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Economic News Release
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Productivity and Costs News Release



Transmission of material in this release is embargoed until                                   USDL 20-0179
8:30 a.m. (EST) Thursday, February 6, 2020

Technical information: (202) 691-5606 •  Productivity@bls.gov • www.bls.gov/lpc
Media contact:         (202) 691-5902 •  PressOffice@bls.gov


                                PRODUCTIVITY AND COSTS 
                 Fourth Quarter and Annual Averages 2019, Preliminary


Nonfarm business sector labor productivity increased 1.4 percent in the fourth quarter of 2019, the 
U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics reported today, as output increased 2.5 percent and hours worked 
increased 1.1 percent. (All quarterly percent changes in this release are seasonally adjusted annual rates.) 
From the fourth quarter of 2018 to the fourth quarter of 2019, productivity increased 1.8 percent, 
reflecting a 2.7-percent increase in output and a 0.9-percent increase in hours worked. (See table A1.) 

Labor productivity, or output per hour, is calculated by dividing an index of real output by an index of 
hours worked by all persons, including employees, proprietors, and unpaid family workers. 

Unit labor costs in the nonfarm business sector increased 1.4 percent in the fourth quarter of 2019 as 
hourly compensation grew at a faster rate (2.8 percent) than productivity (1.4 percent). Unit labor costs 
increased 2.4 percent over the last four quarters. (See table 2.) 

BLS calculates unit labor costs as the ratio of hourly compensation to labor productivity. Increases in 
hourly compensation tend to increase unit labor costs, and increases in output per hour tend to reduce 
them.

Manufacturing sector labor productivity decreased 1.2 percent in the fourth quarter of 2019, as output 
decreased 1.0 percent and hours worked increased 0.2 percent. Total manufacturing sector productivity 
declined 0.7 percent over the last four quarters, as output decreased 1.2 percent and hours worked 
decreased 0.5 percent. (See tables A1 and 3.) Productivity decreased 0.8 percent in the durable 
manufacturing sector in the fourth quarter of 2019, reflecting a 1.6-percent decrease in output and a
0.8-percent decrease in hours worked. Productivity decreased 2.2 percent in the nondurable manufacturing 
sector, as output decreased 0.4 percent and hours worked increased 1.9 percent. (See tables A1, 4, and 
5.) Unit labor costs in the total manufacturing sector increased 5.9 percent in the fourth quarter of 2019, 
and increased 5.3 percent from the same quarter a year ago. (See table A1.)

The concepts, sources, and methods used for the manufacturing output series differ from those used in 
the business and nonfarm business output series; these output measures are not directly comparable. See 
the Technical Notes for a more detailed explanation. 

Revised measures

Revised and previously published measures for the third quarter of 2019 are shown in tables A2 and B1 
and cover the following major sectors: nonfarm business, business, manufacturing, and nonfinancial 
corporations.

Manufacturing output and all related measures--including labor productivity--were revised historically 
to incorporate revised BLS annual measures of sectoral output from 1987 to 2017. Regular updates of 
source data from the BLS, the Bureau of Economic Analysis (BEA), and the Board of Governors of the 
Federal Reserve System are reflected in data for the third and fourth quarters of 2019.

In the third quarter of 2019, nonfarm business productivity decreased 0.2 percent, the same rate as 
previously reported. (See table B1.) Unit labor costs in the nonfarm business sector increased 2.5 percent 
in the third quarter, also the same rate as previously reported.

In the manufacturing sector, productivity was revised down 0.4 percentage point, to a decrease of 0.3 
percent. Manufacturing unit labor costs increased 3.3 percent, a 0.3-percentage point upward revision 
from the previous estimate.

In the nonfinancial corporate sector, productivity was revised down 0.6 percentage point in the third 
quarter of 2019, to an increase of 2.4 percent. This downward revision to productivity is the result of 
a 0.6-percentage point downward revision to output; hours worked increased 0.6 percent as previously 
reported. (See table A2.)

Annual averages

Table C1 presents annual average changes for the most recent 5 years for the nonfarm business sector 
and the total manufacturing sector. Nonfarm business sector productivity grew 1.7 percent in 2019, as 
output increased 2.7 percent and hours worked increased 1.0 percent. The 1.7-percent increase in 
nonfarm business labor productivity is the largest annual increase since 2010, when it increased 3.4 
percent. The 1.0-percent increase in hours worked is the smallest increase in the annual series since 2010 
(-0.1 percent). The average annual rate of nonfarm business sector productivity growth from 2007 to 
2019--corresponding to the current business cycle--is 1.3 percent, which is below the long-term rate 
from 1947 to 2019 of 2.1 percent.

Unit labor costs in the nonfarm business sector increased 2.0 percent in 2019, reflecting increases of 
3.8 percent in hourly compensation and 1.7 percent in productivity. Real hourly compensation, which takes 
into account changes in consumer prices, increased 1.9 percent in 2019.

In the manufacturing sector, the annual average changes in labor productivity, output, and hours 
worked were all 0.0 percent in 2019. The average annual rate of manufacturing productivity growth 
from 2007 to 2019 is 0.4 percent, well below the long-term rate from 1987 to 2019 of 2.5 percent. Unit 
labor costs increased 3.8 percent in 2019. 

Quarterly and annual data, where available, for all sectors from 2017 to 2019 appear in tables 1-6. Full 
historical measures can be found on the Productivity and Costs home page: www.bls.gov/lpc/#data.
______________


The revised Productivity and Costs news release for fourth-quarter 2019 is scheduled to be 
released on Thursday, March 5, 2020 at 8:30 a.m. (EST).


=======================================================================================================
                                           Upcoming Revisions
Data in this release do not reflect the annual benchmark revision of the BLS Current Employment 
Statistics program data scheduled to be released February 7, 2020. This benchmark will be incorporated 
in our next release on March 5, 2020.
=======================================================================================================





=========================================================================================================================
Table A1. Labor productivity growth and related measures - preliminary fourth-quarter 2019
(percent change from previous quarter at annual rate and from same quarter a year ago)

                                                Labor                   Hours    Hourly         Real hourly    Unit labor
Sector                  Percent change from:    productivity   Output   worked   compensation   compensation   costs
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Nonfarm business        Previous quarter           1.4          2.5      1.1        2.8             0.3          1.4
                        A year ago                 1.8          2.7      0.9        4.2             2.1          2.4
                        
Business                Previous quarter           1.1          2.4      1.3        2.6             0.0          1.5
                        A year ago                 1.8          2.7      0.9        4.3             2.2          2.4
                        
Manufacturing           Previous quarter          -1.2         -1.0      0.2        4.6             2.0          5.9
                        A Year ago                -0.7         -1.2     -0.5        4.6             2.5          5.3
 Durable
 manufacturing          Previous quarter          -0.8         -1.6     -0.8        6.6             3.9          7.5
                        A year ago                -0.3         -1.2     -0.9        4.9             2.8          5.2
 Nondurable
 manufacturing          Previous quarter          -2.2         -0.4      1.9        1.1            -1.4          3.4
                        A year ago                -1.3         -1.2      0.1        4.1             2.1          5.5
=========================================================================================================================


=========================================================================================================================
Table A2. Labor productivity growth and related measures - revised and previously published third-quarter 2019
(percent change from previous quarter at annual rate)
                                                                 

                                                Labor                   Hours    Hourly         Real hourly    Unit labor
Sector                                          productivity   Output   worked   compensation   compensation   costs
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------       
Nonfinancial             Revised                   2.4          3.0      0.6        2.4             0.6          0.0  
corporate          Previously published            3.0          3.6      0.6        2.4             0.6         -0.6   
=========================================================================================================================


=========================================================================================================================
Table B1. Labor productivity growth and related measures - revised and previously published third-quarter 2019
(percent change from previous quarter at annual rate)

                                                Labor                   Hours    Hourly         Real hourly    Unit labor
Sector                                          productivity   Output   worked   compensation   compensation   costs
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Nonfarm business        Revised                   -0.2          2.3      2.5        2.3             0.5          2.5 
                   Previously published           -0.2          2.3      2.5        2.3             0.5          2.5   
                        
Business                Revised                   -0.2          2.4      2.6        2.3             0.5          2.6   
                   Previously published           -0.2          2.4      2.6        2.3             0.5          2.5   
                        
Manufacturing           Revised                   -0.3          1.0      1.3        3.1             1.2          3.3    
                   Previously published            0.1          1.3      1.2        3.1             1.3          3.0   

 Durable                Revised                    0.6          1.7      1.1        2.5             0.7          1.9    
 manufacturing     Previously published            0.7          1.8      1.0        2.6             0.8          1.8   
                        
 Nondurable             Revised                   -1.3          0.3      1.6        4.2             2.4          5.5   
 manufacturing     Previously published           -0.8          0.8      1.6        4.2             2.4          5.0   
=========================================================================================================================


=========================================================================================================================
Table C1. Labor productivity growth and related measures - annual average changes: 2015-2019


                                                Labor                   Hours    Hourly         Real hourly    Unit labor
Sector                  Year                    productivity   Output   worked   compensation   compensation   costs
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Nonfarm business        2019                       1.7          2.7      1.0        3.8             1.9          2.0   
                        2018                       1.3          3.5      2.1        3.1             0.7          1.8   
                        2017                       1.3          2.9      1.5        3.5             1.3          2.1   
                        2016                       0.3          1.7      1.4        1.1            -0.2          0.8   
                        2015                       1.3          3.5      2.1        3.1             2.9          1.7   
                        
Manufacturing           2019                       0.0          0.0      0.0        3.8             1.9          3.8   
                        2018                       0.3          2.3      1.9        2.2            -0.3          1.8   
                        2017                      -0.5          0.6      1.0        3.5             1.3          4.0   
                        2016                      -0.2         -0.2      0.0        0.5            -0.7          0.7   
                        2015                      -1.8         -0.9      1.0        2.5             2.3          4.4   
=========================================================================================================================



                                         TECHNICAL NOTES


Labor Hours

Hours worked data for the labor productivity and cost measures include hours worked for all persons 
working in the sector—wage and salary workers, the self-employed and unpaid family workers. The 
primary source of hours and employment data is the BLS Current Employment Statistics (CES) 
program, which provides monthly survey data on the number of jobs held by wage and salary workers in 
nonfarm establishments, counting a person who is employed by two or more establishments at each 
place of employment. The CES also provides average weekly paid hours of production and 
nonsupervisory workers in these establishments. Weekly paid hours are adjusted to hours worked using 
data from the National Compensation Survey (NCS) for 1996 forward and data from the BLS Hours at 
Work survey, conducted for this purpose, prior to 1990. Between 1990 and 1995, weekly paid hours are 
adjusted to hours at work using a combination of NCS and Hours at Work survey data. The Office of 
Productivity and Technology estimates average weekly hours at work for nonproduction and supervisory 
workers using information from the Current Population Survey (CPS), the CES, and the NCS.

Data from the CPS are used to estimate hours worked for farm labor, nonfarm proprietors, and nonfarm 
unpaid family workers. Using CPS information on employment and hours worked at primary jobs and 
all other jobs, separately, the BLS productivity measures assign all hours worked to the appropriate 
industrial sector. Hours for government enterprises are derived from the CPS, the CES, and the National 
Income and Product Accounts (NIPA) prepared by the Bureau of Economic Analysis (BEA) of the 
Department of Commerce. 

Detailed hours data are presented in the table “Hours Worked in Total U.S. Economy and Subsectors” 
on the BLS website (https://www.bls.gov/lpc/special_requests/us_total_hrs_emp.xlsx).

Output

Business sector output is a chain-type, current-weighted index constructed after excluding from gross 
domestic product (GDP) the following outputs: general government, nonprofit institutions, and private 
households (including owner-occupied housing). Corresponding exclusions also are made in labor hours 
worked. Business output accounted for about 77 percent of the value of GDP in 2018. Nonfarm 
business, which excludes farming, accounted for about 76 percent of GDP in 2018.

Annual indexes for manufacturing and its durable and nondurable goods components are constructed by 
deflating current-dollar industry value of production data from the U.S. Bureau of the Census with 
deflators from the BLS. These deflators are based on data from the BLS Producer Price Index program 
and other sources. The industry shipments are aggregated using annual weights, and intrasector 
transactions are removed. Quarterly manufacturing output measures are based on the indexes of 
industrial production prepared monthly by the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System, 
adjusted to be consistent with annual indexes of manufacturing sector output prepared by BLS. 

Nonfinancial corporate output is a chain-type, current-weighted index calculated on the basis of the 
costs incurred and the incomes earned from production.  The output measure excludes the following 
outputs from GDP: general government; nonprofit institutions; private households; unincorporated 
business; and those corporations classified as offices of bank holding companies, offices of other 
holding companies, or offices in the finance and insurance sector. Nonfinancial corporations accounted 
for about 55 percent of the value of GDP in 2018. 

  
Labor Productivity

The measure describes the relationship between real output and the labor time involved in its production. 
Measures of labor productivity growth show the changes from period to period in the amount of goods 
and services produced per hour worked. They reflect the joint effects of many influences, including 
changes in technology; capital investment; level of output; utilization of capacity, energy, and materials; 
the organization of production; managerial skill; and the characteristics and effort of the work force.

Labor Compensation

The measure includes accrued wages and salaries, supplements, employer contributions to employee 
benefit plans, and taxes. Estimates of labor compensation by major sector, required for measures of 
hourly compensation and unit labor costs, are based primarily on employee compensation data from the 
NIPA, prepared by the BEA. The compensation of employees in general government, nonprofit 
institutions and private households are subtracted from compensation of employees in domestic 
industries to derive employee compensation for the business sector. The labor compensation of 
proprietors cannot be explicitly identified and must be estimated. This is done by assuming that 
proprietors have the same hourly compensation as employees in the same sector. The quarterly labor 
productivity and cost measures do not contain estimates of compensation for unpaid family workers.  
      
Unit Labor Costs

These measures describe the relationship between compensation per hour and labor productivity, or real 
output per hour, and can be used as an indicator of inflationary pressure on producers. Increases in 
hourly compensation increase unit labor costs; labor productivity increases offset compensation 
increases and lower unit labor costs. 

Presentation of the data

The quarterly data in this release are presented in three ways: as percent changes from the previous 
quarter presented at a compound annual rate, as percent changes from the corresponding quarter of the 
previous year, and as index number series where 2012=100. Annual data are presented both as index 
number series and percent changes from the previous year.  

The index numbers and rates of change reported in the productivity and costs news release are rounded 
to one decimal place. All percent changes in this release and on the BLS web site are calculated using 
index numbers to three decimal places. A complete historical series of these index numbers are available 
at the BLS web site, www.bls.gov/data/home.htm, or by contacting the BLS Division of Major Sector 
Productivity (Telephone 202-691-5606 or email productivity@bls.gov).

For a more detailed explanation of methodology see "Technical Information About the Major Sector 
Productivity and Costs Methods" at www.bls.gov/lpc/lpcmethods.pdf.
      
Information in this release will be made available to sensory-impaired individuals upon request. Voice 
phone: 202-691-5200; Federal Relay Service number: 1-800-877-8339.






Table 1. Business sector: Labor productivity, hourly compensation, unit labor costs, and prices,
seasonally adjusted.
                                                          Real
                                               Hourly     hourly                Unit       Implicit
Year          Labor                            compen-    compen-     Unit      nonlabor   price
and           produc-               Hours      sation     sation      labor     payments   deflator
quarter       tivity     Output     worked     (1)        (2)         costs     (3)        (4)
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                      Percent change from previous quarter at annual rate (5)

2019 ANNUAL    1.7         2.7        1.0        3.8        1.9        2.0        0.5        1.4  

2019 IV        1.1         2.4        1.3        2.6        0.0        1.5        0.5        1.1  
     III      -0.2         2.4        2.6        2.3        0.5        2.6 r     -0.4 r      1.2  
     II        2.8         2.0       -0.7        2.8       -0.1        0.1        7.0        3.0  
     I         3.6         3.9        0.3        9.5        8.5        5.7       -7.2       -0.1  

2018 ANNUAL    1.3         3.4        2.0        3.2        0.8        1.9        2.8        2.3  

2018 IV        0.0         1.2        1.3        0.5       -1.0        0.5        2.1        1.2  
     III       0.8         3.4        2.6        2.6        0.6        1.7        1.1        1.5  
     II        2.4         4.0        1.5        0.7       -1.4       -1.7       10.8        3.6  
     I         1.3         2.9        1.6        4.7        1.4        3.4        0.1        2.0  

2017 ANNUAL    1.3         2.8        1.5        3.5        1.3        2.1        1.2        1.7  

2017 IV        0.1         4.1        4.0        4.4        1.2        4.3        0.7        2.7  
     III       3.4         4.0        0.5        5.0        2.8        1.5        2.9        2.1  
     II        0.4         2.6        2.2        2.1        1.7        1.7        0.3        1.1  
     I         0.6         2.6        2.0        3.5        0.7        2.9        0.1        1.7  
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                    Percent change from corresponding quarter of previous year

2019 ANNUAL    1.7         2.7        1.0        3.8        1.9        2.0        0.5        1.4  

2019 IV        1.8         2.7        0.9        4.3        2.2        2.4       -0.2        1.3  
     III       1.5         2.4        0.9        3.7        1.9        2.2        0.2        1.3  
     II        1.8         2.7        0.9        3.8        1.9        2.0        0.6        1.4  
     I         1.7         3.1        1.4        3.3        1.6        1.5        1.5        1.5  

2018 ANNUAL    1.3         3.4        2.0        3.2        0.8        1.9        2.8        2.3  

2018 IV        1.1         2.9        1.7        2.1       -0.1        1.0        3.5        2.1  
     III       1.2         3.6        2.4        3.1        0.5        1.9        3.1        2.4  
     II        1.8         3.7        1.9        3.7        1.0        1.9        3.5        2.6  
     I         1.3         3.4        2.1        4.0        1.8        2.7        1.0        2.0  

2017 ANNUAL    1.3         2.8        1.5        3.5        1.3        2.1        1.2        1.7  

2017 IV        1.1         3.3        2.2        3.7        1.6        2.6        1.0        1.9  
     III       1.7         2.9        1.2        4.0        1.9        2.2        0.9        1.6  
     II        1.3         2.6        1.3        3.3        1.3        2.0        0.7        1.4  
     I         1.3         2.5        1.2        3.0        0.4        1.7        2.2        1.9  
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                         Indexes 2012=100

2019 ANNUAL  107.8       121.6      112.8      120.1      107.6      111.4      108.7      110.2  

2019 IV      108.2       122.6      113.4      121.2      107.7      112.1      109.2      110.8  
     III     107.9 r     121.9 r    113.0 r    120.4 r    107.7 r    111.7 r    109.0 r    110.5 r
     II      107.9       121.2      112.3      119.7      107.6      110.9      109.2      110.2  
     I       107.2       120.6      112.5      118.9      107.6      110.9      107.3      109.4  

2018 ANNUAL  106.0       118.3      111.7      115.7      105.6      109.2      108.1      108.7  

2018 IV      106.3       119.4      112.4      116.2      105.4      109.4      109.4      109.4  
     III     106.3       119.0      112.0      116.1      105.7      109.3      108.8      109.1  
     II      106.0       118.0      111.3      115.4      105.5      108.8      108.5      108.7  
     I       105.4       116.9      110.9      115.1      105.9      109.2      105.7      107.7  

2017 ANNUAL  104.6       114.4      109.4      112.1      104.8      107.2      105.2      106.3  

2017 IV      105.1       116.1      110.5      113.8      105.5      108.3      105.7      107.2  
     III     105.0       114.9      109.4      112.6      105.2      107.2      105.5      106.5  
     II      104.2       113.8      109.2      111.2      104.5      106.8      104.8      105.9  
     I       104.0       113.1      108.7      110.7      104.0      106.4      104.7      105.6  
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
See footnotes following Table 6.                                                   February 6, 2020
r=revised                                                        Source: Bureau of Labor Statistics



Table 2. Nonfarm business sector: Labor productivity, hourly compensation, unit labor costs, and
prices, seasonally adjusted.
                                                          Real
                                               Hourly     hourly                Unit       Implicit
Year          Labor                            compen-    compen-     Unit      nonlabor   price
and           produc-               Hours      sation     sation      labor     payments   deflator
quarter       tivity     Output     worked     (1)        (2)         costs     (3)        (4)
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                      Percent change from previous quarter at annual rate (5)

2019 ANNUAL    1.7         2.7        1.0        3.8        1.9        2.0        0.6        1.4  

2019 IV        1.4         2.5        1.1        2.8        0.3        1.4        0.5        1.0  
     III      -0.2         2.3        2.5        2.3        0.5        2.5       -0.6 r      1.2 r
     II        2.5         1.9       -0.5        2.5       -0.4        0.1        7.2        3.1  
     I         3.5         3.9        0.4        9.4        8.4        5.7       -7.1        0.0  

2018 ANNUAL    1.3         3.5        2.1        3.1        0.7        1.8        3.0        2.3  

2018 IV        0.1         1.2        1.1        0.7       -0.8        0.6        1.9        1.2  
     III       1.2         3.5        2.2        2.9        0.9        1.6        1.9        1.7  
     II        1.8         4.0        2.1        0.3       -1.9       -1.6       10.9        3.6  
     I         0.9         2.9        2.0        4.1        0.9        3.2        0.4        2.0  

2017 ANNUAL    1.3         2.9        1.5        3.5        1.3        2.1        1.0        1.6  

2017 IV        0.9         4.2        3.3        5.2        2.0        4.3        0.8        2.7  
     III       3.0         4.2        1.2        4.4        2.2        1.4        3.2        2.2  
     II        0.5         2.7        2.2        2.1        1.7        1.6        0.4        1.1  
     I         1.0         2.5        1.5        4.2        1.4        3.1       -1.4        1.2  
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                    Percent change from corresponding quarter of previous year

2019 ANNUAL    1.7         2.7        1.0        3.8        1.9        2.0        0.6        1.4  

2019 IV        1.8         2.7        0.9        4.2        2.1        2.4       -0.1        1.3  
     III       1.5         2.4 r      0.9        3.7        1.9        2.2        0.2        1.3  
     II        1.8         2.6        0.8        3.8        2.0        2.0        0.8        1.5  
     I         1.7         3.2        1.5        3.3        1.6        1.6        1.7        1.6  

2018 ANNUAL    1.3         3.5        2.1        3.1        0.7        1.8        3.0        2.3  

2018 IV        1.0         2.9        1.9        2.0       -0.2        1.0        3.7        2.1  
     III       1.2         3.6        2.4        3.1        0.5        1.9        3.4        2.5  
     II        1.6         3.8        2.1        3.5        0.8        1.8        3.7        2.6  
     I         1.3         3.5        2.2        3.9        1.7        2.6        1.2        2.0  

2017 ANNUAL    1.3         2.9        1.5        3.5        1.3        2.1        1.0        1.6  

2017 IV        1.3         3.4        2.0        4.0        1.8        2.6        0.7        1.8  
     III       1.6         3.0        1.5        3.8        1.7        2.2        0.7        1.5  
     II        1.2         2.6        1.4        3.2        1.2        2.0        0.6        1.4  
     I         1.2         2.4        1.2        2.9        0.4        1.7        2.1        1.9  
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                         Indexes 2012=100

2019 ANNUAL  107.5       121.3      112.9      120.1      107.7      111.7      109.8      110.9  

2019 IV      107.9       122.4      113.4      121.3      107.8      112.4      110.3      111.5  
     III     107.5 r     121.6 r    113.1 r    120.4 r    107.7 r    112.0 r    110.2 r    111.2 r
     II      107.6       120.9      112.4      119.7      107.5      111.3      110.3      110.9  
     I       106.9       120.4      112.6      119.0      107.6      111.3      108.4      110.0  

2018 ANNUAL  105.7       118.1      111.8      115.8      105.7      109.5      109.1      109.3  

2018 IV      106.0       119.2      112.4      116.4      105.5      109.8      110.4      110.0  
     III     106.0       118.8      112.1      116.1      105.7      109.6      109.9      109.7  
     II      105.7       117.8      111.5      115.3      105.5      109.1      109.4      109.3  
     I       105.2       116.7      110.9      115.2      106.0      109.6      106.6      108.3  

2017 ANNUAL  104.4       114.2      109.4      112.3      105.0      107.6      105.9      106.9  

2017 IV      104.9       115.8      110.4      114.1      105.7      108.7      106.5      107.8  
     III     104.7       114.7      109.5      112.7      105.2      107.6      106.3      107.0  
     II      103.9       113.5      109.2      111.4      104.6      107.2      105.5      106.5  
     I       103.8       112.7      108.6      110.9      104.2      106.8      105.4      106.2  
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
See footnotes following Table 6.                                                   February 6, 2020
r=revised                                                        Source: Bureau of Labor Statistics



Table 3. Manufacturing sector: Labor productivity, hourly compensation, and unit labor costs,
seasonally adjusted.
                                                                             Real
Year              Labor                                       Hourly         hourly          Unit
and               produc-                      Hours          compensa-      compensa-       labor
quarter           tivity        Output         worked         tion (1)       tion (2)        costs
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                      Percent change from previous quarter at annual rate (5)

2019 ANNUAL        0.0            0.0            0.0            3.8            1.9            3.8  

2019 IV           -1.2           -1.0            0.2            4.6            2.0            5.9  
     III          -0.3 r          1.0 r          1.3 r          3.1            1.2 r          3.3 r
     II           -2.4 r         -3.1           -0.7            2.6           -0.3            5.1 r
     I             1.2           -1.7           -2.9            8.2            7.2            6.9  

2018 ANNUAL        0.3 r          2.3 r          1.9            2.2           -0.3            1.8 r

2018 IV            0.9            1.6            0.7            3.4            1.8            2.5  
     III           0.4            4.0            3.6            2.4            0.4            2.0  
     II            1.4            2.7            1.2           -4.6           -6.7           -6.0  
     I            -0.2            1.9            2.2            4.4            1.2            4.7  

2017 ANNUAL       -0.5 r          0.6 r          1.0            3.5            1.3            4.0 r

2017 IV            3.2 r          5.1 r          1.7            5.4            2.2            2.0 r
     III          -5.2 r         -2.7 r          2.7            1.9           -0.2            7.5 r
     II            1.8 r          1.7 r         -0.2            3.9            3.5            2.0 r
     I            -1.6 r          0.4 r          2.1            3.9            1.1            5.6 r
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                    Percent change from corresponding quarter of previous year

2019 ANNUAL        0.0            0.0            0.0            3.8            1.9            3.8  

2019 IV           -0.7           -1.2           -0.5            4.6            2.5            5.3  
     III          -0.2 r         -0.6 r         -0.4            4.3            2.5            4.5 r
     II            0.0            0.1            0.2            4.1            2.2            4.1  
     I             1.0            1.6            0.6            2.2            0.6            1.3  

2018 ANNUAL        0.3 r          2.3 r          1.9            2.2           -0.3            1.8 r

2018 IV            0.6            2.5            1.9            1.3           -0.9            0.7  
     III           1.2 r          3.4 r          2.2            1.8           -0.8            0.6 r
     II           -0.2 r          1.7 r          1.9            1.7           -0.9            1.9 r
     I            -0.1 r          1.4 r          1.6            3.9            1.6            4.0 r

2017 ANNUAL       -0.5 r          0.6 r          1.0            3.5            1.3            4.0 r

2017 IV           -0.5 r          1.1 r          1.6            3.8            1.6            4.3 r
     III          -1.1 r          0.1 r          1.2            3.7            1.7            4.8 r
     II            0.3 r          1.0 r          0.7            3.7            1.7            3.4 r
     I            -0.6 r          0.1 r          0.7            3.0            0.4            3.6 r
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                         Indexes 2012=100

2019 ANNUAL       98.6          104.9          106.4          116.9          104.8          118.6  

2019 IV           98.2          104.6          106.6          118.5          105.3          120.7  
     III          98.5 r        104.9 r        106.5 r        117.2 r        104.8 r        119.0 r
     II           98.5 r        104.6 r        106.2          116.3          104.5          118.0 r
     I            99.1 r        105.5 r        106.4          115.6          104.5          116.6 r

2018 ANNUAL       98.6 r        104.9 r        106.5          112.6          102.8          114.3 r

2018 IV           98.8 r        105.9 r        107.2          113.3          102.7          114.6 r
     III          98.6 r        105.5 r        107.0          112.4          102.3          113.9 r
     II           98.5 r        104.5 r        106.0          111.7          102.2          113.4 r
     I            98.2 r        103.8 r        105.7          113.0          103.9          115.1 r

2017 ANNUAL       98.2 r        102.6 r        104.5          110.2          103.0          112.2 r

2017 IV           98.3 r        103.3 r        105.1          111.8          103.6          113.8 r
     III          97.5 r        102.0 r        104.7          110.4          103.1          113.2 r
     II           98.8 r        102.7 r        104.0          109.8          103.1          111.2 r
     I            98.3 r        102.3 r        104.0          108.8          102.3          110.6 r
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
See footnotes following Table 6.                                                   February 6, 2020
r=revised                                                        Source: Bureau of Labor Statistics



Table 4. Durable manufacturing sector: Labor productivity, hourly compensation, and unit labor
costs, seasonally adjusted.
                                                                             Real
Year              Labor                                       Hourly         hourly          Unit
and               produc-                      Hours          compensa-      compensa-       labor
quarter           tivity        Output         worked         tion (1)       tion (2)        costs
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                      Percent change from previous quarter at annual rate (5)

2019 ANNUAL        0.4            0.7            0.2            3.7            1.8            3.2  

2019 IV           -0.8           -1.6           -0.8            6.6            3.9            7.5  
     III           0.6 r          1.7 r          1.1 r          2.5 r          0.7 r          1.9 r
     II           -1.1           -2.3           -1.2            1.9           -1.0            3.1  
     I             0.1           -2.7           -2.8            8.6            7.6            8.5  

2018 ANNUAL        0.7 r          3.0 r          2.3            2.6            0.2            1.9 r

2018 IV            2.0            4.7            2.7            3.0            1.5            1.0  
     III           1.9            5.8            3.8            1.8           -0.2           -0.1  
     II            0.3            2.2            1.9           -4.3           -6.3           -4.6  
     I             0.4            3.9            3.5            4.2            1.0            3.8  

2017 ANNUAL        0.1 r          0.7 r          0.6            4.2            2.0            4.2 r

2017 IV            3.4 r          4.6 r          1.2            7.5            4.3            4.0 r
     III          -4.7 r         -2.5 r          2.3            1.5           -0.7            6.5 r
     II            3.1 r          0.9 r         -2.1            6.9            6.5            3.8 r
     I            -1.5 r          1.4 r          2.9            3.4            0.5            4.9 r
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                    Percent change from corresponding quarter of previous year

2019 ANNUAL        0.4            0.7            0.2            3.7            1.8            3.2  

2019 IV           -0.3           -1.2           -0.9            4.9            2.8            5.2  
     III           0.4            0.3           -0.1            4.0            2.2            3.6  
     II            0.7            1.3            0.6            3.8            1.9            3.1  
     I             1.1            2.5            1.4            2.2            0.5            1.1  

2018 ANNUAL        0.7 r          3.0 r          2.3            2.6            0.2            1.9 r

2018 IV            1.1            4.2 r          3.0            1.1           -1.1            0.0  
     III           1.5 r          4.1 r          2.6            2.2           -0.4            0.7 r
     II           -0.2 r          2.0 r          2.2            2.1           -0.5            2.4 r
     I             0.5 r          1.7 r          1.2            5.0            2.7            4.5 r

2017 ANNUAL        0.1 r          0.7 r          0.6            4.2            2.0            4.2 r

2017 IV            0.0 r          1.1 r          1.1            4.8            2.6            4.8 r
     III          -0.7 r          0.1 r          0.8            4.3            2.3            5.1 r
     II            1.0 r          1.2 r          0.2            4.6            2.6            3.6 r
     I             0.0 r          0.4 r          0.4            3.2            0.6            3.2 r
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                         Indexes 2012=100

2019 ANNUAL       99.9          106.6          106.7          117.7          105.5          117.9  

2019 IV           99.7          106.4          106.6          119.7          106.3          120.0  
     III         100.0 r        106.8 r        106.9 r        117.8 r        105.3 r        117.8 r
     II           99.8 r        106.4 r        106.6          117.0          105.1          117.3 r
     I           100.1 r        107.0 r        106.9          116.5          105.4          116.4 r

2018 ANNUAL       99.5 r        105.9 r        106.5          113.5          103.6          114.2 r

2018 IV          100.1 r        107.7 r        107.6          114.1          103.5          114.0 r
     III          99.6 r        106.5 r        106.9          113.3          103.1          113.7 r
     II           99.1 r        105.0 r        105.9          112.8          103.1          113.8 r
     I            99.0 r        104.4 r        105.4          114.0          104.8          115.1 r

2017 ANNUAL       98.7 r        102.8 r        104.1          110.7          103.5          112.1 r

2017 IV           99.0 r        103.4 r        104.5          112.8          104.6          114.0 r
     III          98.1 r        102.3 r        104.2          110.8          103.5          112.9 r
     II           99.3 r        102.9 r        103.6          110.4          103.7          111.2 r
     I            98.6 r        102.7 r        104.2          108.6          102.1          110.1 r
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
See footnotes following Table 6.                                                   February 6, 2020
r=revised                                                        Source: Bureau of Labor Statistics



Table 5. Nondurable manufacturing sector: Labor productivity, hourly compensation, and unit labor
costs, seasonally adjusted.
                                                                             Real
Year              Labor                                       Hourly         hourly          Unit
and               produc-                      Hours          compensa-      compensa-       labor
quarter           tivity        Output         worked         tion (1)       tion (2)        costs
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                      Percent change from previous quarter at annual rate (5)

2019 ANNUAL       -0.2           -0.8           -0.6            3.9            2.1            4.2  

2019 IV           -2.2           -0.4            1.9            1.1           -1.4            3.4  
     III          -1.3 r          0.3 r          1.6            4.2            2.4            5.5 r
     II           -4.2           -4.0            0.2            4.1            1.1            8.6  
     I             2.5           -0.7           -3.2            7.3            6.3            4.6  

2018 ANNUAL        0.1 r          1.5 r          1.4            1.2           -1.2            1.1 r

2018 IV            1.0           -1.6           -2.6            3.6            2.1            2.6  
     III          -1.1 r          2.2            3.4            3.5            1.5            4.7  
     II            3.0            3.1            0.1           -5.5           -7.5           -8.3  
     I            -0.1           -0.1            0.0            4.4            1.1            4.5  

2017 ANNUAL       -1.6 r          0.1 r          1.7            2.3            0.1            3.9 r

2017 IV            2.7 r          5.4 r          2.6            1.4           -1.7           -1.3 r
     III          -6.1 r         -2.9 r          3.3            2.9            0.8            9.6 r
     II           -0.9 r          2.3 r          3.2           -1.3           -1.7           -0.4 r
     I            -1.5 r         -0.8 r          0.6            4.8            1.9            6.3 r
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                    Percent change from corresponding quarter of previous year

2019 ANNUAL       -0.2           -0.8           -0.6            3.9            2.1            4.2  

2019 IV           -1.3           -1.2            0.1            4.1            2.1            5.5  
     III          -0.5 r         -1.5 r         -1.0            4.8            3.0            5.3 r
     II           -0.5           -1.1           -0.6            4.6            2.7            5.1  
     I             1.3            0.7           -0.6            2.1            0.5            0.8  

2018 ANNUAL        0.1 r          1.5 r          1.4            1.2           -1.2            1.1 r

2018 IV            0.7            0.9            0.2            1.4           -0.8            0.7  
     III           1.1 r          2.6 r          1.5            0.9           -1.7           -0.2 r
     II           -0.2 r          1.3 r          1.5            0.7           -1.9            0.9 r
     I            -1.1 r          1.1 r          2.3            1.8           -0.4            3.0 r

2017 ANNUAL       -1.6 r          0.1 r          1.7            2.3            0.1            3.9 r

2017 IV           -1.5 r          0.9 r          2.5            1.9           -0.2            3.5 r
     III          -1.9 r         -0.2 r          1.7            2.5            0.5            4.5 r
     II           -1.1 r          0.4 r          1.5            2.1            0.1            3.2 r
     I            -1.9 r         -0.7 r          1.3            2.6            0.0            4.6 r
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                         Indexes 2012=100

2019 ANNUAL       98.6          104.4          105.9          115.1          103.2          116.8  

2019 IV           97.7          104.1          106.5          116.3          103.3          119.0  
     III          98.3 r        104.1 r        106.0          115.9          103.7 r        118.0 r
     II           98.6 r        104.1 r        105.6          114.7          103.1          116.4 r
     I            99.6 r        105.1 r        105.5          113.6          102.8          114.0 r

2018 ANNUAL       98.8 r        105.2 r        106.5          110.8          101.1          112.2 r

2018 IV           99.0 r        105.3 r        106.4          111.6          101.2          112.7 r
     III          98.8 r        105.8 r        107.1          110.6          100.7          112.0 r
     II           99.1 r        105.2 r        106.2          109.7          100.3          110.7 r
     I            98.3 r        104.4 r        106.2          111.2          102.3          113.2 r

2017 ANNUAL       98.7 r        103.6 r        105.0          109.5          102.3          110.9 r

2017 IV           98.3 r        104.4 r        106.2          110.1          102.0          111.9 r
     III          97.7 r        103.1 r        105.5          109.7          102.4          112.3 r
     II           99.2 r        103.8 r        104.6          108.9          102.2          109.7 r
     I            99.5 r        103.3 r        103.8          109.2          102.7          109.8 r
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
See footnotes following Table 6.                                                   February 6, 2020
r=revised                                                        Source: Bureau of Labor Statistics



Table 6. Nonfinancial corporate sector: Labor productivity, hourly compensation, unit labor costs,
unit profits, and prices, seasonally adjusted.
                                                     Real
                                           Hourly    hourly            Unit      Total           Implicit
Year         Labor                         compen-   compen-   Unit    nonlabor  unit    Unit    price
and          produc-             Hours     sation    sation    labor   costs     costs   profits deflator
quarter      tivity    Output    worked    (1)       (2)       costs   (6)       (7)     (8)     (4)
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                         Percent change from previous quarter at annual rate (5)

2019 III       2.4 r     3.0 r    0.6       2.4       0.6       0.0 r    4.3 r    1.4 r   -4.8 r    0.7  
     II        0.8       1.1      0.3       2.3      -0.6       1.4      1.2      1.3     12.0      2.4  
     I         1.6       3.6      2.0       9.0       8.1       7.3      1.1      5.3    -33.7     -0.1  

2018 ANNUAL   -0.2       1.9      2.1       3.2       0.8       3.4      3.0      3.3     -1.1      2.8  

2018 IV        1.4       2.4      1.1       0.4      -1.1      -1.0      3.5      0.5      0.0      0.4  
     III       4.6       6.3      1.7       1.4      -0.6      -3.0     -2.5     -2.9     12.7     -1.2  
     II       -3.1      -0.4      2.8      -0.6      -2.7       2.5      5.3      3.4      4.8      3.6  
     I         1.4       3.3      1.9       9.7       6.3       8.2      1.6      6.0      0.2      5.3  

2017 ANNUAL    0.3       2.0      1.7       3.3       1.1       3.0      2.2      2.7     -2.9      2.0  

2017 IV       -0.9       1.7      2.7       2.6      -0.5       3.6      4.3      3.8     -7.6      2.4  
     III      -3.5      -2.3      1.3       2.3       0.2       6.0      6.6      6.2    -16.0      3.2  
     II        0.6       3.4      2.8       0.5       0.1      -0.1      1.5      0.4      3.2      0.7  
     I         4.8       6.7      1.8       7.8       4.8       2.8     -3.7      0.6     16.4      2.5  
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                       Percent change from corresponding quarter of previous year

2019 III       1.5 r     2.5 r    1.0       3.5       1.7       1.9 r    2.5 r    2.1 r   -8.3 r    0.9  
     II        2.1       3.4      1.2       3.2       1.4       1.1      0.8      1.0     -4.4      0.4  
     I         1.1       3.0      1.9       2.5       0.8       1.4      1.8      1.5     -5.9      0.7  

2018 ANNUAL   -0.2       1.9      2.1       3.2       0.8       3.4      3.0      3.3     -1.1      2.8  

2018 IV        1.0       2.9      1.9       2.6       0.4       1.6      1.9      1.7      4.3      2.0  
     III       0.5       2.7      2.3       3.2       0.6       2.7      2.1      2.5      2.2      2.5  
     II       -1.5       0.6      2.2       3.4       0.8       5.1      4.4      4.9     -5.0      3.6  
     I        -0.6       1.5      2.2       3.7       1.5       4.4      3.5      4.1     -5.4      2.9  

2017 ANNUAL    0.3       2.0      1.7       3.3       1.1       3.0      2.2      2.7     -2.9      2.0  

2017 IV        0.2       2.3      2.1       3.3       1.1       3.1      2.1      2.7     -1.8      2.2  
     III       0.3       2.0      1.6       3.4       1.4       3.1      2.5      2.9     -4.0      2.0  
     II        1.2       3.0      1.7       3.1       1.2       1.9      1.1      1.6      0.6      1.5  
     I        -0.7       0.6      1.3       3.2       0.6       3.9      3.0      3.6     -6.2      2.3  
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                            Indexes 2012=100

2019 III     102.9 r   117.6 r  114.3 r   119.6 r   107.0 r   116.3 r  112.5 r  115.0 r   83.3 r  110.5 r
     II      102.3     116.7    114.2     118.9     106.8     116.3    111.3    114.7     84.4    110.3  
     I       102.1     116.4    114.1     118.3     107.0     115.9    111.0    114.3     82.0    109.7  

2018 ANNUAL  101.0     114.0    112.9     115.5     105.4     114.3    110.0    112.9     89.3    109.5  

2018 IV      101.6     115.4    113.5     115.7     104.9     113.9    110.7    112.8     90.9    109.7  
     III     101.3     114.7    113.2     115.6     105.2     114.2    109.7    112.7     90.9    109.6  
     II      100.2     112.9    112.8     115.2     105.4     115.0    110.4    113.5     88.2    109.9  
     I       101.0     113.0    112.0     115.4     106.1     114.3    109.0    112.6     87.2    108.9  

2017 ANNUAL  101.2     111.9    110.5     111.9     104.6     110.6    106.8    109.3     90.3    106.6  

2017 IV      100.6     112.1    111.5     112.8     104.5     112.1    108.6    110.9     87.2    107.5  
     III     100.8     111.6    110.7     112.0     104.6     111.1    107.5    109.9     88.9    106.9  
     II      101.7     112.3    110.4     111.4     104.6     109.5    105.7    108.2     92.9    106.0  
     I       101.6     111.3    109.6     111.3     104.6     109.5    105.4    108.1     92.1    105.9  
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
See footnotes following Table 6.                                                         February 6, 2020
r=revised                                                              Source: Bureau of Labor Statistics



SOURCES: Output data are from the Bureau of Economic Analysis and the Census Bureau of 
the U.S. Department of Commerce; the Bureau of Labor Statistics, U.S. Department of Labor; 
and the Federal Reserve Board. Hours and compensation data are from the Bureau of Labor 
Statistics and the Bureau of Economic Analysis.

RELIABILITY: Productivity and cost measures are regularly revised as more complete 
information becomes available.  The measures are first published within 40 days of the close of 
the reference period; revisions appear 30 days later, and second revisions after an additional 60 
days.  In the business sector, the third publication (second revision) of a quarterly index of output 
per hour of all persons has differed from the initial value by between -1.4 and 1.4 index points 
approximately 95 percent of the time. This interval is based on the performance of this measure 
between the fourth quarter of 1995 and the third quarter of 2019.

				      Table Footnotes

(1) Wages and salaries of employees plus employers' contributions for social insurance and 
private benefit plans. Except for nonfinancial corporations, where there are no self-employed, 
data also include an estimate of wages, salaries, and supplemental payments for the self-
employed.

(2) The change for recent quarters is based on the Consumer Price Index for all urban consumers 
(CPI-U). The trend from 1978-2018 is based on the Consumer Price Index research series (CPI-
U-RS).

(3) Unit nonlabor payments include profits, consumption of fixed capital, taxes on production 
and imports less subsidies, net interest and miscellaneous payments, business current transfer 
payments, rental income of persons, and the current surplus of government enterprises.

(4) Current dollar output divided by the output index.

(5) Quarterly changes: Percent change compounded at annual rate is calculated using index 
numbers to three decimal places. Indexes published in the news release are rounded to one 
decimal place for convenience. Annual changes: Percent change is calculated using annual 
indexes to three decimal places.

(6) Unit nonlabor costs include consumption of fixed capital, taxes on production and imports 
less subsidies, net interest and miscellaneous payments, and business current transfer payments.

(7) Total unit costs are the sum of unit labor and nonlabor costs.

(8) Unit profits include corporate profits before tax with inventory valuation and capital 
consumption adjustment.


Last Modified Date: February 06, 2020