For release 10:00 a.m. (EDT) Wednesday, September 25, 2013 USDL-13-1941
Technical Information: (202) 691-5618 • dipsweb@bls.gov • www.bls.gov/mfp
Media Contact: (202) 691-5902 • PressOffice@bls.gov
MULTIFACTOR PRODUCTIVITY TRENDS FOR DETAILED INDUSTRIES, 2011
Multifactor productivity -- defined as output per unit of combined inputs -- increased in 55 of the 86
four-digit NAICS manufacturing industries in 2011, the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics reported today.
(See table 1.) This was down from 2010, when multifactor productivity increased in 63 of those
industries. However, more industries recorded increases in multifactor productivity in both 2010 and
2011 than in any year since 2004.
Three manufacturing industries recorded double-digit percent increases in multifactor productivity:
semiconductors and electronic components, other transportation equipment, and electric lighting
equipment.
Multifactor productivity is measured in two transportation industries. Multifactor productivity increased
1.2 percent in air transportation and decreased 1.6 percent in line-haul railroads.
Multifactor productivity indexes relate the change in real output to the change in the combined inputs of
labor, capital, and intermediate purchases consumed in producing that output. Multifactor productivity
growth measures the extent to which output growth has exceeded the growth in inputs, and reflects the
joint influences on economic growth of a variety of factors that are not specifically accounted for on the
input side, including technological change, returns to scale, enhancements in managerial and staff skills,
changes in the organization of production, and other efficiency improvements.
Fewer 4-digit NAICS industries exhibited increases in output or combined inputs in 2011 compared to
the previous year. Output increased in 54 manufacturing industries in 2011, compared to 60 in 2010.
However, the number of industries where output increased and the number of industries where
combined inputs increased were much higher in 2011 compared to 2009.
Double-digit percent increases in output occurred in 15 industries. Increases in output were particularly
large in turbine and power transmission equipment; metalworking machinery; agriculture, construction,
and mining machinery; railroad rolling stock; and audio and video equipment. Multifactor productivity
rose in each of those industries. Output declined the most in computer and peripheral equipment and in
apparel knitting mills.
For some manufacturing industries, multifactor productivity rose despite falling output, as combined
inputs fell more rapidly. This occurred in 12 of the industries studied, including other transportation
equipment, household appliances, cutlery and handtools, and printing and related support activities.
Combined inputs of capital, labor, and intermediate purchases rose in 47 manufacturing industries in
2011, compared to 54 industries in 2010. Purchases of intermediate inputs rose in 48 industries, labor
hours rose in 51, and capital services rose in 25 industries. Industries with the largest increases in
combined inputs were motor vehicles; audio and video equipment; agriculture, construction and mining
machinery; and turbine and power transmission equipment.
Of the 39 industries where combined inputs fell in 2011, multifactor productivity rose in 31. Within this
group, the largest declines in combined inputs occurred in other transportation equipment and household
appliances. In both industries, the declines in combined inputs were primarily caused by decreases in
intermediate purchases.
Among the largest 4-digit NAICS manufacturing industries (those with employment over 200,000),
multifactor productivity increased the most in semiconductors and electronic components in 2011, as
output increased much more than inputs.
In the air transportation industry, output increased 1.9 percent and combined inputs grew 0.7 percent. In
line-haul railroads output rose 3.8 percent and combined inputs increased 5.5 percent.
Year-to-year movements in industry multifactor productivity may reflect cyclical changes in the
economy as well as long-term trends. Long-term average annual changes in multifactor productivity are,
however, more reliable indicators of historical trends in industry performance.
Historical Trends
Between 1987 and 2011, multifactor productivity increased in 49 of 86 manufacturing industries, fewer
than in 2011. (See table 2.) Average annual rates of change in multifactor productivity for most
manufacturing industries ranged between -1.9 and 2.0 percent over the long term.
In contrast, in 2011 multifactor productivity growth rates varied much more among industries. More
industries recorded large productivity increases in 2011 than over the long-term; 40 industries posted
multifactor productivity gains of 2.1 percent or more in 2011.
Table 3 presents the average annual percent changes in multifactor productivity by industry from 1987 to
2011 and for various subperiods. Multifactor productivity increased in more industries between 2009
and 2011 than over any of the previous subperiods shown; the number of industries posting increases in
multifactor productivity in the latest period contrasts sharply with the number during the 2007-2009
period.
From 1987 to 2011 multifactor productivity rose for both transportation industries. Multifactor
productivity in air transportation grew at an average annual rate of 1.3 percent during this period, as
output increased more than combined inputs. In line-haul railroads, multifactor productivity increased at
an average of 1.9 percent per year as output rose and combined inputs was little changed over the period.
The industries included in this release are classified according to the 2007 NAICS. While the rates of
change reported by BLS in this news release are rounded to one decimal place, all industry productivity
percent changes are calculated using index numbers rounded to three decimal places.
This news release incorporates 2011 data and revisions to 2010 data from the Annual Survey of
Manufactures published by the Census Bureau. This news release also incorporates the annual benchmark
revisions of the BLS Current Employment Statistics (CES) survey published in February, 2013. All of
the measures for 2011 in this release are preliminary and subject to revision.
Measures for the air transportation industry in this news release include, for the first time, an improved
labor input series which relies on employment and hours from the CES program and hours from the
Current Population Survey (CPS) to supplement employment data from the Department of
Transportation (DOT). In addition, the capital measures for some assets in this industry are now, for the
first time, based on a more detailed breakdown of equipment and structures assets from the Bureau of
Economic Analysis (BEA). These revisions affect the air transportation measures for the full period
studied.
Industry multifactor productivity and related indexes and rates can be accessed by visiting the
Multifactor Productivity and Costs website at http://www.bls.gov/mfp. Additional data are available
upon request by calling the Division of Industry Productivity Studies at 202-691-5618 or by sending a
request by e-mail to dipsweb@bls.gov. Information in this report will be made available to sensory-
impaired individuals upon request. Voice phone: 202-691-5618; TDD message referral phone number: 1-
800-877-8339.
Customers can subscribe to the industry productivity program’s news releases on the BLS website at
https://subscriptions.bls.gov/accounts/USDOLBLS/subscriber/new.
Technical Note
Multifactor Productivity: Multifactor productivity measures are derived by dividing an index of real
industry output by an index of the combined inputs of labor, capital, and intermediate purchases. The
multifactor productivity indexes do not measure the specific contributions of capital, labor, and
intermediate inputs. Rather, they reflect the joint influences on economic growth of a number of factors
that are not specifically accounted for on the input side, including technological change, returns to scale,
improved skills of the workforce, better management techniques, or other efficiency improvements.
Output: Manufacturing industry output is measured as annual sectoral output, the total value, in real
terms, of goods and services produced for sale outside the industry. Industry value of production is
derived by adjusting industry shipments for changes in inventories and subtracting intra-industry
transfers and resales. For most manufacturing industries, real output is measured by deflating nominal
value of production, but for some industries physical quantities of output are measured. For air
transportation and line-haul railroads, output is measured by aggregating passenger-miles and freight ton-
miles with weights based on revenues or operating expenses.
Output measures for manufacturing industries are constructed using data primarily from the economic
censuses and annual surveys of the Bureau of the Census, U.S. Department of Commerce, together with
information on price changes chiefly from the Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS). Output measures for air
transportation and line-haul railroads are constructed using data primarily from the Bureau of
Transportation Statistics (BTS) and the Surface Transportation Board (STB), both in the U.S.
Department of Transportation (DOT), together with information from the Association of American
Railroads (AAR), AMTRAK, and several other sources.
Combined Inputs: The index of combined inputs is a Törnqvist index of separate quantity indexes of
capital, labor, and intermediate purchases (including fuels, electricity, materials, and purchased services).
The annual growth rates of the various inputs are aggregated using their relative cost shares in total
industry value of production as weights. The labor weight is based on labor compensation including
fringe benefits. The weight for intermediate purchases is based on the total cost of materials, fuels,
electricity, and purchased services. The capital weight is based on total capital cost, which is calculated
as the value of sectoral production minus the costs of labor compensation and intermediate purchases.
Capital Input: Capital input reflects the flow of services derived from the stock of physical assets.
Capital services are estimated by calculating productive capital stocks and are assumed to be
proportional to changes in these capital stocks for each asset. The capital index is a Törnqvist index of
separate quantity indexes of equipment, structures, inventories, and land.
For manufacturing industries, physical capital is comprised of 26 categories of equipment, 2 categories of
structures, 3 categories of inventories, and land. Measures of total capital services for each industry are
estimated by aggregating the capital stocks of individual asset types. Estimates of investment by asset
type for each industry are derived using annual capital expenditures for detailed industries from the
economic censuses and annual surveys of the Bureau of the Census, in combination with benchmark
capital flow tables and annual detailed asset investment by industry from the Bureau of Economic
Analysis (BEA). Price changes are removed from the annual investment data before calculating stocks.
Price deflators for each asset category are constructed by combining detailed price indexes (mostly BLS
Producer Price Indexes) with weights that reflect each industry’s use of individual asset commodities.
The capital stocks for the different assets are combined using weights based on estimated annual rental
prices for each asset type, averaged between two time periods. Each rental price reflects the nominal rate
of return to all assets within the industry and the rates of economic depreciation and revaluation of the
specific asset. Rental prices are adjusted for the effects of taxes.
For air transportation, a weighted index of 44 types of airframes and 34 types of engines is derived from
quantities and purchase prices from BTS. For assets other than airframes and engines, capital stocks are
calculated as is done for manufacturing industries. For these assets, a more detailed breakdown of
annual expenditures on equipment and structures from the BEA is used for the first time in this release.
Inventories of parts and supplies are also included; the current dollar series is deflated with a weighted
cost index based on data from Airlines for America (A4A) and BTS. Indexes for aircraft and engines,
non-aircraft assets, and parts and supplies inventories are aggregated using cost share weights to derive
an overall measure of capital input.
For line-haul railroads, current dollar investment for 10 categories of equipment and 13 categories of
structures, obtained from STB and AMTRAK, are deflated with BLS PPIs and deflators based on BEA
data. The capital stocks for each of the items are calculated as is done for manufacturing industries.
Inventories of materials and supplies are also included. Estimates of investments in land from STB and
AMTRAK were deflated with price indexes from BEA.
Labor Input: For manufacturing industries, the primary source of industry employment and hours data
is the BLS Current Employment Statistics (CES) survey. The CES provides monthly data on the number
of total and production worker jobs held by wage and salary workers in nonfarm establishments, as well
as data on the average weekly hours of production workers in those establishments. CES data are
supplemented with data from the Current Population Survey (CPS) to estimate employment and hours
of self-employed and unpaid family workers in each industry. Data from the CPS, together with the
CES data, are also used to estimate the historical average weekly hours of nonproduction workers for
each industry. CES and CPS data are supplemented or further disaggregated for some industries using
data from the BLS Quarterly Census of Employment and Wages (QCEW), the Bureau of the Census, or
other sources. Hours of all persons in an industry are treated as homogeneous and are directly
aggregated.
For air transportation, annual labor input estimates are based on monthly employment data from DOT
supplemented by employment and hours from the CES program and hours from the CPS. For line-haul
railroads, labor input measures are derived primarily from DOT data and supplemented with data from
AAR. For the railroad industry, the labor input measure includes an adjustment to remove capitalized
labor hours in order to avoid double-counting because some capitalized labor costs are embedded in the
railroad investment data.
Intermediate Purchases Input: The index of intermediate purchases is a Törnqvist index of separate
quantities of materials, purchased services, fuels, and electricity consumed by each industry. Except for
electricity consumed by manufacturing industries, for which direct quantity data are available, quantities
are derived by deflating current-dollar values with appropriate price deflators.
For manufacturing industries, nominal values of materials, fuels and electricity, along with quantities of
electricity consumed by each industry are obtained from economic censuses and annual surveys of the
Bureau of the Census. To avoid double counting, an adjustment is made to the materials estimates to
exclude the value of intra-industry commodity transfers. Purchased business services are estimated using
annual industry data and benchmark input-output tables from BEA.
Constant-dollar materials consumed are derived by dividing annual current-dollar industry purchases by
a weighted price deflator for each industry. Aggregate materials deflators are constructed for each
industry by combining producer price indexes and import price indexes from BLS for detailed
commodities. The deflators are combined using weights based on detailed commodity data from the
BEA benchmark input-output tables. Aggregate price indexes to deflate purchased business services are
constructed in a similar manner using consumer price indexes (CPIs), PPIs, and deflators developed by
BEA. The value of fuels consumed by each industry is deflated with a weighted price deflator based on
PPIs for individual fuel categories; the weights reflect fuel expenditures by industry from the Energy
Information Administration (EIA), U.S. Department of Energy.
For air transportation, detailed cost of materials, services, fuels, and electricity from the BTS were
deflated using cost indexes from A4A. For line-haul railroads, intermediate purchases data from STB
were supplemented with data from other sources including AAR, AMTRAK, EIA, and the Edison
Electric Institute. The nominal values were deflated with producer price indexes from BLS and implicit
price deflators calculated from BEA investment data.
Table 1. Industry multifactor productivity and related data, percent change, 2010-2011
Percent change
2011 --------------------------------------------------------
NAICS Industry Employment Multifactor Combined Labor Intermediate
code (thousands) productivity Output inputs Hours Capital purchases
Manufacturing
3111 Animal food 52 -2.7 -3.3 -0.7 4.1 -0.6 -1.1
3112 Grain and oilseed milling 59 -2.6 -6.3 -3.8 2.0 -2.3 -4.8
3113 Sugar and confectionery products 68 -2.7 -0.9 1.8 6.5 0.9 1.1
3114 Fruit and vegetable preserving and specialty 173 2.6 -0.2 -2.8 -2.6 -0.6 -3.6
3115 Dairy products 134 -1.9 -0.5 1.4 2.7 1.6 1.1
3116 Animal slaughtering and processing 493 0.6 1.6 1.0 -1.6 0.0 1.6
3117 Seafood product preparation and packaging 39 0.5 -2.3 -2.7 0.5 0.5 -3.6
3118 Bakeries and tortilla manufacturing 305 0.6 -0.4 -1.0 -1.1 0.6 -1.4
3119 Other food products 171 3.5 2.3 -1.1 0.0 2.0 -3.3
3121 Beverages 176 2.3 3.7 1.4 8.2 -0.2 1.3
3122 Tobacco and tobacco products 16 -5.5 -4.7 0.9 -1.0 -0.7 13.5
3131 Fiber, yarn, and thread mills 29 -14.1 -9.1 5.8 1.5 -5.1 8.0
3132 Fabric mills 62 0.0 -0.6 -0.6 0.6 -4.6 0.7
3133 Textile and fabric finishing mills 38 4.2 0.1 -3.9 -2.7 -4.2 -4.1
3141 Textile furnishings mills 57 8.9 3.8 -4.7 -7.4 -1.6 -4.8
3149 Other textile product mills 68 2.4 -2.1 -4.4 -2.9 -1.2 -6.1
3151 Apparel knitting mills 23 -6.2 -15.7 -10.2 -10.3 -5.7 -11.4
3152 Cut and sew apparel 134 -1.2 -0.4 0.8 -1.9 -4.7 2.7
3159 Accessories and other apparel 12 1.5 0.4 -1.1 -11.9 -4.8 6.2
3161 Leather and hide tanning and finishing 4 -0.3 6.3 6.6 -6.4 -2.9 10.4
3162 Footwear 13 -0.5 -1.8 -1.3 3.8 -2.2 -3.8
3169 Other leather products 14 -3.4 -1.3 2.1 0.4 -0.7 4.7
3211 Sawmills and wood preservation 90 1.2 -0.5 -1.7 5.8 -3.5 -3.5
3212 Plywood and engineered wood products 62 3.9 2.5 -1.3 -0.1 -4.6 -1.5
3219 Other wood products 207 4.5 1.4 -2.9 -2.2 -2.9 -3.2
3221 Pulp, paper, and paperboard mills 109 2.7 0.4 -2.2 -0.7 -3.0 -2.2
3222 Converted paper products 279 1.9 0.0 -1.8 -3.2 -0.5 -1.8
3231 Printing and related support activities 496 3.3 -0.9 -4.1 -5.3 -3.6 -3.6
3241 Petroleum and coal products 113 -5.1 1.3 6.8 -0.5 -2.1 8.4
3251 Basic chemicals 142 -6.7 -1.8 5.2 -0.9 -0.8 8.6
3252 Resin, rubber, and artificial fibers 91 -1.5 -1.2 0.3 -1.1 -0.8 0.6
3253 Agricultural chemicals 37 -0.2 -3.9 -3.7 3.3 -1.2 -6.1
3254 Pharmaceuticals and medicines 271 4.7 2.0 -2.6 -0.6 0.7 -7.1
3255 Paints, coatings, and adhesives 57 3.1 1.6 -1.5 -5.7 -2.0 -0.7
3256 Soaps, cleaning compounds, and toiletries 106 8.1 3.6 -4.1 4.4 0.2 -8.5
3259 Other chemical products and preparations 86 0.1 -2.8 -2.9 -3.1 -0.9 -3.0
3261 Plastics products 510 -1.1 0.6 1.7 2.1 -0.6 2.3
3262 Rubber products 127 -1.6 6.9 8.7 5.2 -0.1 12.3
3271 Clay products and refractories 51 1.5 0.4 -1.1 -3.7 -4.1 1.0
3272 Glass and glass products 85 6.1 4.8 -1.2 0.5 -1.3 -2.1
3273 Cement and concrete products 166 1.8 -0.5 -2.3 -1.8 -3.9 -2.2
3274 Lime and gypsum products 14 5.5 4.4 -1.0 -2.5 -3.0 0.0
3279 Other nonmetallic mineral products 69 1.3 2.1 0.8 1.8 -1.0 1.4
3311 Iron and steel mills and ferroalloy production 93 0.8 9.5 8.7 9.7 -1.0 11.0
3312 Steel products from purchased steel 57 -0.3 6.9 7.2 15.7 1.4 5.7
3313 Alumina and aluminum production 57 -0.3 6.1 6.4 0.4 -1.5 8.3
3314 Other nonferrous metal production 62 -7.9 1.7 10.5 0.4 1.7 23.1
3315 Foundries 123 -0.4 10.1 10.5 17.1 -2.2 8.9
3321 Forging and stamping 95 5.6 10.2 4.3 8.5 1.5 3.6
3322 Cutlery and hand tools 41 3.3 -0.1 -3.2 -3.2 -2.2 -3.8
3323 Architectural and structural metals 337 0.0 3.0 3.1 5.9 -0.8 2.4
3324 Boilers, tanks, and shipping containers 90 7.0 10.8 3.6 9.9 0.3 2.6
3325 Hardware 24 -1.0 -0.5 0.5 1.0 -4.3 0.7
3326 Spring and wire products 42 4.8 3.3 -1.4 -2.1 -1.7 -1.1
3327 Machine shops and threaded products 354 6.0 13.6 7.2 9.7 2.4 7.3
3328 Coating, engraving, and heat treating metals 132 7.7 10.2 2.4 6.4 0.2 1.5
3329 Other fabricated metal products 259 3.8 7.9 4.0 1.5 0.9 6.8
3331 Agriculture, construction, and mining machiner 228 5.5 17.5 11.4 9.9 5.7 14.2
3332 Industrial machinery 104 7.5 13.1 5.2 6.3 -0.5 5.4
3333 Commercial and service industry machinery 93 3.2 4.3 1.0 1.0 -1.0 1.2
3334 HVAC and commercial refrigeration equipment 130 -0.5 3.5 4.0 5.8 0.5 4.2
3335 Metalworking machinery 173 8.5 18.2 8.9 9.6 -0.5 9.7
3336 Turbine and power transmission equipment 98 7.4 19.6 11.3 10.8 1.4 13.5
3339 Other general purpose machinery 242 5.6 10.0 4.1 6.7 0.4 4.3
3341 Computer and peripheral equipment 158 -3.6 -28.5 -25.9 -7.3 -3.8 -34.4
3342 Communications equipment 116 3.1 5.7 2.5 0.4 0.3 3.6
3343 Audio and video equipment 20 4.1 16.5 11.9 -2.7 -8.3 17.0
3344 Semiconductors and electronic components 387 13.0 14.8 1.6 5.8 2.3 -2.4
3345 Electronic instruments 406 0.7 3.2 2.4 -3.0 -0.2 7.2
3346 Magnetic media manufacturing and reproduction 25 -9.8 -9.0 0.9 -6.7 -9.8 5.4
3351 Electric lighting equipment 46 10.3 6.2 -3.7 -3.5 -1.0 -4.2
3352 Household appliances 57 5.1 -2.1 -6.9 -1.6 -2.0 -9.0
3353 Electrical equipment 140 6.1 6.0 -0.1 0.8 -1.3 0.0
3359 Other electrical equipment and components 126 8.2 8.7 0.5 4.2 -0.8 -0.2
3361 Motor vehicles 159 -5.1 11.6 17.6 3.9 5.6 21.4
3362 Motor vehicle bodies and trailers 117 1.8 9.6 7.6 7.9 -1.7 7.7
3363 Motor vehicle parts 455 -0.3 7.2 7.6 5.9 -3.1 8.5
3364 Aerospace products and parts 488 2.6 -1.4 -3.9 2.9 3.2 -9.2
3365 Railroad rolling stock 21 8.3 17.0 7.9 11.1 3.0 7.6
3366 Ship and boat building 123 1.1 0.5 -0.6 1.8 0.3 -1.8
3369 Other transportation equipment 35 10.4 -6.4 -15.3 1.5 -5.5 -19.7
3371 Household and institutional furniture 238 -1.6 -2.5 -0.9 2.7 -3.8 -2.2
3372 Office furniture and fixtures 101 5.6 10.8 4.9 6.4 -2.3 7.4
3379 Other furniture-related products 37 7.3 5.2 -2.0 -4.3 -2.3 -1.1
3391 Medical equipment and supplies 311 -3.8 -1.6 2.2 0.8 2.1 3.4
3399 Other miscellaneous manufacturing 314 1.9 4.6 2.7 4.0 0.0 2.8
Transportation
481 Air Transportation 425 1.2 1.9 0.7 1.6 -0.8 0.7
482111 Line-Haul Railroads 179 -1.6 3.8 5.5 6.8 2.6 7.1
Table 2. Industry multifactor productivity and related data, average annual compound rates of change, 1987-2011
Percent change
-----------------------------------------------------------
NAICS Industry Multifactor Combined Labor Intermediate
code productivity Output inputs Hours Capital purchases
Manufacturing
3111 Animal food 0.2 1.7 1.5 -0.5 1.7 1.7
3112 Grain and oilseed milling 0.2 1.0 0.7 -0.7 0.6 0.9
3113 Sugar and confectionery products 0.0 -0.1 -0.1 -1.1 0.8 -0.4
3114 Fruit and vegetable preserving and specialty 0.2 0.9 0.8 -0.1 1.2 0.8
3115 Dairy products -0.1 1.0 1.2 -0.6 1.6 1.3
3116 Animal slaughtering and processing 0.5 2.0 1.5 1.0 2.1 1.5
3117 Seafood product preparation and packaging -0.5 -0.1 0.5 -0.8 1.2 0.6
3118 Bakeries and tortilla manufacturing -1.0 0.2 1.2 -0.3 1.3 1.9
3119 Other food products 0.6 2.0 1.4 1.3 1.2 1.5
3121 Beverages 0.7 1.4 0.7 -0.3 0.6 0.9
3122 Tobacco and tobacco products -1.2 -3.3 -2.1 -4.7 -2.1 -2.8
3131 Fiber, yarn, and thread mills -0.5 -2.7 -2.3 -5.2 -1.8 -1.6
3132 Fabric mills 1.1 -2.6 -3.6 -6.6 -2.0 -2.7
3133 Textile and fabric finishing mills 0.6 -3.2 -3.8 -4.9 -2.0 -3.8
3141 Textile furnishings mills -0.4 -2.7 -2.2 -3.2 -0.8 -2.6
3149 Other textile product mills 0.4 -0.6 -0.9 -2.6 1.1 -0.7
3151 Apparel knitting mills -0.8 -7.6 -6.8 -7.3 -2.6 -7.7
3152 Cut and sew apparel -2.2 -7.9 -5.9 -7.0 -2.5 -6.8
3159 Accessories and other apparel -1.3 -6.8 -5.6 -5.5 -1.9 -5.9
3161 Leather and hide tanning and finishing -0.2 -3.4 -3.2 -5.1 -2.1 -3.0
3162 Footwear 0.5 -5.6 -6.1 -7.7 -3.1 -5.8
3169 Other leather products -0.4 -3.8 -3.5 -4.2 -1.3 -4.2
3211 Sawmills and wood preservation 0.6 -0.3 -0.9 -2.4 -0.9 0.1
3212 Plywood and engineered wood products 0.0 -1.2 -1.2 -2.2 0.6 -0.8
3219 Other wood products -0.4 -1.0 -0.6 -2.0 0.9 -0.1
3221 Pulp, paper, and paperboard mills -0.1 -0.4 -0.3 -3.2 -0.9 1.0
3222 Converted paper products 0.0 0.0 0.0 -1.4 0.8 0.2
3231 Printing and related support activities 0.0 -0.7 -0.6 -2.1 1.4 -0.2
3241 Petroleum and coal products 0.1 1.2 1.1 -1.4 1.1 1.3
3251 Basic chemicals -1.0 0.3 1.3 -2.1 0.4 2.3
3252 Resin, rubber, and artificial fibers 0.2 0.4 0.2 -1.9 0.3 0.5
3253 Agricultural chemicals 0.7 0.3 -0.3 -1.7 -0.9 0.2
3254 Pharmaceuticals and medicines -1.5 2.1 3.7 1.9 4.5 3.5
3255 Paints, coatings, and adhesives -1.0 -0.7 0.4 -1.9 0.2 1.0
3256 Soaps, cleaning compounds, and toiletries 0.3 1.8 1.5 -0.7 1.8 1.7
3259 Other chemical products and preparations -0.7 0.0 0.7 -2.3 0.2 1.9
3261 Plastics products 0.1 1.3 1.2 -0.4 2.5 1.5
3262 Rubber products 0.6 0.4 -0.2 -1.9 0.1 0.7
3271 Clay products and refractories -0.1 -1.8 -1.7 -2.6 -1.1 -1.0
3272 Glass and glass products 1.0 0.1 -0.9 -2.2 -0.1 -0.4
3273 Cement and concrete products -0.6 -0.5 0.1 -0.6 0.5 0.4
3274 Lime and gypsum products -0.3 -0.9 -0.6 -2.1 0.5 -0.6
3279 Other nonmetallic mineral products 0.8 0.8 0.0 -0.9 -0.1 0.5
3311 Iron and steel mills and ferroalloy production 0.8 1.8 1.0 -2.3 -1.9 3.0
3312 Steel products from purchased steel -0.8 -1.1 -0.3 -0.5 -1.8 0.0
3313 Alumina and aluminum production -0.2 0.0 0.2 -2.6 -0.8 1.2
3314 Other nonferrous metal production -0.5 -1.2 -0.6 -2.2 -0.2 -0.3
3315 Foundries -0.2 -0.2 0.0 -2.2 -0.5 1.6
3321 Forging and stamping 0.9 1.3 0.4 -1.4 1.2 1.2
3322 Cutlery and hand tools 0.4 -0.6 -1.0 -2.7 -0.3 0.0
3323 Architectural and structural metals -0.5 0.5 0.9 -0.1 1.0 1.5
3324 Boilers, tanks, and shipping containers 0.3 0.0 -0.3 -0.7 -0.4 -0.2
3325 Hardware -1.2 -3.5 -2.3 -4.0 -0.9 -1.6
3326 Spring and wire products 0.7 0.0 -0.7 -2.7 0.5 0.1
3327 Machine shops and threaded products 1.0 2.7 1.7 0.7 2.2 2.5
3328 Coating, engraving, and heat treating metals 1.3 2.7 1.4 -0.2 1.6 2.2
3329 Other fabricated metal products -0.1 0.3 0.4 -1.1 0.5 1.4
3331 Agriculture, construction, and mining machinery 0.9 3.2 2.3 0.4 0.6 3.4
3332 Industrial machinery 0.6 1.3 0.7 -1.3 1.5 1.8
3333 Commercial and service industry machinery -0.6 -0.5 0.1 -2.0 0.1 1.2
3334 HVAC and commercial refrigeration equipment 0.5 1.1 0.5 -1.0 1.3 1.0
3335 Metalworking machinery 0.9 0.4 -0.6 -1.8 0.4 0.4
3336 Turbine and power transmission equipment 0.1 1.5 1.4 -0.4 0.9 2.5
3339 Other general purpose machinery 0.5 1.6 1.0 -1.1 0.5 2.4
3341 Computer and peripheral equipment 14.3 13.4 -0.8 -4.3 0.9 -0.7
3342 Communications equipment 1.3 2.3 1.0 -2.8 3.2 2.5
3343 Audio and video equipment 1.3 -2.4 -3.6 -4.6 -0.4 -3.8
3344 Semiconductors and electronic components 13.7 14.2 0.4 -1.6 6.0 -2.2
3345 Electronic instruments 0.6 1.8 1.3 -2.1 1.1 3.7
3346 Magnetic media manufacturing and reproduction 2.4 -0.8 -3.1 -2.1 0.5 -4.1
3351 Electric lighting equipment 0.2 -0.5 -0.7 -2.6 0.2 -0.1
3352 Household appliances 1.4 -0.2 -1.6 -3.5 -0.7 -1.2
3353 Electrical equipment 0.0 -0.3 -0.3 -2.4 -0.8 1.2
3359 Other electrical equipment and components 0.3 0.0 -0.2 -2.1 0.1 0.4
3361 Motor vehicles 0.5 1.3 0.9 -2.6 0.8 1.3
3362 Motor vehicle bodies and trailers -0.4 0.5 0.9 -0.5 0.9 1.3
3363 Motor vehicle parts 0.9 1.9 1.0 -1.3 0.0 1.9
3364 Aerospace products and parts -0.6 -0.3 0.4 -2.1 0.3 1.9
3365 Railroad rolling stock 1.2 4.1 2.9 -1.0 0.1 4.6
3366 Ship and boat building -0.2 0.6 0.7 -1.7 0.2 2.2
3369 Other transportation equipment 1.7 5.0 3.2 -0.4 3.2 4.2
3371 Household and institutional furniture -0.1 -1.3 -1.2 -2.5 0.4 -0.6
3372 Office furniture and fixtures 0.1 -0.3 -0.4 -1.6 0.8 -0.2
3379 Other furniture-related products 1.1 1.2 0.1 -1.2 -0.1 0.5
3391 Medical equipment and supplies 1.4 4.3 2.9 0.9 4.6 3.0
3399 Other miscellaneous manufacturing 0.5 0.7 0.2 -1.6 1.1 0.8
Transportation
481 Air Transportation 1.3 2.7 1.4 -0.4 3.7 2.0
482111 Line-Haul Railroads 1.9 2.0 0.1 -1.8 0.0 2.0
Table 3. Industry multifactor productivity, average annual compound rates of change, 1987-2011 and selected subperiods
Percent change
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NAICS Industry 1987-2011 1987-1990 1990-1995 1995-2000 2000-2007 2007-2009 2009-2011
code
Manufacturing
3111 Animal food 0.2 0.6 0.3 -0.7 1.8 -1.5 -2.0
3112 Grain and oilseed milling 0.2 0.0 0.5 0.4 0.1 1.3 -1.3
3113 Sugar and confectionery products 0.0 -0.4 0.4 2.0 0.2 -7.1 1.9
3114 Fruit and vegetable preserving and specialty 0.2 -2.6 1.3 1.0 1.1 -5.0 1.6
3115 Dairy products -0.1 -0.3 -0.6 -0.7 0.4 0.3 0.3
3116 Animal slaughtering and processing 0.5 -0.9 0.9 1.3 1.2 -1.9 -0.2
3117 Seafood product preparation and packaging -0.5 -1.2 0.0 -0.4 1.6 -5.6 -3.2
3118 Bakeries and tortilla manufacturing -1.0 -4.5 0.4 -0.7 0.0 -4.3 0.7
3119 Other food products 0.6 -0.1 0.7 -0.1 1.5 -1.0 1.4
3121 Beverages 0.7 0.3 1.0 -1.0 2.6 -2.2 1.7
3122 Tobacco and tobacco products -1.2 -1.1 -0.7 0.6 -1.2 -6.2 -2.4
3131 Fiber, yarn, and thread mills -0.5 0.1 0.3 0.0 2.1 -3.5 -9.5
3132 Fabric mills 1.1 -0.1 1.3 -0.1 2.8 -0.8 1.0
3133 Textile and fabric finishing mills 0.6 -0.2 -0.1 1.1 0.6 -6.6 10.8
3141 Textile furnishings mills -0.4 -0.6 1.2 -1.0 0.3 -7.7 2.2
3149 Other textile product mills 0.4 -0.1 -0.2 0.4 1.4 -5.3 5.0
3151 Apparel knitting mills -0.8 0.8 2.0 -2.6 -2.3 2.5 -3.9
3152 Cut and sew apparel -2.2 -1.4 0.5 -1.7 -2.4 -8.7 -4.0
3159 Accessories and other apparel -1.3 0.9 0.5 -4.7 -2.6 2.1 1.7
3161 Leather and hide tanning and finishing -0.2 -3.2 -2.1 3.6 -2.4 6.4 0.6
3162 Footwear 0.5 -1.9 0.2 -0.8 1.4 3.0 2.9
3169 Other leather products -0.4 0.0 -2.3 1.7 2.7 -9.2 -2.4
3211 Sawmills and wood preservation 0.6 1.6 -1.4 -2.0 1.0 5.0 4.3
3212 Plywood and engineered wood products 0.0 -0.6 -0.4 -0.8 0.5 -1.8 4.4
3219 Other wood products -0.4 -0.8 -1.0 -0.7 0.2 -4.8 5.0
3221 Pulp, paper, and paperboard mills -0.1 -1.6 -1.1 -0.3 1.5 -1.7 1.8
3222 Converted paper products 0.0 -0.5 -0.2 -0.3 0.8 -1.8 0.8
3231 Printing and related support activities 0.0 -0.3 -0.3 -1.3 0.7 -1.8 3.4
3241 Petroleum and coal products 0.1 -1.9 2.2 2.0 -0.9 -1.8 -1.3
3251 Basic chemicals -1.0 -1.0 -3.3 -1.1 2.3 -7.4 0.5
3252 Resin, rubber, and artificial fibers 0.2 -0.9 1.0 -0.8 1.0 -0.3 0.0
3253 Agricultural chemicals 0.7 2.1 1.0 -1.1 2.6 -1.3 -2.0
3254 Pharmaceuticals and medicines -1.5 -1.9 -2.5 -2.1 0.5 -4.1 -1.7
3255 Paints, coatings, and adhesives -1.0 -2.1 -0.8 -2.1 -0.3 -5.5 5.2
3256 Soaps, cleaning compounds, and toiletries 0.3 -1.5 0.1 -1.9 3.7 -7.0 5.7
3259 Other chemical products and preparations -0.7 -1.7 0.0 -1.0 -1.3 -1.5 2.4
3261 Plastics products 0.1 -0.8 1.0 0.5 0.4 -3.4 1.2
3262 Rubber products 0.6 1.3 1.2 1.0 0.0 -1.3 1.5
3271 Clay products and refractories -0.1 0.7 1.1 0.9 -1.9 -6.4 5.9
3272 Glass and glass products 1.0 -0.2 1.7 1.9 -0.9 0.6 6.2
3273 Cement and concrete products -0.6 0.6 0.3 0.2 -0.6 -8.1 0.8
3274 Lime and gypsum products -0.3 -1.4 -2.5 0.8 0.2 -2.8 5.1
3279 Other nonmetallic mineral products 0.8 -1.4 2.0 -0.4 2.0 -3.4 4.5
3311 Iron and steel mills and ferroalloy production 0.8 1.3 2.0 1.9 -0.7 -0.6 1.4
3312 Steel products from purchased steel -0.8 1.1 2.3 -0.1 -3.2 -5.9 0.3
3313 Alumina and aluminum production -0.2 -0.2 -0.7 -0.2 -0.5 5.0 -3.0
3314 Other nonferrous metal production -0.5 -1.6 1.5 0.1 -5.3 9.6 1.7
3315 Foundries -0.2 -0.2 1.5 0.1 -1.4 -2.3 1.3
3321 Forging and stamping 0.9 -0.6 0.9 0.9 1.9 -8.0 9.4
3322 Cutlery and hand tools 0.4 -1.4 0.9 -0.3 -0.8 2.3 6.3
3323 Architectural and structural metals -0.5 -1.2 0.8 -0.6 0.2 -6.2 1.7
3324 Boilers, tanks, and shipping containers 0.3 0.7 1.2 0.2 0.2 -8.4 7.8
3325 Hardware -1.2 -2.2 0.6 -0.1 -2.2 -7.1 2.1
3326 Spring and wire products 0.7 0.4 1.5 0.5 0.8 -5.8 6.3
3327 Machine shops and threaded products 1.0 1.0 3.2 0.2 0.6 -6.7 7.6
3328 Coating, engraving, and heat treating metals 1.3 0.8 2.0 -0.6 2.4 -6.0 8.8
3329 Other fabricated metal products -0.1 -1.8 0.2 -0.8 1.0 -4.6 3.8
3331 Agriculture, construction, and mining machinery 0.9 2.6 -0.2 -1.0 2.1 -4.0 6.8
3332 Industrial machinery 0.6 0.2 1.5 -0.5 0.6 -4.0 6.3
3333 Commercial and service industry machinery -0.6 0.9 -0.9 -1.7 -0.9 0.0 1.5
3334 HVAC and commercial refrigeration equipment 0.5 -0.2 0.6 0.6 1.0 -2.7 2.8
3335 Metalworking machinery 0.9 0.1 1.2 -0.7 1.9 -2.3 5.6
3336 Turbine and power transmission equipment 0.1 -0.5 -0.2 0.8 -0.7 -6.1 9.1
3339 Other general purpose machinery 0.5 0.5 -0.1 -0.1 1.5 -4.1 5.1
3341 Computer and peripheral equipment 14.3 5.4 11.8 21.7 20.9 20.6 -9.6
3342 Communications equipment 1.3 3.7 3.6 1.3 2.1 -6.4 -2.4
3343 Audio and video equipment 1.3 3.7 1.8 0.2 3.3 -6.0 -0.3
3344 Semiconductors and electronic components 13.7 7.2 18.1 22.7 9.0 1.7 21.1
3345 Electronic instruments 0.6 1.6 -0.3 -4.3 2.9 4.5 2.2
3346 Magnetic media manufacturing and reproduction 2.4 1.2 5.8 -1.1 4.7 7.3 -7.3
3351 Electric lighting equipment 0.2 -1.8 0.1 0.3 1.3 -2.5 2.0
3352 Household appliances 1.4 -0.1 2.4 0.9 2.6 -1.3 0.4
3353 Electrical equipment 0.0 0.4 1.6 -2.4 0.9 -3.6 1.5
3359 Other electrical equipment and components 0.3 -1.8 0.9 0.4 -0.5 -1.6 6.3
3361 Motor vehicles 0.5 0.2 -1.5 0.3 2.8 -6.6 5.4
3362 Motor vehicle bodies and trailers -0.4 -3.0 2.0 -1.9 0.3 -2.4 1.2
3363 Motor vehicle parts 0.9 -0.8 1.9 -0.3 1.5 0.7 2.6
3364 Aerospace products and parts -0.6 -2.8 -1.8 -1.7 0.7 -2.3 5.2
3365 Railroad rolling stock 1.2 2.2 -1.4 4.0 -1.6 2.2 8.4
3366 Ship and boat building -0.2 -0.2 -2.1 -0.4 0.1 3.0 1.2
3369 Other transportation equipment 1.7 -1.8 4.1 -1.0 4.1 -3.8 5.4
3371 Household and institutional furniture -0.1 -0.5 0.7 -0.5 0.4 -6.0 3.7
3372 Office furniture and fixtures 0.1 -2.6 0.2 1.9 0.8 -7.7 5.2
3379 Other furniture-related products 1.1 0.1 0.6 -0.2 2.2 -1.7 5.5
3391 Medical equipment and supplies 1.4 2.8 0.2 2.3 2.1 0.9 -1.6
3399 Other miscellaneous manufacturing 0.5 1.3 0.6 -0.1 1.1 -4.0 3.7
Transportation
481 Air Transportation 1.3 -0.6 -0.2 0.0 4.5 1.0 0.5
482111 Line-Haul Railroads 1.9 4.4 4.2 1.1 1.1 -2.7 2.6
United States Department of Labor
