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Productivity and Costs by Industry: Manufacturing and Mining Industries News Release
For release 10:00 a.m. (ET) Thursday, April 27, 2023 USDL-23-0797
Technical information: (202) 691-5606 * productivity@bls.gov * www.bls.gov/productivity
Media contact: (202) 691-5902 * PressOffice@bls.gov
PRODUCTIVITY AND COSTS BY INDUSTRY
MANUFACTURING AND MINING INDUSTRIES – 2022
Labor productivity declines were widespread among manufacturing industries in 2022, with
decreases in 66 of the 86 four-digit NAICS manufacturing industries, the U.S. Bureau of Labor
Statistics reported today. Of the 51 industries in durable manufacturing, 37 had productivity
decreases in 2022 led by a decline of 11.7 percent in the motor vehicle industry. Nondurable
manufacturing also had widespread declines in 2022 with productivity falling in 29 of 35
industries, led by a 16.9-percent decline in the cut and sew apparel industry. Productivity
fell in 3 of the 5 mining industries in 2022 with the greatest decrease occurring in the coal
mining industry (-12.2 percent).
Increases in hours worked were widespread among manufacturing and mining industries in 2022.
Hours worked rose in 79 of the 91 industries in 2022. Forty-one industries increased both
output and hours worked in 2022. Within this set of industries, just over a third had rising
labor productivity.
Labor Productivity Trends in Three-Digit NAICS Industries, 2022
Manufacturing
* Labor productivity decreased in 19 of the 21 three-digit NAICS manufacturing
industries in 2022. All 21 industries had growth in hours worked.
* Output increased in 11 industries. Four industries had increases of over 3.0 percent
in both output and hours worked.
* The petroleum and coal products industry had the largest productivity gain
(+3.3 percent).
* Apparel had the largest productivity decline (-15.2 percent).
Mining
* Labor productivity declined in 2 of the 3 three-digit NAICS mining industries in 2022.
* The productivity gain of 6.3 percent in support activities for mining was caused by
output increasing 23.8 percent while hours worked rose 16.5 percent.
* Increases in hours worked outpaced output growth in both oil and gas extraction and
mining, except oil and gas.
Trends in Unit Labor Costs in 2022
Unit labor costs reflect the total labor costs required to produce a unit of output. Unit labor
costs increase when hourly compensation growth exceeds productivity growth.
Manufacturing
* In manufacturing, unit labor costs increased in all 21 three-digit NAICS industries
in 2022. Ten industries had growth of unit labor costs greater than 10.0 percent, and
each of these industries had declining labor productivity.
* Unit labor costs increased in 82 out of 86 four-digit NAICS manufacturing industries.
Nearly every manufacturing industry recorded growth in labor compensation in 2022,
with the only decline occurring in audio and video equipment.
Mining
* Unit labor costs increased in all 3 three-digit NAICS mining industries. The greatest
growth in unit labor costs occurred in oil and gas extraction (+10.3 percent), which
also had the largest drop in labor productivity in 2022 (-6.9 percent).
2019 to 2022 Trends
Productivity increased in half of the NAICS four-digit manufacturing industries from 2019 to
2022. Over this period, four of the five NAICS four-digit mining industries experienced
productivity growth. Note that the percent changes referring to periods of more than one year
in this section and the following section are compound annual growth rates.
Manufacturing
* The two industries with the greatest gains in productivity from 2019 to 2022 were
audio and video equipment (+12.4 percent per year) and metalworking machinery (+9.6
percent per year). The largest productivity decline occurred in the iron and steel
mills and ferroalloys industry (-7.7 percent).
* Output increased in just under half of the NAICS four-digit manufacturing industries
from 2019 to 2022. Audio and video equipment manufacturing was the industry with the
greatest output growth (+8.7 percent per year) while the largest decline occurred in
the iron and steel mills and ferroalloys industry (-10.1 percent).
* Hours worked fell in 51 out of 86 NAICS four-digit manufacturing industries from 2019
to 2022. Apparel knitting mills recorded the largest drop in hours worked (-9.9
percent per year). However, three industries had growth in hours worked greater than
5.0 percent over this period: other transportation equipment (+8.2 percent), beverages
(+7.2 percent), and motor vehicles (+7.0 percent).
Mining
* In 2022, hours worked remained below pre-pandemic levels in all five of the NAICS
four-digit mining industries. The largest decline in hours worked occurred in support
activities for mining which decreased by 7.9 percent per year from 2019 to 2022.
* Output decreased from 2019 to 2022 in four mining industries. The greatest drop in
output occurred in coal mining which fell by 6.6 percent per year. Only nonmetallic
mineral mining and quarrying returned to its pre-pandemic level of output with an
average increase of 0.3 percent from 2019 to 2022.
Long-Term Trends in Labor Productivity and Unit Labor Costs
Labor Productivity
* Over the entire 1987-2022 period, labor productivity rose in 82 of the 91 manufacturing
and mining industries. Output rose in 50 industries while hours worked increased in
only 19. In the 19 industries where hours worked increased, they rose at a slow pace,
0.7 percent per year on average.
* During the 2007-2019 period, productivity increased in 35 industries. Of these
industries, only five had simultaneous growth in output as well as hours worked. Oil
and gas extraction had the greatest average growth in output over this period (+7.1
percent per year).
* In the most recent 2019-2022 period, productivity increased in 47 industries. Hours
worked grew in 33 industries which is more than the other selected time periods. Other
transportation had the highest average growth in hours worked from 2019 to 2022
(+8.2 percent).
Unit Labor Costs
* From 1987 to 2022, unit labor costs increased in 81 of the 86 four-digit NAICS
manufacturing industries and in all five mining industries.
* In both the 2007-2019 and 2019-2022 time periods, unit labor costs increased in 82 out
of 86 manufacturing industries, but in just 3 of the 5 mining industries. From 2007 to
2019, unit labor costs rose the most in the resin, rubber, and artificial fibers
industry. From 2019 to 2022, unit labor costs rose the most in the plywood and
engineered wood products industry (+15.0 percent per year).
The computer and peripheral equipment industry recorded the largest productivity gain (+12.4
percent per year) as well as the largest unit labor costs decline (-10.7 percent) during the
1987-2022 period. However, between 2019 and 2022, the audio and video equipment industry posted
the greatest productivity growth (+12.4 percent) and the largest unit labor costs decline
(-15.4 percent).
Additional Information
Measures of hours worked for all industries reflect a change in methods and are revised
historically. The new method of determining hours worked uses all-employee hours data from the
BLS Current Employment Statistics (CES) survey as the main source of data. This is an improvement
upon the prior method which instead used the CES production worker hours data. Another improvement
is the use of BLS Current Population Survey (CPS) data to adjust CES all-employee hours paid to
account for hours worked but not paid, also known as off-the-clock hours. Hours worked data also
now incorporate all-employee based hours-worked-to-hours-paid ratios from the National Compensation
Survey, rather than ratios based only on production workers. For more information on the new hours
worked methodology, see
www.bls.gov/opub/mlr/2022/article/improving-estimates-of-hours-worked-for-us-productivity-measurement.htm.
Manufacturing industry output measures for 2021 and earlier years are constructed primarily using
data from the economic censuses and annual surveys of the U.S. Census Bureau together with data on
price changes primarily from BLS. These measures have been revised due to the release of the 2021
Annual Survey of Manufactures. Manufacturing industry output for 2022 is estimated based on historical
relationships between BLS sectoral output, BLS price indexes, and data on industrial production from
the Federal Reserve Board.
Mining industry output measures are constructed primarily using data from the U.S. Energy Information
Administration and the U.S. Geological Survey's Mineral Commodity Summaries and Mineral Yearbooks. The
data from the U.S. Energy Information Administration are usually revised on a monthly schedule while the
U.S. Geological Survey's publications are released annually.
Access productivity data at www.bls.gov/productivity/tables/labor-productivity-detailed-industries.xlsx
for:
* Additional industries and sectors
* Detailed data series: indexes of productivity and related measures; rates of change; and
levels of industry employment, hours worked, sectoral output, and labor compensation
Subscribe to productivity news releases on the BLS website at https://public.govdelivery.com/accounts/USDOLBLS/subscriber/new.
If you are deaf, hard of hearing, or have a speech disability, please dial 7-1-1 to access
telecommunications relay services.
Technical Note
Labor Productivity: Labor productivity describes the relationship between output and the labor
hours involved in its production. These measures show the changes from period to period in the
amount of goods and services produced per hour worked. Although the labor productivity measures
relate real output in an industry to hours worked of all persons in that industry, they do not
measure the specific contribution of labor to growth in output. Rather, they reflect the joint
effects of many influences, including: changes in technology; capital investment; utilization
of capacity, energy, and materials; the use of purchased services inputs, including contract
employment services; the organization of production; the characteristics and effort of the
workforce; and managerial skill.
Unit Labor Costs: Unit labor costs represent the cost of labor required to produce one unit of
output. The unit labor cost indexes are computed by dividing an index of nominal industry labor
compensation by an index of real industry output. Unit labor costs also describe the relationship
between compensation per hour worked (hourly compensation) and real output per hour worked (labor
productivity). When hourly compensation growth outpaces productivity, unit labor costs increase.
Alternatively, when productivity growth exceeds hourly compensation, unit labor costs decrease.
Output: Industry output is measured as an annual-weighted index of the changes in the various
products (in real terms) provided for sale outside the industry. Real industry output is usually
derived by deflating nominal sales or values of production using BLS price indexes, but for some
industries it is measured by physical quantities of output. Output is the measure of what is
produced by an industry, derived by adjusting shipments for changes in inventories and removing
intra-industry transactions. Industry output measures are constructed primarily using data from
the economic censuses and annual surveys of the Census Bureau, U.S. Department of Commerce,
together with data on price changes primarily from BLS. Data from the Bureau of Economic Analysis
at the U.S. Department of Commerce is used in part to construct intra-industry transactions. Other
data sources include the Energy Information Administration at the U.S. Department of Energy and
the U.S. Geological Survey at the U.S. Department of the Interior. Manufacturing industry output
for 2022 is estimated based on historical relationships between BLS sectoral output, BLS price
indexes, and data on industrial production from the Federal Reserve Board.
Labor Hours: Labor hours are measured as annual hours worked by all employed persons in an
industry. Data on industry employment and hours come primarily from the BLS Current Employment
Statistics (CES) survey and Current Population Survey (CPS). CES data on the number of total and
production worker jobs held by wage and salary workers in nonfarm establishments are supplemented
with CPS data on self-employed and unpaid family workers to estimate industry employment. Hours
worked estimates are derived using CES and CPS employment, CES data on the average weekly hours
paid of all employees, CPS data on hours of self-employed and unpaid family workers, and ratios
of hours worked to hours paid based on data from both the CPS and the National Compensation
Survey (NCS). For some industries, employment and hours data are supplemented or further
disaggregated using data from the BLS Quarterly Census of Employment and Wages (QCEW), the Census
Bureau, or other sources. Hours worked are estimated separately for different types of workers
and then are directly aggregated; no adjustments for labor composition are made.
Labor Compensation: Labor compensation, defined as payroll plus supplemental payments, is a
measure of the cost to the employer of securing the services of labor. Payroll includes salaries,
wages, commissions, dismissal pay, bonuses, vacation and sick leave pay, and compensation in kind.
Supplemental payments include both legally required expenditures and payments for voluntary
programs. The legally required portion consists primarily of federal old age and survivors'
insurance, unemployment compensation, and workers' compensation. Payments for voluntary programs
include all programs not specifically required by legislation, such as the employer portion of
private health insurance and pension plans. Industry compensation measures are constructed
primarily using data from the BLS QCEW and the economic censuses of the Census Bureau at the U.S.
Department of Commerce.
Compound Annual Growth Rate: The compound annual growth rate, referred to in the release tables
as "average annual percent change," is the annualized average rate of change in an index series
over a period of more than one year. In reality, the annual change of an index series is different
from year to year. However, the compound annual growth rate equals the rate that can be applied
each year from the start to the end that would give the same final period result if every year's
growth was exactly the same. It is calculated as (Ending Value/Starting Value)^(1/Number of Years)-1.
Table 1. Recent labor productivity, unit labor costs, and related data
Industry
2017 NAICS code
2022 Employment (thousands)
Percent change, 2021-2022
Labor productivity
Unit labor costs
Output
Hours worked
Labor compen- sation
Hourly compen- sation
Mining
Mining
21
574.2
-7.0
13.2
4.6
12.4
18.3
5.3
Oil and gas extraction
211
119.3
-6.9
10.3
5.1
12.9
15.9
2.7
Oil and gas extraction
2111
119.3
-6.9
10.3
5.1
12.9
15.9
2.7
Mining, except oil and gas
212
184.6
-3.7
9.9
1.8
5.8
11.9
5.8
Coal mining
2121
40.7
-12.2
14.8
3.2
17.7
18.5
0.7
Metal ore mining
2122
43.4
-6.0
8.1
-0.8
5.5
7.2
1.6
Nonmetallic mineral mining and quarrying
2123
100.5
1.7
8.3
3.1
1.3
11.6
10.2
Support activities for mining
213
270.3
6.3
1.4
23.8
16.5
25.5
7.8
Support activities for mining
2131
270.3
6.3
1.4
23.8
16.5
25.5
7.8
Nondurable Manufacturing
Food
311
1,748.5
-2.2
12.1
-0.9
1.3
11.1
9.6
Animal food
3111
76.8
-11.0
15.3
-1.4
10.8
13.7
2.6
Grain and oilseed milling
3112
63.7
-5.8
12.5
-3.0
3.0
9.1
6.0
Sugar and confectionery products
3113
84.9
-7.5
12.3
-1.1
7.0
11.1
3.9
Fruit and vegetable preserving and specialty
3114
179.9
-0.1
9.3
-2.0
-1.8
7.1
9.2
Dairy products
3115
160.8
-3.2
11.5
-2.3
1.0
9.0
7.9
Animal slaughtering and processing
3116
533.3
3.6
11.3
0.7
-2.8
12.0
15.3
Seafood product preparation and packaging
3117
33.2
23.7
6.4
3.2
-16.6
9.8
31.6
Bakeries and tortilla products
3118
360.1
-4.9
15.1
-1.7
3.4
13.2
9.5
Other food products
3119
255.8
-8.0
11.8
-0.3
8.4
11.5
2.9
Beverages and tobacco products
312
340.4
-12.1
14.7
-2.2
11.2
12.1
0.8
Beverages
3121
329.3
-10.9
13.0
-0.6
11.5
12.3
0.7
Tobacco
3122
11.1
-7.6
15.1
-5.9
1.8
8.3
6.4
Textile mills
313
101.9
-1.9
8.1
-1.7
0.2
6.2
6.0
Fiber, yarn, and thread mills
3131
26.7
-5.2
11.1
-5.8
-0.6
4.7
5.3
Fabric mills
3132
49.4
-4.8
9.0
-2.8
2.0
6.0
3.8
Textile and fabric finishing mills
3133
25.8
4.8
5.3
2.5
-2.2
8.0
10.4
Textile product mills
314
119.5
-10.0
16.2
-6.4
4.0
8.7
4.5
Textile furnishings mills
3141
49.0
-10.8
17.0
-9.5
1.5
5.9
4.3
Other textile product mills
3149
70.5
-8.2
14.2
-2.7
6.0
11.1
4.8
Apparel
315
120.6
-15.2
17.7
-2.2
15.4
15.2
-0.2
Apparel knitting mills
3151
7.7
6.8
7.2
3.1
-3.4
10.6
14.5
Cut and sew apparel
3152
96.6
-16.9
17.8
-3.4
16.2
13.8
-2.1
Accessories and other apparel
3159
16.3
-16.1
24.0
2.9
22.6
27.6
4.0
Leather and allied products
316
31.7
-1.4
16.5
1.5
3.0
18.3
14.9
Leather and hide tanning and finishing
3161
4.4
8.2
5.2
6.3
-1.7
11.9
13.9
Footwear
3162
12.3
-4.5
15.3
0.4
5.1
15.7
10.1
Other leather products
3169
15.0
-2.9
23.9
-0.4
2.6
23.4
20.3
Paper
322
361.4
-4.3
12.5
-3.0
1.4
9.1
7.6
Pulp, paper, and paperboard mills
3221
88.6
-3.6
8.2
-3.3
0.3
4.6
4.3
Converted paper products
3222
272.8
-4.5
14.3
-2.8
1.8
11.0
9.1
Printing and related support activities
323
402.7
-1.6
9.9
0.4
2.0
10.4
8.2
Printing and related support activities
3231
402.7
-1.6
9.9
0.4
2.0
10.4
8.2
Petroleum and coal products
324
106.1
3.3
5.6
3.8
0.5
9.6
9.0
Petroleum and coal products
3241
106.1
3.3
5.6
3.8
0.5
9.6
9.0
Chemicals
325
922.8
-6.2
11.2
-1.1
5.4
9.9
4.4
Basic chemicals
3251
152.5
-10.1
17.0
-4.5
6.2
11.7
5.2
Resin, rubber, and artificial fibers
3252
97.3
-4.1
14.8
-0.8
3.5
14.0
10.1
Agricultural chemicals
3253
36.9
-1.2
14.1
-0.8
0.3
13.1
12.8
Pharmaceuticals and medicines
3254
353.5
-2.3
8.3
0.1
2.5
8.4
5.8
Paints, coatings, and adhesives
3255
71.0
-7.8
6.1
6.9
15.9
13.4
-2.2
Soaps, cleaning compounds, and toiletries
3256
127.7
-7.8
6.4
-1.0
7.4
5.4
-1.9
Other chemical products and preparations
3259
83.9
-8.0
10.9
1.0
9.8
12.1
2.1
Plastics and rubber products
326
760.5
-3.5
11.0
0.5
4.1
11.5
7.1
Plastics products
3261
623.8
-3.8
11.2
0.3
4.3
11.5
6.9
Rubber products
3262
136.7
-2.2
10.3
1.2
3.5
11.6
7.9
Durable Manufacturing
Wood products
321
452.2
-2.4
17.7
-0.5
1.9
17.1
14.9
Sawmills and wood preservation
3211
100.2
-3.3
14.0
-0.8
2.6
13.1
10.3
Plywood and engineered wood products
3212
86.3
-8.3
21.1
-3.2
5.5
17.2
11.1
Other wood products
3219
265.7
0.6
17.7
0.9
0.3
18.7
18.3
Nonmetallic mineral products
327
434.7
0.1
4.3
6.1
6.1
10.7
4.4
Clay products and refractories
3271
43.1
-4.9
1.0
9.7
15.4
10.8
-3.9
Glass and glass products
3272
86.3
-3.8
12.9
-2.7
1.1
9.9
8.7
Cement and concrete products
3273
205.9
1.3
2.0
8.6
7.2
10.8
3.4
Lime and gypsum products
3274
16.3
-8.4
13.7
-0.8
8.3
12.8
4.2
Other nonmetallic mineral products
3279
83.1
5.8
1.3
9.5
3.5
10.9
7.1
Primary metals
331
367.3
-6.6
17.9
-2.1
4.8
15.3
10.1
Iron and steel mills and ferroalloys
3311
83.2
-10.1
24.7
-5.5
5.1
17.8
12.1
Steel products from purchased steel
3312
55.6
-9.6
22.3
-6.6
3.3
14.2
10.5
Alumina and aluminum production
3313
60.3
-7.1
19.5
-2.4
5.0
16.6
11.1
Other nonferrous metal production
3314
59.6
1.6
5.1
8.8
7.1
14.4
6.8
Foundries
3315
108.6
-1.8
10.6
2.0
3.9
12.8
8.6
Fabricated metal products
332
1,456.7
-2.2
9.0
1.4
3.7
10.5
6.6
Forging and stamping
3321
92.7
-3.1
16.0
-4.7
-1.7
10.5
12.5
Cutlery and handtools
3322
38.0
-1.9
10.2
-0.8
1.1
9.3
8.0
Architectural and structural metals
3323
406.4
-3.3
12.8
-0.4
3.1
12.4
9.1
Boilers, tanks, and shipping containers
3324
93.0
-7.5
12.6
-0.1
7.9
12.4
4.2
Hardware
3325
25.1
-4.9
13.1
-2.4
2.7
10.4
7.5
Spring and wire products
3326
41.3
0.4
7.4
1.2
0.8
8.7
7.8
Machine shops and threaded products
3327
348.7
-2.6
6.5
3.7
6.5
10.4
3.7
Coating, engraving, and heat treating metals
3328
129.6
6.7
7.0
4.5
-2.1
11.8
14.2
Other fabricated metal products
3329
281.9
-0.5
2.7
4.6
5.2
7.4
2.1
Machinery
333
1,120.8
-1.1
6.1
5.5
6.8
11.9
4.9
Agriculture, construction, and mining machinery
3331
218.2
5.7
0.8
17.2
10.9
18.2
6.6
Industrial machinery
3332
134.6
-3.9
8.5
4.0
8.2
12.8
4.2
Commercial and service industry machinery
3333
89.2
0.3
6.3
3.6
3.3
10.1
6.7
HVAC and commercial refrigeration equipment
3334
145.1
-9.6
18.0
-6.8
3.1
10.0
6.7
Metalworking machinery
3335
162.9
5.4
-0.4
8.0
2.4
7.6
5.0
Turbine and power transmission equipment
3336
87.8
-0.8
4.2
3.9
4.8
8.2
3.3
Other general purpose machinery
3339
283.0
-6.7
9.9
2.0
9.4
12.2
2.6
Computer and electronic products
334
1,095.9
-4.2
7.0
-1.3
3.0
5.7
2.6
Computer and peripheral equipment
3341
164.6
-1.6
2.9
1.6
3.3
4.6
1.2
Communications equipment
3342
86.2
-1.1
3.0
2.8
3.9
5.9
2.0
Audio and video equipment
3343
20.2
-10.7
-16.0
-8.0
3.0
-22.7
-25.0
Semiconductors and electronic components
3344
390.5
-6.0
10.1
-2.1
4.2
7.8
3.4
Electronic instruments
3345
421.4
-3.4
8.3
-1.7
1.7
6.4
4.7
Magnetic media manufacturing and reproducing
3346
13.0
-5.3
9.5
-1.7
3.7
7.6
3.7
Electrical equipment and appliances
335
406.0
-1.7
8.6
0.3
2.1
8.9
6.7
Electric lighting equipment
3351
40.3
2.7
0.0
0.2
-2.4
0.1
2.7
Household appliances
3352
70.0
-7.2
14.8
-5.6
1.7
8.3
6.6
Electrical equipment
3353
142.5
1.4
7.3
3.0
1.6
10.4
8.7
Other electrical equipment and components
3359
153.2
-2.6
8.6
1.4
4.0
10.1
5.8
Transportation equipment
336
1,742.3
-1.6
7.5
5.1
6.8
13.0
5.8
Motor vehicles
3361
291.8
-11.7
14.2
8.0
22.4
23.3
0.8
Motor vehicle bodies and trailers
3362
172.1
-1.7
17.9
-1.7
0.0
15.9
15.8
Motor vehicle parts
3363
559.9
3.1
4.2
6.5
3.3
11.0
7.4
Aerospace products and parts
3364
502.8
-3.1
8.2
1.9
5.2
10.4
4.9
Railroad rolling stock
3365
19.7
-1.2
10.2
1.3
2.6
11.6
8.8
Ship and boat building
3366
153.4
-3.3
8.9
0.6
4.1
9.6
5.3
Other transportation equipment
3369
42.6
-6.8
8.0
3.8
11.3
12.1
0.7
Furniture and related products
337
407.6
-0.4
7.3
1.8
2.3
9.2
6.8
Household and institutional furniture
3371
266.7
-2.8
10.1
-0.1
2.8
10.0
7.0
Office furniture and fixtures
3372
104.3
8.4
-0.8
11.6
3.0
10.7
7.5
Other furniture related products
3379
36.6
-10.9
16.4
-13.6
-3.0
0.6
3.7
Miscellaneous manufacturing
339
684.2
-0.4
7.6
3.4
3.8
11.2
7.2
Medical equipment and supplies
3391
342.9
1.1
4.3
5.6
4.5
10.1
5.4
Other miscellaneous manufacturing
3399
341.3
-2.5
12.4
0.5
3.0
13.0
9.7
Table 2. Long run labor productivity, unit labor costs, and related data
Industry
2017 NAICS code
2022 Employment (thousands)
Average annual percent change, 1987-2022
Labor productivity
Unit labor costs
Output
Hours worked
Labor compen- sation
Hourly compen- sation
Mining
Mining
21
574.2
1.8
1.9
1.5
-0.3
3.4
3.7
Oil and gas extraction
211
119.3
3.3
1.6
1.8
-1.4
3.4
4.9
Oil and gas extraction
2111
119.3
3.3
1.6
1.8
-1.4
3.4
4.9
Mining, except oil and gas
212
184.6
1.1
1.9
-0.2
-1.2
1.8
3.0
Coal mining
2121
40.7
1.4
1.2
-1.9
-3.3
-0.7
2.6
Metal ore mining
2122
43.4
-0.1
3.7
0.5
0.6
4.1
3.5
Nonmetallic mineral mining and quarrying
2123
100.5
1.1
2.4
0.9
-0.3
3.3
3.6
Support activities for mining
213
270.3
2.4
1.7
3.6
1.2
5.4
4.2
Support activities for mining
2131
270.3
2.4
1.7
3.6
1.2
5.4
4.2
Nondurable Manufacturing
Food
311
1,748.5
0.6
2.3
1.1
0.6
3.4
2.9
Animal food
3111
76.8
0.9
2.5
1.5
0.6
4.0
3.4
Grain and oilseed milling
3112
63.7
1.5
1.6
0.9
-0.6
2.5
3.1
Sugar and confectionery products
3113
84.9
0.7
2.3
0.6
-0.1
2.9
3.0
Fruit and vegetable preserving and specialty
3114
179.9
0.7
2.2
0.7
0.0
2.9
2.9
Dairy products
3115
160.8
1.1
2.3
1.2
0.1
3.5
3.4
Animal slaughtering and processing
3116
533.3
0.5
2.6
1.4
0.9
4.0
3.1
Seafood product preparation and packaging
3117
33.2
1.4
2.8
0.0
-1.4
2.9
4.3
Bakeries and tortilla products
3118
360.1
0.0
2.2
0.3
0.3
2.5
2.2
Other food products
3119
255.8
-0.3
2.5
2.0
2.3
4.6
2.2
Beverages and tobacco products
312
340.4
-0.8
3.2
-0.3
0.5
2.9
2.4
Beverages
3121
329.3
-0.1
2.5
1.0
1.1
3.6
2.4
Tobacco
3122
11.1
2.1
2.2
-2.8
-4.8
-0.7
4.4
Textile mills
313
101.9
1.8
0.7
-2.7
-4.4
-2.0
2.6
Fiber, yarn, and thread mills
3131
26.7
1.2
0.6
-2.6
-3.7
-2.0
1.7
Fabric mills
3132
49.4
2.2
0.8
-2.8
-4.9
-2.1
3.0
Textile and fabric finishing mills
3133
25.8
1.0
1.4
-3.2
-4.2
-1.8
2.4
Textile product mills
314
119.5
0.3
2.7
-1.8
-2.1
0.8
3.0
Textile furnishings mills
3141
49.0
0.1
2.6
-2.5
-2.6
0.0
2.7
Other textile product mills
3149
70.5
1.1
2.3
-0.6
-1.6
1.8
3.4
Apparel
315
120.6
-0.2
1.9
-6.0
-5.8
-4.2
1.7
Apparel knitting mills
3151
7.7
0.4
1.9
-6.9
-7.2
-5.1
2.3
Cut and sew apparel
3152
96.6
0.0
1.8
-5.9
-6.0
-4.3
1.8
Accessories and other apparel
3159
16.3
-2.9
3.0
-5.4
-2.5
-2.5
0.0
Leather and allied products
316
31.7
1.2
2.4
-3.5
-4.7
-1.1
3.7
Leather and hide tanning and finishing
3161
4.4
1.5
1.4
-2.6
-4.0
-1.2
2.9
Footwear
3162
12.3
1.1
2.7
-4.7
-5.7
-2.1
3.8
Other leather products
3169
15.0
0.8
2.8
-2.6
-3.4
0.1
3.6
Paper
322
361.4
1.1
1.9
-0.5
-1.6
1.5
3.1
Pulp, paper, and paperboard mills
3221
88.6
1.7
1.3
-0.9
-2.6
0.4
3.1
Converted paper products
3222
272.8
0.6
2.7
-0.4
-1.0
2.2
3.3
Printing and related support activities
323
402.7
1.0
1.5
-0.9
-2.0
0.5
2.6
Printing and related support activities
3231
402.7
1.0
1.5
-0.9
-2.0
0.5
2.6
Petroleum and coal products
324
106.1
1.9
2.6
0.9
-1.0
3.5
4.5
Petroleum and coal products
3241
106.1
1.9
2.6
0.9
-1.0
3.5
4.5
Chemicals
325
922.8
0.8
2.5
0.6
-0.2
3.1
3.3
Basic chemicals
3251
152.5
1.7
1.8
0.4
-1.3
2.3
3.6
Resin, rubber, and artificial fibers
3252
97.3
1.2
2.7
-0.1
-1.3
2.6
3.9
Agricultural chemicals
3253
36.9
1.5
2.3
0.6
-0.9
2.9
3.8
Pharmaceuticals and medicines
3254
353.5
-0.9
4.0
1.1
1.9
5.1
3.1
Paints, coatings, and adhesives
3255
71.0
0.3
2.7
0.1
-0.3
2.8
3.0
Soaps, cleaning compounds, and toiletries
3256
127.7
0.6
1.7
0.7
0.1
2.4
2.3
Other chemical products and preparations
3259
83.9
1.7
1.5
0.0
-1.6
1.6
3.2
Plastics and rubber products
326
760.5
1.2
1.8
1.1
-0.1
2.9
3.0
Plastics products
3261
623.8
1.1
1.9
1.3
0.2
3.3
3.0
Rubber products
3262
136.7
1.6
1.5
0.3
-1.3
1.8
3.1
Durable Manufacturing
Wood products
321
452.2
0.8
2.7
0.0
-0.8
2.6
3.5
Sawmills and wood preservation
3211
100.2
1.5
1.9
0.2
-1.3
2.0
3.4
Plywood and engineered wood products
3212
86.3
0.0
2.9
-0.4
-0.4
2.5
2.9
Other wood products
3219
265.7
0.9
2.8
0.1
-0.8
3.0
3.8
Nonmetallic mineral products
327
434.7
0.8
1.9
0.3
-0.5
2.3
2.8
Clay products and refractories
3271
43.1
1.1
1.5
-1.0
-2.1
0.5
2.6
Glass and glass products
3272
86.3
1.3
1.4
-0.2
-1.4
1.2
2.7
Cement and concrete products
3273
205.9
0.2
2.3
0.5
0.3
2.9
2.5
Lime and gypsum products
3274
16.3
0.8
3.2
-0.4
-1.1
2.9
4.0
Other nonmetallic mineral products
3279
83.1
1.2
1.8
1.3
0.1
3.1
3.0
Primary metals
331
367.3
1.3
1.5
-0.4
-1.7
1.1
2.9
Iron and steel mills and ferroalloys
3311
83.2
1.8
0.9
-0.4
-2.1
0.5
2.7
Steel products from purchased steel
3312
55.6
0.2
2.5
-0.4
-0.6
2.1
2.7
Alumina and aluminum production
3313
60.3
1.2
2.0
-0.4
-1.6
1.5
3.2
Other nonferrous metal production
3314
59.6
1.4
2.3
-0.3
-1.7
1.9
3.7
Foundries
3315
108.6
1.2
1.6
-0.8
-1.9
0.8
2.7
Fabricated metal products
332
1,456.7
0.9
2.0
0.6
-0.3
2.5
2.8
Forging and stamping
3321
92.7
1.6
1.3
0.3
-1.3
1.6
2.9
Cutlery and handtools
3322
38.0
1.0
1.7
-1.0
-1.9
0.7
2.7
Architectural and structural metals
3323
406.4
0.4
2.6
0.7
0.3
3.4
3.1
Boilers, tanks, and shipping containers
3324
93.0
0.6
1.9
0.2
-0.4
2.1
2.5
Hardware
3325
25.1
0.5
1.8
-1.9
-2.4
-0.1
2.3
Spring and wire products
3326
41.3
1.6
1.7
-0.4
-1.9
1.3
3.3
Machine shops and threaded products
3327
348.7
1.5
1.5
1.9
0.4
3.4
3.0
Coating, engraving, and heat treating metals
3328
129.6
2.1
1.1
1.9
-0.3
2.9
3.2
Other fabricated metal products
3329
281.9
0.5
2.0
0.0
-0.5
2.0
2.5
Machinery
333
1,120.8
1.4
1.4
0.9
-0.5
2.3
2.9
Agriculture, construction, and mining machinery
3331
218.2
1.8
1.1
1.9
0.1
3.0
2.9
Industrial machinery
3332
134.6
0.9
1.7
0.8
-0.1
2.5
2.6
Commercial and service industry machinery
3333
89.2
1.4
1.2
0.0
-1.4
1.1
2.5
HVAC and commercial refrigeration equipment
3334
145.1
0.5
2.1
0.3
-0.2
2.4
2.7
Metalworking machinery
3335
162.9
2.1
0.7
0.6
-1.5
1.3
2.9
Turbine and power transmission equipment
3336
87.8
1.2
1.0
0.6
-0.6
1.7
2.2
Other general purpose machinery
3339
283.0
1.3
2.1
0.9
-0.3
3.0
3.4
Computer and electronic products
334
1,095.9
7.4
-4.2
5.5
-1.8
1.1
2.9
Computer and peripheral equipment
3341
164.6
12.4
-10.7
8.9
-3.1
-2.7
0.4
Communications equipment
3342
86.2
4.5
-1.1
1.6
-2.8
0.5
3.4
Audio and video equipment
3343
20.2
2.5
-0.3
-0.2
-2.7
-0.5
2.2
Semiconductors and electronic components
3344
390.5
10.8
-7.1
9.5
-1.2
1.8
3.0
Electronic instruments
3345
421.4
2.4
0.8
1.1
-1.3
1.9
3.3
Magnetic media manufacturing and reproducing
3346
13.0
-0.4
0.1
-3.2
-2.8
-3.1
-0.4
Electrical equipment and appliances
335
406.0
1.6
1.7
0.0
-1.5
1.7
3.3
Electric lighting equipment
3351
40.3
1.7
1.5
-0.4
-2.0
1.1
3.2
Household appliances
3352
70.0
2.4
0.3
0.5
-1.9
0.8
2.7
Electrical equipment
3353
142.5
1.5
1.9
-0.2
-1.7
1.6
3.4
Other electrical equipment and components
3359
153.2
0.9
2.3
0.0
-0.9
2.3
3.2
Transportation equipment
336
1,742.3
1.9
0.6
1.3
-0.6
1.9
2.5
Motor vehicles
3361
291.8
1.7
0.8
1.7
0.0
2.4
2.4
Motor vehicle bodies and trailers
3362
172.1
1.4
2.6
1.9
0.5
4.6
4.1
Motor vehicle parts
3363
559.9
2.4
-0.5
2.1
-0.3
1.6
1.8
Aerospace products and parts
3364
502.8
1.0
1.8
-0.4
-1.5
1.4
2.9
Railroad rolling stock
3365
19.7
1.9
1.4
1.5
-0.5
2.8
3.3
Ship and boat building
3366
153.4
1.6
1.8
1.0
-0.6
2.8
3.4
Other transportation equipment
3369
42.6
2.5
0.1
3.4
0.8
3.5
2.7
Furniture and related products
337
407.6
1.0
2.0
-0.3
-1.3
1.6
2.9
Household and institutional furniture
3371
266.7
0.8
2.1
-0.6
-1.4
1.4
2.9
Office furniture and fixtures
3372
104.3
1.1
1.9
-0.1
-1.2
1.8
3.1
Other furniture related products
3379
36.6
1.2
1.5
0.3
-0.8
1.9
2.7
Miscellaneous manufacturing
339
684.2
1.5
1.7
1.4
-0.2
3.0
3.2
Medical equipment and supplies
3391
342.9
2.0
1.4
2.8
0.8
4.2
3.4
Other miscellaneous manufacturing
3399
341.3
1.0
1.9
0.1
-0.9
2.0
2.9
Table 3. Labor productivity, unit labor costs, and related data, 2019-2022
United States Department of Labor
