, they reflect the joint effects of many influences,
including: changes in technology; capital investment; utilization of capacity, energy, and materials; the
use of purchased services inputs, including contract employment services; the organization of
production; the characteristics and effort of the workforce; and managerial skill.
Contributions to Labor Productivity:
Contribution of Capital Intensity: Capital intensity is the ratio of capital services to hours
worked in the production process. Multiplying the change in capital intensity times capital's
share of combined inputs yields the contribution of capital intensity.
Contribution of Intermediate Inputs Intensity: Intermediate inputs intensity is the ratio of
intermediate inputs to hours worked in the production process. Multiplying the change in
intermediate inputs intensity times intermediate inputs' share of combined inputs yields the
contribution of intermediate inputs intensity.
When positive, both the contribution of capital intensity and the contribution of intermediate
inputs intensity represent sources of labor productivity growth. These statistics represent factor
substitution in the production process. In other words, positive change in the contribution of
capital intensity indicates that labor productivity growth is being achieved in part through the
substitution of capital for labor. Likewise, positive change in the contribution of intermediate
inputs intensity indicates that labor productivity growth is being achieved in part through the
substitution of intermediate inputs for labor.
Over a given time period, the average logarithmic growth rate of labor productivity will equal the
sum of the average logarithmic growth rates of the contribution of capital intensity, the
contribution of intermediate inputs intensity, and total factor productivity. However, because
both output and input data are expressed annually, average annual (as opposed to logarithmic)
rates of change are calculated. Therefore, the sum of growth rates of total factor productivity, the
contribution of capital intensity, and the contribution of intermediate inputs intensity may not
precisely equal the rate of change of labor productivity.
Annual Percent Change: The annual percent change is the change in a series from one year to the
next as a percent of the series-value in the previous year. Over a period of more than one year, the
annual percent change is the compound annual growth rate in an index series, or an annualized
average growth rate. Because the change of an index series varies from year to year, the annual
percent change for a long time period reflects the constant rate that can be applied to each year in a
period, from the start to the end, that would give the same total result. It is calculated as (Ending
Value/Starting Value)^(1/Number of Years)-1.
Table 1. Recent total factor productivity and related data | Industry | 2017 NAICS code | 2022 Employment (thousands) | Percent change, 2021-2022 |
|---|
| Total factor productivity | Output | Combined inputs | Hours worked | Capital | Intermediate inputs |
|---|
|
Manufacturing | | | | | | | | |
|---|
| | | | | | | | |
|---|
Animal food | 3111 | 76.6 | -7.5 | -0.5 | 7.5 | 10.3 | 1.3 | 9.5 |
|---|
Grain and oilseed milling | 3112 | 63.8 | 1.7 | 6.4 | 4.6 | 3.2 | 0.9 | 5.7 |
|---|
Sugar and confectionery products | 3113 | 83.0 | -1.0 | -2.4 | -1.4 | 4.4 | 0.0 | -3.3 |
|---|
Fruit and vegetable preserving and specialty | 3114 | 177.5 | 2.0 | 1.9 | -0.1 | -3.0 | -1.9 | 1.5 |
|---|
Dairy products | 3115 | 162.2 | -1.4 | 0.6 | 2.0 | 1.9 | -0.4 | 2.6 |
|---|
Animal slaughtering and processing | 3116 | 535.4 | 9.3 | 5.8 | -3.2 | -2.4 | 1.7 | -5.0 |
|---|
Seafood product preparation and packaging | 3117 | 33.9 | -9.8 | -8.9 | 1.0 | -14.8 | 0.3 | 4.9 |
|---|
Bakeries and tortilla products | 3118 | 357.0 | -6.3 | -2.6 | 3.9 | 2.4 | 0.1 | 5.9 |
|---|
Other food products | 3119 | 256.7 | -4.5 | -1.8 | 2.9 | 8.8 | 0.5 | 2.8 |
|---|
| | | | | | | | |
|---|
Beverages | 3121 | 329.4 | -1.3 | 0.3 | 1.6 | 11.7 | -0.1 | -0.1 |
|---|
Tobacco | 3122 | 11.1 | -5.8 | -8.6 | -3.0 | 2.7 | -2.2 | -7.0 |
|---|
| | | | | | | | |
|---|
Fiber, yarn, and thread mills | 3131 | 26.2 | -8.3 | -12.6 | -4.7 | -2.7 | -5.0 | -5.2 |
|---|
Fabric mills | 3132 | 48.5 | -4.6 | -8.3 | -3.9 | -0.1 | -3.1 | -5.3 |
|---|
Textile and fabric finishing mills | 3133 | 25.8 | -9.6 | -16.7 | -7.8 | -2.3 | -4.4 | -9.5 |
|---|
| | | | | | | | |
|---|
Textile furnishings mills | 3141 | 48.1 | -0.1 | -5.4 | -5.3 | -0.7 | -1.2 | -8.3 |
|---|
Other textile product mills | 3149 | 70.1 | -5.2 | -12.8 | -8.1 | 4.7 | -5.1 | -14.9 |
|---|
| | | | | | | | |
|---|
Apparel knitting mills | 3151 | 7.7 | 9.4 | 22.7 | 12.2 | -3.2 | -5.6 | 24.0 |
|---|
Cut and sew apparel | 3152 | 93.3 | 1.4 | -0.4 | -1.8 | 12.1 | -4.1 | -8.2 |
|---|
Accessories and other apparel | 3159 | 17.0 | -6.8 | 5.1 | 12.8 | 27.0 | -2.4 | 6.7 |
|---|
| | | | | | | | |
|---|
Leather and hide tanning and finishing | 3161 | 4.3 | 10.2 | -0.8 | -9.9 | -6.1 | -3.8 | -10.9 |
|---|
Footwear | 3162 | 12.2 | -3.7 | -7.8 | -4.2 | 5.0 | -5.9 | -9.2 |
|---|
Other leather products | 3169 | 14.7 | -1.2 | 2.7 | 3.9 | 0.3 | -0.3 | 9.8 |
|---|
| | | | | | | | |
|---|
Sawmills and wood preservation | 3211 | 99.3 | -1.5 | 8.3 | 9.9 | 2.4 | 4.0 | 16.2 |
|---|
Plywood and engineered wood products | 3212 | 85.6 | -2.5 | 2.9 | 5.5 | 4.8 | 2.0 | 8.1 |
|---|
Other wood products | 3219 | 265.0 | -5.4 | -2.7 | 2.8 | 0.6 | 3.2 | 3.5 |
|---|
| | | | | | | | |
|---|
Pulp, paper, and paperboard mills | 3221 | 88.7 | -4.2 | -5.1 | -1.0 | 0.8 | -1.7 | -0.9 |
|---|
Converted paper products | 3222 | 274.6 | -1.8 | -3.1 | -1.4 | 2.7 | 1.0 | -3.3 |
|---|
| | | | | | | | |
|---|
Printing and related support activities | 3231 | 399.0 | -3.0 | -1.3 | 1.8 | 0.8 | -2.5 | 3.8 |
|---|
| | | | | | | | |
|---|
Petroleum and coal products | 3241 | 106.8 | -2.6 | 3.9 | 6.7 | 1.0 | -2.9 | 9.1 |
|---|
| | | | | | | | |
|---|
Basic chemicals | 3251 | 151.8 | -4.0 | 0.1 | 4.2 | 5.9 | -0.5 | 7.0 |
|---|
Resin, rubber, and artificial fibers | 3252 | 98.2 | 7.7 | 9.9 | 2.0 | 7.4 | 1.9 | 1.3 |
|---|
Agricultural chemicals | 3253 | 37.5 | -14.8 | -14.5 | 0.4 | -0.5 | -3.9 | 5.5 |
|---|
Pharmaceuticals and medicines | 3254 | 350.0 | -11.0 | -7.3 | 4.1 | 1.6 | 2.8 | 9.2 |
|---|
Paints, coatings, and adhesives | 3255 | 68.4 | -15.9 | -7.9 | 9.5 | 9.0 | 3.9 | 12.6 |
|---|
Soaps, cleaning compounds, and toiletries | 3256 | 127.7 | -6.9 | -7.0 | -0.2 | 7.3 | -0.6 | -1.6 |
|---|
Other chemical products and preparations | 3259 | 83.4 | -0.3 | 2.8 | 3.1 | 9.0 | 0.3 | 2.8 |
|---|
| | | | | | | | |
|---|
Plastics products | 3261 | 621.8 | -6.5 | -3.9 | 2.8 | 3.9 | 1.3 | 3.1 |
|---|
Rubber products | 3262 | 136.7 | -9.1 | -2.3 | 7.5 | 3.5 | 5.2 | 10.0 |
|---|
| | | | | | | | |
|---|
Clay products and refractories | 3271 | 43.0 | -4.5 | -2.6 | 1.9 | 15.5 | -2.3 | -3.6 |
|---|
Glass and glass products | 3272 | 86.2 | 13.1 | 15.1 | 1.8 | 1.3 | -1.5 | 3.0 |
|---|
Cement and concrete products | 3273 | 203.9 | -2.0 | 1.4 | 3.5 | 6.2 | -0.6 | 4.2 |
|---|
Lime and gypsum products | 3274 | 15.9 | 2.6 | 4.8 | 2.1 | 5.6 | 1.1 | 1.9 |
|---|
Other nonmetallic mineral products | 3279 | 82.0 | -4.5 | -6.0 | -1.5 | 2.0 | 2.4 | -5.0 |
|---|
| | | | | | | | |
|---|
Iron and steel mills and ferroalloys | 3311 | 83.1 | -10.6 | -1.8 | 9.9 | 5.0 | 0.3 | 16.4 |
|---|
Steel products from purchased steel | 3312 | 57.2 | -2.8 | 19.0 | 22.4 | 6.5 | 4.5 | 33.2 |
|---|
Alumina and aluminum production | 3313 | 60.0 | -4.0 | 4.1 | 8.4 | 4.5 | 0.2 | 12.9 |
|---|
Other nonferrous metal production | 3314 | 60.1 | -7.0 | 0.2 | 7.7 | 8.1 | 1.5 | 11.9 |
|---|
Foundries | 3315 | 108.5 | -4.4 | 3.6 | 8.4 | 3.6 | -2.3 | 14.3 |
|---|
| | | | | | | | |
|---|
Forging and stamping | 3321 | 93.4 | -9.6 | -10.4 | -0.9 | -1.1 | -0.8 | -0.9 |
|---|
Cutlery and handtools | 3322 | 37.8 | -2.2 | -3.3 | -1.2 | 0.6 | 0.2 | -2.9 |
|---|
Architectural and structural metals | 3323 | 407.1 | -3.2 | 7.4 | 10.9 | 3.5 | 4.2 | 17.4 |
|---|
Boilers, tanks, and shipping containers | 3324 | 91.5 | -10.7 | -5.9 | 5.3 | 6.2 | 1.5 | 6.4 |
|---|
Hardware | 3325 | 24.9 | -4.7 | -6.0 | -1.4 | 2.4 | -2.3 | -2.5 |
|---|
Spring and wire products | 3326 | 41.4 | -11.8 | -9.3 | 2.8 | 1.0 | -1.2 | 5.1 |
|---|
Machine shops and threaded products | 3327 | 349.4 | 0.6 | 7.5 | 6.8 | 6.8 | 1.4 | 9.1 |
|---|
Coating, engraving, and heat treating metals | 3328 | 129.6 | -0.9 | -4.7 | -3.9 | -1.9 | 0.0 | -6.8 |
|---|
Other fabricated metal products | 3329 | 280.9 | -2.5 | 0.8 | 3.3 | 4.9 | -0.2 | 4.4 |
|---|
| | | | | | | | |
|---|
Agriculture, construction, and mining machinery | 3331 | 216.9 | -1.5 | 3.1 | 4.6 | 10.3 | 0.2 | 4.7 |
|---|
Industrial machinery | 3332 | 134.0 | -5.1 | -3.6 | 1.5 | 8.0 | -1.2 | -1.4 |
|---|
Commercial and service industry machinery | 3333 | 90.3 | 0.7 | 3.9 | 3.2 | 4.7 | -1.0 | 3.7 |
|---|
HVAC and commercial refrigeration equipment | 3334 | 143.8 | -11.9 | -5.5 | 7.3 | 2.3 | 2.9 | 11.3 |
|---|
Metalworking machinery | 3335 | 163.0 | -6.3 | -4.8 | 1.6 | 2.5 | -1.1 | 1.9 |
|---|
Turbine and power transmission equipment | 3336 | 88.7 | 5.4 | 10.3 | 4.6 | 5.9 | -1.3 | 5.6 |
|---|
Other general purpose machinery | 3339 | 285.3 | -4.2 | 0.5 | 4.9 | 10.4 | 1.0 | 3.8 |
|---|
| | | | | | | | |
|---|
Computer and peripheral equipment | 3341 | 117.9 | -5.6 | -0.4 | 5.6 | 0.5 | -4.1 | 7.5 |
|---|
Communications equipment | 3342 | 86.4 | 8.3 | 18.2 | 9.1 | 4.4 | -3.2 | 14.4 |
|---|
Audio and video equipment | 3343 | 19.9 | -1.7 | 0.6 | 2.4 | 0.6 | 1.6 | 3.1 |
|---|
Semiconductors and electronic components | 3344 | 392.9 | 1.3 | 5.2 | 3.8 | 5.0 | -1.8 | 5.1 |
|---|
Electronic instruments | 3345 | 423.0 | -1.2 | 1.3 | 2.5 | 2.2 | 1.2 | 3.4 |
|---|
Magnetic media manufacturing and reproducing | 3346 | 12.6 | -4.9 | -9.3 | -4.6 | 2.4 | -7.1 | -6.9 |
|---|
| | | | | | | | |
|---|
Electric lighting equipment | 3351 | 40.2 | -2.5 | 2.5 | 5.1 | -2.5 | 1.5 | 10.0 |
|---|
Household appliances | 3352 | 69.2 | -9.0 | -13.4 | -4.8 | 0.7 | -0.6 | -8.3 |
|---|
Electrical equipment | 3353 | 143.7 | -10.7 | -7.5 | 3.6 | 2.6 | 0.0 | 5.3 |
|---|
Other electrical equipment and components | 3359 | 156.1 | 6.9 | 24.6 | 16.6 | 6.1 | 1.8 | 28.3 |
|---|
| | | | | | | | |
|---|
Motor vehicles | 3361 | 282.3 | 5.4 | 17.3 | 11.3 | 18.6 | 5.9 | 11.5 |
|---|
Motor vehicle bodies and trailers | 3362 | 174.8 | -4.3 | 2.5 | 7.1 | 1.8 | 6.5 | 8.5 |
|---|
Motor vehicle parts | 3363 | 558.3 | 3.8 | 9.4 | 5.4 | 3.2 | -2.9 | 6.7 |
|---|
Aerospace products and parts | 3364 | 502.5 | 4.6 | 3.9 | -0.6 | 5.3 | -3.7 | -3.2 |
|---|
Railroad rolling stock | 3365 | 20.3 | 5.8 | 20.5 | 13.9 | 5.5 | 1.1 | 18.0 |
|---|
Ship and boat building | 3366 | 153.4 | -3.3 | 5.1 | 8.6 | 4.2 | 4.2 | 13.2 |
|---|
Other transportation equipment | 3369 | 42.4 | -1.2 | -9.4 | -8.3 | 11.2 | -0.9 | -15.9 |
|---|
| | | | | | | | |
|---|
Household and institutional furniture | 3371 | 263.0 | 2.4 | 7.6 | 5.2 | 1.5 | 0.9 | 8.6 |
|---|
Office furniture and fixtures | 3372 | 106.0 | -2.8 | 0.2 | 3.1 | 4.0 | 1.0 | 3.4 |
|---|
Other furniture related products | 3379 | 36.5 | -2.2 | -6.1 | -4.1 | -3.2 | 0.5 | -5.9 |
|---|
| | | | | | | | |
|---|
Medical equipment and supplies | 3391 | 342.4 | -1.5 | -0.2 | 1.3 | 4.7 | 1.1 | -0.8 |
|---|
Other miscellaneous manufacturing | 3399 | 339.4 | -6.8 | -8.9 | -2.2 | 3.4 | -1.5 | -5.2 |
|---|
Table 2. Long run total factor productivity and related data | Industry | 2017 NAICS Code | Annual percent change, 1987-2022 |
|---|
| Total factor productivity | Output | Combined inputs | Hours worked | Capital | Intermediate inputs |
|---|
|
Manufacturing | | | | | | | |
|---|
| | | | | | | |
|---|
Animal food | 3111 | -0.1 | 1.5 | 1.6 | 0.6 | 1.7 | 1.7 |
|---|
Grain and oilseed milling | 3112 | 0.3 | 1.2 | 0.9 | -0.6 | 0.3 | 1.2 |
|---|
Sugar and confectionery products | 3113 | 0.2 | 0.5 | 0.4 | -0.1 | 0.7 | 0.3 |
|---|
Fruit and vegetable preserving and specialty | 3114 | 0.3 | 0.9 | 0.5 | 0.0 | 0.6 | 0.6 |
|---|
Dairy products | 3115 | 0.2 | 1.3 | 1.1 | 0.1 | 1.4 | 1.2 |
|---|
Animal slaughtering and processing | 3116 | 0.7 | 1.6 | 0.9 | 1.0 | 2.0 | 0.6 |
|---|
Seafood product preparation and packaging | 3117 | 0.2 | -0.3 | -0.5 | -1.3 | 0.8 | -0.6 |
|---|
Bakeries and tortilla products | 3118 | -0.7 | 0.3 | 1.0 | 0.2 | 0.8 | 1.5 |
|---|
Other food products | 3119 | 0.1 | 2.0 | 1.8 | 2.3 | 1.3 | 2.0 |
|---|
| | | | | | | |
|---|
Beverages | 3121 | 0.5 | 1.0 | 0.6 | 1.1 | 0.6 | 0.4 |
|---|
Tobacco | 3122 | -0.7 | -2.9 | -2.2 | -4.8 | -2.3 | -1.1 |
|---|
| | | | | | | |
|---|
Fiber, yarn, and thread mills | 3131 | 0.6 | -2.9 | -3.5 | -3.7 | -2.8 | -3.4 |
|---|
Fabric mills | 3132 | 1.0 | -3.0 | -3.9 | -5.0 | -2.6 | -3.7 |
|---|
Textile and fabric finishing mills | 3133 | -0.3 | -3.8 | -3.5 | -4.2 | -2.6 | -3.3 |
|---|
| | | | | | | |
|---|
Textile furnishings mills | 3141 | 0.1 | -2.4 | -2.5 | -2.6 | -1.1 | -3.0 |
|---|
Other textile product mills | 3149 | 0.4 | -0.9 | -1.3 | -1.6 | 0.1 | -1.4 |
|---|
| | | | | | | |
|---|
Apparel knitting mills | 3151 | 0.4 | -6.4 | -6.8 | -7.2 | -3.2 | -6.7 |
|---|
Cut and sew apparel | 3152 | -0.5 | -5.9 | -5.4 | -6.1 | -2.8 | -5.9 |
|---|
Accessories and other apparel | 3159 | -1.6 | -5.3 | -3.8 | -2.4 | -2.3 | -4.5 |
|---|
| | | | | | | |
|---|
Leather and hide tanning and finishing | 3161 | 1.0 | -2.7 | -3.7 | -4.1 | -2.4 | -3.7 |
|---|
Footwear | 3162 | -0.3 | -4.9 | -4.6 | -5.7 | -3.3 | -4.3 |
|---|
Other leather products | 3169 | 0.7 | -2.6 | -3.2 | -3.5 | -1.7 | -3.2 |
|---|
| | | | | | | |
|---|
Sawmills and wood preservation | 3211 | 0.9 | 0.4 | -0.4 | -1.3 | -0.8 | 0.0 |
|---|
Plywood and engineered wood products | 3212 | -0.2 | -0.2 | 0.0 | -0.5 | 0.2 | 0.5 |
|---|
Other wood products | 3219 | -0.1 | 0.0 | 0.1 | -0.8 | 0.6 | 0.5 |
|---|
| | | | | | | |
|---|
Pulp, paper, and paperboard mills | 3221 | 0.6 | -1.0 | -1.6 | -2.6 | -1.3 | -1.4 |
|---|
Converted paper products | 3222 | 0.0 | -0.4 | -0.4 | -1.0 | 0.5 | -0.5 |
|---|
| | | | | | | |
|---|
Printing and related support activities | 3231 | 0.2 | -1.0 | -1.1 | -2.0 | -0.3 | -0.9 |
|---|
| | | | | | | |
|---|
Petroleum and coal products | 3241 | 0.3 | 1.0 | 0.6 | -0.9 | 0.6 | 0.8 |
|---|
| | | | | | | |
|---|
Basic chemicals | 3251 | 0.1 | 0.5 | 0.5 | -1.3 | 0.4 | 1.0 |
|---|
Resin, rubber, and artificial fibers | 3252 | 0.4 | 0.3 | -0.1 | -1.2 | 0.5 | -0.1 |
|---|
Agricultural chemicals | 3253 | 0.9 | 0.1 | -0.7 | -0.9 | 0.0 | -1.2 |
|---|
Pharmaceuticals and medicines | 3254 | -1.1 | 0.9 | 2.0 | 1.9 | 3.5 | 0.5 |
|---|
Paints, coatings, and adhesives | 3255 | -0.5 | -0.3 | 0.2 | -0.4 | 0.2 | 0.3 |
|---|
Soaps, cleaning compounds, and toiletries | 3256 | 0.0 | 0.5 | 0.5 | 0.1 | 1.2 | -0.1 |
|---|
Other chemical products and preparations | 3259 | 0.4 | 0.1 | -0.4 | -1.6 | 0.0 | -0.1 |
|---|
| | | | | | | |
|---|
Plastics products | 3261 | 0.3 | 1.2 | 0.9 | 0.2 | 1.8 | 0.9 |
|---|
Rubber products | 3262 | 0.4 | 0.2 | -0.2 | -1.3 | 0.2 | 0.3 |
|---|
| | | | | | | |
|---|
Clay products and refractories | 3271 | 0.4 | -1.3 | -1.7 | -2.1 | -1.5 | -1.5 |
|---|
Glass and glass products | 3272 | 0.8 | 0.3 | -0.5 | -1.4 | -0.5 | 0.0 |
|---|
Cement and concrete products | 3273 | -0.1 | 0.3 | 0.4 | 0.3 | -0.2 | 0.6 |
|---|
Lime and gypsum products | 3274 | -0.5 | -0.2 | 0.3 | -1.2 | 0.5 | 0.7 |
|---|
Other nonmetallic mineral products | 3279 | 0.6 | 0.9 | 0.2 | 0.0 | -0.1 | 0.6 |
|---|
| | | | | | | |
|---|
Iron and steel mills and ferroalloys | 3311 | 0.6 | -0.3 | -0.8 | -2.1 | -2.0 | 0.0 |
|---|
Steel products from purchased steel | 3312 | 0.1 | 0.3 | 0.1 | -0.5 | -1.3 | 0.7 |
|---|
Alumina and aluminum production | 3313 | 1.1 | -0.2 | -1.2 | -1.6 | -0.8 | -1.1 |
|---|
Other nonferrous metal production | 3314 | 0.8 | -0.6 | -1.3 | -1.6 | -0.3 | -1.7 |
|---|
Foundries | 3315 | 0.3 | -0.7 | -1.0 | -1.9 | -0.9 | -0.3 |
|---|
| | | | | | | |
|---|
Forging and stamping | 3321 | 0.4 | 0.1 | -0.3 | -1.3 | 0.8 | 0.0 |
|---|
Cutlery and handtools | 3322 | 0.3 | -1.0 | -1.3 | -1.9 | -0.8 | -1.0 |
|---|
Architectural and structural metals | 3323 | -0.1 | 0.9 | 1.1 | 0.3 | 0.8 | 1.6 |
|---|
Boilers, tanks, and shipping containers | 3324 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | -0.4 | -0.2 | 0.2 |
|---|
Hardware | 3325 | -0.5 | -2.0 | -1.6 | -2.4 | -1.1 | -1.3 |
|---|
Spring and wire products | 3326 | 0.2 | -0.7 | -0.9 | -1.9 | 0.0 | -0.5 |
|---|
Machine shops and threaded products | 3327 | 0.9 | 2.0 | 1.1 | 0.4 | 1.7 | 1.7 |
|---|
Coating, engraving, and heat treating metals | 3328 | 1.0 | 1.6 | 0.6 | -0.3 | 0.9 | 1.1 |
|---|
Other fabricated metal products | 3329 | -0.3 | -0.1 | 0.2 | -0.5 | 0.2 | 0.7 |
|---|
| | | | | | | |
|---|
Agriculture, construction, and mining machinery | 3331 | 0.3 | 1.5 | 1.2 | 0.0 | 0.2 | 1.9 |
|---|
Industrial machinery | 3332 | 0.3 | 0.6 | 0.3 | -0.1 | 0.7 | 0.5 |
|---|
Commercial and service industry machinery | 3333 | 0.2 | 0.0 | -0.2 | -1.3 | -0.5 | 0.4 |
|---|
HVAC and commercial refrigeration equipment | 3334 | 0.1 | 0.4 | 0.3 | -0.2 | 0.7 | 0.4 |
|---|
Metalworking machinery | 3335 | 0.8 | 0.2 | -0.5 | -1.5 | -0.2 | 0.4 |
|---|
Turbine and power transmission equipment | 3336 | 0.4 | 0.8 | 0.4 | -0.5 | 0.1 | 1.0 |
|---|
Other general purpose machinery | 3339 | 0.1 | 0.9 | 0.8 | -0.3 | 0.4 | 1.6 |
|---|
| | | | | | | |
|---|
Computer and peripheral equipment | 3341 | 10.4 | 8.9 | -1.4 | -4.1 | -0.6 | -0.9 |
|---|
Communications equipment | 3342 | 3.1 | 2.0 | -1.1 | -2.8 | 0.3 | -0.6 |
|---|
Audio and video equipment | 3343 | 2.6 | 0.1 | -2.5 | -2.7 | -1.6 | -2.4 |
|---|
Semiconductors and electronic components | 3344 | 8.2 | 9.7 | 1.4 | -1.2 | 3.6 | 1.2 |
|---|
Electronic instruments | 3345 | 0.7 | 1.2 | 0.5 | -1.3 | 0.2 | 2.0 |
|---|
Magnetic media manufacturing and reproducing | 3346 | 0.4 | -3.4 | -3.8 | -2.8 | -2.1 | -4.9 |
|---|
| | | | | | | |
|---|
Electric lighting equipment | 3351 | 0.5 | -0.3 | -0.9 | -2.0 | -0.2 | -0.5 |
|---|
Household appliances | 3352 | 1.5 | 0.3 | -1.2 | -1.9 | -0.8 | -1.0 |
|---|
Electrical equipment | 3353 | 0.0 | -0.5 | -0.5 | -1.7 | -0.9 | 0.4 |
|---|
Other electrical equipment and components | 3359 | 0.7 | 0.6 | -0.2 | -0.9 | -0.2 | 0.2 |
|---|
| | | | | | | |
|---|
Motor vehicles | 3361 | 0.4 | 1.9 | 1.4 | -0.1 | 1.1 | 1.7 |
|---|
Motor vehicle bodies and trailers | 3362 | -0.4 | 2.0 | 2.4 | 0.5 | 1.8 | 3.0 |
|---|
Motor vehicle parts | 3363 | 1.5 | 2.2 | 0.7 | -0.3 | -0.1 | 1.2 |
|---|
Aerospace products and parts | 3364 | 0.0 | -0.4 | -0.3 | -1.4 | 0.3 | 0.3 |
|---|
Railroad rolling stock | 3365 | 0.9 | 2.0 | 1.1 | -0.4 | -0.1 | 1.9 |
|---|
Ship and boat building | 3366 | 0.6 | 1.1 | 0.5 | -0.6 | 0.2 | 1.4 |
|---|
Other transportation equipment | 3369 | 1.5 | 2.9 | 1.4 | 0.8 | 2.2 | 1.3 |
|---|
| | | | | | | |
|---|
Household and institutional furniture | 3371 | 0.5 | -0.4 | -0.9 | -1.5 | 0.0 | -0.7 |
|---|
Office furniture and fixtures | 3372 | -0.1 | -0.4 | -0.3 | -1.2 | 0.5 | -0.1 |
|---|
Other furniture related products | 3379 | 0.3 | 0.6 | 0.2 | -0.8 | 0.0 | 0.8 |
|---|
| | | | | | | |
|---|
Medical equipment and supplies | 3391 | 0.5 | 2.6 | 2.1 | 0.8 | 3.2 | 2.3 |
|---|
Other miscellaneous manufacturing | 3399 | 0.4 | -0.2 | -0.6 | -0.9 | 0.2 | -0.5 |
|---|
Table 3. Total factor productivity in selected periods | Industry | 2017 NAICS code | Annual percent change |
|---|
| 1987-2022 | 1987-1990 | 1990-2000 | 2000-2007 | 2007-2019 | 2019-2022 |
|---|
|
Manufacturing | | | | | | | |
|---|
| | | | | | | |
|---|
Animal food | 3111 | -0.1 | 0.9 | 0.0 | 1.8 | -1.5 | -0.5 |
|---|
Grain and oilseed milling | 3112 | 0.3 | 0.1 | 0.5 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 1.7 |
|---|
Sugar and confectionery products | 3113 | 0.2 | 0.2 | 1.6 | 0.2 | -1.5 | 2.0 |
|---|
Fruit and vegetable preserving and specialty | 3114 | 0.3 | -1.7 | 0.9 | 0.9 | -0.4 | 2.0 |
|---|
Dairy products | 3115 | 0.2 | -0.9 | 0.1 | 1.1 | -0.1 | 0.4 |
|---|
Animal slaughtering and processing | 3116 | 0.7 | 0.1 | 1.1 | 1.6 | -0.4 | 2.3 |
|---|
Seafood product preparation and packaging | 3117 | 0.2 | -1.4 | 1.0 | 1.9 | -0.1 | -3.0 |
|---|
Bakeries and tortilla products | 3118 | -0.7 | -3.6 | 0.2 | 0.6 | -1.6 | 0.2 |
|---|
Other food products | 3119 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.2 | 1.5 | -0.7 | 0.2 |
|---|
| | | | | | | |
|---|
Beverages | 3121 | 0.5 | 1.0 | 0.4 | 2.1 | -0.6 | 0.3 |
|---|
Tobacco | 3122 | -0.7 | 1.6 | 1.2 | -1.0 | -2.5 | -1.0 |
|---|
| | | | | | | |
|---|
Fiber, yarn, and thread mills | 3131 | 0.6 | 1.3 | 0.4 | 4.2 | -0.4 | -3.3 |
|---|
Fabric mills | 3132 | 1.0 | 0.8 | 1.3 | 3.6 | -0.6 | 0.6 |
|---|
Textile and fabric finishing mills | 3133 | -0.3 | 0.6 | 0.7 | 0.5 | -0.5 | -5.5 |
|---|
| | | | | | | |
|---|
Textile furnishings mills | 3141 | 0.1 | 0.0 | 0.2 | 0.7 | -1.3 | 3.9 |
|---|
Other textile product mills | 3149 | 0.4 | 0.1 | -0.2 | 1.9 | 0.4 | -0.2 |
|---|
| | | | | | | |
|---|
Apparel knitting mills | 3151 | 0.4 | 0.5 | -0.3 | -1.5 | 1.0 | 5.3 |
|---|
Cut and sew apparel | 3152 | -0.5 | -1.2 | -0.6 | -1.4 | -0.3 | 2.3 |
|---|
Accessories and other apparel | 3159 | -1.6 | 1.0 | -3.0 | -1.9 | -1.3 | -0.2 |
|---|
| | | | | | | |
|---|
Leather and hide tanning and finishing | 3161 | 1.0 | -4.1 | 1.8 | -3.9 | 3.9 | 4.3 |
|---|
Footwear | 3162 | -0.3 | -1.4 | -0.3 | 0.0 | -0.2 | -0.4 |
|---|
Other leather products | 3169 | 0.7 | 0.3 | -2.0 | 3.0 | 0.7 | 4.8 |
|---|
| | | | | | | |
|---|
Sawmills and wood preservation | 3211 | 0.9 | 1.5 | -0.1 | 1.8 | 0.8 | 1.7 |
|---|
Plywood and engineered wood products | 3212 | -0.2 | -0.8 | -0.2 | 1.0 | 0.3 | -4.7 |
|---|
Other wood products | 3219 | -0.1 | -0.6 | -0.7 | 0.6 | 0.0 | 0.5 |
|---|
| | | | | | | |
|---|
Pulp, paper, and paperboard mills | 3221 | 0.6 | -1.2 | 1.0 | 2.1 | 0.3 | -0.8 |
|---|
Converted paper products | 3222 | 0.0 | 0.3 | 0.1 | 0.9 | -0.8 | 0.1 |
|---|
| | | | | | | |
|---|
Printing and related support activities | 3231 | 0.2 | 0.1 | -0.3 | 1.0 | 0.2 | -0.5 |
|---|
| | | | | | | |
|---|
Petroleum and coal products | 3241 | 0.3 | -1.9 | 2.5 | -2.0 | -0.3 | 3.6 |
|---|
| | | | | | | |
|---|
Basic chemicals | 3251 | 0.1 | -0.3 | -2.0 | 3.6 | -0.6 | 1.8 |
|---|
Resin, rubber, and artificial fibers | 3252 | 0.4 | -1.5 | 0.8 | 2.4 | -1.1 | 2.2 |
|---|
Agricultural chemicals | 3253 | 0.9 | 1.2 | 1.1 | 4.2 | -1.0 | -0.3 |
|---|
Pharmaceuticals and medicines | 3254 | -1.1 | -1.9 | -1.9 | 0.4 | -0.8 | -2.8 |
|---|
Paints, coatings, and adhesives | 3255 | -0.5 | -2.1 | -0.4 | 2.0 | -1.0 | -3.4 |
|---|
Soaps, cleaning compounds, and toiletries | 3256 | 0.0 | -1.1 | -0.1 | 4.8 | -1.3 | -4.4 |
|---|
Other chemical products and preparations | 3259 | 0.4 | -1.2 | 1.4 | 0.6 | -0.7 | 3.1 |
|---|
| | | | | | | |
|---|
Plastics products | 3261 | 0.3 | -0.1 | 1.1 | 1.2 | -0.3 | -1.2 |
|---|
Rubber products | 3262 | 0.4 | 1.1 | 1.2 | 0.8 | -0.3 | -1.2 |
|---|
| | | | | | | |
|---|
Clay products and refractories | 3271 | 0.4 | 1.4 | 1.3 | -0.1 | -0.6 | 1.0 |
|---|
Glass and glass products | 3272 | 0.8 | 0.4 | 2.0 | 1.0 | -0.4 | 1.5 |
|---|
Cement and concrete products | 3273 | -0.1 | 1.2 | 0.5 | 0.0 | -1.4 | 1.5 |
|---|
Lime and gypsum products | 3274 | -0.5 | -1.4 | -0.7 | 0.9 | -1.5 | 1.7 |
|---|
Other nonmetallic mineral products | 3279 | 0.6 | -0.2 | 0.9 | 2.5 | -0.3 | -0.4 |
|---|
| | | | | | | |
|---|
Iron and steel mills and ferroalloys | 3311 | 0.6 | 1.3 | 1.7 | 1.2 | 1.0 | -6.5 |
|---|
Steel products from purchased steel | 3312 | 0.1 | 1.4 | 0.9 | 0.5 | -0.9 | -0.4 |
|---|
Alumina and aluminum production | 3313 | 1.1 | 0.3 | -0.3 | 2.5 | 1.7 | 0.1 |
|---|
Other nonferrous metal production | 3314 | 0.8 | -4.2 | 2.9 | -3.0 | 2.0 | 3.0 |
|---|
Foundries | 3315 | 0.3 | 0.0 | 1.0 | 1.1 | -0.3 | -1.1 |
|---|
| | | | | | | |
|---|
Forging and stamping | 3321 | 0.4 | -0.4 | 0.0 | 4.3 | -0.4 | -3.5 |
|---|
Cutlery and handtools | 3322 | 0.3 | -1.1 | 0.1 | 0.8 | 0.2 | 1.8 |
|---|
Architectural and structural metals | 3323 | -0.1 | -1.0 | -0.5 | 1.8 | -0.7 | -0.2 |
|---|
Boilers, tanks, and shipping containers | 3324 | 0.0 | 0.7 | 1.1 | 0.7 | -0.9 | -2.0 |
|---|
Hardware | 3325 | -0.5 | -2.1 | 0.2 | -0.6 | -0.6 | -0.5 |
|---|
Spring and wire products | 3326 | 0.2 | 0.5 | 0.9 | 1.7 | -0.9 | -1.3 |
|---|
Machine shops and threaded products | 3327 | 0.9 | 1.4 | 1.6 | 1.7 | -0.6 | 2.1 |
|---|
Coating, engraving, and heat treating metals | 3328 | 1.0 | 1.4 | 0.4 | 3.4 | -0.1 | 1.1 |
|---|
Other fabricated metal products | 3329 | -0.3 | -1.5 | -0.5 | 1.9 | -1.5 | 1.5 |
|---|
| | | | | | | |
|---|
Agriculture, construction, and mining machinery | 3331 | 0.3 | 2.6 | -0.6 | 2.0 | -0.9 | 1.9 |
|---|
Industrial machinery | 3332 | 0.3 | 0.4 | 0.9 | 1.7 | -0.4 | -2.4 |
|---|
Commercial and service industry machinery | 3333 | 0.2 | 0.9 | -0.6 | -0.3 | 0.3 | 2.8 |
|---|
HVAC and commercial refrigeration equipment | 3334 | 0.1 | -0.1 | 0.6 | 1.8 | -0.3 | -3.7 |
|---|
Metalworking machinery | 3335 | 0.8 | 0.3 | 0.2 | 2.5 | 0.1 | 2.2 |
|---|
Turbine and power transmission equipment | 3336 | 0.4 | -0.5 | 0.4 | 0.0 | 0.3 | 2.2 |
|---|
Other general purpose machinery | 3339 | 0.1 | 0.5 | -0.1 | 2.1 | -0.9 | -0.4 |
|---|
| | | | | | | |
|---|
Computer and peripheral equipment | 3341 | 10.4 | 6.9 | 19.5 | 18.1 | 2.4 | 1.8 |
|---|
Communications equipment | 3342 | 3.1 | 3.5 | 5.4 | 5.0 | 0.1 | 3.6 |
|---|
Audio and video equipment | 3343 | 2.6 | 4.4 | 2.1 | 3.1 | 1.7 | 4.9 |
|---|
Semiconductors and electronic components | 3344 | 8.2 | 6.3 | 19.9 | 6.6 | 1.1 | 6.6 |
|---|
Electronic instruments | 3345 | 0.7 | 1.7 | 0.3 | 1.2 | 0.5 | 0.8 |
|---|
Magnetic media manufacturing and reproducing | 3346 | 0.4 | 0.3 | 1.7 | 2.2 | -1.6 | 0.1 |
|---|
| | | | | | | |
|---|
Electric lighting equipment | 3351 | 0.5 | -1.4 | 0.7 | 1.4 | 0.1 | 1.9 |
|---|
Household appliances | 3352 | 1.5 | 0.2 | 2.1 | 3.4 | 0.4 | 0.6 |
|---|
Electrical equipment | 3353 | 0.0 | 0.9 | 0.5 | 1.1 | -1.0 | -1.2 |
|---|
Other electrical equipment and components | 3359 | 0.7 | -1.1 | 1.3 | 0.4 | 0.1 | 4.0 |
|---|
| | | | | | | |
|---|
Motor vehicles | 3361 | 0.4 | 0.3 | -0.3 | 3.0 | -0.7 | 2.0 |
|---|
Motor vehicle bodies and trailers | 3362 | -0.4 | -2.2 | 0.3 | 0.1 | -0.6 | -1.7 |
|---|
Motor vehicle parts | 3363 | 1.5 | -0.7 | 2.2 | 2.0 | 0.7 | 3.6 |
|---|
Aerospace products and parts | 3364 | 0.0 | -1.5 | -0.1 | 2.4 | -0.4 | -2.1 |
|---|
Railroad rolling stock | 3365 | 0.9 | 1.0 | 2.0 | -1.6 | 0.6 | 4.4 |
|---|
Ship and boat building | 3366 | 0.6 | 0.3 | -0.2 | -0.7 | 1.8 | 1.8 |
|---|
Other transportation equipment | 3369 | 1.5 | -1.4 | 2.5 | 5.5 | -1.0 | 1.9 |
|---|
| | | | | | | |
|---|
Household and institutional furniture | 3371 | 0.5 | -0.1 | 0.4 | 0.9 | -0.2 | 3.1 |
|---|
Office furniture and fixtures | 3372 | -0.1 | -2.4 | 1.4 | 0.6 | -0.3 | -3.2 |
|---|
Other furniture related products | 3379 | 0.3 | 0.0 | 0.8 | 1.2 | -0.1 | -1.3 |
|---|
| | | | | | | |
|---|
Medical equipment and supplies | 3391 | 0.5 | 2.0 | 0.5 | 1.5 | -0.6 | 1.6 |
|---|
Other miscellaneous manufacturing | 3399 | 0.4 | 1.0 | 0.5 | 1.2 | -0.4 | 0.3 |
|---|
Table 4. Contributions to labor productivity | Industry | 2017 NAICS code | Annual percent change, 1987-2022 |
|---|
| Labor productivity | Contribution of capital intensity | Contribution of intermediate inputs intensity | Total factor productivity |
|---|
| | | | |
|---|
Manufacturing | | | | | |
|---|
| | | | | |
|---|
Animal food | 3111 | 0.9 | 0.2 | 0.8 | -0.1 |
|---|
Grain and oilseed milling | 3112 | 1.8 | 0.2 | 1.2 | 0.3 |
|---|
Sugar and confectionery products | 3113 | 0.7 | 0.3 | 0.3 | 0.2 |
|---|
Fruit and vegetable preserving and specialty | 3114 | 0.9 | 0.2 | 0.4 | 0.3 |
|---|
Dairy products | 3115 | 1.1 | 0.2 | 0.8 | 0.2 |
|---|
Animal slaughtering and processing | 3116 | 0.6 | 0.2 | -0.2 | 0.7 |
|---|
Seafood product preparation and packaging | 3117 | 1.0 | 0.3 | 0.5 | 0.2 |
|---|
Bakeries and tortilla products | 3118 | 0.0 | 0.1 | 0.6 | -0.7 |
|---|
Other food products | 3119 | -0.4 | -0.3 | -0.2 | 0.1 |
|---|
| | | | | |
|---|
Beverages | 3121 | -0.1 | -0.3 | -0.3 | 0.5 |
|---|
Tobacco | 3122 | 2.0 | 2.0 | 0.7 | -0.7 |
|---|
| | | | | |
|---|
Fiber, yarn, and thread mills | 3131 | 0.9 | 0.0 | 0.3 | 0.6 |
|---|
Fabric mills | 3132 | 2.1 | 0.3 | 0.9 | 1.0 |
|---|
Textile and fabric finishing mills | 3133 | 0.4 | 0.2 | 0.6 | -0.3 |
|---|
| | | | | |
|---|
Textile furnishings mills | 3141 | 0.2 | 0.3 | -0.2 | 0.1 |
|---|
Other textile product mills | 3149 | 0.8 | 0.1 | 0.2 | 0.4 |
|---|
| | | | | |
|---|
Apparel knitting mills | 3151 | 0.9 | 0.3 | 0.1 | 0.4 |
|---|
Cut and sew apparel | 3152 | 0.2 | 0.6 | 0.0 | -0.5 |
|---|
Accessories and other apparel | 3159 | -3.0 | 0.0 | -1.3 | -1.6 |
|---|
| | | | | |
|---|
Leather and hide tanning and finishing | 3161 | 1.4 | 0.1 | 0.3 | 1.0 |
|---|
Footwear | 3162 | 0.9 | 0.4 | 0.8 | -0.3 |
|---|
Other leather products | 3169 | 0.9 | 0.0 | 0.2 | 0.7 |
|---|
| | | | | |
|---|
Sawmills and wood preservation | 3211 | 1.8 | -0.1 | 1.0 | 0.9 |
|---|
Plywood and engineered wood products | 3212 | 0.2 | -0.2 | 0.6 | -0.2 |
|---|
Other wood products | 3219 | 0.8 | 0.1 | 0.8 | -0.1 |
|---|
| | | | | |
|---|
Pulp, paper, and paperboard mills | 3221 | 1.7 | 0.4 | 0.7 | 0.6 |
|---|
Converted paper products | 3222 | 0.6 | 0.3 | 0.3 | 0.0 |
|---|
| | | | | |
|---|
Printing and related support activities | 3231 | 1.0 | 0.3 | 0.5 | 0.2 |
|---|
| | | | | |
|---|
Petroleum and coal products | 3241 | 1.9 | 0.2 | 1.4 | 0.3 |
|---|
| | | | | |
|---|
Basic chemicals | 3251 | 1.9 | 0.4 | 1.4 | 0.1 |
|---|
Resin, rubber, and artificial fibers | 3252 | 1.4 | 0.3 | 0.7 | 0.4 |
|---|
Agricultural chemicals | 3253 | 1.1 | 0.4 | -0.1 | 0.9 |
|---|
Pharmaceuticals and medicines | 3254 | -1.0 | 0.4 | -0.3 | -1.1 |
|---|
Paints, coatings, and adhesives | 3255 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.5 | -0.5 |
|---|
Soaps, cleaning compounds, and toiletries | 3256 | 0.4 | 0.5 | -0.1 | 0.0 |
|---|
Other chemical products and preparations | 3259 | 1.7 | 0.4 | 0.9 | 0.4 |
|---|
| | | | | |
|---|
Plastics products | 3261 | 1.0 | 0.2 | 0.4 | 0.3 |
|---|
Rubber products | 3262 | 1.5 | 0.2 | 0.9 | 0.4 |
|---|
| | | | | |
|---|
Clay products and refractories | 3271 | 0.7 | 0.1 | 0.3 | 0.4 |
|---|
Glass and glass products | 3272 | 1.8 | 0.2 | 0.7 | 0.8 |
|---|
Cement and concrete products | 3273 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.2 | -0.1 |
|---|
Lime and gypsum products | 3274 | 1.0 | 0.4 | 1.1 | -0.5 |
|---|
Other nonmetallic mineral products | 3279 | 0.8 | -0.1 | 0.3 | 0.6 |
|---|
| | | | | |
|---|
Iron and steel mills and ferroalloys | 3311 | 1.9 | -0.1 | 1.4 | 0.6 |
|---|
Steel products from purchased steel | 3312 | 0.8 | -0.2 | 0.8 | 0.1 |
|---|
Alumina and aluminum production | 3313 | 1.5 | 0.1 | 0.3 | 1.1 |
|---|
Other nonferrous metal production | 3314 | 1.1 | 0.2 | 0.1 | 0.8 |
|---|
Foundries | 3315 | 1.2 | 0.1 | 0.8 | 0.3 |
|---|
| | | | | |
|---|
Forging and stamping | 3321 | 1.4 | 0.2 | 0.8 | 0.4 |
|---|
Cutlery and handtools | 3322 | 0.9 | 0.2 | 0.4 | 0.3 |
|---|
Architectural and structural metals | 3323 | 0.6 | 0.0 | 0.7 | -0.1 |
|---|
Boilers, tanks, and shipping containers | 3324 | 0.5 | 0.0 | 0.4 | 0.0 |
|---|
Hardware | 3325 | 0.4 | 0.3 | 0.6 | -0.5 |
|---|
Spring and wire products | 3326 | 1.2 | 0.3 | 0.7 | 0.2 |
|---|
Machine shops and threaded products | 3327 | 1.6 | 0.2 | 0.5 | 0.9 |
|---|
Coating, engraving, and heat treating metals | 3328 | 1.9 | 0.1 | 0.8 | 1.0 |
|---|
Other fabricated metal products | 3329 | 0.4 | 0.1 | 0.6 | -0.3 |
|---|
| | | | | |
|---|
Agriculture, construction, and mining machinery | 3331 | 1.5 | 0.0 | 1.2 | 0.3 |
|---|
Industrial machinery | 3332 | 0.7 | 0.0 | 0.4 | 0.3 |
|---|
Commercial and service industry machinery | 3333 | 1.3 | 0.2 | 1.0 | 0.2 |
|---|
HVAC and commercial refrigeration equipment | 3334 | 0.6 | 0.1 | 0.4 | 0.1 |
|---|
Metalworking machinery | 3335 | 1.8 | 0.1 | 0.9 | 0.8 |
|---|
Turbine and power transmission equipment | 3336 | 1.3 | 0.2 | 0.8 | 0.4 |
|---|
Other general purpose machinery | 3339 | 1.2 | 0.0 | 1.1 | 0.1 |
|---|
| | | | | |
|---|
Computer and peripheral equipment | 3341 | 13.6 | 1.0 | 1.8 | 10.4 |
|---|
Communications equipment | 3342 | 5.0 | 0.3 | 1.5 | 3.1 |
|---|
Audio and video equipment | 3343 | 2.9 | 0.1 | 0.2 | 2.6 |
|---|
Semiconductors and electronic components | 3344 | 11.0 | 1.7 | 0.8 | 8.2 |
|---|
Electronic instruments | 3345 | 2.5 | 0.3 | 1.5 | 0.7 |
|---|
Magnetic media manufacturing and reproducing | 3346 | -0.6 | 0.2 | -1.2 | 0.4 |
|---|
| | | | | |
|---|
Electric lighting equipment | 3351 | 1.7 | 0.3 | 0.9 | 0.5 |
|---|
Household appliances | 3352 | 2.2 | 0.2 | 0.6 | 1.5 |
|---|
Electrical equipment | 3353 | 1.2 | 0.2 | 1.0 | 0.0 |
|---|
Other electrical equipment and components | 3359 | 1.4 | 0.0 | 0.7 | 0.7 |
|---|
| | | | | |
|---|
Motor vehicles | 3361 | 2.0 | 0.2 | 1.3 | 0.4 |
|---|
Motor vehicle bodies and trailers | 3362 | 1.5 | 0.0 | 1.9 | -0.4 |
|---|
Motor vehicle parts | 3363 | 2.5 | 0.0 | 0.9 | 1.5 |
|---|
Aerospace products and parts | 3364 | 1.1 | 0.3 | 0.8 | 0.0 |
|---|
Railroad rolling stock | 3365 | 2.4 | 0.1 | 1.4 | 0.9 |
|---|
Ship and boat building | 3366 | 1.7 | 0.1 | 1.1 | 0.6 |
|---|
Other transportation equipment | 3369 | 2.1 | 0.2 | 0.4 | 1.5 |
|---|
| | | | | |
|---|
Household and institutional furniture | 3371 | 1.1 | 0.1 | 0.4 | 0.5 |
|---|
Office furniture and fixtures | 3372 | 0.8 | 0.3 | 0.5 | -0.1 |
|---|
Other furniture related products | 3379 | 1.4 | 0.1 | 0.9 | 0.3 |
|---|
| | | | | |
|---|
Medical equipment and supplies | 3391 | 1.8 | 0.7 | 0.6 | 0.5 |
|---|
Other miscellaneous manufacturing | 3399 | 0.7 | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.4 |
|---|
United States Department of Labor
