For release 10:00 a.m. (EDT) Friday, September 23, 2011 USDL-11-1376
Technical Information: (202) 691-5618 • dipsweb@bls.gov • www.bls.gov/mfp
Media Contact: (202) 691-5902 • PressOffice@bls.gov
MULTIFACTOR PRODUCTIVITY TRENDS FOR DETAILED INDUSTRIES, 2009
Multifactor productivity - defined as output per unit of combined inputs - increased in only 12 of the 86
four-digit NAICS manufacturing industries in 2009, the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics reported today.
(See table 1.) This was down from 2008, when multifactor productivity increased in 36 of those 86
industries. Fewer manufacturing industries recorded multifactor productivity increases in 2009 than in
any year since the beginning of the measures in 1987.
Within the transportation sector in 2009, multifactor productivity declined 1.5 percent in air
transportation and 8.6 percent in line-haul railroads.
Multifactor productivity indexes relate the change in real output to the change in the combined inputs of
labor, capital, and intermediate purchases consumed in producing that output. Multifactor productivity
growth measures the extent to which output growth has exceeded the growth in inputs, and reflects the
joint influences on economic growth of a variety of factors, including technological change, returns to
scale, enhancements in managerial and staff skills, changes in the organization of production, and other
efficiency improvements.
In 2009, outputs and inputs declined in most manufacturing industries. Most industries posted double-
digit percent declines in output that were accompanied by smaller reductions in the combined inputs of
labor, capital, and intermediate goods. Output fell in 79 of 86 manufacturing industries in 2009,
compared to 66 in 2008, and declined by double digit percentages in 68 industries. Combined inputs fell
in more industries, 72 in 2009 compared to 70 in 2008. In 2009, labor hours fell in all but one
manufacturing industry, while intermediate inputs fell in 73 industries and capital services fell in 47
industries.
Among the largest manufacturing industries (those with employment over 200,000), multifactor
productivity rose only in electronic instruments (1.2 percent), and declined the most in machine shops
and threaded products (15.2 percent). Semiconductors and electronic components experienced the first
decline in multifactor productivity since the beginning of the series in 1987 (10.5 percent).
From 1987 to 2009, multifactor productivity increased in 37 of 86 manufacturing industries (43 percent),
more than in 2009. (See table 2.) Output increased in 36 industries while combined inputs increased in
39 industries over the period.
Table 3 presents the average annual compound rate of change in multifactor productivity by industry for
1987 to 2009 and various subperiods. From 2007 to 2009, multifactor productivity grew in 16 of the 86
manufacturing industries.
In 2009, multifactor productivity declined in both of the transportation industries studied. Multifactor
productivity fell 1.5 percent in air transportation, as output declined 6.5 percent and combined inputs
dropped 5.1 percent. Multifactor productivity dropped 8.6 percent in line-haul railroads, as output
declined 17.2 percent and combined inputs fell 9.4 percent.
From 1987 to 2009, multifactor productivity rose for both transportation industries. Multifactor
productivity in air transportation grew at an average annual rate of 0.9 percent as output increased 2.7
percent annually and combined inputs grew 1.7 percent per year. In line-haul railroads, multifactor
productivity increased at an average of 1.9 percent per year between 1987 and 2009, as output rose 1.4
percent per year and combined inputs declined 0.4 percent per year.
Technical Note
Multifactor Productivity: Multifactor productivity measures for detailed industries are derived by
dividing an index of real industry output by an index of the combined inputs of labor, capital, and
intermediate purchases. The multifactor productivity indexes do not measure the specific contributions
of capital, labor, and intermediate inputs. Rather, they are designed to reflect the joint influences on
economic growth of a number of factors, including technological change, returns to scale, improved
skills of the workforce, better management techniques, or other efficiency improvements.
Output: Manufacturing industry output is measured as annual sectoral output, the total value, in real
terms, of goods and services produced for sale outside the industry. Industry value of production is
derived by adjusting industry shipments for changes in inventories and subtracting intra-industry
transfers and resales. For most manufacturing industries, real output is measured by deflating nominal
value of production, but for some industries physical quantities of output are measured. For air
transportation and line-haul railroads, output is measured by aggregating passenger-miles and freight ton-
miles with weights based on revenues or operating expenses.
Output measures for manufacturing industries are constructed using data primarily from the economic
censuses and annual surveys of the Bureau of the Census, U.S. Department of Commerce, together with
information on price changes chiefly from the Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS). Output measures for air
transportation and line-haul railroads are constructed using data primarily from the Bureau of
Transportation Statistics (BTS) and the Surface Transportation Board (STB), both in the U.S.
Department of Transportation (DOT), together with information from the Association of American
Railroads (AAR), AMTRAK, and several other sources.
Combined Inputs: The index of combined inputs is a Törnqvist index of separate quantity indexes of
capital, labor, and intermediate purchases. The annual growth rates of the various inputs are aggregated
using their relative cost shares in total industry value of production as weights. The labor weight is based
on labor compensation including fringe benefits. The weight for intermediate purchases is based on the
total cost of materials, fuels, electricity, and purchased services. The capital weight is calculated as the
value of sectoral production minus the values of labor compensation and intermediate purchases.
Capital Input: Capital input reflects the flow of services derived from the stock of physical assets.
Capital services are estimated by calculating productive capital stocks and are assumed to be
proportional to changes in these capital stocks for each asset. The capital index is a Törnqvist index of
separate quantity indexes of equipment, structures, inventories, and land.
For manufacturing industries, physical capital is comprised of 26 categories of equipment, 2 categories of
structures, 3 categories of inventories, and land. Measures of total capital services for each industry are
estimated by aggregating the capital stocks of individual asset types. Estimates of investment by asset
type for each industry are derived using annual capital expenditures for detailed industries from the
economic censuses and annual surveys of the Bureau of the Census, in combination with benchmark
capital flow tables and annual detailed asset investment by industry from the Bureau of Economic
Analysis (BEA). Price changes are removed from the annual investment data before calculating stocks.
Price deflators for each asset category are constructed by combining detailed price indexes (mostly BLS
Producer Price Indexes) with weights that reflect each industry’s use of individual asset commodities.
The capital stocks for the different assets are combined using weights based on estimated annual rental
prices for each asset type, averaged between two time periods. Each rental price reflects the nominal rate
of return to all assets within the industry and the rates of economic depreciation and revaluation of the
specific asset. Rental prices are adjusted for the effects of taxes.
For air transportation, a weighted index of 44 types of airframes and 34 types of engines is derived from
quantities and purchase prices from BTS. For assets other than airframes and engines, capital stocks are
calculated as is done for manufacturing industries. Inventories of parts and supplies are also included;
the current dollar series is deflated with a weighted cost index based on data from the Air Transport
Association (ATA) and BTS. Indexes for aircraft and engines, non-aircraft assets, and parts and supplies
inventories are aggregated using cost share weights to derive an overall measure of capital input.
For line-haul railroads, current dollar investment for 10 categories of equipment and 13 categories of
structures, obtained from STB and AMTRAK, are deflated with BLS PPIs and deflators based on BEA
data. The capital stocks for each of the items are calculated as is done for manufacturing industries.
Inventories of materials and supplies are also included. Estimates of investments in land from STB and
AMTRAK were deflated with price indexes from BEA.
Labor Input: For manufacturing industries, the primary source of industry employment and hours data
is the BLS Current Employment Statistics (CES) survey. The CES provides monthly data on the number
of total and production worker jobs held by wage and salary workers in nonfarm establishments, as well
as data on the average weekly hours of production workers in those establishments. CES data are
supplemented with data from the Current Population Survey (CPS) to estimate employment and hours
of self-employed and unpaid family workers in each industry. Data from the CPS, together with the
CES data, are also used to estimate the historical average weekly hours of nonproduction workers for
each industry. CES and CPS data are supplemented or further disaggregated for some industries using
data from the BLS Quarterly Census of Employment and Wages (QCEW), the Bureau of the Census, or
other sources. Hours of all persons in an industry are treated as homogeneous and are directly
aggregated.
For air transportation and line-haul railroads, labor input measures are derived primarily from DOT data.
For air transportation, annual estimates are based on monthly data from BTS. For line-haul railroads,
total labor hours for supervisory and nonsupervisory workers are derived from STB data and
supplemented with data from AAR. For the railroad industry, the labor input measure includes an
adjustment to remove capitalized labor hours in order to avoid double-counting because some capitalized
labor costs are embedded in the railroad investment data.
Intermediate Purchases Input: The index of intermediate purchases is a Törnqvist index of separate
quantities of materials, services, fuels, and electricity consumed by each industry. Except for electricity
consumed by manufacturing industries, for which direct quantity data are available, quantities are
derived by deflating current-dollar values with appropriate price deflators.
For manufacturing industries, nominal values of materials, fuels and electricity, along with quantities of
electricity consumed by each industry are obtained from economic censuses and annual surveys of the
Bureau of the Census. To avoid double counting, an adjustment is made to the materials estimates to
exclude the value of intra-industry commodity transfers. Purchased business services are estimated using
annual industry data and benchmark input-output tables from BEA.
Constant-dollar materials consumed are derived by dividing annual current-dollar industry purchases by
a weighted price deflator for each industry. Aggregate materials deflators are constructed for each
industry by combining producer price indexes and import price indexes from BLS for detailed
commodities. The deflators are combined using weights based on detailed commodity data from the
BEA benchmark input-output tables. Aggregate price indexes to deflate purchased business services are
constructed in a similar manner using consumer price indexes (CPIs), PPIs, and deflators developed by
BEA. The value of fuels consumed by each industry is deflated with a weighted price deflator based on
PPIs for individual fuel categories; the weights reflect fuel expenditures by industry from the Energy
Information Administration (EIA), U.S. Department of Energy.
For air transportation, detailed cost of materials, services, fuels, and electricity from the BTS were
deflated using cost indexes from ATA. For line-haul railroads, intermediate purchases data from STB
were supplemented with data from other sources including AAR, AMTRAK, EIA, and the Edison
Electric Institute. The nominal values were deflated with producer price indexes from BLS and implicit
price deflators calculated from BEA investment data.
Revisions: This news release incorporates data from the 2009 Annual Survey of Manufactures and the
November 2010 Subject Series Revision to the 2007 Economic Census, both published by the Census
Bureau. This news release also incorporates the annual benchmark revisions of the BLS Current
Employment Statistics (CES) survey published in February, 2011.
Additional Information: The industries included in this release are classified according to the 2007
NAICS. While the rates of change reported by BLS in this news release are rounded to one decimal
place, all industry productivity percent changes are calculated using index numbers rounded to three
decimal places.
Year-to-year movements in industry multifactor productivity measures may be erratic, particularly in
smaller industries. The annual measure based on sample data may differ from measures generated by a
census of establishments in the industry. Annual changes in an industry’s output, labor, capital, and
intermediate purchases may reflect cyclical changes in the economy as well as long-term trends. As a
result, long-term multifactor productivity changes tend to be more reliable indicators of industry
performance than year-to-year changes.
Industry multifactor productivity and related indexes and rates can be accessed by visiting the
Multifactor Productivity and Costs website at http://www.bls.gov/mfp. Additional data are available
upon request by calling the Division of Industry Productivity Studies at 202-691-5618 or by sending a
request by e-mail to dipsweb@bls.gov. Information in this report will be made available to sensory-
impaired individuals upon request. Voice phone: 202-691-5618; TDD message referral phone number: 1-
800-877-8339.
To subscribe to the industry productivity program’s electronic notification service, send an e-mail to
dipsnews@bls.gov with the word "subscribe" in the subject line.
Table 1. Industry multifactor productivity and related data, percent change, 2008-2009
Percent change
2009 --------------------------------------------------------
NAICS Industry Employment Multifactor Combined Labor Intermediate
code (thousands) productivity Output inputs Hours Capital purchases
Manufacturing
3111 Animal food 53 -3.4 3.5 7.2 -2.3 2.7 10.0
3112 Grain and oilseed milling 60 4.5 6.4 1.8 -1.8 0.5 2.7
3113 Sugar and confectionery products 73 -7.0 -4.6 2.6 -7.4 0.1 7.2
3114 Fruit and vegetable preserving and specialty 175 -9.1 -3.3 6.3 2.2 1.2 9.1
3115 Dairy products 133 0.9 1.9 1.0 -4.1 3.1 1.4
3116 Animal slaughtering and processing 500 -2.1 0.6 2.8 -2.4 3.2 3.8
3117 Seafood product preparation and packaging 38 -1.1 5.7 6.9 -10.6 5.7 11.0
3118 Bakeries and tortilla manufacturing 296 -7.0 -1.4 6.1 -3.0 0.4 10.5
3119 Other food products 163 -5.3 -1.1 4.4 -5.5 1.7 8.2
3121 Beverages 176 -5.2 -1.9 3.4 -10.1 1.3 7.3
3122 Tobacco and tobacco products 19 -19.6 -22.2 -3.2 -20.7 -2.2 -2.3
3131 Fiber, yarn, and thread mills 31 -3.6 -24.4 -21.6 -18.5 -5.5 -24.6
3132 Fabric mills 60 -0.1 -14.9 -14.8 -17.9 -3.0 -17.3
3133 Textile and fabric finishing mills 44 -3.8 -20.4 -17.3 -17.6 -4.8 -18.1
3141 Textile furnishings mills 69 -15.3 -27.9 -14.9 -15.5 -5.9 -17.9
3149 Other textile product mills 75 -11.3 -19.3 -9.1 -14.3 2.3 -9.6
3151 Apparel knitting mills 24 -1.8 -25.8 -24.4 -25.6 -5.7 -29.8
3152 Cut and sew apparel 153 -6.8 -23.1 -17.5 -10.6 -6.0 -25.2
3159 Accessories and other apparel 15 4.1 -12.0 -15.5 -12.1 -5.1 -18.4
3161 Leather and hide tanning and finishing 4 -2.2 -29.2 -27.6 -14.8 -3.2 -36.0
3162 Footwear 15 -7.7 -19.1 -12.4 -14.4 -3.5 -14.8
3169 Other leather products 14 -14.0 -23.4 -10.9 -9.7 -4.5 -15.2
3211 Sawmills and wood preservation 84 4.7 -14.3 -18.1 -20.1 -4.3 -17.8
3212 Plywood and engineered wood products 68 -4.0 -28.2 -25.3 -26.6 -3.9 -25.7
3219 Other wood products 237 -7.2 -26.1 -20.3 -21.1 -1.9 -21.1
3221 Pulp, paper, and paperboard mills 118 -2.7 -9.2 -6.6 -7.9 -3.6 -7.9
3222 Converted paper products 290 -2.5 -11.3 -9.0 -12.7 -1.7 -9.6
3231 Printing and related support activities 550 -4.6 -14.9 -10.8 -11.3 -2.2 -11.9
3241 Petroleum and coal products 117 -2.5 -2.6 -0.2 -5.3 9.2 -1.0
3251 Basic chemicals 146 -5.4 -16.7 -12.0 -5.3 2.5 -16.7
3252 Resin, rubber, and artificial fibers 92 2.9 -17.3 -19.7 -10.9 -1.3 -22.3
3253 Agricultural chemicals 37 11.6 12.3 0.7 -1.5 8.2 -4.1
3254 Pharmaceuticals and medicines 285 -5.7 -6.7 -1.1 -2.3 -0.5 -1.4
3255 Paints, coatings, and adhesives 57 -10.8 -17.1 -7.1 -11.5 0.5 -6.9
3256 Soaps, cleaning compounds, and toiletries 103 -5.7 -7.6 -2.0 -7.1 1.6 -3.0
3259 Other chemical products and preparations 87 -2.8 -10.6 -8.0 -6.1 1.7 -8.9
3261 Plastics products 506 -3.9 -17.3 -13.9 -16.4 -1.0 -16.4
3262 Rubber products 124 -1.0 -16.8 -16.0 -16.4 -1.2 -18.0
3271 Clay products and refractories 51 -13.0 -28.1 -17.4 -15.9 -3.0 -19.6
3272 Glass and glass products 89 -5.5 -14.4 -9.4 -17.0 -2.1 -7.1
3273 Cement and concrete products 186 -11.3 -27.6 -18.4 -19.2 -0.5 -22.4
3274 Lime and gypsum products 15 -12.4 -22.1 -11.1 -16.2 -0.4 -12.8
3279 Other nonmetallic mineral products 69 -10.8 -18.3 -8.4 -13.4 -1.1 -9.7
3311 Iron and steel mills and ferroalloy production 86 -2.8 -34.7 -32.8 -15.8 1.1 -39.6
3312 Steel products from purchased steel 51 -9.4 -31.6 -24.5 -19.0 -1.1 -29.4
3313 Alumina and aluminum production 56 6.0 -21.8 -26.2 -17.5 -1.4 -29.8
3314 Other nonferrous metal production 58 0.3 -24.6 -24.8 -11.8 8.1 -36.4
3315 Foundries 114 0.2 -26.2 -26.3 -27.5 -0.1 -26.7
3321 Forging and stamping 89 -16.9 -26.7 -11.8 -21.3 0.0 -9.9
3322 Cutlery and hand tools 45 -13.2 -19.5 -7.2 -8.7 -1.0 -7.5
3323 Architectural and structural metals 351 -12.2 -23.5 -13.0 -15.8 2.3 -14.0
3324 Boilers, tanks, and shipping containers 89 -17.1 -16.4 0.9 -12.6 0.5 5.6
3325 Hardware 25 -12.4 -27.6 -17.4 -16.7 -3.1 -18.9
3326 Spring and wire products 44 -15.0 -22.2 -8.4 -18.7 -1.1 -4.8
3327 Machine shops and threaded products 323 -15.2 -25.7 -12.4 -15.9 1.1 -13.6
3328 Coating, engraving, and heat treating metals 123 -16.9 -26.5 -11.5 -21.6 1.4 -9.9
3329 Other fabricated metal products 255 -13.1 -21.4 -9.5 -15.2 -0.1 -11.0
3331 Agriculture, construction, and mining machinery 215 -10.1 -23.5 -14.9 -13.8 4.6 -20.7
3332 Industrial machinery 103 -4.8 -27.5 -23.9 -20.8 -2.7 -26.5
3333 Commercial and service industry machinery 97 -2.2 -13.3 -11.4 -10.6 0.7 -13.7
3334 HVAC and commercial refrigeration equipment 129 -7.6 -17.5 -10.7 -18.3 0.9 -10.9
3335 Metalworking machinery 160 -10.1 -29.9 -22.1 -23.4 -1.4 -22.4
3336 Turbine and power transmission equipment 95 -12.3 -24.5 -14.0 -13.3 1.4 -16.0
3339 Other general purpose machinery 238 -6.7 -20.7 -15.0 -18.0 0.7 -18.0
3341 Computer and peripheral equipment 168 -3.0 -10.3 -7.5 -10.0 0.3 -9.5
3342 Communications equipment 122 -9.1 -18.8 -10.6 -4.0 5.1 -14.6
3343 Audio and video equipment 24 -3.6 -45.6 -43.6 -18.5 -9.5 -50.2
3344 Semiconductors and electronic components 381 -10.5 -17.2 -7.4 -13.8 1.9 -10.5
3345 Electronic instruments 422 1.2 -6.1 -7.2 -7.1 0.2 -9.3
3346 Magnetic media manufacturing and reproduction 29 2.2 -12.5 -14.4 -21.0 -5.5 -11.8
3351 Electric lighting equipment 49 -8.7 -19.8 -12.1 -19.1 1.5 -12.2
3352 Household appliances 60 -2.7 -17.2 -14.9 -18.2 -3.8 -17.0
3353 Electrical equipment 146 -9.1 -19.9 -11.8 -14.4 -1.1 -14.4
3359 Other electrical equipment and components 122 -8.0 -21.1 -14.2 -15.1 -0.2 -16.7
3361 Motor vehicles 147 -6.0 -30.2 -25.8 -27.1 -4.5 -28.7
3362 Motor vehicle bodies and trailers 106 -4.4 -30.9 -27.7 -25.6 -3.6 -29.0
3363 Motor vehicle parts 420 -5.7 -25.6 -21.1 -25.2 -6.0 -20.3
3364 Aerospace products and parts 496 -4.1 0.8 5.2 -2.1 1.8 10.0
3365 Railroad rolling stock 23 -8.7 -25.9 -18.8 -27.4 2.9 -18.7
3366 Ship and boat building 132 2.3 -14.3 -16.3 -18.4 4.2 -15.8
3369 Other transportation equipment 40 -15.5 -18.6 -3.7 -3.8 4.6 -5.5
3371 Household and institutional furniture 273 -13.1 -28.3 -17.4 -20.1 -5.0 -17.1
3372 Office furniture and fixtures 108 -15.4 -29.2 -16.3 -18.6 -2.7 -19.8
3379 Other furniture-related products 39 -1.2 -10.5 -9.4 -7.9 -3.4 -11.6
3391 Medical equipment and supplies 321 -3.6 -2.1 1.5 -1.4 3.3 2.0
3399 Other miscellaneous manufacturing 328 -8.6 -16.4 -8.5 -15.8 -1.5 -6.8
Transportation
481 Air Transportation 399 -1.5 -6.5 -5.1 -6.6 -2.6 -5.4
482111 Line-Haul Railroads 172 -8.6 -17.2 -9.4 -13.8 1.7 -13.3
Table 2. Industry multifactor productivity and related data, average annual compound rates of change, 1987-2009
Percent change
------------------------------------------------------------
NAICS Industry Multifactor Combined Labor Intermediate
code productivity Output inputs Hours Capital purchases
Manufacturing
3111 Animal food 0.3 2.2 1.9 -0.8 2.0 2.2
3112 Grain and oilseed milling 0.2 1.5 1.2 -0.9 0.8 1.5
3113 Sugar and confectionery products -0.3 -0.5 -0.2 -1.2 1.0 -0.7
3114 Fruit and vegetable preserving and specialty -0.1 1.1 1.3 -0.2 1.4 1.5
3115 Dairy products -0.3 1.1 1.4 -0.7 1.8 1.6
3116 Animal slaughtering and processing 0.5 2.2 1.7 1.2 2.6 1.7
3117 Seafood product preparation and packaging -0.5 0.3 0.8 -1.2 1.6 1.0
3118 Bakeries and tortilla manufacturing -1.3 0.2 1.6 -0.3 1.5 2.4
3119 Other food products 0.3 1.9 1.6 1.2 1.3 1.8
3121 Beverages 0.4 1.3 0.8 -0.9 0.7 1.1
3122 Tobacco and tobacco products -1.9 -4.1 -2.2 -4.5 -2.2 -3.4
3131 Fiber, yarn, and thread mills 0.4 -2.8 -3.2 -6.0 -1.4 -2.6
3132 Fabric mills 1.1 -3.1 -4.1 -7.6 -1.8 -3.2
3133 Textile and fabric finishing mills -0.3 -4.4 -4.1 -4.8 -1.7 -4.2
3141 Textile furnishings mills -0.8 -2.9 -2.1 -2.9 -0.7 -2.5
3149 Other textile product mills -0.2 -1.1 -0.9 -2.4 1.4 -0.7
3151 Apparel knitting mills -0.8 -7.8 -7.1 -7.3 -2.4 -8.3
3152 Cut and sew apparel -2.0 -8.7 -6.9 -7.3 -2.3 -8.5
3159 Accessories and other apparel -1.6 -7.3 -5.8 -4.6 -1.6 -6.8
3161 Leather and hide tanning and finishing -0.7 -6.6 -5.9 -6.0 -2.0 -6.8
3162 Footwear 0.3 -6.3 -6.6 -8.2 -3.1 -6.4
3169 Other leather products -0.4 -4.5 -4.1 -5.0 -1.1 -5.2
3211 Sawmills and wood preservation 0.1 -0.6 -0.7 -3.2 -0.5 0.6
3212 Plywood and engineered wood products -0.4 -1.6 -1.2 -2.1 1.2 -0.8
3219 Other wood products -0.9 -1.3 -0.4 -2.0 1.5 0.2
3221 Pulp, paper, and paperboard mills -0.3 -0.6 -0.2 -3.3 -0.6 1.0
3222 Converted paper products -0.2 -0.1 0.1 -1.6 1.2 0.3
3231 Printing and related support activities -0.4 -0.6 -0.2 -1.8 1.9 0.3
3241 Petroleum and coal products 0.2 1.0 0.8 -1.5 1.7 0.9
3251 Basic chemicals -1.3 -0.4 1.0 -2.3 1.2 1.6
3252 Resin, rubber, and artificial fibers -0.1 -0.4 -0.3 -2.1 1.2 -0.2
3253 Agricultural chemicals 0.8 0.8 0.0 -2.0 -0.4 0.6
3254 Pharmaceuticals and medicines -1.7 2.5 4.3 2.1 5.0 4.5
3255 Paints, coatings, and adhesives -1.8 -1.2 0.6 -1.8 0.8 1.2
3256 Soaps, cleaning compounds, and toiletries -0.3 1.8 2.1 -1.0 2.4 2.6
3259 Other chemical products and preparations -1.1 -0.4 0.7 -2.5 0.8 1.8
3261 Plastics products 0.0 1.1 1.1 -0.7 2.9 1.3
3262 Rubber products 0.5 -0.4 -0.8 -2.4 0.2 -0.1
3271 Clay products and refractories -0.8 -2.5 -1.7 -3.0 -0.6 -1.0
3272 Glass and glass products 0.5 -0.2 -0.7 -2.2 0.3 -0.1
3273 Cement and concrete products -0.9 -0.5 0.4 -0.4 1.1 0.6
3274 Lime and gypsum products -0.9 -1.1 -0.2 -1.8 1.1 -0.3
3279 Other nonmetallic mineral products 0.4 0.5 0.1 -0.8 0.3 0.5
3311 Iron and steel mills and ferroalloy production 0.6 0.4 -0.2 -3.3 -1.7 1.5
3312 Steel products from purchased steel -1.0 -3.2 -2.2 -1.6 -1.7 -2.3
3313 Alumina and aluminum production -0.1 -1.2 -1.1 -3.2 -0.4 -0.4
3314 Other nonferrous metal production -1.3 -2.1 -0.9 -2.8 -0.1 -0.7
3315 Foundries -0.3 -1.3 -1.0 -3.2 0.0 0.6
3321 Forging and stamping 0.1 0.3 0.2 -2.1 1.7 1.1
3322 Cutlery and hand tools -1.1 -1.9 -0.8 -2.6 0.1 0.2
3323 Architectural and structural metals -0.8 0.5 1.3 -0.1 1.4 2.1
3324 Boilers, tanks, and shipping containers -0.4 -0.4 -0.1 -1.1 -0.1 0.2
3325 Hardware -1.5 -4.0 -2.5 -4.4 -0.4 -2.0
3326 Spring and wire products 0.1 -0.5 -0.6 -2.8 1.0 0.2
3327 Machine shops and threaded products 0.4 1.8 1.4 0.0 2.6 2.4
3328 Coating, engraving, and heat treating metals 0.5 1.7 1.3 -0.8 2.1 2.2
3329 Other fabricated metal products -0.5 -0.2 0.3 -1.5 0.7 1.3
3331 Agriculture, construction, and mining machinery 0.3 2.2 1.9 -0.1 0.8 2.7
3332 Industrial machinery 0.0 -0.1 -0.1 -1.9 2.2 0.7
3333 Commercial and service industry machinery -0.7 -0.9 -0.2 -2.1 0.6 0.8
3334 HVAC and commercial refrigeration equipment 0.2 0.7 0.5 -1.3 1.7 0.9
3335 Metalworking machinery 0.3 -1.1 -1.4 -2.6 1.1 -0.5
3336 Turbine and power transmission equipment -0.8 0.4 1.2 -0.9 1.4 2.0
3339 Other general purpose machinery 0.1 0.8 0.7 -1.6 0.9 1.8
3341 Computer and peripheral equipment 16.2 18.3 1.7 -4.1 1.2 3.2
3342 Communications equipment 1.3 2.5 1.1 -2.8 3.2 2.9
3343 Audio and video equipment 1.4 -2.5 -3.8 -4.2 0.3 -4.3
3344 Semiconductors and electronic components 12.8 13.6 0.7 -2.0 6.5 -1.3
3345 Electronic instruments 0.2 1.7 1.5 -2.1 1.2 4.2
3346 Magnetic media manufacturing and reproduction 3.6 1.0 -2.5 -1.4 1.5 -3.3
3351 Electric lighting equipment 0.0 -0.7 -0.7 -2.6 0.5 -0.1
3352 Household appliances 1.4 -0.1 -1.4 -3.7 -0.3 -1.0
3353 Electrical equipment -0.3 -0.4 -0.2 -2.7 -0.5 1.4
3359 Other electrical equipment and components -0.4 -0.9 -0.4 -2.4 0.5 0.1
3361 Motor vehicles 0.1 -0.6 -0.6 -3.5 1.0 -0.6
3362 Motor vehicle bodies and trailers -0.6 -0.6 0.0 -1.4 1.8 0.3
3363 Motor vehicle parts 0.6 0.6 0.0 -2.1 1.3 0.7
3364 Aerospace products and parts -0.9 -0.2 0.7 -2.2 0.6 2.6
3365 Railroad rolling stock 0.6 4.2 3.6 -0.8 0.4 5.4
3366 Ship and boat building -0.3 0.6 0.9 -1.7 0.5 2.5
3369 Other transportation equipment 1.4 6.4 5.0 0.2 4.5 6.3
3371 Household and institutional furniture -0.6 -1.2 -0.7 -2.4 0.8 0.1
3372 Office furniture and fixtures -0.4 -0.7 -0.3 -1.8 1.2 0.1
3379 Other furniture-related products 0.6 1.1 0.5 -0.9 0.2 1.0
3391 Medical equipment and supplies 1.5 4.6 3.1 1.2 5.0 3.2
3399 Other miscellaneous manufacturing 0.1 0.4 0.3 -1.7 1.5 0.9
Transportation
481 Air Transportation 0.9 2.7 1.7 -0.1 4.2 2.3
482111 Line-Haul Railroads 1.9 1.4 -0.4 -2.4 -0.2 1.5
Table 3. Industry multifactor productivity, average annual compound rates of change, 1987-2009 and selected subperiods
Percent change
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
NAICS Industry 1987-2009 1987-1990 1990-1995 1995-2000 2000-2007 2007-2009 2008-2009
code
Manufacturing
3111 Animal food 0.3 0.6 0.3 -0.7 1.7 -2.5 -3.4
3112 Grain and oilseed milling 0.2 0.0 0.5 0.4 -0.1 0.7 4.5
3113 Sugar and confectionery products -0.3 -0.4 0.4 1.9 0.1 -7.9 -7.0
3114 Fruit and vegetable preserving and specialty -0.1 -2.6 1.3 1.0 1.0 -6.3 -9.1
3115 Dairy products -0.3 -0.3 -0.6 -0.7 0.4 -0.7 0.9
3116 Animal slaughtering and processing 0.5 -0.9 0.9 1.3 1.2 -2.8 -2.1
3117 Seafood product preparation and packaging -0.5 -1.2 0.0 -0.4 1.5 -7.2 -1.1
3118 Bakeries and tortilla manufacturing -1.3 -4.4 0.3 -0.7 -0.2 -6.4 -7.0
3119 Other food products 0.3 -0.1 0.7 -0.1 1.4 -2.5 -5.3
3121 Beverages 0.4 0.3 1.0 -1.0 2.5 -3.8 -5.2
3122 Tobacco and tobacco products -1.9 -1.1 -0.7 0.6 -1.2 -13.9 -19.6
3131 Fiber, yarn, and thread mills 0.4 0.1 0.3 -0.1 2.0 -3.0 -3.6
3132 Fabric mills 1.1 -0.1 1.3 -0.1 2.7 -0.4 -0.1
3133 Textile and fabric finishing mills -0.3 -0.2 -0.1 1.1 0.4 -6.8 -3.8
3141 Textile furnishings mills -0.8 -0.6 1.2 -1.0 0.3 -9.0 -15.3
3149 Other textile product mills -0.2 -0.1 -0.2 0.4 1.3 -6.6 -11.3
3151 Apparel knitting mills -0.8 0.8 2.0 -2.6 -2.3 -0.2 -1.8
3152 Cut and sew apparel -2.0 -1.4 0.5 -1.7 -2.4 -8.7 -6.8
3159 Accessories and other apparel -1.6 0.9 0.5 -4.7 -2.6 1.5 4.1
3161 Leather and hide tanning and finishing -0.7 -3.2 -2.1 3.6 -2.4 1.8 -2.2
3162 Footwear 0.3 -1.9 0.2 -0.8 1.4 2.6 -7.7
3169 Other leather products -0.4 0.0 -2.3 1.7 2.7 -11.1 -14.0
3211 Sawmills and wood preservation 0.1 1.6 -1.4 -2.0 0.9 4.2 4.7
3212 Plywood and engineered wood products -0.4 -0.6 -0.4 -0.8 0.4 -2.1 -4.0
3219 Other wood products -0.9 -0.8 -1.0 -0.7 0.0 -4.2 -7.2
3221 Pulp, paper, and paperboard mills -0.3 -1.6 -1.1 -0.3 1.4 -2.6 -2.7
3222 Converted paper products -0.2 -0.5 -0.2 -0.3 0.8 -2.6 -2.5
3231 Printing and related support activities -0.4 -0.4 -0.3 -1.3 0.4 -1.6 -4.6
3241 Petroleum and coal products 0.2 -1.9 2.2 2.0 -1.1 -1.5 -2.5
3251 Basic chemicals -1.3 -1.0 -3.3 -1.2 1.8 -7.5 -5.4
3252 Resin, rubber, and artificial fibers -0.1 -0.9 1.0 -0.9 0.6 -1.6 2.9
3253 Agricultural chemicals 0.8 2.1 1.0 -1.3 2.1 -0.7 11.6
3254 Pharmaceuticals and medicines -1.7 -1.9 -2.5 -2.2 -0.1 -4.0 -5.7
3255 Paints, coatings, and adhesives -1.8 -2.1 -0.8 -2.1 -0.9 -5.9 -10.8
3256 Soaps, cleaning compounds, and toiletries -0.3 -1.5 0.1 -2.0 3.1 -6.9 -5.7
3259 Other chemical products and preparations -1.1 -1.7 0.0 -1.0 -2.0 0.4 -2.8
3261 Plastics products 0.0 -0.8 1.0 0.5 0.4 -4.2 -3.9
3262 Rubber products 0.5 1.3 1.2 1.0 0.1 -2.5 -1.0
3271 Clay products and refractories -0.8 0.7 1.1 0.9 -2.0 -7.7 -13.0
3272 Glass and glass products 0.5 -0.2 1.7 1.9 -1.1 0.4 -5.5
3273 Cement and concrete products -0.9 0.6 0.3 0.2 -0.8 -8.8 -11.3
3274 Lime and gypsum products -0.9 -1.4 -2.5 0.7 0.0 -3.3 -12.4
3279 Other nonmetallic mineral products 0.4 -1.4 2.0 -0.4 1.9 -3.4 -10.8
3311 Iron and steel mills and ferroalloy production 0.6 1.3 2.0 1.9 -0.7 -2.2 -2.8
3312 Steel products from purchased steel -1.0 1.1 2.3 -0.1 -2.9 -7.7 -9.4
3313 Alumina and aluminum production -0.1 -0.2 -0.7 -0.2 -0.4 3.1 6.0
3314 Other nonferrous metal production -1.3 -1.6 1.5 0.1 -5.3 3.5 0.3
3315 Foundries -0.3 -0.2 1.5 0.1 -1.1 -3.3 0.2
3321 Forging and stamping 0.1 -0.6 0.9 0.9 1.8 -8.3 -16.9
3322 Cutlery and hand tools -1.1 -1.4 0.9 -0.4 -0.8 -7.6 -13.2
3323 Architectural and structural metals -0.8 -1.2 0.8 -0.6 0.1 -7.3 -12.2
3324 Boilers, tanks, and shipping containers -0.4 0.7 1.2 0.2 0.1 -8.5 -17.1
3325 Hardware -1.5 -2.2 0.6 -0.1 -2.2 -6.6 -12.4
3326 Spring and wire products 0.1 0.4 1.5 0.5 0.7 -6.7 -15.0
3327 Machine shops and threaded products 0.4 1.0 3.2 0.1 0.5 -7.4 -15.2
3328 Coating, engraving, and heat treating metals 0.5 0.8 2.0 -0.6 2.3 -7.0 -16.9
3329 Other fabricated metal products -0.5 -1.8 0.2 -0.8 1.0 -5.0 -13.1
3331 Agriculture, construction, and mining machinery 0.3 2.6 -0.2 -1.1 2.0 -4.4 -10.1
3332 Industrial machinery 0.0 0.2 1.5 -0.5 0.6 -4.7 -4.8
3333 Commercial and service industry machinery -0.7 0.9 -0.9 -1.7 -0.9 0.6 -2.2
3334 HVAC and commercial refrigeration equipment 0.2 -0.2 0.6 0.6 0.9 -2.9 -7.6
3335 Metalworking machinery 0.3 0.1 1.2 -0.8 1.9 -4.0 -10.1
3336 Turbine and power transmission equipment -0.8 -0.5 -0.2 0.8 -0.9 -5.9 -12.3
3339 Other general purpose machinery 0.1 0.5 -0.1 -0.2 1.4 -3.5 -6.7
3341 Computer and peripheral equipment 16.2 5.4 11.8 21.7 21.4 13.5 -3.0
3342 Communications equipment 1.3 3.7 3.6 1.3 2.6 -11.1 -9.1
3343 Audio and video equipment 1.4 3.7 1.8 0.2 3.6 -7.7 -3.6
3344 Semiconductors and electronic components 12.8 7.2 18.1 22.7 9.4 -2.2 -10.5
3345 Electronic instruments 0.2 1.6 -0.3 -4.3 3.3 0.2 1.2
3346 Magnetic media manufacturing and reproduction 3.6 1.2 5.8 -1.1 5.2 8.4 2.2
3351 Electric lighting equipment 0.0 -1.8 0.1 0.2 1.4 -3.2 -8.7
3352 Household appliances 1.4 -0.1 2.4 0.9 2.6 -2.1 -2.7
3353 Electrical equipment -0.3 0.4 1.6 -2.4 0.9 -4.5 -9.1
3359 Other electrical equipment and components -0.4 -1.8 0.9 0.3 -0.5 -3.5 -8.0
3361 Motor vehicles 0.1 0.2 -1.5 0.3 2.7 -5.7 -6.0
3362 Motor vehicle bodies and trailers -0.6 -3.0 2.0 -2.0 0.5 -3.6 -4.4
3363 Motor vehicle parts 0.6 -0.8 1.9 -0.3 1.6 -1.5 -5.7
3364 Aerospace products and parts -0.9 -2.8 -1.7 -0.6 0.0 0.1 -4.1
3365 Railroad rolling stock 0.6 2.2 -1.4 4.0 -1.6 2.6 -8.7
3366 Ship and boat building -0.3 -0.2 -2.1 -0.4 0.0 2.6 2.3
3369 Other transportation equipment 1.4 -1.8 4.1 -1.0 4.1 -3.6 -15.5
3371 Household and institutional furniture -0.6 -0.5 0.7 -0.5 0.3 -6.5 -13.1
3372 Office furniture and fixtures -0.4 -2.6 0.2 1.9 0.8 -8.1 -15.4
3379 Other furniture-related products 0.6 0.1 0.6 -0.2 2.1 -2.4 -1.2
3391 Medical equipment and supplies 1.5 2.8 0.2 2.2 1.9 -0.2 -3.6
3399 Other miscellaneous manufacturing 0.1 1.3 0.6 -0.1 0.9 -4.8 -8.6
Transportation
481 Air Transportation 0.9 -1.5 0.7 0.4 3.0 -0.6 -1.5
482111 Line-Haul Railroads 1.9 4.4 4.1 1.1 1.1 -2.8 -8.6
United States Department of Labor
