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Economic News Release
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Total Factor Productivity for Detailed Industries News Release

For release 10:00 a.m. (ET) Thursday, August 31, 2023					      USDL-23-1892

Technical Information:	(202) 691-5606  •  productivity@bls.gov •  www.bls.gov/productivity
Media Contact:			(202) 691-5902  •  PressOffice@bls.gov


		TOTAL FACTOR PRODUCTIVITY FOR DETAILED INDUSTRIES – 2021


Total factor productivity–-defined as output per unit of combined inputs-–rose in 78 of the 86 4-digit NAICS
manufacturing industries in 2021, the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics reported today. This represents an 
increase from 2020, when total factor productivity increased in 25 manufacturing industries. Total factor 
productivity also increased in air transportation and line-haul railroads in 2021.

The ten largest 4-digit NAICS manufacturing industries (those with employment over 350,000) all experienced 
increasing total factor productivity in 2021. Output rose in seven of these industries and declined in three 
industries: aerospace products and parts (-2.9 percent), animal slaughtering and processing (-1.5 percent), 
and architectural and structural metals (-0.5 percent). Combined inputs (capital, hours worked, materials, 
energy, and purchased services) increased in only two of these industries: pharmaceuticals and medicines 
(+1.7 percent) and semiconductors and electronic components (+0.6 percent).

Six of the 78 manufacturing industries with rising total factor productivity in 2021 had increases of more 
than 15.0 percent: 

	• Coating, engraving, and heat treating metals (+19.9 percent)
	• Clay products and refractories (+19.1 percent)
	• Cutlery and handtools (+16.2 percent)
	• Sugar and confectionery products (+15.9 percent)
	• Rubber products (+15.5 percent)
	• Petroleum and coal products (+15.3 percent)

Only three manufacturing industries posted total factor productivity declines of more than 5.0 percent 
(see table 1):

	• Iron and steel mills and ferroalloys (-20.8 percent)
	• Glass and glass products (-5.9 percent)
	• Alumina and aluminum production (-5.3 percent)

Total factor productivity increased in each of the two measured transportation industries: 

	• Air transportation (+44.2 percent)
	• Line-haul railroads (+7.2 percent)

Total Factor Productivity: Definition and Concepts

Changes in total factor productivity show the relationship between changes in real output and changes in the
combined inputs of labor, capital, and intermediate inputs (energy, materials, and purchased services) used 
to produce that output.

Measures of total factor productivity capture a variety of factors that influence economic growth that are 
not specifically accounted for among measured inputs, including technological change, returns to scale, 
enhancements in managerial and staff skills, changes in the organization of production, and other efficiency
improvements. Total factor productivity reflects these factors. See the technical note for more information.

Components of Total Factor Productivity Growth: Output and Combined Inputs

The manufacturing sector rebounded in 2021 as output increased in 65 of 86 industries, compared to 17 
industries in 2020. Among the industries that posted gains, output increased by 15.0 percent or more in the 
following six industries in 2021:

	• Magnetic media manufacturing and reproducing (+60.9 percent)
	• Motor vehicle bodies and trailers (+24.5 percent) 
	• Other leather products (+21.9 percent)
	• Clay products and refractories (+18.0 percent)
	• Coating, engraving, and heat treating metals (+17.6 percent)
	• Audio and video equipment (+15.2 percent)

Combined inputs of capital, labor, and intermediate inputs fell in 50 of 86 manufacturing industries in 
2021, compared to 71 in 2020. Thirty-one industries saw declines in hours worked. Intermediate inputs fell 
in 52 industries. Capital also fell in 64 of the manufacturing industries.

Of the 35 industries with rising combined inputs in 2021, the five with the largest gains were:

	• Magnetic media manufacturing and reproducing (+47.3 percent)
	• Motor vehicle bodies and trailers (+13.3 percent)
	• Other leather products (+8.6 percent)
	• Iron and steel mills and ferroalloys (+6.3 percent)
	• Accessories and other apparel (+6.3 percent)

In industries where combined inputs declined faster than output, total factor productivity increased.  
The greatest productivity gains occurred in: 

	• Boilers, tanks, and shipping containers (+12.4 percent)
	• Railroad rolling stock (+12.0 percent)
	• Animal food (+7.4 percent)
	• Fruit and vegetable preserving and specialty (+4.8 percent)

Total factor productivity in both measured transportation industries increased because output grew more 
rapidly than combined input usage. In the air transportation industry, output rose 71.3 percent and 
combined inputs rose 18.8 percent in 2021. In line-haul railroads, output increased 7.8 percent and 
combined inputs grew 0.5 percent.

Trends in Total Factor Productivity for Selected Time Periods

Both year-to-year movements and long-term trends in industry total factor productivity may reflect cyclical 
changes in the economy. This was particularly true in 2021 due to the continuation of the COVID-19 pandemic. 
While long-term annual percent changes in total factor productivity are affected by economic conditions such 
as the pandemic, these historical trends are nevertheless more reliable indicators of industry performance. 

More industries saw total factor productivity growth over the short term than the long term. Over the 
long-term period from 1987 to 2021, total factor productivity grew in 64 manufacturing industries, compared 
to 78 from 2020 to 2021. (See tables 1 and 2.) Annual rates of change in total factor productivity for 
nearly all manufacturing industries ranged between –2.0 percent and +2.0 percent per year over the long 
term. In contrast, total factor productivity increased by 2.1 percent or more in 70 industries in 2021. 
Only four industries saw an annual increase of that magnitude from 1987 to 2021. 

Although the distribution of total factor productivity growth for all the manufacturing industries may 
change significantly annually, 62 percent of industries are clustered between an increase of 0.1 percent and
1.0 percent in the long run. 

Between 1987 and 2021, the number of manufacturing industries with growth in total factor productivity was 
highest in 1992, 2003, 2010, and 2021. These were years of economic growth following recessions. In contrast, 
relatively few manufacturing industries saw total factor productivity growth in the recession years of 2001, 
2009, and 2020. 

Annual percent changes in total factor productivity by industry for sub periods between 1987 and 2021 are 
shown in table 3. The sub period from 1990 to 1995 saw the greatest number of manufacturing industries with 
total factor productivity growth.

Prior to the pandemic, air transportation total factor productivity grew at an annual rate of 1.2 percent 
for the period 1987-2019. (See table 2.) However, after accounting for the pandemic years, total factor 
productivity for the industry rose by an annual rate of only 0.4 percent per year. This change in the 
long-term trend is mainly due to air transportation output decreasing by 17.6 percent annually over the 
pandemic period (2019-2021). Output increased 4.0 percent in 2019, fell by 60.3 percent in 2020, and then 
increased 71.3 percent in 2021. 

For line-haul railroads, single-year output deepened from a 3.6-percent decline in 2019 to a 15.7-percent 
decline in 2020, before rebounding in 2021, growing 7.8 percent. This resulted in a 4.7-percent annual output
decline between 2019 and 2021. However, this change had a smaller effect on the long-term trend of total 
factor productivity, which increased 1.7 percent annually in the pre-pandemic 1987-2019 period compared to an
increase of 1.5 percent from 1987-2021.

Total Factor Productivity as a Source of Labor Productivity Growth

Total factor productivity measures differ from the BLS labor productivity measures because they compare 
output to the combined inputs of hours worked, capital, and intermediate inputs. Labor productivity relates 
output only to hours worked. Mathematically, an industry’s labor productivity is equal to total factor 
productivity plus the effects of factor substitution; that is, the combined effects of changes in weighted 
capital services relative to hours worked and weighted intermediate inputs relative to hours worked. These 
factor substitutions are referred to as contribution of capital intensity and contribution of intermediate 
inputs intensity. 

Eighty-two out of the 86 manufacturing industries posted gains in labor productivity from 1987 to 2021. 
Among these industries, substitution of intermediate inputs for labor was the leading source of labor 
productivity growth. (See table 4.) Growth in the contribution of intermediate inputs intensity occurs when
firms purchase a greater share of materials instead of using their own labor. Contribution of intermediate 
inputs intensity may also rise when firms substitute contracted labor for payroll labor. 

Strong growth in total factor productivity was the dominant source of labor productivity growth in the seven
industries with the highest labor productivity growth. This includes four industries that manufacture 
computers and electronic products (computer and peripheral equipment, semiconductors and electronic 
components, communication equipment, and audio and video equipment). Uniquely, the tobacco industry's labor
productivity growth was fueled by the contribution of capital intensity.

Additional Information

Measures of hours worked for all industries reflect a change in methods and are revised historically. The 
new method of determining hours worked uses all-employee hours data from the BLS Current Employment 
Statistics (CES) survey as the main source of data. This is an improvement upon the prior method which 
instead used the CES production worker hours data. Another improvement is the use of BLS Current Population
Survey (CPS) data to adjust CES all-employee hours paid to account for hours worked but not paid, also known
as off-the-clock hours. Hours worked data also now incorporate all employee-based hours-worked-to-hours-paid
ratios from the National Compensation Survey, rather than ratios based only on production workers. For more
information on the new hours worked methodology, see 
www.bls.gov/opub/mlr/2022/article/improving-estimates-of-hours-worked-for-us-productivity-measurement.htm.
	
More information about the North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) can be found at 
www.census.gov/naics/.

Access www.bls.gov/productivity/tables/ for productivity data tables which include:

	• Additional industries and sectors
	• Detailed data series: indexes of total factor productivity and related measures; rates of change; 
	  and levels of industry employment, hours worked, nominal value of production, and labor 
	  compensation
	• Additional years and long-term data

More information from the BLS productivity program is available at https://www.bls.gov/productivity/.

	• More detailed capital and intermediate inputs data available upon request

Subscribe to productivity news releases on the BLS website at 
https://public.govdelivery.com/accounts/USDOLBLS/subscriber/new.

If you are deaf, hard of hearing, or have a speech disability, please dial 7-1-1 to access 
telecommunications relay services.



Technical Note

Total Factor Productivity:  Total factor productivity measures are derived by dividing an index of real
industry output by an index of the combined inputs of labor, capital, and intermediate inputs. The total
factor productivity indexes do not measure the specific contributions of capital, labor, and intermediate
inputs. Rather, they reflect the joint influences on economic growth of a number of factors that are not 
specifically accounted for on the input side, including technological change, returns to scale, improved 
skills of the workforce, better management techniques, or other efficiency improvements.

Output:  Manufacturing industry output is measured as annual sectoral output, the total value, in real 
terms, of goods and services produced for sale outside the industry. Industry value of production is 
derived by adjusting industry shipments for changes in inventories and subtracting intra-industry 
transfers and resales. For most manufacturing industries, real output is measured by deflating nominal 
value of production, but for some industries physical quantities of output are measured. For air 
transportation and line-haul railroads, output is measured by aggregating passenger-miles and freight 
ton-miles with weights based on revenues or operating expenses.  

Output measures for manufacturing industries are constructed using data primarily from the economic 
censuses and annual surveys of the Bureau of the Census, U.S. Department of Commerce, together with 
information on price changes chiefly from the Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS). Output measures for air 
transportation and line-haul railroads are constructed using data primarily from the Bureau of 
Transportation Statistics (BTS) and the Surface Transportation Board (STB), both in the U.S. Department 
of Transportation (DOT), together with information from the Association of American Railroads (AAR), 
AMTRAK, and several other sources.  

Combined Inputs:  The index of combined inputs is a Törnqvist index of separate quantity indexes of 
capital, labor, and intermediate inputs (including fuels, electricity, materials, and purchased 
services). The annual growth rates of the various inputs are aggregated using their relative cost shares
as weights. The labor weight is based on labor compensation, including fringe benefits. The weight for 
intermediate inputs is based on the total cost of materials, fuels, electricity, and purchased services. 
The capital weight is based on total capital cost, which is calculated as the value of sectoral 
production minus the costs of labor compensation and intermediate inputs.

Capital Input:  Capital input reflects the flow of services derived from the stock of physical assets. 
Capital services are estimated by calculating productive capital stocks and are assumed to be 
proportional to changes in these capital stocks for each asset. The capital index is a Törnqvist index 
of separate quantity indexes of equipment, structures, inventories, and land. 

For manufacturing industries, physical capital is comprised of 24 categories of equipment, 10 categories
of structures, 3 categories of inventories, and land. Measures of total capital services for each 
industry are estimated by aggregating the capital stocks of individual asset types. Estimates of 
investment by asset type for each industry are derived using annual capital expenditures for detailed 
industries from the economic censuses and annual surveys of the Bureau of the Census. Additional annual 
investment data comes from the fixed asset accounts from the Bureau of Economic Analysis (BEA).

Annual investment data is supplemented with the 1997 benchmark capital flow table from the BEA as well 
as the 2008, 2012, and 2017 Annual Capital Expenditures Surveys from the Bureau of the Census. Price 
changes are removed from the annual investment data before calculating stocks. Price deflators for each
asset category are constructed by combining detailed price indexes (mostly BLS Producer Price Indexes) 
with weights that reflect each industry's use of individual asset commodities.

The capital stocks for the different assets are combined using weights based on estimated annual rental 
prices for each asset type, averaged between two time periods. Each rental price reflects the nominal 
rate of return to all assets within the industry and the rates of economic depreciation and revaluation
of the specific asset. Rental prices are adjusted for the effects of taxes. 

For air transportation, a weighted index combining 23 categories of airframes and 21 categories of 
engines is derived from annual carrier operating inventories reported to BTS. For assets other than 
airframes and engines, capital stocks are calculated similarly to manufacturing industries. For these 
assets, a more detailed breakdown of annual expenditures on equipment and structures from the BEA is 
used. Inventories of parts and supplies are also included; the current dollar series is deflated with 
a weighted cost index based on data from Airlines for America (A4A) and BTS. Indexes for aircraft and 
engines, non-aircraft assets, and parts and supplies inventories are aggregated using cost share weights
to derive an overall measure of capital input.

For line-haul railroads, current dollar investment for 10 categories of equipment and 13 categories of 
structures, obtained from STB and AMTRAK, are deflated with BLS PPIs and deflators based on BEA data. 
The capital stocks for each of the items are calculated similarly to manufacturing industries. 
Inventories of materials and supplies are also included. Estimates of investments in land from STB and 
AMTRAK are deflated with price indexes from BEA.  

Labor Hours:  For manufacturing industries, labor hours are measured as annual hours worked by all 
employed persons in an industry. Data on industry employment and hours come primarily from the BLS 
Current Employment Statistics (CES) survey and the Current Population Survey (CPS). CES data on the 
number of total and production worker jobs held by wage and salary workers in nonfarm establishments are
supplemented with CPS data on self-employed and unpaid family workers to estimate industry employment. 
Hours worked estimates are derived using CES and CPS employment, CES data on the average weekly hours 
paid to all employees, CPS data on hours of self-employed and unpaid family workers, and ratios of hours 
worked to hours paid based on data from both the CPS and the National Compensation Survey (NCS). For some
industries, employment and hours data are supplemented or further disaggregated using data from the BLS 
Quarterly Census of Employment and Wages (QCEW), the Census Bureau, or other sources. Hours worked are 
estimated separately for different types of workers and then are directly aggregated; no adjustments for
labor composition are made. 

For air transportation, annual labor input estimates are based on monthly employment data from BTS 
supplemented by employment and hours from the CES program and hours from the CPS. For line-haul railroads,
labor input measures are derived primarily from STB data and supplemented with data from AAR. For the 
railroad industry, the labor input measure includes an adjustment to remove capitalized labor hours in 
order to avoid double-counting because some capitalized labor costs are embedded in the railroad 
investment data.

Intermediate Inputs:  The index of intermediate inputs is a Törnqvist index of separate quantities of 
materials, purchased services, fuels, and electricity consumed by each industry. Except for electricity 
consumed by manufacturing industries, for which direct quantity data are available, quantities are derived
by deflating current dollar values with appropriate price deflators. 

For manufacturing industries, nominal values of materials, fuels and electricity, along with quantities of
electricity consumed by each industry are obtained from economic censuses and annual surveys of the Bureau
of the Census. To avoid double counting, an adjustment is made to the materials estimates to exclude the 
value of intra-industry commodity transfers. Purchased business services are estimated using annual 
industry data and benchmark input-output tables from BEA.  

Constant dollar materials consumed are derived by dividing annual current dollar industry purchases by a 
weighted price deflator for each industry. Aggregate materials deflators are constructed for each industry
by combining producer price indexes and import price indexes from BLS for detailed commodities.  The 
deflators are combined using weights based on detailed commodity data from the BEA benchmark input-output
tables. Aggregate price indexes to deflate purchased business services are constructed in a similar manner
using consumer price indexes (CPIs), PPIs, and deflators developed by BEA. The value of fuels consumed by 
each industry is deflated with a weighted price deflator based on PPIs for individual fuel categories; the
weights reflect fuel expenditures by industry from the Energy Information Administration (EIA), U.S. 
Department of Energy.

For air transportation, detailed cost of materials, services, fuels, and electricity from the BTS are 
deflated using cost indexes from A4A. For line-haul railroads, intermediate inputs data from STB are 
supplemented with data from other sources including AAR and AMTRAK. The nominal values are deflated with 
producer price indexes from BLS and implicit price deflators calculated from BEA investment data.

Labor Productivity:  Labor productivity describes the relationship between real output and the labor hours
involved in its production. These measures show the changes from period to period in the amount of goods 
and services produced per hour worked. Although the labor productivity measures relate output in an industry
to hours worked of all persons in that industry, they do not measure the specific contribution of labor to 
growth in output. Rather, they reflect the joint effects of many influences, including: changes in 
technology; capital investment; utilization of capacity, energy, and materials; the use of purchased 
services inputs, including contract employment services; the organization of production; the characteristics
and effort of the workforce; and managerial skill.

Contributions to Labor Productivity:

Contribution of Capital Intensity:  Capital intensity is the ratio of capital services to hours worked in 
the production process. Multiplying the change in capital intensity times capital's share of combined inputs
yields the contribution of capital intensity. 

Contribution of Intermediate Inputs Intensity: Intermediate inputs intensity is the ratio of intermediate 
inputs to hours worked in the production process. Multiplying the change in intermediate inputs intensity 
times intermediate inputs' share of combined inputs yields the contribution of intermediate inputs intensity.

When positive, both the contribution of capital intensity and the contribution of intermediate inputs 
intensity represent sources of labor productivity growth. These statistics represent factor substitution in 
the production process. In other words, positive change in the contribution of capital intensity indicates 
that labor productivity growth is being achieved in part through the substitution of capital for labor. 
Likewise, positive change in the contribution of intermediate inputs intensity indicates that labor 
productivity growth is being achieved in part through the substitution of intermediate inputs for labor.

Over a given time period, the average logarithmic growth rate of labor productivity will equal the sum of 
the average logarithmic growth rates of the contribution of capital intensity, the contribution of 
intermediate inputs intensity, and total factor productivity. However, because both output and input data 
are expressed annually, average annual (as opposed to logarithmic) rates of change are calculated. 
Therefore, the sum of growth rates of total factor productivity, the contribution of capital intensity, and 
the contribution of intermediate inputs intensity may not precisely equal the rate of change of labor 
productivity.

Annual Percent Change:  The annual percent change is the compound annual growth rate in an index series 
over a period of more than one year. The change of an index series varies from year to year. However, the 
annual percent change is the constant rate that can be applied to each year in a period, from the start to 
the end, that would give the same total result. It is calculated as 
(Ending Value/Starting Value)^(1/Number of Years)-1.

Table 1. Recent total factor productivity and related data
Industry 2017 NAICS code 2021
Employment
(thousands)
Percent change, 2020-2021
Total factor productivity Output Combined
inputs
Hours worked Capital Intermediate
inputs

Manufacturing

Animal food

3111

71.4 7.4 -1.3 -8.1 1.6 -1.0 -11.8

Grain and oilseed milling

3112

62.7 12.2 0.3 -10.7 -0.3 -0.4 -13.4

Sugar and confectionery products

3113

78.2 15.9 11.3 -4.0 9.0 0.5 -8.4

Fruit and vegetable preserving and specialty

3114

174.1 4.8 -0.9 -5.5 4.6 -1.0 -10.0

Dairy products

3115

154.4 2.4 0.9 -1.5 1.7 0.5 -2.6

Animal slaughtering and processing

3116

529.0 1.2 -1.5 -2.6 -2.3 0.4 -3.7

Seafood product preparation and packaging

3117

34.8 6.0 0.4 -5.3 17.4 -1.2 -10.3

Bakeries and tortilla products

3118

338.1 10.1 3.6 -5.9 3.5 -0.1 -11.9

Other food products

3119

240.1 7.4 2.8 -4.3 9.1 0.8 -9.8

Beverages

3121

294.3 11.8 8.4 -3.0 11.8 -0.4 -8.7

Tobacco

3122

10.7 0.7 -5.4 -6.1 -0.9 -5.4 -10.1

Fiber, yarn, and thread mills

3131

26.5 -1.6 -0.5 1.2 12.1 -5.8 -0.5

Fabric mills

3132

48.2 3.6 1.5 -1.9 1.4 -2.5 -2.8

Textile and fabric finishing mills

3133

26.2 -1.0 -2.5 -1.5 -6.8 -4.1 0.1

Textile furnishings mills

3141

47.4 10.0 10.8 0.8 1.2 -2.1 1.5

Other textile product mills

3149

65.5 7.6 8.8 1.1 0.2 -2.0 2.1

Apparel knitting mills

3151

7.8 8.2 3.5 -4.4 -8.8 -6.3 -1.2

Cut and sew apparel

3152

79.7 6.4 10.7 4.0 -2.0 -3.8 7.4

Accessories and other apparel

3159

12.7 2.3 8.8 6.3 5.2 -2.1 7.2

Leather and hide tanning and finishing

3161

4.2 4.8 9.4 4.4 -15.3 -6.2 15.8

Footwear

3162

11.5 2.9 6.8 3.8 0.1 -5.5 6.2

Other leather products

3169

13.9 12.3 21.9 8.6 -5.3 -1.5 21.3

Sawmills and wood preservation

3211

100.5 2.7 -0.9 -3.5 5.6 -1.8 -6.8

Plywood and engineered wood products

3212

83.2 -3.5 1.5 5.2 9.0 -2.2 8.1

Other wood products

3219

253.3 2.0 7.1 5.0 7.9 1.3 4.8

Pulp, paper, and paperboard mills

3221

88.3 2.9 -1.5 -4.3 -2.1 -2.5 -5.9

Converted paper products

3222

261.6 3.5 3.3 -0.2 3.8 0.2 -1.7

Printing and related support activities

3231

391.9 2.1 0.4 -1.6 3.2 -3.8 -3.7

Petroleum and coal products

3241

105.4 15.3 8.6 -5.8 2.8 -5.2 -6.2

Basic chemicals

3251

149.1 8.2 10.1 1.7 -3.6 -1.8 4.7

Resin, rubber, and artificial fibers

3252

91.1 3.4 -0.4 -3.7 -4.4 -2.7 -3.8

Agricultural chemicals

3253

37.9 -0.7 -4.1 -3.4 3.7 -4.8 -3.5

Pharmaceuticals and medicines

3254

339.2 4.2 6.0 1.7 5.9 2.8 -3.7

Paints, coatings, and adhesives

3255

63.1 8.6 9.6 1.0 0.3 0.6 1.4

Soaps, cleaning compounds, and toiletries

3256

123.7 1.8 -0.1 -1.9 1.7 1.4 -6.2

Other chemical products and preparations

3259

80.9 8.7 4.7 -3.7 1.6 -1.1 -6.2

Plastics products

3261

603.2 8.0 4.1 -3.6 3.5 -0.2 -7.2

Rubber products

3262

132.5 15.5 13.8 -1.5 5.9 -0.6 -5.1

Clay products and refractories

3271

36.6 19.1 18.0 -0.9 -10.9 -2.0 5.3

Glass and glass products

3272

87.2 -5.9 -5.1 0.8 4.7 -3.1 0.3

Cement and concrete products

3273

199.4 4.4 4.5 0.1 0.6 -1.2 0.5

Lime and gypsum products

3274

15.3 4.3 4.9 0.6 -1.4 -1.5 2.0

Other nonmetallic mineral products

3279

80.5 6.2 7.7 1.4 -1.8 0.8 3.2

Iron and steel mills and ferroalloys

3311

80.2 -20.8 -15.9 6.3 -1.4 -4.8 13.3

Steel products from purchased steel

3312

54.6 -2.4 -6.1 -3.8 0.2 -3.7 -4.7

Alumina and aluminum production

3313

57.7 -5.3 -1.8 3.7 4.8 -2.7 6.4

Other nonferrous metal production

3314

56.4 9.0 4.5 -4.1 -4.2 -1.0 -6.0

Foundries

3315

103.5 5.1 6.0 0.9 2.5 -2.4 1.2

Forging and stamping

3321

90.4 11.1 2.2 -8.1 4.9 -2.2 -14.2

Cutlery and handtools

3322

37.8 16.2 9.3 -6.0 5.5 -0.5 -14.2

Architectural and structural metals

3323

395.1 3.6 -0.5 -4.0 3.2 0.7 -8.8

Boilers, tanks, and shipping containers

3324

87.3 12.4 -1.6 -12.4 -0.8 0.6 -19.1

Hardware

3325

24.3 3.4 -2.4 -5.6 -0.4 -1.2 -9.2

Spring and wire products

3326

40.6 13.4 5.5 -6.9 0.4 -1.3 -11.6

Machine shops and threaded products

3327

334.0 14.2 8.9 -4.7 -1.5 0.0 -8.5

Coating, engraving, and heat treating metals

3328

129.1 19.9 17.6 -1.9 -2.6 -1.1 -1.9

Other fabricated metal products

3329

270.1 10.9 5.0 -5.3 3.6 -2.5 -10.5

Agriculture, construction, and mining machinery

3331

197.3 10.9 13.5 2.3 0.2 -2.7 4.2

Industrial machinery

3332

123.3 0.1 2.1 2.1 5.8 0.3 0.4

Commercial and service industry machinery

3333

86.2 10.6 12.6 1.9 -3.9 -0.1 4.7

HVAC and commercial refrigeration equipment

3334

138.4 2.3 0.8 -1.5 6.8 0.0 -5.5

Metalworking machinery

3335

161.4 13.9 12.7 -1.0 -1.8 -0.4 -0.7

Turbine and power transmission equipment

3336

86.7 12.2 13.8 1.4 2.1 -1.6 1.8

Other general purpose machinery

3339

269.2 6.9 5.7 -1.1 2.2 -0.4 -2.9

Computer and peripheral equipment

3341

158.6 3.6 6.7 3.0 -0.8 -3.6 4.7

Communications equipment

3342

85.9 3.4 4.9 1.4 -3.5 -5.1 4.3

Audio and video equipment

3343

19.2 11.6 15.2 3.2 -8.5 -6.0 8.6

Semiconductors and electronic components

3344

374.4 11.0 11.7 0.6 -1.4 -2.6 2.3

Electronic instruments

3345

419.6 1.8 1.8 0.0 2.1 -0.3 -1.1

Magnetic media manufacturing and reproducing

3346

12.6 9.3 60.9 47.3 -2.8 -7.2 84.8

Electric lighting equipment

3351

42.2 13.3 10.8 -2.2 -1.2 -1.2 -3.3

Household appliances

3352

70.2 10.1 9.1 -0.9 16.4 -2.1 -4.6

Electrical equipment

3353

139.3 7.4 4.7 -2.5 2.6 -0.6 -5.7

Other electrical equipment and components

3359

145.8 6.7 2.1 -4.3 2.5 -2.6 -7.6

Motor vehicles

3361

254.2 1.4 3.9 2.5 23.1 -1.2 1.1

Motor vehicle bodies and trailers

3362

166.1 9.9 24.5 13.3 9.0 1.7 16.2

Motor vehicle parts

3363

546.4 12.3 5.9 -5.7 3.5 -5.2 -8.1

Aerospace products and parts

3364

483.1 2.7 -2.9 -5.5 -2.1 -0.2 -8.2

Railroad rolling stock

3365

19.1 12.0 -2.8 -13.1 -10.5 -0.6 -14.7

Ship and boat building

3366

148.4 1.7 5.6 3.9 6.5 3.6 2.5

Other transportation equipment

3369

41.8 12.0 14.3 2.1 19.1 0.4 -1.3

Household and institutional furniture

3371

258.4 6.5 4.2 -2.2 6.3 0.5 -7.1

Office furniture and fixtures

3372

100.7 3.4 -3.7 -6.8 -0.7 0.0 -12.9

Other furniture related products

3379

37.4 2.9 2.1 -0.8 10.9 2.3 -4.5

Medical equipment and supplies

3391

329.2 8.2 9.9 1.6 3.2 0.5 1.2

Other miscellaneous manufacturing

3399

319.3 10.9 12.6 1.5 6.3 -2.5 0.4

Transportation

Air transportation

481

450.4 44.2 71.3 18.8 4.3 1.1 63.6

Line-haul railroads

482111

131.2 7.2 7.8 0.5 -1.2 -0.3 3.0

Table 2. Long run total factor productivity and related data
Industry 2017 NAICS code Average annual percent change, 1987-2021
Total factor productivity Output Combined
inputs
Hours worked Capital Intermediate
inputs

Manufacturing

Animal food

3111

0.1 1.6 1.5 0.3 1.7 1.6

Grain and oilseed milling

3112

0.3 1.0 0.7 -0.7 0.2 0.9

Sugar and confectionery products

3113

0.2 0.6 0.4 -0.3 0.7 0.4

Fruit and vegetable preserving and specialty

3114

0.3 0.8 0.5 0.1 0.7 0.5

Dairy products

3115

0.3 1.3 1.0 0.1 1.4 1.0

Animal slaughtering and processing

3116

0.5 1.4 1.0 1.1 2.0 0.8

Seafood product preparation and packaging

3117

0.5 0.0 -0.5 -0.9 0.9 -0.6

Bakeries and tortilla products

3118

-0.4 0.4 0.8 0.2 0.8 1.1

Other food products

3119

0.4 2.1 1.7 2.2 1.3 1.8

Beverages

3121

0.6 1.1 0.5 0.8 0.6 0.2

Tobacco

3122

-0.4 -2.7 -2.2 -5.0 -2.4 -1.2

Fiber, yarn, and thread mills

3131

0.8 -2.5 -3.2 -3.8 -2.7 -3.0

Fabric mills

3132

1.0 -2.8 -3.8 -5.1 -2.6 -3.5

Textile and fabric finishing mills

3133

-0.1 -3.4 -3.2 -4.2 -2.6 -3.0

Textile furnishings mills

3141

-0.1 -2.3 -2.2 -2.7 -1.1 -2.5

Other textile product mills

3149

0.4 -0.5 -0.9 -1.8 0.2 -0.7

Apparel knitting mills

3151

-0.4 -7.2 -6.8 -7.4 -3.2 -7.2

Cut and sew apparel

3152

-0.9 -6.0 -5.1 -6.5 -2.9 -5.5

Accessories and other apparel

3159

-1.8 -5.6 -3.8 -3.2 -2.4 -4.3

Leather and hide tanning and finishing

3161

1.4 -2.8 -4.1 -4.1 -2.4 -4.5

Footwear

3162

-0.5 -4.8 -4.3 -6.0 -3.4 -3.7

Other leather products

3169

-0.1 -2.7 -2.6 -3.6 -1.9 -2.4

Sawmills and wood preservation

3211

1.0 0.2 -0.8 -1.4 -0.9 -0.6

Plywood and engineered wood products

3212

-0.1 -0.3 -0.2 -0.6 0.1 0.2

Other wood products

3219

-0.1 0.1 0.2 -0.8 0.5 0.7

Pulp, paper, and paperboard mills

3221

0.7 -0.9 -1.6 -2.7 -1.3 -1.3

Converted paper products

3222

0.0 -0.4 -0.4 -1.1 0.5 -0.5

Printing and related support activities

3231

0.2 -1.0 -1.1 -2.1 -0.2 -0.8

Petroleum and coal products

3241

0.2 0.9 0.6 -1.0 0.7 0.8

Basic chemicals

3251

0.3 0.6 0.3 -1.5 0.4 0.6

Resin, rubber, and artificial fibers

3252

0.1 0.0 -0.2 -1.4 0.4 -0.1

Agricultural chemicals

3253

1.1 0.6 -0.5 -1.0 0.2 -1.0

Pharmaceuticals and medicines

3254

-1.3 1.1 2.4 1.9 3.4 1.2

Paints, coatings, and adhesives

3255

-0.1 -0.1 0.0 -0.7 0.1 0.1

Soaps, cleaning compounds, and toiletries

3256

0.2 0.8 0.5 -0.1 1.3 0.0

Other chemical products and preparations

3259

0.4 0.0 -0.4 -1.9 -0.1 -0.1

Plastics products

3261

0.4 1.3 0.9 0.1 1.8 1.1

Rubber products

3262

0.8 0.3 -0.5 -1.4 0.1 -0.1

Clay products and refractories

3271

0.3 -1.3 -1.6 -2.5 -1.5 -1.1

Glass and glass products

3272

0.4 -0.1 -0.5 -1.5 -0.4 0.0

Cement and concrete products

3273

-0.1 0.3 0.4 0.1 -0.2 0.6

Lime and gypsum products

3274

-0.6 -0.4 0.3 -1.4 0.5 0.6

Other nonmetallic mineral products

3279

0.7 1.1 0.3 0.0 -0.2 0.9

Iron and steel mills and ferroalloys

3311

0.7 -0.2 -0.9 -2.3 -2.0 0.1

Steel products from purchased steel

3312

0.1 -0.2 -0.4 -0.7 -1.5 0.0

Alumina and aluminum production

3313

1.0 -0.4 -1.4 -1.8 -0.8 -1.4

Other nonferrous metal production

3314

0.9 -0.6 -1.4 -1.9 -0.3 -1.8

Foundries

3315

0.4 -0.9 -1.3 -2.1 -0.8 -0.7

Forging and stamping

3321

0.7 0.4 -0.3 -1.3 0.9 0.0

Cutlery and handtools

3322

0.4 -1.0 -1.3 -2.0 -0.8 -0.9

Architectural and structural metals

3323

-0.1 0.8 0.8 0.2 0.7 1.2

Boilers, tanks, and shipping containers

3324

0.4 0.2 -0.2 -0.6 -0.2 0.0

Hardware

3325

-0.4 -1.9 -1.5 -2.6 -1.1 -1.1

Spring and wire products

3326

0.5 -0.4 -0.9 -2.0 0.0 -0.5

Machine shops and threaded products

3327

0.9 1.9 1.0 0.2 1.7 1.5

Coating, engraving, and heat treating metals

3328

1.2 1.8 0.6 -0.2 0.9 1.0

Other fabricated metal products

3329

-0.3 -0.1 0.1 -0.7 0.2 0.6

Agriculture, construction, and mining machinery

3331

0.2 1.5 1.2 -0.2 0.2 2.0

Industrial machinery

3332

0.5 0.7 0.2 -0.4 0.9 0.4

Commercial and service industry machinery

3333

0.0 -0.1 -0.2 -1.5 -0.5 0.6

HVAC and commercial refrigeration equipment

3334

0.4 0.5 0.1 -0.3 0.6 0.1

Metalworking machinery

3335

1.1 0.4 -0.7 -1.6 0.0 0.1

Turbine and power transmission equipment

3336

0.1 0.5 0.4 -0.7 0.2 1.0

Other general purpose machinery

3339

0.2 0.9 0.7 -0.6 0.4 1.5

Computer and peripheral equipment

3341

9.6 9.2 -0.4 -3.3 -0.3 0.5

Communications equipment

3342

2.1 1.6 -0.5 -3.0 0.5 0.2

Audio and video equipment

3343

2.6 0.0 -2.5 -2.8 -1.7 -2.4

Semiconductors and electronic components

3344

8.4 9.9 1.4 -1.3 4.0 1.1

Electronic instruments

3345

0.5 1.2 0.7 -1.4 0.3 2.4

Magnetic media manufacturing and reproducing

3346

0.5 -3.2 -3.7 -2.9 -1.9 -4.9

Electric lighting equipment

3351

0.7 -0.4 -1.1 -2.0 -0.3 -1.0

Household appliances

3352

1.9 0.7 -1.1 -2.0 -0.8 -1.0

Electrical equipment

3353

0.5 -0.3 -0.8 -1.8 -0.9 -0.1

Other electrical equipment and components

3359

0.6 -0.1 -0.7 -1.1 -0.2 -0.6

Motor vehicles

3361

0.2 1.5 1.2 -0.6 0.9 1.6

Motor vehicle bodies and trailers

3362

0.0 2.0 1.9 0.5 1.7 2.4

Motor vehicle parts

3363

1.6 2.0 0.3 -0.4 0.0 0.7

Aerospace products and parts

3364

-0.4 -0.5 -0.1 -1.6 0.5 0.8

Railroad rolling stock

3365

0.8 1.5 0.7 -0.6 0.0 1.3

Ship and boat building

3366

0.5 1.0 0.5 -0.7 0.3 1.4

Other transportation equipment

3369

1.6 3.3 1.8 0.5 2.4 1.9

Household and institutional furniture

3371

0.4 -0.6 -1.0 -1.5 0.0 -1.0

Office furniture and fixtures

3372

0.1 -0.4 -0.5 -1.3 0.5 -0.4

Other furniture related products

3379

0.4 0.8 0.4 -0.7 0.0 1.1

Medical equipment and supplies

3391

0.5 2.7 2.2 0.7 3.3 2.5

Other miscellaneous manufacturing

3399

0.6 0.1 -0.5 -1.0 0.2 -0.4

Transportation

Air transportation

481

0.4 1.5 1.0 -0.3 3.2 1.2

Line-haul railroads

482111

1.5 1.3 -0.2 -2.2 0.6 0.7

Table 3. Total factor productivity in selected periods
Industry 2017
NAICS
code
Annual percent change
1987-2021 1987-1990 1990-1995 1995-2000 2000-2007 2007-2019 2019-2021

Manufacturing

Animal food

31110.10.60.8-0.71.6-1.53.6

Grain and oilseed milling

31120.30.40.90.20.3-0.43.7

Sugar and confectionery products

31130.20.21.31.90.1-1.53.9

Fruit and vegetable preserving and specialty

31140.3-1.81.40.60.7-0.32.6

Dairy products

31150.3-1.10.6-0.31.10.01.4

Animal slaughtering and processing

31160.50.01.20.91.7-0.3-1.0

Seafood product preparation and packaging

31170.5-1.60.51.02.1-0.30.5

Bakeries and tortilla products

3118-0.4-3.70.8-0.50.3-1.24.3

Other food products

31190.40.21.3-0.61.3-0.53.1

Beverages

31210.61.42.2-1.22.2-0.51.7

Tobacco

3122-0.41.81.90.4-1.1-2.21.7

Fiber, yarn, and thread mills

31310.81.20.70.73.8-0.7-1.1

Fabric mills

31321.00.82.01.03.1-1.03.0

Textile and fabric finishing mills

3133-0.10.50.51.30.4-0.9-3.8

Textile furnishings mills

3141-0.1-0.11.8-1.10.6-1.85.7

Other textile product mills

31490.40.10.7-0.61.6-0.22.9

Apparel knitting mills

3151-0.40.92.2-2.3-3.00.12.2

Cut and sew apparel

3152-0.9-1.20.9-0.9-3.1-0.2-1.3

Accessories and other apparel

3159-1.81.40.7-6.8-3.1-1.62.8

Leather and hide tanning and finishing

31611.4-4.0-0.14.3-4.36.1-1.4

Footwear

3162-0.5-1.90.2-0.4-0.3-0.70.6

Other leather products

3169-0.10.2-3.43.6-0.2-0.83.5

Sawmills and wood preservation

32111.01.5-0.10.02.00.74.6

Plywood and engineered wood products

3212-0.1-0.70.0-0.11.20.1-4.9

Other wood products

3219-0.1-0.7-0.7-0.80.9-0.84.6

Pulp, paper, and paperboard mills

32210.7-1.20.11.82.10.11.2

Converted paper products

32220.00.30.3-0.30.9-0.71.4

Printing and related support activities

32310.20.1-0.1-1.01.00.30.2

Petroleum and coal products

32410.2-1.91.93.0-1.9-0.97.4

Basic chemicals

32510.3-0.6-2.4-1.03.7-0.55.5

Resin, rubber, and artificial fibers

32520.1-1.40.90.62.2-1.1-0.4

Agricultural chemicals

32531.11.01.40.43.1-0.87.9

Pharmaceuticals and medicines

3254-1.3-1.5-1.8-1.40.6-2.72.3

Paints, coatings, and adhesives

3255-0.1-1.9-0.3-0.51.3-0.83.5

Soaps, cleaning compounds, and toiletries

32560.2-1.20.6-0.74.5-1.1-3.1

Other chemical products and preparations

32590.4-1.20.81.90.0-0.44.8

Plastics products

32610.4-0.11.50.60.8-0.62.2

Rubber products

32620.81.01.50.91.0-0.23.3

Clay products and refractories

32710.31.31.61.1-0.4-1.03.5

Glass and glass products

32720.40.42.02.00.60.0-5.1

Cement and concrete products

3273-0.11.30.80.40.1-1.63.1

Lime and gypsum products

3274-0.6-1.5-1.80.90.7-1.40.6

Other nonmetallic mineral products

32790.7-0.22.5-0.62.4-0.31.2

Iron and steel mills and ferroalloys

33110.70.92.12.30.30.9-6.5

Steel products from purchased steel

33120.11.32.70.0-0.4-0.90.7

Alumina and aluminum production

33131.0-0.3-0.30.71.21.71.3

Other nonferrous metal production

33140.9-3.71.73.9-3.21.68.4

Foundries

33150.4-0.12.00.70.7-0.51.0

Forging and stamping

33210.7-0.40.5-0.34.1-0.40.8

Cutlery and handtools

33220.4-1.11.0-0.70.60.14.5

Architectural and structural metals

3323-0.1-0.90.8-1.01.4-0.81.1

Boilers, tanks, and shipping containers

33240.40.71.60.70.8-1.13.6

Hardware

3325-0.4-1.90.7-0.2-0.7-0.81.8

Spring and wire products

33260.50.51.50.01.7-1.04.5

Machine shops and threaded products

33270.91.43.20.01.6-0.73.6

Coating, engraving, and heat treating metals

33281.21.32.1-0.93.6-0.24.4

Other fabricated metal products

3329-0.3-1.40.3-1.31.9-1.84.5

Agriculture, construction, and mining machinery

33310.22.60.2-1.01.6-1.23.4

Industrial machinery

33320.50.31.80.01.40.0-1.0

Commercial and service industry machinery

33330.01.00.0-1.3-0.50.03.9

HVAC and commercial refrigeration equipment

33340.40.00.90.41.6-0.40.3

Metalworking machinery

33351.10.31.7-1.32.70.27.4

Turbine and power transmission equipment

33360.1-0.50.20.6-0.30.20.6

Other general purpose machinery

33390.20.50.3-0.21.9-0.91.6

Computer and peripheral equipment

33419.66.614.022.417.00.74.1

Communications equipment

33422.13.25.65.62.8-1.20.3

Audio and video equipment

33432.63.22.93.02.91.65.2

Semiconductors and electronic components

33448.46.418.422.07.40.76.2

Electronic instruments

33450.51.71.1-0.31.20.0-0.1

Magnetic media manufacturing and reproducing

33460.50.76.0-2.72.2-1.72.8

Electric lighting equipment

33510.7-1.70.90.61.40.34.6

Household appliances

33521.90.23.30.93.40.66.2

Electrical equipment

33530.51.02.8-1.51.1-0.74.1

Other electrical equipment and components

33590.6-1.21.91.10.30.13.7

Motor vehicles

33610.20.4-0.90.32.8-0.80.2

Motor vehicle bodies and trailers

33620.0-2.32.3-1.20.2-0.43.6

Motor vehicle parts

33631.6-0.83.21.72.10.65.3

Aerospace products and parts

3364-0.4-1.50.0-0.22.1-0.5-8.1

Railroad rolling stock

33650.80.70.34.7-1.60.43.2

Ship and boat building

33660.50.3-0.30.5-0.41.41.3

Other transportation equipment

33691.6-2.26.3-0.55.6-1.02.5

Household and institutional furniture

33710.4-0.11.3-0.21.0-0.32.8

Office furniture and fixtures

33720.1-2.40.92.10.9-0.3-3.0

Other furniture related products

33790.40.01.40.31.7-0.5-1.0

Medical equipment and supplies

33910.52.00.11.11.6-0.81.6

Other miscellaneous manufacturing

33990.60.90.60.71.3-0.43.0

Transportation

Air transportation

4810.4-0.7-0.1-0.14.50.9-11.4

Line-haul railroads

4821111.53.94.41.61.30.2-1.2

Table 4. Contributions to labor productivity
Industry 2017
NAICS
code
Annual percent change, 1987-2021
Labor
productivity
Contribution of
capital intensity
Contribution of
intermediate inputs intensity
Total factor
productivity

Manufacturing

Animal food

3111

1.3 0.3 0.9 0.1

Grain and oilseed milling

3112

1.7 0.2 1.2 0.3

Sugar and confectionery products

3113

0.9 0.3 0.4 0.2

Fruit and vegetable preserving and specialty

3114

0.8 0.2 0.2 0.3

Dairy products

3115

1.2 0.2 0.7 0.3

Animal slaughtering and processing

3116

0.4 0.1 -0.2 0.5

Seafood product preparation and packaging

3117

0.8 0.2 0.2 0.5

Bakeries and tortilla products

3118

0.2 0.1 0.5 -0.4

Other food products

3119

-0.1 -0.3 -0.2 0.4

Beverages

3121

0.2 -0.2 -0.2 0.6

Tobacco

3122

2.5 2.2 0.7 -0.4

Fiber, yarn, and thread mills

3131

1.3 0.0 0.5 0.8

Fabric mills

3132

2.4 0.4 1.1 1.0

Textile and fabric finishing mills

3133

0.9 0.2 0.8 -0.1

Textile furnishings mills

3141

0.4 0.3 0.2 -0.1

Other textile product mills

3149

1.3 0.2 0.8 0.4

Apparel knitting mills

3151

0.2 0.6 0.1 -0.4

Cut and sew apparel

3152

0.6 0.8 0.6 -0.9

Accessories and other apparel

3159

-2.5 0.1 -0.8 -1.8

Leather and hide tanning and finishing

3161

1.3 0.2 -0.2 1.4

Footwear

3162

1.3 0.4 1.3 -0.5

Other leather products

3169

0.9 0.4 0.6 -0.1

Sawmills and wood preservation

3211

1.6 -0.1 0.7 1.0

Plywood and engineered wood products

3212

0.3 -0.2 0.5 -0.1

Other wood products

3219

0.9 0.1 0.9 -0.1

Pulp, paper, and paperboard mills

3221

1.9 0.4 0.8 0.7

Converted paper products

3222

0.7 0.3 0.4 0.0

Printing and related support activities

3231

1.1 0.3 0.6 0.2

Petroleum and coal products

3241

1.9 0.2 1.4 0.2

Basic chemicals

3251

2.1 0.5 1.3 0.3

Resin, rubber, and artificial fibers

3252

1.4 0.4 0.9 0.1

Agricultural chemicals

3253

1.6 0.4 0.1 1.1

Pharmaceuticals and medicines

3254

-0.8 0.6 -0.1 -1.3

Paints, coatings, and adhesives

3255

0.6 0.1 0.6 -0.1

Soaps, cleaning compounds, and toiletries

3256

0.8 0.5 0.1 0.2

Other chemical products and preparations

3259

2.0 0.5 1.0 0.4

Plastics products

3261

1.2 0.3 0.5 0.4

Rubber products

3262

1.7 0.2 0.8 0.8

Clay products and refractories

3271

1.3 0.2 0.7 0.3

Glass and glass products

3272

1.4 0.3 0.7 0.4

Cement and concrete products

3273

0.2 0.0 0.2 -0.1

Lime and gypsum products

3274

1.0 0.5 1.2 -0.6

Other nonmetallic mineral products

3279

1.1 -0.1 0.4 0.7

Iron and steel mills and ferroalloys

3311

2.2 0.0 1.5 0.7

Steel products from purchased steel

3312

0.5 -0.2 0.5 0.1

Alumina and aluminum production

3313

1.4 0.1 0.3 1.0

Other nonferrous metal production

3314

1.4 0.3 0.2 0.9

Foundries

3315

1.3 0.2 0.7 0.4

Forging and stamping

3321

1.7 0.2 0.8 0.7

Cutlery and handtools

3322

1.0 0.2 0.4 0.4

Architectural and structural metals

3323

0.5 0.0 0.5 -0.1

Boilers, tanks, and shipping containers

3324

0.8 0.1 0.4 0.4

Hardware

3325

0.7 0.3 0.8 -0.4

Spring and wire products

3326

1.6 0.3 0.8 0.5

Machine shops and threaded products

3327

1.7 0.2 0.6 0.9

Coating, engraving, and heat treating metals

3328

2.0 0.1 0.7 1.2

Other fabricated metal products

3329

0.5 0.2 0.6 -0.3

Agriculture, construction, and mining machinery

3331

1.7 0.1 1.4 0.2

Industrial machinery

3332

1.0 0.1 0.5 0.5

Commercial and service industry machinery

3333

1.4 0.2 1.2 0.0

HVAC and commercial refrigeration equipment

3334

0.8 0.1 0.3 0.4

Metalworking machinery

3335

2.0 0.1 0.8 1.1

Turbine and power transmission equipment

3336

1.2 0.2 0.9 0.1

Other general purpose machinery

3339

1.5 0.1 1.2 0.2

Computer and peripheral equipment

3341

12.9 1.1 1.8 9.6

Communications equipment

3342

4.7 0.7 1.9 2.1

Audio and video equipment

3343

2.9 0.0 0.3 2.6

Semiconductors and electronic components

3344

11.4 1.7 1.0 8.4

Electronic instruments

3345

2.6 0.4 1.7 0.5

Magnetic media manufacturing and reproducing

3346

-0.3 0.3 -1.1 0.5

Electric lighting equipment

3351

1.7 0.4 0.6 0.7

Household appliances

3352

2.7 0.2 0.7 1.9

Electrical equipment

3353

1.5 0.2 0.9 0.5

Other electrical equipment and components

3359

1.0 0.1 0.3 0.6

Motor vehicles

3361

2.1 0.3 1.6 0.2

Motor vehicle bodies and trailers

3362

1.5 0.1 1.4 0.0

Motor vehicle parts

3363

2.4 0.0 0.7 1.6

Aerospace products and parts

3364

1.2 0.4 1.2 -0.4

Railroad rolling stock

3365

2.0 0.1 1.1 0.8

Ship and boat building

3366

1.8 0.1 1.1 0.5

Other transportation equipment

3369

2.8 0.4 0.9 1.6

Household and institutional furniture

3371

0.9 0.2 0.3 0.4

Office furniture and fixtures

3372

0.9 0.4 0.4 0.1

Other furniture related products

3379

1.5 0.1 1.0 0.4

Medical equipment and supplies

3391

2.0 0.8 0.7 0.5

Other miscellaneous manufacturing

3399

1.1 0.2 0.3 0.6

Transportation

Air transportation

481

1.8 0.7 0.6 0.4

Line-haul railroads

482111

3.5 0.9 1.1 1.5

Last Modified Date: August 31, 2023