For release 10:00 a.m. (EDT) Tuesday, September 28, 2010 USDL-10-1351
Technical Information: (202) 691-5618 • dipsweb@bls.gov • www.bls.gov/mfp
Media Contact: (202) 691-5902 • PressOffice@bls.gov
MULTIFACTOR PRODUCTIVITY TRENDS FOR DETAILED INDUSTRIES, 2008
Multifactor productivity – defined as output per unit of combined inputs – increased in about 40
percent of the 86 four-digit NAICS manufacturing industries in 2008, the U.S. Bureau of Labor
Statistics reported today. (See table 1.) This was down from 2007, when multifactor productivity
increased in about 60 percent of those industries. Fewer manufacturing industries recorded multifactor
productivity increases in 2008 than in any year since 2001.
Within the transportation sector in 2008, multifactor productivity rose 0.6 percent in air transportation
and declined 1.9 percent in line-haul railroads.
Multifactor productivity indexes relate the change in output to the change in the combined inputs of
labor, capital, and intermediate purchases consumed in producing that output. Multifactor productivity
measures the joint influences on economic growth of a variety of factors, including technological change,
returns to scale, enhancements in managerial and staff skills, changes in the organization of production,
and other efficiency improvements.
Manufacturing industries
Output rose in fewer manufacturing industries in 2008 than in 2007. Output rose in only 17 of 86
manufacturing industries in 2008, compared to 39 in 2007. Combined inputs fell in more industries, 65 in
2008 compared to 54 in 2007. Labor hours fell in 67 manufacturing industries in 2008, while
intermediate inputs fell in 65 industries and capital services fell in 43 industries.
Among the largest manufacturing industries (those with employment over 300,000), multifactor
productivity rose most in the semiconductors and electronics components industry (7.2 percent)
followed by the medical equipment and supplies industry (4.5 percent). Multifactor productivity rose
modestly in the largest manufacturing industry, printing and related support activities (0.4 percent).
Aerospace products and parts posted the largest multifactor productivity decline (11.5 percent) in 2008
among the largest industries.
Multifactor productivity increased in fewer manufacturing industries in 2008 than over the longer-term
period from 1987 to 2008. Between 1987 and 2008, multifactor productivity increased in 45 of 86
manufacturing industries (52 percent). (See table 2.) Output increased in 60 industries while combined
inputs increased in 59 industries over the period.
Table 3 presents average annual multifactor productivity growth by industry for 1987 to 2008 and
various subperiods. From 2000 to 2008, multifactor productivity grew in 53 of the 86 manufacturing
industries, more than in any of the other periods shown except 1990-1995.
Transportation industries
In 2008 multifactor productivity rose in air transportation, as output declined 3.1 percent and combined
inputs, led by reductions in intermediate inputs, dropped 3.7 percent. Multifactor productivity in line-
haul railroads fell, as output declined 1.0 percent and combined inputs increased 0.9 percent.
Productivity performance was worse in 2008 than over the 1987-2008 period for both industries.
Multifactor productivity in air transportation rose at an average annual rate of 1.0 percent over the
period, as output rose 3.1 percent annually and combined inputs rose 2.1 percent per year. Multifactor
productivity in line-haul railroads grew 2.2 percent per year on average from 1987 to 2008, as output
rose 2.2 percent per year and combined inputs showed no change.
Technical Note
Multifactor Productivity: Multifactor productivity measures for detailed industries are derived by
dividing an index of industry output by an index of the combined inputs of labor, capital, and
intermediate purchases. Multifactor productivity growth measures the extent to which output has grown
faster than measured inputs, and reflects the joint influences on economic growth of a number of factors,
including technological change, returns to scale, improved skills of the workforce, better management
techniques, or other efficiency improvements.
Year-to-year movements in industry multifactor productivity measures may be erratic, particularly in
smaller industries. The annual measure based on sample data may differ from measures generated by a
census of establishments in the industry. Annual changes in an industry’s output, labor, capital, and
intermediate purchases may reflect cyclical changes in the economy as well as long-term trends. As a
result, long-term multifactor productivity changes tend to be more reliable indicators of industry
performance than year-to-year changes.
Output: Manufacturing industry output is measured as annual sectoral output, the total value, in real
terms, of goods and services produced for sale outside the industry. Industry value of production is
derived by adjusting industry shipments for changes in inventories and subtracting intra-industry
transfers and resales. For most manufacturing industries, real output is measured by deflating nominal
value of production, but for a few industries physical quantities of output are measured. Output
measures for manufacturing industries are constructed using data primarily from the economic censuses
and annual surveys of the Bureau of the Census, U.S. Department of Commerce, together with
information on price changes chiefly from the Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS).
For air transportation and line-haul railroads, annual real output is measured by aggregating freight ton-
miles and passenger-miles. For air transportation, data on passenger-miles and freight ton-miles from the
Bureau of Transportation Statistics (BTS), U.S. Department of Transportation (DOT), are combined
using revenue weights from that source. For line-haul railroads, data on freight ton-miles and passenger-
miles from the Surface Transportation Board (STB) of DOT, the Association of American Railroads
(AAR), and AMTRAK are aggregated using operating expenses from those sources as weights.
Wherever possible, the indexes of industry output are calculated with a Törnqvist formula. This formula
aggregates the growth rates of the various industry outputs between two periods, using their relative
shares in industry value of production, averaged over the two periods, as weights.
Combined Inputs: The index of combined inputs is a Törnqvist index of separate quantity indexes of
capital, labor, and intermediate purchases. The annual growth rates of the various inputs are aggregated
using their relative cost shares in total industry value of production as weights. The labor weight is based
on labor compensation including fringe benefits. The weight for intermediate purchases is based on the
total cost of materials, fuels, electricity, and purchased services. The capital weight is based on the value
of sectoral production minus the values of labor compensation and intermediate purchases.
Capital Input: Capital input reflects the flow of services derived from the stock of physical assets.
Capital services are estimated by calculating capital stocks; changes in the stocks are assumed to be
proportional to changes in capital services for each asset. For the manufacturing industries, physical
capital is composed of 26 categories of equipment, 2 categories of structures, 3 categories of inventories,
and land.
Capital stocks are calculated using the perpetual inventory method, which takes into account the
continual additions to and subtractions from the stock of capital as new investment and retirement of old
capital occur. The perpetual inventory method measures stocks at the end of a year equal to a weighted
sum of all past investments, where the weights are each asset’s efficiency relative to a new asset. A
hyperbolic age-efficiency function is assumed for calculating the relative efficiency of an asset at
different ages.
For manufacturing industries, estimates of investment by asset type for each industry are derived using
annual capital expenditures for detailed industries from the economic censuses and annual surveys of the
Bureau of the Census in combination with benchmark capital flow tables and annual detailed asset
investment by industry from the Bureau of Economic Analysis (BEA). Price changes are removed from
the annual investment data before calculating stocks. Price deflators for each asset category are
constructed by combining detailed price indexes (mostly PPIs) with weights from the BEA capital flow
tables that reflect each industry’s use of individual asset commodities.
For air transportation, a weighted index of 44 types of airframes and 34 types of engines is derived from
quantities and purchase prices from BTS. For assets other than airframes and engines, current dollar
capital stocks are calculated with the perpetual inventory method. Inventories of parts and supplies are
also included; the current dollar series is deflated with a weighted cost index based on data from the Air
Transport Association (ATA) and BTS. Indexes for aircraft and engines, non-aircraft assets, and parts
and supplies inventories are aggregated using cost share weights to derive an overall measure of capital
input.
For line-haul railroads, current dollar investment for 10 categories of equipment and 13 categories of
structures, obtained from STB and AMTRAK, were deflated with BLS producer price indexes and
deflators based on BEA data. The perpetual inventory method was used to calculate capital stocks for
each of the items. Inventories of materials and supplies are also included. Estimates of investments in
land from STB and AMTRAK were deflated with price indexes from BEA.
The index of aggregate capital input for each manufacturing and transportation industry is calculated as
an annually-chained Törnqvist quantity index. To construct the index, the growth rates of the stocks of
each type of asset are aggregated using weights that are the average of each asset type’s cost share in
successive years. The asset costs are estimated by multiplying the asset stocks by implicit rental prices.
Labor Input: For manufacturing industries, the primary source of industry employment and hours data
is the BLS Current Employment Statistics (CES) survey. The CES provides monthly data on the number
of total and production worker jobs held by wage and salary workers in nonfarm establishments, as well
as data on the average weekly hours of production workers in those establishments. Data from the
Current Population Survey (CPS) are also used to supplement the CES data. CPS data are used to
estimate employment and hours of self-employed and unpaid family workers in each industry. Data from
the CPS, together with the CES data, are also used to estimate the historical average weekly hours of
nonproduction workers for each industry. Hours of all persons in an industry are treated as homogeneous
and are directly aggregated.
For air transportation and line-haul railroads, labor input measures are derived primarily from DOT data.
For air transportation, annual estimates are based on monthly data from BTS. For line-haul railroads,
total labor hours for supervisory and nonsupervisory workers are derived from STB data and
supplemented with data from AAR. For the railroad industry, the labor input measures include an
adjustment to remove capitalized labor hours in order to avoid double-counting, because some
capitalized labor costs are embedded in the railroad investment data.
Intermediate Purchases Input: The index of intermediate purchases is constructed as a Törnqvist index of
separate quantities of materials, services, fuels, and electricity consumed by each industry. Except for
electricity consumed by manufacturing industries, for which direct quantity data are available, quantities
are derived by deflating current-dollar values with appropriate price deflators.
For manufacturing industries, nominal values of materials, fuels and electricity, and quantities of
electricity consumed by each industry are obtained from economic censuses and annual surveys of the
Bureau of the Census. To avoid double counting, an adjustment is made to the materials estimates to
exclude the value of intra-industry commodity transfers. Purchased business services are estimated using
annual industry data and benchmark input-output tables from BEA.
Constant-dollar materials consumed are derived by dividing annual current-dollar industry purchases by
a weighted price deflator for each industry. Materials deflators are constructed for each industry by
combining detailed producer price indexes and import price indexes from BLS using weights based on
detailed commodity data from the BEA benchmark input-output tables. Aggregate price indexes to
deflate purchased business services are constructed in a similar manner. Annual total fuels consumed by
each industry are also deflated with weighted price deflators. Producer price indexes for individual fuel
categories are weighted together with weights reflecting detailed fuels expenditures by industry from
the Energy Information Administration (EIA), U.S. Department of Energy.
For air transportation, detailed cost of materials, services, fuels, and electricity from the BTS were
deflated using cost indexes from ATA. For line-haul railroads, intermediate purchases data from STB
were supplemented with data from other sources including AAR, AMTRAK, EIA, and the Edison
Electric Institute. The nominal values were deflated with producer price indexes from BLS and implicit
price deflators calculated from BEA investment data.
Revisions: This news release incorporates annual Census Bureau data from the 2007 Economic Census
and the 2008 Annual Survey of Manufactures, and annual data and benchmark revisions from the BLS
Current Employment Statistics survey published in February, 2010. The multifactor productivity
measures included in this release also reflect several other changes since the last release of data for
multifactor productivity on August 29, 2008. The measures now reflect data classified according to the
2007 NAICS definitions. In addition, the multifactor productivity measures for manufacturing
industries have been revised to include the output and combined capital, labor and intermediate inputs of
nonemployer firms, including the hours and labor compensation of self-employed and unpaid family
workers. In addition, the index series have been rebased from 1997=100 to 2002=100.
Additional Information: Industry multifactor productivity and related measures are available online on
the BLS Multifactor Productivity and Costs website at http://www.bls.gov/mfp. Additional data are
available upon request by sending an e-mail to dipsweb@bls.gov or by calling the Division of Industry
Productivity Studies at 202-691-5618. Information in this report will be made available to sensory-
impaired individuals upon request. Voice phone: 202-691-5618; TDD message referral phone number: 1-
800-877-8339.
To subscribe to the industry productivity program’s electronic notification service, send an e-mail to
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Table 1. Multifactor productivity and related data for 88 industries, percent change, 2007-2008
Percent change, 2007-2008
2008 --------------------------------------------------------
NAICS Industry Employment Multifactor Combined Labor Intermediate
code (thousands) productivity Output inputs Hours Capital purchases
Manufacturing
3111 Animal food 53 -3.0 -0.6 2.5 5.8 0.9 2.8
3112 Grain and oilseed milling 62 -2.7 1.4 4.2 5.3 -2.2 6.7
3113 Sugar and confectionery products 74 -7.4 -8.2 -0.9 -0.6 -1.4 -0.6
3114 Fruit and vegetable preserving and specialty 173 -3.4 -2.5 1.0 -0.1 0.0 1.6
3115 Dairy products 132 -2.4 2.3 4.8 -5.2 1.5 7.0
3116 Animal slaughtering and processing 514 -3.1 1.6 4.9 -0.9 3.7 6.1
3117 Seafood product preparation and packaging 39 -11.6 -13.6 -2.3 -1.0 5.9 -3.9
3118 Bakeries and tortilla manufacturing 300 -5.9 -5.1 0.8 2.6 -0.2 0.4
3119 Other food products 164 0.3 -0.1 -0.4 -1.5 0.5 -0.8
3121 Beverages 179 -2.6 -5.3 -2.7 -5.4 0.8 -4.4
3122 Tobacco and tobacco products 22 -7.8 -10.6 -3.0 2.7 -5.2 11.5
3131 Fiber, yarn, and thread mills 37 -4.4 -13.4 -9.5 -14.5 -4.5 -8.9
3132 Fabric mills 72 -4.4 -13.5 -9.5 -17.8 -3.9 -7.9
3133 Textile and fabric finishing mills 52 -13.1 -22.2 -10.5 -8.8 -4.4 -11.5
3141 Textile furnishings mills 82 -6.2 -12.6 -6.9 -10.2 -2.4 -7.7
3149 Other textile product mills 81 -4.4 -1.1 3.4 -0.6 2.5 6.0
3151 Apparel knitting mills 32 -0.6 -15.0 -14.5 -12.0 -6.1 -16.0
3152 Cut and sew apparel 172 2.0 -13.2 -14.9 -11.9 -4.9 -18.6
3159 Accessories and other apparel 17 0.3 -14.6 -14.9 -14.6 -3.7 -15.4
3161 Leather and hide tanning and finishing 5 5.0 -12.3 -16.5 -9.9 -3.5 -18.4
3162 Footwear 17 12.0 11.6 -0.3 -5.5 -3.2 2.6
3169 Other leather products 15 -10.1 -16.5 -7.1 -12.2 1.0 -6.1
3211 Sawmills and wood preservation 106 2.6 -9.4 -11.7 -12.5 -3.1 -12.1
3212 Plywood and engineered wood products 90 -5.5 -18.3 -13.5 -14.9 -0.9 -13.6
3219 Other wood products 290 -3.0 -14.6 -12.0 -11.6 0.4 -13.8
3221 Pulp, paper, and paperboard mills 127 -2.1 -4.1 -2.0 -4.6 -3.1 -0.8
3222 Converted paper products 319 -1.9 -4.5 -2.7 -3.4 -0.1 -3.1
3231 Printing and related support activities 623 0.4 -6.0 -6.4 -7.3 0.4 -7.3
3241 Petroleum and coal products 118 -0.4 0.6 1.1 3.7 4.6 0.5
3251 Basic chemicals 153 -10.9 -12.3 -1.5 3.4 0.9 -2.8
3252 Resin, rubber, and artificial fibers 104 -7.5 -13.2 -6.2 -5.2 -1.0 -7.1
3253 Agricultural chemicals 37 -12.1 -8.6 4.1 -7.6 0.3 8.6
3254 Pharmaceuticals and medicines 292 -5.0 -4.2 0.8 -2.9 0.7 2.9
3255 Paints, coatings, and adhesives 62 -3.3 -9.1 -6.0 -5.3 -0.8 -7.2
3256 Soaps, cleaning compounds, and toiletries 112 -10.4 -9.6 0.8 -4.3 1.2 1.5
3259 Other chemical products and preparations 96 -2.8 -6.0 -3.2 -6.7 -1.9 -2.6
3261 Plastics products 589 -4.4 -8.8 -4.5 -4.2 0.3 -5.9
3262 Rubber products 145 -5.1 -11.4 -6.6 -4.2 0.3 -8.3
3271 Clay products and refractories 57 -4.5 -9.4 -5.1 -8.1 -0.3 -4.5
3272 Glass and glass products 104 2.1 -3.5 -5.5 0.5 -1.8 -9.3
3273 Cement and concrete products 223 -9.6 -17.6 -8.8 -11.3 3.9 -13.0
3274 Lime and gypsum products 18 4.1 -7.2 -10.8 -5.6 4.3 -16.8
3279 Other nonmetallic mineral products 79 1.1 -6.1 -7.1 -7.2 1.4 -11.3
3311 Iron and steel mills and ferroalloy production 100 -3.5 6.7 10.6 -1.7 0.1 15.5
3312 Steel products from purchased steel 62 -8.7 -7.9 0.8 -3.5 -3.8 3.3
3313 Alumina and aluminum production 66 -0.7 -9.4 -8.8 -8.0 0.0 -10.2
3314 Other nonferrous metal production 67 5.9 2.1 -3.6 -2.4 2.3 -5.9
3315 Foundries 148 -4.2 -13.4 -9.6 -6.8 2.1 -11.9
3321 Forging and stamping 107 1.0 -3.6 -4.5 -3.7 0.8 -6.0
3322 Cutlery and hand tools 49 -1.7 -11.8 -10.3 -8.8 -0.8 -13.1
3323 Architectural and structural metals 412 -2.1 -4.5 -2.5 -3.7 1.1 -2.8
3324 Boilers, tanks, and shipping containers 98 0.5 -2.4 -2.9 -0.3 1.4 -4.9
3325 Hardware 30 -0.2 -13.8 -13.6 -19.9 -1.8 -12.8
3326 Spring and wire products 53 1.0 -6.6 -7.5 -10.4 0.5 -7.4
3327 Machine shops and threaded products 370 0.8 -0.9 -1.7 -4.4 3.1 -1.4
3328 Coating, engraving, and heat treating metals 145 3.6 -0.1 -3.5 -1.3 1.4 -6.4
3329 Other fabricated metal products 286 1.3 -2.0 -3.2 -5.8 1.4 -4.1
3331 Agriculture, construction, and mining machinery 244 2.4 4.0 1.5 1.7 4.2 0.7
3332 Industrial machinery 124 -5.4 -13.6 -8.7 -4.4 -1.4 -11.2
3333 Commercial and service industry machinery 105 3.2 -0.4 -3.5 -6.2 -1.6 -2.6
3334 HVAC and commercial refrigeration equipment 151 1.2 -2.9 -4.0 -2.4 -1.0 -5.4
3335 Metalworking machinery 195 2.2 0.5 -1.6 0.4 -0.9 -3.2
3336 Turbine and power transmission equipment 106 0.5 -0.1 -0.7 2.7 1.6 -1.9
3339 Other general purpose machinery 277 -1.0 -3.9 -3.0 0.4 -0.1 -5.0
3341 Computer and peripheral equipment 185 41.9 35.8 -4.3 2.2 0.4 -7.4
3342 Communications equipment 130 5.8 -2.4 -7.8 2.4 -1.0 -13.6
3343 Audio and video equipment 28 -9.0 -20.2 -12.2 -5.3 -6.2 -14.4
3344 Semiconductors and electronic components 434 7.2 3.1 -3.9 -1.3 6.8 -13.0
3345 Electronic instruments 444 2.9 4.3 1.3 2.0 0.6 1.1
3346 Magnetic media manufacturing and reproduction 35 12.0 3.7 -7.4 -13.1 -2.3 -5.4
3351 Electric lighting equipment 59 0.5 -3.1 -3.5 -5.0 -0.2 -3.9
3352 Household appliances 71 -1.5 -10.9 -9.5 -7.3 -1.7 -12.0
3353 Electrical equipment 161 -0.1 -0.1 0.0 4.2 -0.8 -1.4
3359 Other electrical equipment and components 138 0.3 -2.6 -2.9 -0.3 0.0 -4.5
3361 Motor vehicles 192 -5.3 -19.9 -15.5 -11.7 -3.8 -17.8
3362 Motor vehicle bodies and trailers 142 -2.3 -21.9 -20.0 -17.1 -2.8 -21.7
3363 Motor vehicle parts 550 2.7 -17.1 -19.4 -13.0 -3.3 -21.7
3364 Aerospace products and parts 508 -11.5 -6.9 5.2 2.4 0.9 8.4
3365 Railroad rolling stock 29 6.1 18.0 11.2 1.1 2.0 15.0
3366 Ship and boat building 157 1.1 2.9 1.8 -8.9 3.1 7.0
3369 Other transportation equipment 44 2.7 9.0 6.1 5.0 6.7 6.1
3371 Household and institutional furniture 335 1.9 -10.1 -11.7 -14.2 -2.6 -11.7
3372 Office furniture and fixtures 133 0.0 -5.1 -5.1 -5.9 -1.7 -6.0
3379 Other furniture-related products 45 -2.4 -13.6 -11.5 -15.7 -1.5 -12.9
3391 Medical equipment and supplies 324 4.5 6.2 1.6 3.4 3.1 -1.1
3399 Other miscellaneous manufacturing 375 -0.3 -4.3 -4.1 -3.7 -0.6 -5.3
Transportation
481 Air Transportation 427 0.6 -3.1 -3.7 -1.8 0.0 -4.8
482111 Line-Haul Railroads 184 -1.9 -1.0 0.9 0.1 1.3 1.2
Table 2. Multifactor productivity and related data for 88 industries, average annual percent change, 1987-2008
Average annual percent change, 1987-2008
------------------------------------------------------------
NAICS Industry Multifactor Combined Labor Intermediate
code productivity Output inputs Hours Capital purchases
Manufacturing
3111 Animal food 0.4 2.0 1.7 -0.7 2.2 1.8
3112 Grain and oilseed milling 0.0 1.3 1.2 -0.8 1.1 1.5
3113 Sugar and confectionery products 0.1 -0.1 -0.2 -0.9 1.3 -0.9
3114 Fruit and vegetable preserving and specialty 0.3 1.3 1.0 -0.3 1.7 1.1
3115 Dairy products -0.4 1.0 1.4 -0.6 1.9 1.6
3116 Animal slaughtering and processing 0.6 2.3 1.7 1.4 2.8 1.6
3117 Seafood product preparation and packaging -0.4 0.1 0.5 -0.8 1.6 0.6
3118 Bakeries and tortilla manufacturing -1.1 0.3 1.4 -0.2 1.9 2.1
3119 Other food products 0.5 2.0 1.5 1.6 1.5 1.5
3121 Beverages 0.7 1.5 0.8 -0.4 0.9 0.9
3122 Tobacco and tobacco products -1.0 -3.1 -2.1 -3.6 -2.1 -3.4
3131 Fiber, yarn, and thread mills 0.6 -1.5 -2.0 -5.4 -0.9 -1.2
3132 Fabric mills 0.9 -2.6 -3.4 -7.1 -1.4 -2.4
3133 Textile and fabric finishing mills -0.3 -3.6 -3.3 -4.2 -1.3 -3.4
3141 Textile furnishings mills -0.2 -1.5 -1.3 -2.2 -0.2 -1.5
3149 Other textile product mills 0.1 -0.2 -0.3 -1.5 1.7 -0.2
3151 Apparel knitting mills -1.3 -6.8 -5.6 -6.2 -2.0 -5.9
3152 Cut and sew apparel -1.0 -8.5 -7.5 -7.2 -1.9 -8.9
3159 Accessories and other apparel -1.8 -6.9 -5.3 -4.4 -1.3 -6.0
3161 Leather and hide tanning and finishing -1.1 -4.8 -3.8 -5.4 -1.7 -3.9
3162 Footwear 0.2 -5.6 -5.7 -7.9 -3.0 -5.1
3169 Other leather products -0.2 -3.5 -3.3 -4.9 -0.7 -3.3
3211 Sawmills and wood preservation -0.1 0.1 0.2 -2.3 0.1 1.5
3212 Plywood and engineered wood products -0.5 -0.1 0.4 -0.8 2.0 0.8
3219 Other wood products -0.5 0.1 0.6 -1.0 2.0 1.2
3221 Pulp, paper, and paperboard mills -0.3 -0.2 0.1 -3.1 -0.1 1.4
3222 Converted paper products -0.1 0.5 0.5 -1.0 1.6 0.7
3231 Printing and related support activities -0.2 0.1 0.3 -1.3 2.4 0.8
3241 Petroleum and coal products 0.3 1.2 0.9 -1.3 1.5 1.0
3251 Basic chemicals -0.9 0.5 1.5 -2.1 0.9 2.4
3252 Resin, rubber, and artificial fibers 0.0 0.5 0.5 -1.6 1.1 0.7
3253 Agricultural chemicals 0.6 0.5 -0.2 -2.1 -1.0 0.7
3254 Pharmaceuticals and medicines -1.2 3.0 4.3 2.4 5.2 4.0
3255 Paints, coatings, and adhesives -1.0 -0.3 0.7 -1.4 0.7 1.3
3256 Soaps, cleaning compounds, and toiletries 0.2 2.3 2.1 -0.7 2.3 2.5
3259 Other chemical products and preparations -0.8 0.0 0.9 -2.3 0.5 2.1
3261 Plastics products 0.0 2.0 2.0 0.1 3.6 2.3
3262 Rubber products 0.4 0.4 0.0 -1.7 0.8 0.8
3271 Clay products and refractories -0.2 -1.1 -1.0 -2.4 -0.2 -0.3
3272 Glass and glass products 0.8 0.5 -0.3 -1.5 0.8 -0.1
3273 Cement and concrete products -0.4 1.1 1.4 0.6 1.6 1.6
3274 Lime and gypsum products -0.4 0.0 0.4 -1.0 1.6 0.2
3279 Other nonmetallic mineral products 1.0 1.5 0.5 -0.2 0.6 0.8
3311 Iron and steel mills and ferroalloy production 0.7 2.5 1.7 -2.6 -1.7 4.1
3312 Steel products from purchased steel -0.6 -1.6 -1.0 -0.7 -1.6 -0.8
3313 Alumina and aluminum production -0.4 -0.1 0.4 -2.5 -0.1 1.3
3314 Other nonferrous metal production -1.2 -0.9 0.3 -2.3 -0.3 1.1
3315 Foundries -0.1 0.1 0.2 -1.9 0.3 1.8
3321 Forging and stamping 1.0 1.8 0.8 -1.0 2.0 1.5
3322 Cutlery and hand tools -0.4 -0.9 -0.5 -2.3 0.3 0.4
3323 Architectural and structural metals -0.2 1.8 2.0 0.7 1.5 2.8
3324 Boilers, tanks, and shipping containers 0.5 0.3 -0.2 -0.5 0.0 -0.1
3325 Hardware -0.9 -2.6 -1.7 -3.8 -0.1 -1.0
3326 Spring and wire products 0.9 0.7 -0.1 -2.0 1.3 0.5
3327 Machine shops and threaded products 1.2 3.3 2.1 0.8 2.9 3.1
3328 Coating, engraving, and heat treating metals 1.4 3.4 1.9 0.3 2.4 2.7
3329 Other fabricated metal products 0.0 0.9 0.9 -0.8 0.9 2.0
3331 Agriculture, construction, and mining machinery 0.9 3.6 2.8 0.6 0.4 4.0
3332 Industrial machinery 0.3 1.6 1.3 -0.9 2.2 2.4
3333 Commercial and service industry machinery -0.6 -0.2 0.4 -1.7 0.4 1.6
3334 HVAC and commercial refrigeration equipment 0.7 1.7 1.0 -0.4 1.4 1.5
3335 Metalworking machinery 0.9 0.6 -0.3 -1.5 0.9 0.6
3336 Turbine and power transmission equipment -0.1 1.8 1.9 -0.2 1.1 3.0
3339 Other general purpose machinery 0.5 1.9 1.4 -0.7 0.8 2.8
3341 Computer and peripheral equipment 17.5 20.1 2.2 -3.8 1.3 3.8
3342 Communications equipment 2.8 4.5 1.6 -2.7 3.0 3.7
3343 Audio and video equipment 1.7 0.3 -1.4 -3.5 0.6 -1.2
3344 Semiconductors and electronic components 14.0 15.2 1.0 -1.4 6.5 -0.8
3345 Electronic instruments 0.4 2.5 2.0 -1.8 1.0 5.0
3346 Magnetic media manufacturing and reproduction 3.7 2.0 -1.7 -1.5 1.5 -2.1
3351 Electric lighting equipment 0.5 0.3 -0.2 -1.8 0.5 0.3
3352 Household appliances 1.7 0.9 -0.8 -3.0 0.0 -0.2
3353 Electrical equipment 0.3 0.6 0.4 -2.1 -0.4 2.2
3359 Other electrical equipment and components 0.0 0.2 0.2 -1.8 0.6 0.9
3361 Motor vehicles 0.4 1.2 0.8 -2.2 1.0 1.0
3362 Motor vehicle bodies and trailers -0.3 1.2 1.6 0.0 1.9 2.0
3363 Motor vehicle parts 1.0 2.0 1.0 -0.8 1.3 1.8
3364 Aerospace products and parts -0.9 -0.5 0.4 -2.1 0.1 2.1
3365 Railroad rolling stock 1.1 5.9 4.8 0.7 -0.2 6.7
3366 Ship and boat building -0.4 1.3 1.7 -0.9 0.0 3.4
3369 Other transportation equipment 2.3 7.2 4.8 0.4 3.7 6.2
3371 Household and institutional furniture 0.1 0.3 0.2 -1.5 1.4 1.0
3372 Office furniture and fixtures 0.3 0.9 0.6 -0.9 1.6 1.0
3379 Other furniture-related products 0.7 1.8 1.1 -0.5 0.6 1.7
3391 Medical equipment and supplies 1.7 5.0 3.2 1.3 5.1 3.3
3399 Other miscellaneous manufacturing 0.5 1.3 0.7 -0.9 1.7 1.4
Transportation
481 Air Transportation 1.0 3.1 2.1 0.2 4.9 3.0
482111 Line-Haul Railroads 2.2 2.2 0.0 -1.9 -0.3 2.2
Table 3. Multifactor productivity trends, 1987-2008 and selected subperiods
Average annual percent change
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NAICS Industry 1987-2008 1987-1990 1990-1995 1995-2000 2000-2008 2007-2008
code
Manufacturing
3111 Animal food 0.4 0.6 0.3 -0.8 1.1 -3.0
3112 Grain and oilseed milling 0.0 0.0 0.5 0.3 -0.4 -2.7
3113 Sugar and confectionery products 0.1 -0.3 0.4 1.9 -1.0 -7.4
3114 Fruit and vegetable preserving and specialty 0.3 -2.6 1.3 0.9 0.4 -3.4
3115 Dairy products -0.4 -0.3 -0.6 -0.7 0.0 -2.4
3116 Animal slaughtering and processing 0.6 -0.8 1.0 1.3 0.5 -3.1
3117 Seafood product preparation and packaging -0.4 -1.2 0.0 -0.4 -0.3 -11.6
3118 Bakeries and tortilla manufacturing -1.1 -4.4 0.4 -0.8 -1.0 -5.9
3119 Other food products 0.5 -0.1 0.6 -0.2 1.2 0.3
3121 Beverages 0.7 0.3 1.0 -1.1 1.7 -2.6
3122 Tobacco and tobacco products -1.0 -1.2 -0.7 0.6 -2.1 -7.8
3131 Fiber, yarn, and thread mills 0.6 0.1 0.3 -0.1 1.3 -4.4
3132 Fabric mills 0.9 -0.1 1.3 -0.2 1.7 -4.4
3133 Textile and fabric finishing mills -0.3 -0.2 -0.1 1.0 -1.3 -13.1
3141 Textile furnishings mills -0.2 -0.6 1.2 -1.0 -0.5 -6.2
3149 Other textile product mills 0.1 -0.9 -0.2 0.4 0.6 -4.4
3151 Apparel knitting mills -1.3 0.8 1.9 -2.7 -3.1 -0.6
3152 Cut and sew apparel -1.0 -1.2 0.4 -1.2 -1.7 2.0
3159 Accessories and other apparel -1.8 0.9 0.4 -4.8 -2.2 0.3
3161 Leather and hide tanning and finishing -1.1 -3.2 -2.2 3.5 -2.3 5.0
3162 Footwear 0.2 -1.9 0.2 -0.9 1.6 12.0
3169 Other leather products -0.2 0.0 -2.3 1.6 0.0 -10.1
3211 Sawmills and wood preservation -0.1 1.5 -1.4 -2.1 1.3 2.6
3212 Plywood and engineered wood products -0.5 -0.7 -0.4 -0.9 -0.1 -5.5
3219 Other wood products -0.5 -0.8 -1.0 -0.8 0.1 -3.0
3221 Pulp, paper, and paperboard mills -0.3 -1.8 -1.1 -0.4 0.9 -2.1
3222 Converted paper products -0.1 -0.6 -0.2 -0.3 0.4 -1.9
3231 Printing and related support activities -0.2 -0.4 -0.4 -1.4 0.8 0.4
3241 Petroleum and coal products 0.3 -1.9 2.1 1.9 -1.0 -0.4
3251 Basic chemicals -0.9 -1.0 -3.2 -1.2 0.7 -10.9
3252 Resin, rubber, and artificial fibers 0.0 -0.8 1.1 -0.8 0.2 -7.5
3253 Agricultural chemicals 0.6 2.1 1.0 -1.1 1.0 -12.1
3254 Pharmaceuticals and medicines -1.2 -1.8 -2.4 -2.1 0.3 -5.0
3255 Paints, coatings, and adhesives -1.0 -2.0 -0.8 -2.1 -0.2 -3.3
3256 Soaps, cleaning compounds, and toiletries 0.2 -1.4 0.2 -1.9 2.2 -10.4
3259 Other chemical products and preparations -0.8 -1.6 0.1 -1.0 -0.9 -2.8
3261 Plastics products 0.0 -0.8 1.0 0.4 -0.4 -4.4
3262 Rubber products 0.4 1.2 1.1 0.9 -0.8 -5.1
3271 Clay products and refractories -0.2 0.7 1.1 0.8 -1.8 -4.5
3272 Glass and glass products 0.8 -0.3 1.7 1.7 0.1 2.1
3273 Cement and concrete products -0.4 0.6 0.3 0.0 -1.4 -9.6
3274 Lime and gypsum products -0.4 -1.4 -2.5 0.6 0.7 4.1
3279 Other nonmetallic mineral products 1.0 -1.4 2.0 -0.5 2.3 1.1
3311 Iron and steel mills and ferroalloy production 0.7 1.3 1.9 1.9 -1.0 -3.5
3312 Steel products from purchased steel -0.6 1.1 2.3 -0.2 -3.2 -8.7
3313 Alumina and aluminum production -0.4 -0.2 -0.7 -0.3 -0.4 -0.7
3314 Other nonferrous metal production -1.2 -1.6 1.5 0.0 -3.5 5.9
3315 Foundries -0.1 -0.2 1.5 0.0 -1.3 -4.2
3321 Forging and stamping 1.0 -0.6 0.9 0.8 1.7 1.0
3322 Cutlery and hand tools -0.4 -1.5 0.9 -0.5 -0.8 -1.7
3323 Architectural and structural metals -0.2 -1.2 0.8 -0.7 0.0 -2.1
3324 Boilers, tanks, and shipping containers 0.5 0.6 1.2 0.1 0.2 0.5
3325 Hardware -0.9 -2.2 0.6 -0.2 -1.8 -0.2
3326 Spring and wire products 0.9 0.4 1.5 0.4 1.0 1.0
3327 Machine shops and threaded products 1.2 1.0 3.2 0.0 0.7 0.8
3328 Coating, engraving, and heat treating metals 1.4 0.8 2.0 -0.7 2.7 3.6
3329 Other fabricated metal products 0.0 -1.8 0.2 -0.9 1.2 1.3
3331 Agriculture, construction, and mining machinery 0.9 2.5 -0.2 -1.0 2.1 2.4
3332 Industrial machinery 0.3 0.2 1.5 -0.5 0.0 -5.4
3333 Commercial and service industry machinery -0.6 0.8 -0.8 -1.6 -0.3 3.2
3334 HVAC and commercial refrigeration equipment 0.7 -0.2 0.7 0.6 1.0 1.2
3335 Metalworking machinery 0.9 0.1 1.2 -0.7 2.0 2.2
3336 Turbine and power transmission equipment -0.1 -0.6 -0.1 0.8 -0.4 0.5
3339 Other general purpose machinery 0.5 0.4 0.0 -0.1 1.1 -1.0
3341 Computer and peripheral equipment 17.5 5.4 11.7 21.8 23.5 41.9
3342 Communications equipment 2.8 3.6 3.7 1.3 2.8 5.8
3343 Audio and video equipment 1.7 3.7 1.8 0.2 1.7 -9.0
3344 Semiconductors and electronic components 14.0 7.2 18.2 22.8 8.9 7.2
3345 Electronic instruments 0.4 1.6 -0.3 -4.3 3.6 2.9
3346 Magnetic media manufacturing and reproduction 3.7 1.1 5.8 0.1 5.8 12.0
3351 Electric lighting equipment 0.5 -1.8 0.1 0.2 1.7 0.5
3352 Household appliances 1.7 -0.1 2.4 0.9 2.5 -1.5
3353 Electrical equipment 0.3 0.4 1.7 -2.4 1.0 -0.1
3359 Other electrical equipment and components 0.0 -1.8 0.9 0.3 -0.1 0.3
3361 Motor vehicles 0.4 0.2 -1.4 0.3 1.8 -5.3
3362 Motor vehicle bodies and trailers -0.3 -3.0 2.0 -2.0 0.2 -2.3
3363 Motor vehicle parts 1.0 -0.8 1.9 -0.3 1.9 2.7
3364 Aerospace products and parts -0.9 -2.8 -1.7 -1.8 0.9 -11.5
3365 Railroad rolling stock 1.1 2.2 -1.3 4.0 0.5 6.1
3366 Ship and boat building -0.4 -0.1 -2.0 -0.3 0.4 1.1
3369 Other transportation equipment 2.3 -1.8 4.1 -0.9 4.9 2.7
3371 Household and institutional furniture 0.1 -0.6 0.6 -0.6 0.5 1.9
3372 Office furniture and fixtures 0.3 -2.6 0.2 1.7 0.6 0.0
3379 Other furniture-related products 0.7 0.0 0.6 -0.3 1.6 -2.4
3391 Medical equipment and supplies 1.7 2.6 0.3 2.1 2.1 4.5
3399 Other miscellaneous manufacturing 0.5 1.2 0.6 -0.2 0.6 -0.3
Transportation
481 Air Transportation 1.0 -1.2 0.5 0.1 2.9 0.6
482111 Line-Haul Railroads 2.2 4.4 4.1 1.2 0.9 -1.9
United States Department of Labor
