Transmission of material in this release is embargoed until USDL 21-1466
8:30 a.m. (ET) Tuesday, August 10, 2021
Technical information: (202) 691-5606 • Productivity@bls.gov • www.bls.gov/lpc
Media contact: (202) 691-5902 • PressOffice@bls.gov
PRODUCTIVITY AND COSTS
Second Quarter 2021, Preliminary
Nonfarm business sector labor productivity increased 2.3 percent in the second quarter of 2021, the
U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics reported today, as output increased 7.9 percent and hours worked
increased 5.5 percent. (All quarterly percent changes in this release are seasonally adjusted annual rates.)
From the second quarter of 2020 to the second quarter of 2021, nonfarm business sector labor
productivity increased 1.9 percent. (See table A1.)
Unit labor costs in the nonfarm business sector increased at an annual rate of 1.0 percent in the second
quarter of 2021, the combined effect of a 3.3-percent increase in hourly compensation and a 2.3-percent
increase in productivity. Unit labor costs increased 0.1 percent over the last four quarters, as hourly
compensation increased 2.0 percent and productivity increased 1.9 percent. (See table A1.) BLS
calculates unit labor costs as the ratio of hourly compensation to labor productivity. Increases in hourly
compensation tend to increase unit labor costs and increases in productivity tend to reduce them.
=============================================================================================================
Historical Revisions to Productivity and Costs Data
Data in this release reflect the 2021 Annual Update of the National Income and Product Accounts
(NIPA) released by the Bureau of Economic Analysis of the U.S. Department of Commerce on July 29,
2021. See “Revised measures” section.
=============================================================================================================
Labor productivity, or output per hour, is calculated by dividing an index of real output by an index of
hours worked by all persons, including employees, proprietors, and unpaid family workers. The second
quarter of 2021 is the fourth consecutive quarter with increases in both output and hours worked,
following historic declines in those measures in the second quarter of 2020. Over those four quarters,
nonfarm business sector output increased 15.8 percent and the index is now 1.2 percent above the level
seen in the fourth quarter of 2019, the last quarter not affected by the COVID-19 pandemic. Hours
worked increased 13.6 percent from the second quarter of 2020 to the second quarter of 2021; the hours
worked index remains below its fourth quarter of 2019 level by 2.8 percent. (See tables A1 and 2.)
Manufacturing sector labor productivity increased 6.9 percent in the second quarter of 2021, as
output increased 3.8 percent and hours worked decreased 2.9 percent. Although productivity also
increased in both manufacturing subsectors, these gains reflected different underlying conditions. In the
durable manufacturing sector, productivity increased 4.6 percent as a 1.4-percent decrease in output was
outpaced by a 5.7-percent decrease in hours worked. In contrast, nondurable manufacturing sector
productivity increased 7.8 percent as output (9.9 percent) grew faster than hours worked (2.0 percent).
Manufacturing productivity increased 6.8 percent from the same quarter a year ago. (See tables A1, 3, 4,
and 5.)
Unit labor costs in the total manufacturing sector decreased 1.9 percent in the second quarter of 2021,
reflecting a 4.9-percent increase in hourly compensation and a 6.9-percent increase in productivity.
Manufacturing unit labor costs decreased 5.8 percent from the same quarter a year ago. (See tables A1
and 3.)
Manufacturing sector output increased 16.5 percent over the last four quarters and is now just 0.8
percent below its level in the fourth quarter of 2019, the last quarter not affected by the COVID-19
pandemic. Hours worked in manufacturing declined in the second quarter of 2021, prolonging the
recovery in that measure, which stands 5.0 percent below the fourth-quarter 2019 level. (See tables A1
and 3.)
The concepts, sources, and methods used for the manufacturing output series differ from those used in
the business and nonfarm business output series; these output measures are not directly comparable. See
the Technical Notes for a more detailed explanation.
Revised measures
Measures of output for the business, nonfarm business, and nonfinancial corporate sectors, and measures
of compensation for all sectors, incorporate revised National Income and Product Accounts (NIPA) data
released on July 29 by the Bureau of Economic Analysis, U.S. Department of Commerce. As a result, all
measures incorporating output, including labor productivity and unit labor costs, were revised back to
1947 for the business, nonfarm business, and nonfinancial corporate sectors; prior to 1998, revisions
were due primarily to revisions to output in the index base year of 2012, therefore revisions to percent
changes are small. Quarterly and annual measures incorporating compensation were subject to revision
back to 1999 for the business sectors, and back to 2016 for the manufacturing sectors and the
nonfinancial corporate sector. Profits and related measures for the nonfinancial corporate sector were
also revised beginning in 2016.
Quarterly measures of manufacturing output and all related measures--including labor productivity--
were revised historically to incorporate revised monthly Indexes of Industrial Production (IIP) published
by the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System on May 28, 2021. Annual manufacturing
output measures for 1987 to 2019 were not revised; the annual average percent change for 2020 reflects
changes in IIP.
Measures of hours worked for all sectors incorporate regular updates and corrections to source data for
the first quarter of 2021. Hours worked and related measures for the business and nonfarm business
sectors were revised back to 2014 due to revised NIPA data on government enterprises employment and
on the proportion of industry compensation paid to employees of nonprofit institutions. Hours worked
and related measures for the nonfinancial corporate sector were subject to revision back to 2016 due to
the incorporation of revised NIPA data on the proportion of industry compensation paid to employees of
corporations.
Table B1 presents revised and previous labor productivity and related measures for the nonfarm
business, business, and manufacturing sectors for the first quarter of 2021. Table A2 presents these
measures for the nonfinancial corporate sector.
Nonfarm business sector productivity was revised down to an increase of 4.3 percent in the first
quarter of 2021, as output was revised down slightly to an increase of 8.4 percent and hours worked
increased 4.0 percent rather than increasing 3.0 percent as reported June 3. (See table B1.) A downward
revision to first-quarter unit labor costs--from an increase of 1.7 percent to a decrease of 2.8 percent--
reflected a large downward revision to hourly compensation that was partially offset by a smaller
downward revision to productivity. Hourly compensation increased at a 1.4-percent annual rate in the
first quarter of 2021, and real hourly compensation decreased 2.2 percent.
Manufacturing sector productivity was revised upward 0.4 percentage point to a decline of 1.3
percent in the first quarter of 2021, as output was revised up by more than hours worked. Productivity
was revised down in the durable manufacturing subsector and up in the nondurable manufacturing
subsector. In the first quarter of 2021, total manufacturing unit labor costs increased 1.9 percent rather
than increasing 10.7 percent as reported June 3, reflecting both an 8.3-percentage point downward
revision to hourly compensation and a 0.4-percentage point upward revision to productivity. (See table
B1.)
Nonfinancial corporate sector productivity grew 5.0 percent in the first quarter of 2021, slower than
the previously published estimate of 5.8 percent, as a result of a 0.9-percentage point upward revision to
hours worked and a 0.1-percentage point upward revision to output. Productivity in nonfinancial
corporations increased 5.9 percent from the first quarter of 2020 to the first quarter of 2021. Unit labor
costs in the nonfinancial corporate sector were revised down from a 0.8-percent increase to a decline of
4.8 percent in the first quarter of 2021, as a large downward revision to hourly compensation was
partially offset by a downward revision to productivity. (See table A2.) Unit labor costs increased 0.2
percent from the same quarter last year. Unit profits were revised up dramatically, and increased at a
30.0-percent annual rate in first-quarter 2021. (See table 6.)
Annual averages
Table C1 presents annual data for the nonfarm business, total manufacturing, and nonfinancial corporate
sectors from 2018 to 2020. Annual average percent changes compare average annual indexes from one
year to the next.
Annual average productivity in the nonfarm business sector was revised down to a 2.4-percent increase
in 2020, as output decreased 4.4 percent and hours worked decreased 6.6 percent. Productivity increased
2.0 percent in 2019 and 1.5 percent in 2018. The average annual rate of productivity growth from 2007
to 2019 --representing the previous business cycle--was unchanged at 1.4 percent. Unit labor costs were
revised up 0.2 percentage point to an increase of 4.5 percent in 2020. The 7.0-percent increase in hourly
compensation in 2020 was the largest annual gain since 2000, when the measure also increased 7.0
percent. (See table C1.)
Annual average manufacturing sector productivity grew 0.3 percent in 2020, rather than decreasing 0.1
percent as previously reported. Output decreased 6.4 percent and hours worked decreased 6.6 percent in
the manufacturing sector in 2020. Productivity decreased 1.4 percent in 2019 as previously reported.
The average annual rate of manufacturing productivity growth from 2007 to 2019 was unchanged at 0.2
percent. The 6.5-percent increase in manufacturing unit labor costs in 2020 was the largest increase in
the annual series which begins in 1987. (See table C1.)
Annual average productivity in the nonfinancial corporate sector was revised up to a 2.2-percent
increase in 2020, as output decreased 4.2 percent and hours worked decreased 6.3 percent. Productivity
was revised up significantly in both 2019 and 2018, from a 0.7-percent increase to a 1.4-percent increase
in 2019, and from a 0.6-percent increase to a 1.2-percent increase in 2018. (See tables C1 and 6.) The
average annual rate of productivity growth in the nonfinancial corporate sector from 2007 to 2019 was
revised up from 0.8 percent to 0.9 percent.
Complete quarterly and annual data series can be found on the Productivity and Costs home page:
www.bls.gov/lpc/#data.
______________
The revised Productivity and Costs news release for second-quarter 2021 is scheduled to be
released on Thursday, September 2, 2021 at 8:30 a.m. (ET).
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Table A1. Labor productivity growth and related measures – preliminary second-quarter 2021
(percent change from previous quarter at annual rate and from same quarter a year ago)
Labor Hours Hourly Real hourly Unit labor
Sector Percent change from: productivity Output worked compensation compensation costs
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Nonfarm business Previous quarter 2.3 7.9 5.5 3.3 -4.8 1.0
A year ago 1.9 15.8 13.6 2.0 -2.7 0.1
Business Previous quarter 2.7 7.8 5.0 3.7 -4.4 0.9
A year ago 2.1 15.7 13.3 2.2 -2.5 0.1
Manufacturing Previous quarter 6.9 3.8 -2.9 4.9 -3.3 -1.9
A year ago 6.8 16.5 9.1 0.6 -4.0 -5.8
Durable manufacturing Previous quarter 4.6 -1.4 -5.7 5.4 -2.8 0.7
A year ago 12.4 23.2 9.6 0.2 -4.3 -10.8
Nondurable manufacturing Previous quarter 7.8 9.9 2.0 4.8 -3.4 -2.8
A year ago 1.3 9.8 8.4 1.2 -3.4 -0.1
=========================================================================================================================
=========================================================================================================================
Table A2. Labor productivity growth and related measures – revised and previously published first-quarter 2021
(percent change from previous quarter at annual rate)
Labor Hours Hourly Real hourly Unit labor
Sector productivity Output worked compensation compensation costs
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Nonfinancial corporate Revised 5.0 8.9 3.7 0.0 -3.6 -4.8
Previously published 5.8 8.8 2.8 6.7 2.8 0.8
=========================================================================================================================
=========================================================================================================================
Table B1. Labor productivity growth and related measures – revised and previously published first-quarter 2021
(percent change from previous quarter at annual rate)
Labor Hours Hourly Real hourly Unit labor
Sector productivity Output worked compensation compensation costs
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Nonfarm business Revised 4.3 8.4 4.0 1.4 -2.2 -2.8
Previously published 5.4 8.6 3.0 7.2 3.3 1.7
Business Revised 4.2 8.2 3.8 1.5 -2.1 -2.6
Previously published 5.2 8.3 2.9 7.3 3.4 1.9
Manufacturing Revised -1.3 2.4 3.8 0.6 -3.1 1.9
Previously published -1.7 1.4 3.1 8.9 5.0 10.7
Durable manufacturing Revised 0.8 6.3 5.5 1.8 -1.9 1.0
Previously published 1.1 5.7 4.6 11.7 7.6 10.4
Nondurable manufacturing Revised -2.7 -1.7 1.0 -2.1 -5.6 0.6
Previously published -3.7 -3.0 0.7 3.6 -0.1 7.6
=========================================================================================================================
=========================================================================================================================
Table C1. Labor productivity growth and related measures – revised and previous annual average changes: 2018-2020
Labor Hours Hourly Real hourly Unit labor
Sector Year productivity Output worked compensation compensation costs
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Nonfarm business 2020 Revised 2.4 -4.4 -6.6 7.0 5.6 4.5
Previously published 2.5 -4.2 -6.6 7.0 5.6 4.3
2019 Revised 2.0 2.7 0.7 3.8 2.0 1.8
Previously published 1.8 2.5 0.7 3.7 1.8 1.9
2018 Revised 1.5 3.5 2.0 3.4 0.9 1.9
Previously published 1.4 3.5 2.0 3.3 0.9 1.9
Manufacturing 2020 Revised 0.3 -6.4 -6.6 6.8 5.4 6.5
Previously published -0.1 -6.8 -6.6 5.6 4.3 5.8
2019 Revised -1.4 -1.7 -0.2 2.8 1.0 4.3
Previously published -1.4 -1.7 -0.2 3.1 1.2 4.6
2018 Revised -0.1 1.8 1.9 2.2 -0.2 2.3
Previously published -0.1 1.8 1.9 2.1 -0.3 2.2
Nonfinancial
corporate 2020 Revised 2.2 -4.2 -6.3 6.9 5.6 4.6
Previously published 2.1 -4.3 -6.3 7.5 6.2 5.3
2019 Revised 1.4 2.3 0.9 3.9 2.1 2.5
Previously published 0.7 1.6 0.9 3.8 1.9 3.1
2018 Revised 1.2 3.2 2.0 3.5 1.1 2.3
Previously published 0.6 2.6 2.0 3.5 1.0 2.8
=========================================================================================================================
TECHNICAL NOTES
Labor Hours
Hours worked data for the labor productivity and cost measures include hours worked for all
persons working in the sector—wage and salary workers, the self-employed and unpaid family
workers. The primary source of hours and employment data is the BLS Current Employment
Statistics (CES) program, which provides monthly survey data on the number of jobs held by
wage and salary workers in nonfarm establishments, counting a person who is employed by two
or more establishments at each place of employment. The CES also provides average weekly
paid hours of production and nonsupervisory workers in these establishments. Weekly paid hours
are adjusted to hours worked using data from the National Compensation Survey (NCS) for 1996
forward and data from the BLS Hours at Work survey, conducted for this purpose, prior to 1990.
Between 1990 and 1995, weekly paid hours are adjusted to hours at work using a combination of
NCS and Hours at Work survey data. The Office of Productivity and Technology estimates
average weekly hours at work for nonproduction and supervisory workers using information
from the Current Population Survey (CPS), the CES, and the NCS.
Data from the CPS are used to estimate hours worked for farm labor, nonfarm proprietors, and
nonfarm unpaid family workers. Using CPS information on employment and hours worked at
primary jobs and all other jobs, separately, the BLS productivity measures assign all hours
worked to the appropriate industrial sector. Hours for government enterprises are derived from
the CPS, the CES, and the National Income and Product Accounts (NIPA) prepared by the
Bureau of Economic Analysis (BEA) of the Department of Commerce.
Detailed hours data are presented in the table “Hours Worked in Total U.S. Economy and
Subsectors” on the BLS website (www.bls.gov/lpc/special_requests/us_total_hrs_emp.xlsx).
Output
Business sector output is a chain-type, current-weighted index constructed after excluding from
gross domestic product (GDP) the following outputs: general government, nonprofit institutions,
and private households (including owner-occupied housing). Corresponding exclusions also are
made in labor hours worked. Business output accounted for about 75 percent of the value of
GDP in 2020. Nonfarm business, which excludes farming, accounted for about 74 percent of
GDP in 2020.
Annual indexes for manufacturing and its durable and nondurable goods components are
constructed by deflating current-dollar industry value of production data from the U.S. Bureau of
the Census with deflators from the BLS. These deflators are based on data from the BLS
Producer Price Index program and other sources. The industry shipments are aggregated using
annual weights, and intrasector transactions are removed. Quarterly manufacturing output
measures are based on the indexes of industrial production prepared monthly by the Board of
Governors of the Federal Reserve System, adjusted to be consistent with annual indexes of
manufacturing sector output prepared by BLS.
Nonfinancial corporate output is a chain-type, current-weighted index calculated on the basis of
the costs incurred and the incomes earned from production. The output measure excludes the
following outputs from GDP: general government; nonprofit institutions; private households;
unincorporated business; and those corporations classified as offices of bank holding companies,
offices of other holding companies, or offices in the finance and insurance sector. Nonfinancial
corporations accounted for about 49 percent of the value of GDP in 2020.
Labor Productivity
The measure describes the relationship between real output and the labor time involved in its
production. Measures of labor productivity growth show the changes from period to period in the
amount of goods and services produced per hour worked. They reflect the joint effects of many
influences, including changes in technology; capital investment; level of output; utilization of
capacity, energy, and materials; the organization of production; managerial skill; and the
characteristics and effort of the work force.
Labor Compensation
The measure includes accrued wages and salaries, supplements, employer contributions to
employee benefit plans, and taxes. Estimates of labor compensation by major sector, required for
measures of hourly compensation and unit labor costs, are based primarily on employee
compensation data from the NIPA, prepared by the BEA. The compensation of employees in
general government, nonprofit institutions and private households are subtracted from
compensation of employees in domestic industries to derive employee compensation for the
business sector. The labor compensation of proprietors cannot be explicitly identified and must
be estimated. This is done by assuming that proprietors have the same hourly compensation as
employees in the same sector. The quarterly labor productivity and cost measures do not contain
estimates of compensation for unpaid family workers.
Unit Labor Costs
These measures describe the relationship between compensation per hour and labor productivity,
or real output per hour, and can be used as an indicator of inflationary pressure on producers.
Increases in hourly compensation increase unit labor costs; labor productivity increases offset
compensation increases and lower unit labor costs.
Presentation of the data
The quarterly data in this release are presented in three ways: as percent changes from the
previous quarter presented at a compound annual rate, as percent changes from the
corresponding quarter of the previous year, and as index number series where 2012=100. Annual
data are presented both as index number series and percent changes from the previous year.
The index numbers and rates of change reported in the productivity and costs news release are
rounded to one decimal place. All percent changes in this release and on the BLS web site are
calculated using index numbers to three decimal places. A complete historical series of these
index numbers are available at the BLS web site, www.bls.gov/data/home.htm, or by contacting
the BLS Division of Major Sector Productivity (Telephone 202-691-5606 or email
productivity@bls.gov).
For a more detailed explanation of methodology see "Technical Information About the Major
Sector Productivity and Costs Methods" at www.bls.gov/lpc/lpcmethods.pdf.
Information in this release will be made available to sensory-impaired individuals upon request.
Voice phone: 202-691-5200; Federal Relay Service number: 1-800-877-8339.
Table 1. Business sector: Labor productivity, hourly compensation, unit labor costs, and prices,
seasonally adjusted.
Real
Hourly hourly Unit Implicit
Year Labor compen- compen- Unit nonlabor price
and produc- Hours sation sation labor payments deflator
quarter tivity Output worked (1) (2) costs (3) (4)
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Percent change from previous quarter at annual rate (5)
2021 II 2.7 7.8 5.0 3.7 -4.4 0.9 16.5 7.2
I 4.2 r 8.2 r 3.8 r 1.5 r -2.1 r -2.6 r 17.3 r 5.1 r
2020 ANNUAL 2.4 r -4.2 r -6.5 6.8 r 5.5 r 4.3 r -4.8 r 0.4 r
2020 IV -4.2 r 6.1 r 10.8 8.6 r 6.0 r 13.4 r -13.3 r 1.6 r
III 5.9 r 44.7 r 36.7 -4.7 r -9.0 r -10.0 r 31.7 r 5.1 r
II 10.2 -36.8 -42.7 r 21.9 r 25.8 r 10.6 r -23.2 r -4.6 r
I -1.1 r -6.8 r -5.8 r 9.2 r 8.1 r 10.5 r -12.6 r 0.0 r
2019 ANNUAL 1.9 r 2.6 r 0.7 3.8 r 2.0 r 1.8 r 1.1 r 1.5
2019 IV 0.5 r 1.8 r 1.3 3.9 r 1.3 r 3.4 r -1.2 r 1.4 r
III 0.6 r 3.1 r 2.5 r 0.1 r -1.2 r -0.4 r 2.5 r 0.8 r
II 4.3 r 3.5 r -0.7 1.4 r -2.0 r -2.7 r 10.3 r 2.7 r
I 3.2 r 3.1 r -0.2 9.4 r 8.6 r 5.9 r -5.9 r 0.7 r
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Percent change from corresponding quarter of previous year
2021 II 2.1 15.7 13.3 2.2 -2.5 0.1 11.8 4.7
I 3.9 r 1.2 r -2.6 r 6.4 r 4.4 r 2.4 r 0.7 r 1.7 r
2020 ANNUAL 2.4 r -4.2 r -6.5 6.8 r 5.5 r 4.3 r -4.8 r 0.4 r
2020 IV 2.5 -2.5 -4.9 8.3 r 7.0 r 5.7 r -6.4 r 0.5 r
III 3.8 r -3.5 r -7.0 7.2 r 5.8 r 3.3 r -3.3 r 0.4 r
II 2.5 r -11.3 r -13.5 r 8.5 r 8.0 r 5.9 r -9.2 r -0.6 r
I 1.1 r 0.3 r -0.7 3.6 r 1.5 r 2.5 r -0.6 r 1.2 r
2019 ANNUAL 1.9 r 2.6 r 0.7 3.8 r 2.0 r 1.8 r 1.1 r 1.5
2019 IV 2.1 r 2.9 r 0.7 3.7 r 1.6 r 1.5 1.3 1.4
III 2.0 r 2.7 r 0.6 3.1 r 1.3 r 1.0 r 2.0 r 1.5
II 2.0 r 2.4 r 0.4 4.2 2.4 r 2.2 r 0.5 r 1.5
I 1.5 2.5 r 1.0 4.2 2.6 r 2.7 r 0.4 1.7 r
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Indexes 2012=100
2021 II 113.0 124.0 109.7 133.4 113.7 118.0 110.3 114.6
I 112.3 r 121.6 r 108.3 r 132.2 r 115.0 r 117.7 r 106.2 r 112.6 r
2020 ANNUAL 110.5 r 116.0 r 105.0 r 128.8 r 114.0 r 116.5 r 103.0 r 110.6 r
2020 IV 111.1 r 119.3 r 107.3 r 131.7 r 115.6 r 118.5 r 102.0 r 111.3 r
III 112.3 r 117.5 r 104.6 r 129.0 r 113.9 r 114.8 r 105.7 r 110.8 r
II 110.7 r 107.2 r 96.8 r 130.6 r 116.7 r 117.9 r 98.7 r 109.5 r
I 108.1 r 120.2 r 111.2 r 124.2 r 110.1 r 115.0 r 105.4 r 110.8 r
2019 ANNUAL 107.9 r 121.2 r 112.3 120.5 r 108.0 r 111.7 r 108.3 r 110.2 r
2019 IV 108.4 r 122.3 r 112.9 r 121.5 r 108.0 r 112.1 r 109.0 r 110.8 r
III 108.2 r 121.8 r 112.5 r 120.4 r 107.7 r 111.2 r 109.3 r 110.4 r
II 108.1 r 120.8 r 111.8 r 120.3 r 108.0 r 111.3 r 108.6 r 110.2 r
I 106.9 r 119.8 r 112.0 r 119.9 r 108.5 r 112.1 r 106.0 r 109.4 r
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
See footnotes following Table 6. August 10, 2021
r=revised Source: Bureau of Labor Statistics
Table 2. Nonfarm business sector: Labor productivity, hourly compensation, unit labor costs, and
prices, seasonally adjusted.
Real
Hourly hourly Unit Implicit
Year Labor compen- compen- Unit nonlabor price
and produc- Hours sation sation labor payments deflator
quarter tivity Output worked (1) (2) costs (3) (4)
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Percent change from previous quarter at annual rate (5)
2021 II 2.3 7.9 5.5 3.3 -4.8 1.0 13.9 6.1
I 4.3 r 8.4 r 4.0 r 1.4 r -2.2 r -2.8 r 16.6 r 4.6 r
2020 ANNUAL 2.4 r -4.4 r -6.6 7.0 5.6 4.5 r -4.9 r 0.4 r
2020 IV -3.4 r 6.2 r 9.9 r 9.4 r 6.8 r 13.3 r -14.8 r 0.9 r
III 4.6 r 44.6 r 38.2 -5.7 r -10.0 -9.9 r 30.5 r 4.7 r
II 11.2 -36.9 r -43.2 22.7 r 26.6 r 10.3 r -21.7 r -3.9 r
I -1.8 r -7.4 r -5.7 r 9.3 r 8.2 r 11.3 r -13.2 r 0.2 r
2019 ANNUAL 2.0 r 2.7 r 0.7 3.8 r 2.0 r 1.8 r 1.2 r 1.5
2019 IV 0.6 r 1.8 r 1.2 4.1 r 1.5 r 3.5 r -1.5 r 1.3 r
III 0.8 r 3.2 r 2.4 0.2 r -1.1 r -0.5 r 2.4 r 0.7 r
II 4.3 r 3.6 r -0.7 1.4 r -2.0 r -2.8 r 10.6 r 2.7 r
I 3.4 r 3.4 r 0.0 9.2 r 8.4 5.6 r -5.5 r 0.7 r
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Percent change from corresponding quarter of previous year
2021 II 1.9 15.8 13.6 2.0 -2.7 0.1 10.2 4.1
I 4.1 1.3 r -2.7 r 6.4 r 4.5 r 2.3 r 0.4 r 1.5
2020 ANNUAL 2.4 r -4.4 r -6.6 7.0 5.6 4.5 r -4.9 r 0.4 r
2020 IV 2.5 r -2.7 r -5.0 8.5 r 7.2 r 5.8 r -6.8 r 0.4 r
III 3.6 r -3.7 r -7.0 r 7.1 r 5.8 r 3.4 r -3.3 r 0.5 r
II 2.6 r -11.5 r -13.7 8.8 8.3 6.0 r -9.0 r -0.4 r
I 1.0 r 0.2 r -0.8 r 3.7 r 1.6 r 2.7 r -0.8 r 1.2 r
2019 ANNUAL 2.0 r 2.7 r 0.7 3.8 r 2.0 r 1.8 r 1.2 r 1.5
2019 IV 2.3 r 3.0 r 0.7 3.7 r 1.6 r 1.4 1.4 1.4
III 2.1 r 2.8 r 0.6 r 3.1 r 1.3 r 0.9 r 2.1 r 1.4
II 2.2 r 2.6 r 0.3 4.3 r 2.4 r 2.1 r 0.8 r 1.5 r
I 1.6 2.6 1.1 4.3 r 2.6 r 2.7 r 0.6 r 1.8 r
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Indexes 2012=100
2021 II 112.7 123.7 109.7 133.6 113.9 118.5 110.0 114.8
I 112.1 r 121.4 r 108.3 r 132.5 r 115.3 r 118.2 r 106.5 r 113.1 r
2020 ANNUAL 110.2 r 115.7 r 105.0 r 129.1 r 114.3 r 117.1 r 103.8 r 111.3 r
2020 IV 110.9 r 118.9 r 107.2 r 132.1 r 116.0 r 119.1 r 102.5 r 111.8 r
III 111.9 r 117.2 r 104.7 r 129.1 r 114.1 r 115.4 r 106.6 r 111.6 r
II 110.6 r 106.9 r 96.6 r 131.0 r 117.1 r 118.4 r 99.8 r 110.3 r
I 107.7 r 119.9 r 111.3 r 124.5 r 110.4 r 115.6 r 106.1 r 111.4 r
2019 ANNUAL 107.7 r 121.0 r 112.4 120.7 r 108.2 r 112.1 r 109.2 r 110.8 r
2019 IV 108.2 r 122.2 r 112.9 r 121.8 r 108.2 r 112.5 r 109.9 r 111.4 r
III 108.1 r 121.6 r 112.6 120.5 r 107.8 r 111.6 r 110.3 r 111.0 r
II 107.8 r 120.7 r 111.9 r 120.5 r 108.1 r 111.7 r 109.7 r 110.8 r
I 106.7 r 119.6 r 112.1 r 120.1 r 108.7 r 112.5 r 106.9 r 110.1 r
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
See footnotes following Table 6. August 10, 2021
r=revised Source: Bureau of Labor Statistics
Table 3. Manufacturing sector: Labor productivity, hourly compensation, and unit labor costs,
seasonally adjusted.
Real
Year Labor Hourly hourly Unit
and produc- Hours compensa- compensa- labor
quarter tivity Output worked tion (1) tion (2) costs
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Percent change from previous quarter at annual rate (5)
2021 II 6.9 3.8 -2.9 4.9 -3.3 -1.9
I -1.3 r 2.4 r 3.8 r 0.6 r -3.1 r 1.9 r
2020 ANNUAL 0.3 r -6.4 r -6.6 6.8 r 5.4 r 6.5 r
2020 IV 3.1 r 11.0 r 7.6 10.5 r 7.9 r 7.2 r
III 19.4 r 56.2 r 30.8 -12.0 r -16.0 r -26.3 r
II -10.3 r -44.5 r -38.1 27.2 r 31.3 r 41.9 r
I 1.8 -5.5 -7.2 7.8 r 6.7 r 6.0 r
2019 ANNUAL -1.4 -1.7 -0.2 2.8 r 1.0 r 4.3 r
2019 IV -1.6 r -1.5 r 0.1 6.7 r 4.0 r 8.5 r
III -1.3 r -0.2 r 1.1 -1.1 r -2.4 r 0.2 r
II -2.0 r -3.3 r -1.4 1.7 r -1.7 r 3.8 r
I -1.1 -4.2 -3.1 6.2 r 5.4 r 7.4 r
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Percent change from corresponding quarter of previous year
2021 II 6.8 16.5 9.1 0.6 -4.0 -5.8
I 2.2 r -0.4 r -2.5 r 5.6 r 3.7 r 3.4 r
2020 ANNUAL 0.3 r -6.4 r -6.6 6.8 r 5.4 r 6.5 r
2020 IV 3.0 r -2.4 r -5.2 7.5 r 6.2 r 4.4 r
III 1.7 r -5.2 r -6.8 6.5 r 5.2 r 4.7 r
II -3.0 r -15.3 r -12.7 9.7 r 9.2 r 13.1 r
I -0.8 r -2.7 r -1.9 3.7 r 1.6 r 4.6 r
2019 ANNUAL -1.4 -1.7 -0.2 2.8 r 1.0 r 4.3 r
2019 IV -1.5 r -2.3 r -0.8 3.3 r 1.3 r 4.9 r
III -1.8 -2.5 -0.7 2.3 r 0.5 r 4.2 r
II -1.7 r -1.8 r -0.1 3.5 r 1.6 r 5.4 r
I -0.7 r -0.1 r 0.6 2.1 r 0.5 r 2.9 r
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Indexes 2012=100
2021 II 99.5 100.5 101.0 127.2 108.5 127.8
I 97.9 r 99.6 r 101.7 r 125.7 r 109.4 r 128.4 r
2020 ANNUAL 96.2 r 95.4 r 99.2 123.2 r 109.1 r 128.1 r
2020 IV 98.2 r 99.0 r 100.8 125.5 r 110.2 r 127.8 r
III 97.4 r 96.4 r 99.0 122.4 r 108.1 r 125.6 r
II 93.2 r 86.2 r 92.5 126.4 r 113.0 r 135.6 r
I 95.8 r 99.9 r 104.3 119.0 r 105.5 r 124.3 r
2019 ANNUAL 95.9 101.9 106.2 115.4 r 103.5 r 120.3 r
2019 IV 95.4 r 101.3 r 106.3 116.8 r 103.8 r 122.5 r
III 95.8 r 101.7 r 106.2 114.9 r 102.8 r 120.0 r
II 96.1 r 101.8 r 105.9 115.2 r 103.4 r 119.9 r
I 96.6 r 102.7 r 106.3 114.7 r 103.9 r 118.8 r
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
See footnotes following Table 6. August 10, 2021
r=revised Source: Bureau of Labor Statistics
Table 4. Durable manufacturing sector: Labor productivity, hourly compensation, and unit labor
costs, seasonally adjusted.
Real
Year Labor Hourly hourly Unit
and produc- Hours compensa- compensa- labor
quarter tivity Output worked tion (1) tion (2) costs
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Percent change from previous quarter at annual rate (5)
2021 II 4.6 -1.4 -5.7 5.4 -2.8 0.7
I 0.8 r 6.3 r 5.5 r 1.8 r -1.9 r 1.0 r
2020 ANNUAL -0.2 r -8.1 r -8.0 6.8 r 5.5 r 7.0 r
2020 IV 4.8 r 11.0 r 6.0 12.3 r 9.6 r 7.2 r
III 44.6 r 97.9 r 36.9 -16.1 r -19.9 r -42.0 r
II -20.3 r -54.4 r -42.8 29.7 r 33.9 r 62.7 r
I -2.6 r -10.0 r -7.6 6.9 r 5.8 r 9.7 r
2019 ANNUAL -1.7 -1.8 0.0 2.3 r 0.4 r 4.1 r
2019 IV -1.0 r -2.0 r -1.1 10.2 r 7.4 r 11.3 r
III -1.0 -0.2 r 0.8 -2.4 r -3.6 r -1.4 r
II -1.0 r -3.3 r -2.4 0.9 r -2.4 r 1.9 r
I -2.9 r -5.7 r -2.9 5.8 r 5.0 r 8.9 r
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Percent change from corresponding quarter of previous year
2021 II 12.4 23.2 9.6 0.2 -4.3 -10.8
I 5.0 r 1.6 r -3.3 r 5.6 r 3.6 r 0.5 r
2020 ANNUAL -0.2 r -8.1 r -8.0 6.8 r 5.5 r 7.0 r
2020 IV 4.1 r -2.6 r -6.4 6.9 r 5.6 r 2.6 r
III 2.7 r -5.6 r -8.0 6.4 r 5.1 r 3.6 r
II -6.6 r -20.4 r -14.8 10.5 r 10.1 r 18.3 r
I -1.4 r -4.0 r -2.6 3.8 r 1.7 r 5.3 r
2019 ANNUAL -1.7 -1.8 0.0 2.3 r 0.4 r 4.1 r
2019 IV -1.5 r -2.9 r -1.4 3.5 r 1.5 r 5.1 r
III -2.0 -2.4 -0.4 1.3 r -0.5 r 3.4 r
II -2.0 r -1.7 r 0.3 2.6 r 0.8 r 4.7 r
I -1.5 r -0.1 r 1.4 1.6 r 0.0 r 3.1 r
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Indexes 2012=100
2021 II 101.5 100.6 99.1 128.2 109.3 126.3
I 100.4 r 101.0 r 100.6 r 126.5 r 110.1 r 126.0 r
2020 ANNUAL 96.4 r 94.4 r 97.9 123.8 r 109.6 r 128.5 r
2020 IV 100.2 r 99.5 r 99.3 126.0 r 110.6 r 125.7 r
III 99.0 r 96.9 r 97.8 122.4 r 108.1 r 123.5 r
II 90.3 r 81.7 r 90.5 127.9 r 114.3 r 141.6 r
I 95.6 r 99.4 r 104.0 119.8 r 106.2 r 125.3 r
2019 ANNUAL 96.6 102.7 106.4 116.0 r 104.0 r 120.1 r
2019 IV 96.2 r 102.1 r 106.1 117.8 r 104.7 r 122.5 r
III 96.4 r 102.6 r 106.4 115.0 r 102.9 r 119.2 r
II 96.7 r 102.7 r 106.2 115.7 r 103.8 r 119.6 r
I 96.9 r 103.5 r 106.8 115.4 r 104.5 r 119.1 r
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
See footnotes following Table 6. August 10, 2021
r=revised Source: Bureau of Labor Statistics
Table 5. Nondurable manufacturing sector: Labor productivity, hourly compensation, and unit labor
costs, seasonally adjusted.
Real
Year Labor Hourly hourly Unit
and produc- Hours compensa- compensa- labor
quarter tivity Output worked tion (1) tion (2) costs
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Percent change from previous quarter at annual rate (5)
2021 II 7.8 9.9 2.0 4.8 -3.4 -2.8
I -2.7 r -1.7 r 1.0 r -2.1 r -5.6 r 0.6 r
2020 ANNUAL -0.1 r -4.4 r -4.3 7.1 r 5.8 r 7.2 r
2020 IV 0.5 r 10.9 r 10.3 7.6 r 5.1 r 7.1 r
III -0.1 r 21.4 r 21.5 -4.8 r -9.1 r -4.8 r
II -3.3 r -31.7 r -29.4 25.2 r 29.3 r 29.5 r
I 6.6 r -0.3 r -6.4 9.8 r 8.7 r 3.1 r
2019 ANNUAL -1.0 -1.6 -0.6 3.9 r 2.0 r 4.9 r
2019 IV -3.1 r -0.9 r 2.3 0.5 r -2.0 r 3.7 r
III -1.7 r -0.2 r 1.5 1.4 r 0.1 r 3.2
II -3.8 r -3.3 r 0.5 3.6 r 0.1 r 7.6 r
I 1.0 r -2.5 r -3.5 6.9 r 6.1 r 5.8
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Percent change from corresponding quarter of previous year
2021 II 1.3 9.8 8.4 1.2 -3.4 -0.1
I -1.4 r -2.5 r -1.1 r 5.9 r 3.9 r 7.4 r
2020 ANNUAL -0.1 r -4.4 r -4.3 7.1 r 5.8 r 7.2 r
2020 IV 0.9 r -2.2 r -3.0 9.0 r 7.6 r 8.0 r
III -0.1 r -4.9 r -4.8 7.1 r 5.8 r 7.2 r
II -0.5 r -9.4 r -9.0 8.8 r 8.3 r 9.3 r
I -0.6 r -1.2 r -0.6 3.8 r 1.6 r 4.4 r
2019 ANNUAL -1.0 -1.6 -0.6 3.9 r 2.0 r 4.9 r
2019 IV -1.9 -1.8 r 0.2 3.1 r 1.0 5.1 r
III -1.4 r -2.5 r -1.1 4.3 r 2.5 r 5.8 r
II -1.3 r -1.9 r -0.7 5.2 r 3.3 r 6.6 r
I 0.6 r -0.1 r -0.7 3.0 r 1.3 r 2.4 r
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Indexes 2012=100
2021 II 97.5 101.5 104.1 125.9 107.4 129.1
I 95.7 r 99.2 r 103.6 r 124.5 r 108.3 r 130.0 r
2020 ANNUAL 96.5 r 97.7 r 101.3 122.4 r 108.4 r 126.9 r
2020 IV 96.4 r 99.6 r 103.3 125.1 r 109.9 r 129.8 r
III 96.2 r 97.0 r 100.8 122.9 r 108.5 r 127.7 r
II 96.3 r 92.5 r 96.0 124.4 r 111.2 r 129.2 r
I 97.1 r 101.7 r 104.8 117.6 r 104.2 r 121.1 r
2019 ANNUAL 96.5 102.2 105.9 114.3 r 102.5 r 118.4 r
2019 IV 95.5 r 101.8 r 106.5 114.9 r 102.1 r 120.2 r
III 96.3 r 102.0 r 105.9 114.7 r 102.6 r 119.1 r
II 96.7 r 102.1 r 105.5 114.3 r 102.6 r 118.2 r
I 97.7 r 102.9 r 105.4 113.3 r 102.6 r 116.0 r
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
See footnotes following Table 6. August 10, 2021
r=revised Source: Bureau of Labor Statistics
Table 6. Nonfinancial corporate sector: Labor productivity, hourly compensation, unit labor costs,
unit profits, and prices, seasonally adjusted.
Real
Hourly hourly Unit Total Implicit
Year Labor compen- compen- Unit nonlabor unit Unit price
and produc- Hours sation sation labor costs costs profits deflator
quarter tivity Output worked (1) (2) costs (6) (7) (8) (4)
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Percent change from previous quarter at annual rate (5)
2021 I 5.0 r 8.9 r 3.7 r 0.0 r -3.6 r -4.8 r 18.7 r 1.6 r 30.0 r 5.1
2020 ANNUAL 2.2 r -4.2 r -6.3 6.9 r 5.6 r 4.6 r -10.6 r -0.2 r 2.4 r 0.1 r
2020 IV 16.3 r 28.4 r 10.3 7.7 r 5.2 r -7.4 r 53.3 r 6.3 r -31.4 r -0.2 r
III -0.8 r 31.7 r 32.8 -5.7 r -9.9 r -4.9 r -21.4 r -9.6 r 206.1 r 6.2 r
II 3.8 r -39.0 r -41.2 25.0 r 29.1 r 20.5 r -49.3 r -6.5 r -9.1 r -6.8 r
I 1.1 r -3.3 r -4.3 7.8 r 6.7 r 6.6 r 4.2 r 5.8 r -35.4 r -0.4 r
2019 ANNUAL 1.4 r 2.3 r 0.9 3.9 r 2.1 r 2.5 r 1.9 2.3 r -1.2 r 1.9
2019 IV 1.1 r 2.2 r 1.1 3.6 r 1.0 r 2.6 r -2.7 r 0.8 r 8.8 r 1.8 r
III 0.5 r 1.1 r 0.6 1.0 r -0.4 r 0.5 r 5.3 r 2.0 r 2.6 r 2.1 r
II 1.3 r 1.6 r 0.3 2.3 r -1.2 r 1.0 r 1.7 r 1.2 r 13.3 r 2.6 r
I 2.7 r 3.4 r 0.7 8.0 r 7.2 r 5.2 r 3.2 r 4.6 r -31.2 r -1.0 r
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Percent change from corresponding quarter of previous year
2021 I 5.9 r 3.0 r -2.8 r 6.2 r 4.2 r 0.2 r -7.7 r -2.3 r 25.5 r 1.0 r
2020 ANNUAL 2.2 r -4.2 r -6.3 6.9 r 5.6 r 4.6 r -10.6 r -0.2 r 2.4 r 0.1 r
2020 IV 4.9 r -0.1 r -4.7 8.2 r 6.9 r 3.1 r -10.7 r -1.2 r 5.4 r -0.4 r
III 1.3 r -5.6 r -6.8 7.1 r 5.8 r 5.8 r -20.3 r -2.5 r 18.3 r 0.1 r
II 1.6 r -11.6 r -13.0 9.0 r 8.5 r 7.3 r -14.2 r 0.4 r -10.0 r -0.9 r
I 1.0 r 0.4 r -0.6 3.6 r 1.5 r 2.6 r 2.1 r 2.4 r -4.9 r 1.5
2019 ANNUAL 1.4 r 2.3 r 0.9 3.9 r 2.1 r 2.5 r 1.9 2.3 r -1.2 r 1.9
2019 IV 1.4 r 2.1 r 0.7 3.7 r 1.6 r 2.3 r 1.8 r 2.1 r -3.4 r 1.4 r
III 1.1 r 1.7 r 0.7 3.5 r 1.7 r 2.4 r 3.2 r 2.6 r -2.4 r 2.0 r
II 2.2 r 3.0 r 0.8 4.5 r 2.6 r 2.2 r 1.1 r 1.9 r 0.8 r 1.7 r
I 0.9 r 2.3 r 1.4 4.1 r 2.5 r 3.2 r 1.4 r 2.6 r 0.6 r 2.3 r
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Indexes 2012=100
2021 I 111.3 r 122.0 r 109.6 r 131.6 r 114.5 r 118.3 r 100.7 r 112.4 r 113.8 r 112.6 r
2020 ANNUAL 106.7 r 113.7 r 106.5 r 128.9 r 114.1 r 120.8 r 96.3 r 112.6 r 100.9 r 111.0 r
2020 IV 109.9 r 119.4 r 108.6 r 131.6 r 115.6 r 119.8 r 96.5 r 112.0 r 106.6 r 111.2 r
III 105.8 r 112.2 r 106.0 r 129.2 r 114.1 r 122.1 r 86.7 r 110.3 r 117.2 r 111.3 r
II 106.1 r 104.7 r 98.7 r 131.1 r 117.2 r 123.6 r 92.1 r 113.1 r 88.6 r 109.6 r
I 105.1 r 118.5 r 112.8 r 124.0 r 109.9 r 118.0 r 109.1 r 115.0 r 90.7 r 111.6 r
2019 ANNUAL 104.4 r 118.7 r 113.7 r 120.6 r 108.1 r 115.5 r 107.7 r 112.9 r 98.5 r 110.8 r
2019 IV 104.8 r 119.5 r 114.0 121.7 r 108.1 r 116.1 r 108.0 r 113.4 r 101.2 r 111.7 r
III 104.5 r 118.8 r 113.7 r 120.6 r 107.9 r 115.4 r 108.7 r 113.2 r 99.1 r 111.2 r
II 104.4 r 118.5 r 113.5 r 120.3 r 108.0 r 115.3 r 107.3 r 112.6 r 98.4 r 110.6 r
I 104.0 r 118.0 r 113.4 119.6 r 108.3 r 115.0 r 106.9 r 112.3 r 95.4 r 109.9 r
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
See footnotes following Table 6. August 10, 2021
r=revised Source: Bureau of Labor Statistics
SOURCES: Output data are from the Bureau of Economic Analysis and the Census Bureau of the U.S.
Department of Commerce; the Bureau of Labor Statistics, U.S. Department of Labor; and the Federal
Reserve Board. Hours and compensation data are from the Bureau of Labor Statistics and the Bureau of
Economic Analysis.
SIZE OF REVISIONS: Productivity and cost measures are revised on a regular schedule as more
complete data become available. The first estimate is published within 40 days of the close of the
reference quarter, the second estimate approximately 30 days later, and the third estimate approximately
60 days after the second estimate. Based on past revisions, the third estimate of nonfarm business sector
quarterly labor productivity growth has differed from the first estimate by -1.0 to +1.4 percentage point
about 80 percent of the time. This interval is based on estimates for reference quarters from the first
quarter of 2001 to the first quarter of 2021. For more about revisions to labor productivity growth see
“How large are revisions to estimates of quarterly labor productivity growth?” at
www.bls.gov/osmr/research-papers/2021/ec210040.htm.
Table Footnotes
(1) Wages and salaries of employees plus employers' contributions for social insurance and private
benefit plans. Except for nonfinancial corporations, where there are no self-employed, data also include
an estimate of wages, salaries, and supplemental payments for the self-employed.
(2) The change for recent quarters is based on the Consumer Price Index for all urban consumers
(CPI-U). The trend from 1978-2020 is based on the Consumer Price Index Retroactive series (CPI-U-
RS).
(3) Unit nonlabor payments include profits, consumption of fixed capital, taxes on production and
imports less subsidies, net interest and miscellaneous payments, business current transfer payments,
rental income of persons, and the current surplus of government enterprises.
(4) Current dollar output divided by the output index.
(5) Quarterly changes: Percent change compounded at annual rate is calculated using index numbers to
three decimal places. Indexes published in the news release are rounded to one decimal place for
convenience. Annual changes: Percent change is calculated using annual indexes to three decimal
places.
(6) Unit nonlabor costs include consumption of fixed capital, taxes on production and imports less
subsidies, net interest and miscellaneous payments, and business current transfer payments.
(7) Total unit costs are the sum of unit labor and nonlabor costs.
(8) Unit profits include corporate profits before tax with inventory valuation and capital consumption
adjustment.
United States Department of Labor
