Productivity and Costs by Industry: Manufacturing and Mining Industries News Release

For release 10:00 a.m. (ET) Wednesday, June 24, 2026                                             USDL-26-1020

Technical information:  (202) 691-5606  •  productivity@bls.gov  •  www.bls.gov/productivity 
Media contact:          (202) 691-5902  •  PressOffice@bls.gov


                                      PRODUCTIVITY AND COSTS BY INDUSTRY
                                  MANUFACTURING AND MINING INDUSTRIES - 2025                                  


Labor productivity increased in 39 of the 80 covered four-digit NAICS manufacturing industries in 
2025, the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics reported today. Among durable manufacturing industries, 25 of 
47 had productivity increases in 2025, led by a gain of 14.9 percent in other transportation equipment 
manufacturing. Productivity rose in 14 of 33 nondurable goods manufacturing industries, led by a 16.1-
percent gain in textile and fabric finishing mills. Productivity fell in 3 of the 5 mining industries in 2025 
with the greatest decrease occurring in support activities for mining (-9.8 percent). (See table 1.) Among 
industries with more than 350,000 workers, motor vehicle parts had the largest productivity gain in 2025 
(+4.6 percent) while bakeries and tortilla products recorded the largest productivity decline (-4.4 percent).

Hours worked decreased in 50 of the 80 covered four-digit manufacturing industries in 2025. Textile and 
fabric finishing mills recorded the greatest decline in hours worked (-17.3 percent). Hours worked 
increased in three of five mining industries. Seven of the 85 manufacturing and mining industries 
increased both output and hours worked in 2025. Six of these seven industries had increasing labor 
productivity.

Labor Productivity Trends in Three-Digit NAICS Industries, 2025

Manufacturing
 • Labor productivity declined in 14 of the 20 covered three-digit NAICS manufacturing industries 
   in 2025. Two of the six industries with productivity gains had growth in output: computer and 
   electronic products and wood products. All six industries with productivity growth also recorded 
   declines in hours worked.
 • Output decreased in 17 industries. Seven of these industries had an output decline of more than 
   3.0 percent.
 • Miscellaneous manufacturing had the largest productivity decline (-5.8 percent).

Mining
 • Labor productivity declined in 2 of the 3 three-digit NAICS mining industries in 2025.
 • Oil and gas extraction had a productivity gain of 13.9 percent due to a 2.9-percent increase in 
   output and a 9.6-percent decline in hours worked.
 • Productivity fell 9.8 percent in support activities for mining, the most among mining industries. 
   Hours worked rose in this industry (+1.1 percent) while output fell (-8.8 percent). 

Trends in Unit Labor Costs in 2025

Unit labor costs reflect the total cost of labor required to produce a unit of output. Unit labor costs 
increase when hourly compensation growth exceeds productivity growth.
Manufacturing
 • In manufacturing, unit labor costs increased in all 20 of the covered three-digit NAICS industries 
   in 2025, at an average rate of 4.5 percent. The three industries with the largest growth in unit labor 
   costs were electrical equipment and appliances (+10.3 percent), miscellaneous manufacturing 
   (+10.1 percent), and beverages and tobacco products (+8.5 percent). All three industries had 
   declining output but increased labor compensation. 
 • Unit labor costs increased in 71 out of the 80 covered four-digit NAICS manufacturing 
   industries. Labor compensation rose in 64 manufacturing industries in 2025. (See table 1.)

Mining
 • Unit labor costs increased in two of the three-digit NAICS mining industries. The greatest 
   growth in unit labor costs occurred in support activities for mining (+7.8 percent). Oil and gas 
   extraction showed the largest increase in hourly compensation (+11.6 percent).

2019 to 2025 Trends

Productivity decreased in 54 of the 80 covered four-digit NAICS manufacturing industries from 2019 to 
2025. Over this period, 3 of the 5 four-digit NAICS mining industries experienced productivity growth. 
Note that the annual percent changes for periods of more than 1 year are annualized average rates of 
change over the entire period, or a compound annual growth rate. (See table 3.)

Manufacturing
 • The two industries with the greatest gains in productivity from 2019 to 2025 were computer and 
   peripheral equipment (+5.5 percent per year) and audio and video equipment (+5.1 percent). The 
   largest productivity decline occurred in beverage manufacturing (-6.3 percent).
 • Output decreased in over three-quarters of the four-digit NAICS manufacturing industries from 
   2019 to 2025. Audio and video equipment manufacturing had the greatest output growth (+3.7 
   percent per year) while the largest declines occurred in textile and fabric finishing mills (-8.5 
   percent) and spring and wire products (-7.5 percent).
 • Hours worked fell in 50 out of 80 four-digit NAICS manufacturing industries from 2019 to 2025. 
   Apparel knitting mills recorded the largest drop in hours worked (-7.7 percent per year). Hours 
   worked grew in two manufacturing industries by 3.0 percent per year or more over this period: 
   other food products (+3.3 percent) and beverages (+3.0 percent).

Mining
 • The greatest productivity growth among mining industries from 2019 to 2025 occurred in oil and 
   gas extraction (+7.1 percent per year).
 • Oil and gas extraction was the only mining industry with growth in output from 2019 to 2025 
   (+2.0 percent per year). Support activities for mining had the largest annualized average decline 
   in output (-4.9 percent) from 2019 to 2025. 
 • In 2025, hours worked remained below pre-pandemic levels in 4 out of the 5 four-digit NAICS 
   mining industries. The largest decline in hours worked occurred in coal mining which decreased 
   by 4.8 percent per year from 2019 to 2025. Metal ore mining was the only mining industry to 
   increase hours worked (+0.6 percent per year).

Long-Term Trends in Labor Productivity 

 • Over the entire 1987-2025 period, labor productivity rose in 75 of the 85 covered manufacturing 
   and mining industries. Output rose in 42 industries while hours worked increased in only 15. 
   (See table 2.) In the 15 industries where hours worked increased, they rose at a slow pace of 0.7 
   percent per year (on average).
 • During the 2007-2019 period, productivity increased in 32 industries. Of these industries, only 
   five had simultaneous growth in output and hours worked. Oil and gas extraction had the greatest 
   growth in output over this period (+7.0 percent per year).
 • In the most recent 2019-2025 period, productivity increased in 29 industries led by oil and gas 
   extraction (+7.1 percent per year). Hours worked grew in 30 industries, the greatest number for 
   any selected time period. Other food manufacturing had the highest annual growth in hours 
   worked from 2019 to 2025 (+3.3 percent). Audio and video equipment manufacturing led the 85 
   covered industries in output growth (+3.7 percent).

Long-Term Trends in Unit Labor Costs 
 • From 1987 to 2025, unit labor costs increased in 76 of the 80 covered four-digit NAICS 
   manufacturing industries and in all five mining industries. (See table 2.)
 • In the 2007 to 2019 time period, unit labor costs increased in 78 manufacturing industries and in 
   3 of the 5 mining industries. From 2007 to 2019, unit labor costs rose the most in the resin, 
   rubber, and artificial fibers industry (+5.0 percent per year). 
 • From 2019 to 2025, unit labor costs increased in 79 out of 80 manufacturing industries and in 4 
   of the 5 mining industries. Over this period, unit labor costs rose the most in beverage 
   manufacturing (+10.2 percent).

Over the 1987-2025 period the computer and peripheral equipment industry recorded the largest 
productivity gain (+13.0 percent per year) as well as the largest unit labor costs decline (-9.7 percent). 
However, from 2007 to 2019, labor productivity for this industry fell (-0.4 percent) as did unit labor 
costs (-0.4 percent). For the 2019-2025 period, both labor productivity (+5.5 percent) and unit labor 
costs (+3.2 percent) grew in computer and peripheral equipment manufacturing.  

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*                                                                                                  *
*                                  Suspended Industry Series                                       *
*                                                                                                  *
* BLS uses data from a variety of sources to calculate productivity and related measures for       *
* industries of the U.S. economy. These sources include data from other BLS programs as well as    *
* data from the Census Bureau, the Bureau of Economic Analysis, and other federal and private      *
* sources. Beginning with this news release, measures of labor productivity, real sectoral output, *
* output per worker, unit labor costs, sectoral output, sectoral output price deflator, hourly     *
* compensation, and labor compensation for some industries have been suspended due to changes      *
* in source data. Data through 2024 will remain available on the BLS website. This affects the     *
* following industries:                                                                            *
*  • 316 - Leather and allied product manufacturing                                                *
*  • 3161 - Leather and hide tanning and finishing                                                 *
*  • 3169 - Other leather and allied product manufacturing                                         *
*  • 3274 - Lime and gypsum product manufacturing                                                  *
*  • 3322 - Cutlery and handtool manufacturing                                                     *
*  • 3346 - Manufacturing and reproducing magnetic and optical media                               *
*  • 3379 - Other furniture related product manufacturing                                          *
*                                                                                                  *
****************************************************************************************************

Additional Information

Manufacturing industry output measures for 2023 and earlier years are constructed primarily using data 
from the economic censuses and annual surveys of the U.S. Census Bureau together with data on price 
changes primarily from BLS. Manufacturing industry output for 2024 and 2025 is estimated based on 
historical relationships between BLS sectoral output, BLS price indexes, and data on industrial 
production from the Federal Reserve Board.

Mining industry output measures are constructed primarily using data from the U.S. Energy Information 
Administration and the U.S. Geological Survey’s Mineral Commodity Summaries and Mineral 
Yearbooks.

Access productivity data at www.bls.gov/productivity/tables/labor-productivity-detailed-industries.xlsx 
for:
 • Additional industries and sectors
 • Detailed data series: indexes of productivity and related measures; rates of change; and levels of 
industry employment, hours worked, sectoral output, and labor compensation

Subscribe to productivity news releases on the BLS website at 
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Technical Note

Labor Productivity: Labor productivity describes the relationship between output and the labor hours 
involved in its production. These measures show the changes from period to period in the amount of 
goods and services produced per hour worked. Although the labor productivity measures relate real 
output in an industry to hours worked of all persons in that industry, they do not measure the specific 
contribution of labor to growth in output. Rather, they reflect the joint effects of many influences, 
including: changes in technology; capital investment; utilization of capacity, energy, and materials; the 
use of purchased services inputs, including contract employment services; the organization of 
production; the characteristics and effort of the workforce; and managerial skill.

Unit Labor Costs: Unit labor costs represent the cost of labor required to produce one unit of output. 
The unit labor cost indexes are computed by dividing an index of nominal industry labor compensation 
by an index of real industry output. Unit labor costs also describe the relationship between compensation 
per hour worked (hourly compensation) and real output per hour worked (labor productivity). When 
hourly compensation growth outpaces productivity, unit labor costs increase. Alternatively, when 
productivity growth exceeds hourly compensation, unit labor costs decrease. 

Output: Industry output is measured as an annual-weighted index of the changes in the various products 
(in real terms) provided for sale outside the industry. Real industry output is usually derived by deflating 
nominal sales or values of production using BLS price indexes, but for some industries it is measured by 
physical quantities of output. Output is the measure of what is produced by an industry, derived by 
adjusting shipments for changes in inventories and removing intra-industry transactions. Industry output 
measures are constructed primarily using data from the economic censuses and annual surveys of the 
Census Bureau, U.S. Department of Commerce, together with data on price changes primarily from 
BLS. Data from the Bureau of Economic Analysis at the U.S. Department of Commerce is used in part 
to construct intra-industry transactions. Other data sources include the Energy Information 
Administration at the U.S. Department of Energy and the U.S. Geological Survey at the U.S. 
Department of the Interior. Manufacturing industry output for 2024 and 2025 is estimated based on 
historical relationships between BLS sectoral output, BLS price indexes, and data on industrial 
production from the Federal Reserve Board.

Labor Hours: Labor hours are measured as annual hours worked by all employed persons in an 
industry. Data on industry employment and hours come primarily from the BLS Current Employment 
Statistics (CES) survey and Current Population Survey (CPS). CES data on the number of total and 
production worker jobs held by wage and salary workers in nonfarm establishments are supplemented 
with CPS data on self-employed and unpaid family workers to estimate industry employment. Hours 
worked estimates are derived using CES and CPS employment, CES data on the average weekly hours 
paid of all employees, CPS data on hours of self-employed and unpaid family workers, and ratios of 
hours worked to hours paid based on data from both the CPS and the National Compensation Survey 
(NCS). For some industries, employment and hours data are supplemented or further disaggregated 
using data from the BLS Quarterly Census of Employment and Wages (QCEW), the Census Bureau, or 
other sources. Hours worked are estimated separately for different types of workers and then are directly 
aggregated; no adjustments for labor composition are made.

Labor Compensation: Labor compensation, defined as payroll plus supplemental payments, is a 
measure of the cost to the employer of securing the services of labor. Payroll includes salaries, wages, 
commissions, dismissal pay, bonuses, vacation and sick leave pay, and compensation in kind. 
Supplemental payments include both legally required expenditures and payments for voluntary 
programs. The legally required portion consists primarily of federal old age and survivors' insurance, 
unemployment compensation, and workers' compensation. Payments for voluntary programs include all 
programs not specifically required by legislation, such as the employer portion of private health 
insurance and pension plans. Industry compensation measures are constructed primarily using data from 
the BLS QCEW and the economic censuses of the Census Bureau at the U.S. Department of Commerce.

Annual Percent Change: The annual percent change is the change in a series from one year to the next 
as a percent of the series value in the previous year. Over a period of more than one year, the annual 
percent change is the compound annual growth rate in an index series, or an annualized average growth 
rate. Because the change of an index series varies from year to year, the annual percent change for a 
long time period reflects the constant rate that can be applied to each year in a period, from the start to 
the end, that would give the same total result. It is calculated as (Ending Value/Starting 
Value)^(1/Number of Years) - 1.