For release 10:00 a.m. (EDT) Wednesday, June 22, 2016 USDL-16-1249
Technical information: (202) 691-5606 • mfp@bls.gov • www.bls.gov/mfp
Media contact: (202) 691-5902 • PressOffice@bls.gov
MULTIFACTOR PRODUCTIVITY TRENDS IN MANUFACTURING - 2014
Manufacturing sector multifactor productivity decreased at a 1.0-percent
annual rate in 2014, the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics reported today.
This decrease followed a 0.1-percent increase in 2013. The 2014 decline
reflected a 1.7-percent increase in output and a 2.6-percent increase
in combined inputs. (See table A, table 1.)
Multifactor productivity is calculated by dividing an index of real
output by an index of combined units of labor input, capital services,
and intermediate inputs. It is designed to measure the joint influences
of technological change, efficiency improvements, returns to scale,
reallocation of resources, and other factors of economic growth, allowing
for the effects of capital, labor, and intermediate inputs. Multifactor
productivity annual measures differ from BLS quarterly labor productivity
or output per hour measures because the former also includes information
on capital services, shifts in the composition of the workforce, and
intermediate inputs. Additionally, much of the source data needed to
construct multifactor productivity measures are not available on a
quarterly basis.
Durable manufacturing sector multifactor productivity decreased 2.5-percent
in 2014, following a 0.5-percent increase in 2013. Nondurable manufacturing
sector multifactor productivity increased 0.5 percent in 2014, following a
0.2-percent decrease in 2013. (See table C, table 3.)
In 2014, the number of NAICS three-digit manufacturing industries exhibiting
an increase in multifactor productivity growth decreased compared to 2013.
Fewer manufacturing industries exhibited an increase in sectoral output growth
compared to 2013, and more manufacturing industries had an increase in combined
inputs. Four out of 18 manufacturing industries exhibited an increase in
multifactor productivity. Textile mills and textile product mills and
petroleum and coal products showed the highest growth in multifactor
productivity, while apparel, leather, and allied products and primary metals
showed the largest declines in multifactor productivity. In 2014, 10
industries showed increasing sectoral output and 14 industries showed an
increase in combined inputs. (See chart 2, table 3.)
Historical trends in manufacturing
Multifactor productivity in manufacturing grew 0.9-percent annually from
1987 to 2014 with sectoral output increasing at an annual rate of 2.2
percent, faster than the 1.3-percent annual increase in combined inputs.
During the same period, labor productivity increased 3.4 percent annually.
(See table A.) Of the 3.4-percent growth rate in labor productivity,
multifactor productivity contributed 0.9 percent, capital intensity
contributed 0.8 percent, intermediate inputs intensity contributed 1.5
percent, and labor composition contributed 0.2 percent. (See table B.)
For the most recent 2007-2014 period, multifactor productivity declined
at a 0.5-percent annual rate compared to a 1.7-percent annual increase
in the 2000-2007 period. (See table A.) Sectoral output increased 0.4
percent and combined inputs rose 0.9 percent over the 2007-2014 period.
Revised measures
Previous and revised productivity measures and related data for 2012
and 2013 for the manufacturing, durable manufacturing, and nondurable
manufacturing sectors are displayed in table C. In 2013, multifactor
productivity in the manufacturing sector increased 0.1 percent compared
to the previously reported 0.7-percent decrease. Multifactor productivity
in the durable manufacturing sector increased 0.5 percent compared to the
previously reported 1.8-percent decrease. In the nondurable manufacturing
sector, multifactor productivity decreased 0.2 percent; previously it was
reported as a 0.4-percent increase. In 2012, multifactor productivity
measures in the manufacturing, durable manufacturing, and nondurable
manufacturing sectors were also revised. The revisions in both years were
due to the annual revision of the National Income and Product Accounts
(NIPA) released on January 29, 2016.
Table A. Productivity, sectoral output, and inputs in the manufacturing
sector for selected periods, 1987-2014
Compound annual growth rates
1987- 1987- 1990- 1995- 2000- 2007- 2013-
2014 1990 1995 2000 2007 2014 2014
Productivity
Multifactor 0.9 0.2 1.1 1.9 1.7 -0.5 -1.0
productivity1
Labor productivity2 3.4 1.9 3.3 4.9 4.6 2.0 0.0
Output per unit of -0.2 -0.9 0.5 0.4 0.2 -1.2 -0.8
capital services
Sectoral Output 2.2 1.8 3.2 4.7 1.5 0.4 1.7
Inputs
Combined Inputs3 1.3 1.6 2.1 2.7 -0.2 0.9 2.6
Labor input4 -0.7 0.5 0.6 0.3 -2.3 -1.2 0.6
Hours -1.2 0.0 0.0 -0.2 -3.0 -1.5 1.7
Labor composition5 0.5 0.5 0.7 0.6 0.7 0.3 -1.0
Capital Services 2.4 2.7 2.7 4.2 1.3 1.7 2.5
Energy -0.2 1.9 1.6 6.6 -3.9 -3.4 -1.6
Materials 2.3 0.1 3.1 5.2 1.0 2.0 3.3
Purchased business 1.5 5.4 3.2 1.4 -0.6 1.1 4.6
services
1. Output per combined units of labor input, capital services, energy,
materials, and purchased business services.
2. Output per hour worked.
3. The growth rate of each input is weighted by its share of current dollar
costs.
4. Hours at work by age, education, and gender group are weighted by each
group's share of total wages.
5. Ratio of labor input to hours.
Table B. Labor productivity and contributions of capital intensity,
intermediate inputs intensity, labor composition, and multifactor productivity
to labor productivity in the manufacturing sector for selected periods
, 1987-2014
Compound annual growth rates
1987- 1987- 1990- 1995- 2000- 2007- 2013-
2014 1990 1995 2000 2007 2014 2014
Labor productivity1 3.4 1.9 3.3 4.9 4.6 2.0 0.0
Contribution of 0.8 0.6 0.6 1.0 1.0 0.7 0.2
Capital Intensity2
Information 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.1 0.0 0.0
processing
equipment
intensity3
Research and 0.3 0.2 0.1 0.2 0.4 0.3 0.1
Development
intensity4
All Other 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0
intellectual
property products
intensity5
All other capital 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.5 0.3 0.0
services intensity
Contribution of 1.5 0.8 1.4 1.8 1.6 1.7 1.0
Intermediate Inputs
Intensity6
Energy intensity7 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.2 0.0 -0.1 -0.1
Materials 1.0 0.0 0.8 1.3 1.2 1.3 0.6
intensity8
Purchased business 0.5 0.8 0.5 0.3 0.4 0.4 0.4
services
intensity9
Contribution of 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.1 -0.2
labor composition10
Multifactor 0.9 0.2 1.1 1.9 1.7 -0.5 -1.0
productivity11
1. Output per hour worked.
2. Capital services per hour multiplied by capital's share of current dollar
costs.
3. Information processing equipment per hour multiplied by its share of
current dollar costs.
4. Research and development per hour multiplied by its share of current
dollar costs.
5. Software and artistic originals per hour multiplied by its share of
current dollar costs.
6. Intermediate inputs per hour multiplied by intermediate inputs' share of
current dollar costs.
7. Energy per hour multiplied by energy’s share of current dollar costs.
8. Materials per hour multiplied by materials’ share of current dollar costs.
9. Purchased business services per hour multiplied by purchased business'
services' share of current dollar costs.
10.Labor composition multiplied by labor’s share of current dollar costs.
11.Output per combined units of labor input, capital services, energy,
materials, and purchased business services.
Table C. Previous and revised productivity and related measures for the
2012-2013 and 2011-2012 periods
Inputs
Multi- Pur-
factor Sec- Com- Capi- chased
pro- toral bined tal busi-
ducti- out- in- Ser- Mate- ness
Sector vity1 put puts2 Labor3 vices Energy rials services
Annual percent change,
2012-2013
Manufacturing
Previous -0.7 1.5 2.1 0.8 1.0 -0.1 2.5 5.3
Revised 0.1 1.0 0.8 1.6 1.9 -0.3 -1.0 3.6
Durable manufacturing
Previous -1.8 1.8 3.7 1.0 1.0 -0.7 6.1 6.7
Revised 0.5 1.2 0.7 1.6 1.2 -3.9 -0.6 1.6
Nondurable manufacturing
Previous 0.4 1.1 0.8 0.5 1.0 0.3 0.2 3.6
Revised -0.2 1.2 1.4 1.5 2.4 1.7 0.0 5.8
Annual percent change,
2011-2012
Manufacturing
Previous -0.8 3.0 3.9 2.3 1.1 -0.4 5.8 6.3
Revised -2.8 4.1 7.0 2.5 1.3 5.5 12.5 8.0
Durable manufacturing
Previous -0.8 5.9 6.8 3.1 1.0 4.5 12.2 9.6
Revised -1.2 5.5 6.7 3.5 1.1 4.4 13.0 6.0
Nondurable manufacturing
Previous -0.8 0.7 1.5 0.9 1.2 -3.1 1.7 2.6
Revised -3.7 1.8 5.8 0.8 1.4 6.1 8.0 10.3
1. Output per combined units of hours, capital services, energy, materials,
and purchased business services.
2. The growth rate of each input is weighted by its share of current
dollar costs.
3. Previous: Hours at work. Revised: Hours at work by age, education,
and gender group, weighted by each group’s share of total wages.
Technical Notes
Beginning with this release, BLS includes a measure of the effects of changes
in the composition of the work force for manufacturing sectors and
industries. Labor input in manufacturing sectors and NAICS industry
groups is obtained by chained superlative Tornqvist aggregation of the
hours at work, classified by age, education, and gender with weights
determined by each group’s share of total wages. The labor composition
index estimates the effect of shifts in the age, education, and gender
composition of the work force on hours worked.
Capital Services
Capital services are the services derived from the stock of physical assets
and intellectual property assets. There are 90 asset types for fixed
business equipment, structures, inventories, land, and intellectual
property products. The aggregate capital services measures are obtained
by Tornqvist aggregation of the capital stocks for each asset type
within each of the eighteen manufacturing NAICS industry groupings
using estimated rental prices for each asset type. Each rental price
reflects the nominal rate of return to all assets within the industry
and rates of economic depreciation and revaluation for the specific
asset; rental prices are adjusted for the effects of taxes. Data on
investment for fixed assets are obtained from BEA. Data on inventories
are estimated using data from BEA and additional information from IRS
Corporation Income Returns. Data for land in the farm sector are obtained
from USDA. Nonfarm industry detail for land is based on IRS book value
data. Current-dollar value-added data, obtained from BEA, are used in
estimating capital rental prices.
Labor Input
Labor input in manufacturing sectors and industries is obtained by
chained superlative Tornqvist aggregation of the hours at work,
classified by age, education, and gender with weights determined by
each group’s share of total wages. The labor composition index
estimates the effect of shifts in the age, education, and gender
composition of the work force on hours worked. Hours at work data
reflect Productivity and Costs data as of the February 4, 2016
“Productivity and Costs” news release (USDL-16-0209). The growth
rate of labor composition is defined as the difference between the
growth rate of weighted labor input and the growth rate of the hours.
The growth rate of labor composition in manufacturing may be
underestimated due to limitations in the source data. The education
proxy does not include training certifications and licensing. The
proxy only includes number of years of schooling.
Additional information concerning data sources and methods of
measuring labor composition can be found in Cindy Zoghi, 2007,
“Measuring Labor Composition: A Comparison of Alternate Methodologies”
http://www.bls.gov/bls/fesacp1121407.pdf and in
“Changes in the Composition of Labor for BLS Multifactor Productivity Measures”
http://www.bls.gov/mfp/mprlabor.pdf.
Intermediate Inputs
In manufacturing, intermediate inputs consist of energy, materials, and
purchased business services, and represent a large share of production
costs. Research has shown that substitution among inputs, including
intermediate inputs, affects productivity change. Therefore, it is
important to account for intermediate inputs in productivity measures
at the level of manufacturing. In contrast, the more aggregate
productivity measures compare "value-added" output with two classes
of inputs, capital and labor. Because of these differences in concepts
and methodology, productivity change in manufacturing cannot be
directly compared with changes in private business or private nonfarm
business.
Data on intermediate inputs are obtained from BEA based on BEA annual
input-output tables. Tornqvist indexes of each of these three input
classes are derived at the three-digit NAICS level and then aggregated
to the manufacturing sectors. Materials inputs are adjusted to exclude
transactions between establishments within the same sector.
Combined Inputs
The five input indexes (capital services, labor, energy, materials,
and purchased business services) are combined using chained superlative
Tornqvist aggregation, applying weights that represent each component's
share of total costs. Total costs are defined as the current dollar
value of manufacturing sectoral output. Most taxes on production and
imports, such as excise taxes, are excluded from costs; however, property
and motor vehicle taxes remain in total costs.
Capital Intensity
Capital intensity is the ratio of capital services to hours worked in the
production process. The higher the capital to hours ratio, the more
capital intensive the production process is.
In a production process, profit maximizing/cost-minimizing firms adjust
the factor proportions of capital and labor if the price of one factor
falls relative to the price of the other factor; there would be a tendency
for the firms to substitute the less expensive factor for the more expensive
one. In the short run, changes in hours worked are more variable than
changes in capital services. Changes in hours worked in business cycles
can result in volatility of the capital intensity ratio over short periods
of time. In the long run an increase in wages relative to the price of
capital will induce the firm to substitute capital for labor, resulting
in an increase in capital intensity.
Rising labor costs are, in fact, an incentive for firms to introduce automated
production processes. Industry estimates of capital to hours ratios can be
obtained at http://www.bls.gov/mfp/mprdload.htm.
Sectoral Output
The output concept used for multifactor productivity in manufacturing is
“sectoral output”. Sectoral output equals gross output (sales, receipts,
and other operating income, plus commodity taxes plus changes in inventories),
excluding transactions between establishments within the same sector.
In contrast, the output concept used for private business and private
nonfarm business is “real value-added”. Real value-added output in private
business equals gross domestic product less general government, government
enterprises, private households (including the rental value of owner-occupied
real estate), and non-profit institutions. Real value-added output excludes
intermediate transactions between businesses.
The output index for manufacturing is constructed using a chained superlative
index (Tornqvist) of three-digit NAICS industry outputs. Industry output
is measured as sectoral output, the total value of goods and services
leaving the industry. The indexes of industry output are calculated with the
Tornqvist index formula. This index formula aggregates the growth rates of
the various industry outputs between two periods, using their relative shares
in industry value of production averaged over the two periods as weights. BLS
industry output measures for manufacturing industries are constructed using
data from the economic censuses and annual surveys of the Bureau of the
Census, U.S. Department of Commerce, together with information on price
changes, primarily from BLS.
Multifactor Productivity
The manufacturing multifactor productivity measures describe the relationship
between output in real terms and the inputs involved in its production.
Multifactor productivity measures are not intended to capture the specific
contributions of labor, capital, or intermediate inputs. Rather, they are
designed to measure the joint influences on economic growth of technological
change, efficiency improvements, returns to scale, reallocation of resources
and other factors of economic growth, allowing for the effects of capital,
labor, and intermediate inputs. The multifactor productivity indexes are
derived by dividing an output index by an index of the combined inputs of
labor, capital services, energy, non-energy materials, and purchased
business services.
Other information
Comprehensive tables containing more detailed data than that which is
published in this press release are available upon request at 202-691-5606
or at http://www.bls.gov/mfp/mprdload.htm. More detailed information on
methods, limitations, and data sources of capital and labor are provided
in BLS Bulletin 2178 (September 1983), Trends in Multifactor Productivity,
1948-81 and on the BLS Multifactor Productivity website under the title
“Technical Information About the BLS Multifactor Productivity Measures”
for Major Sectors and 18 NAICS 3-digit Manufacturing Industries at
http://www.bls.gov/mfp/mprtech.pdf. General information is available on
the BLS Multifactor Productivity website at
http://www.bls.gov/mfp/mprover.htm. Additional data not contained in the
release can be obtained in print or at http://www.bls.gov/mfp. A number
of comprehensive tables set up as zip files can be obtained at
http://www.bls.gov/mfp/mprdload.htm. Methods for measuring manufacturing
multifactor productivity are discussed in the July 1995 issue of the
Monthly Labor Review, "Measurement of productivity growth in U.S.
manufacturing”. See http://www.bls.gov/mfp/mprgul95.pdf.
Table 1. Manufacturing sector: productivity and related measures for the
1987-2014 period
Annual percent change from previous year
Productivity Inputs
Output
per Multi- Pur- Com-
unit factor Sec- Capi- chased bined
Labor of pro- toral tal busi- units
produc- capital ducti- out- Ser- Mate- ness of all
Year tivity1 services vity2 put Labor3 vices Energy rials services Inputs4
1988 2.0 1.5 2.5 4.0 2.4 2.4 4.2 -4.1 8.7 1.5
1989 -0.3 -1.7 -0.9 1.0 1.9 2.8 -0.4 -0.5 6.0 2.0
1990 3.9 -2.4 -0.8 0.5 -2.7 3.0 1.9 5.2 1.6 1.3
1991 2.2 -4.2 -0.9 -1.7 -2.9 2.6 -0.3 -0.5 -0.7 -0.8
1992 5.9 2.4 -0.5 5.1 -1.0 2.6 -1.0 17.8 7.5 5.6
1993 2.4 1.2 2.4 3.7 2.2 2.5 3.2 -0.9 0.5 1.2
1994 2.9 2.7 2.8 5.3 2.6 2.5 3.6 1.1 3.8 2.4
1995 2.8 0.4 1.6 3.9 2.4 3.5 2.8 -0.7 4.9 2.3
1996 4.9 -0.1 0.2 4.2 -0.2 4.3 -2.7 13.3 -0.5 4.0
1997 4.4 1.9 2.5 6.8 3.1 4.8 -1.9 5.8 3.9 4.2
1998 2.6 -2.0 1.2 2.8 1.2 4.9 4.7 -3.6 4.9 1.5
1999 5.4 0.0 1.9 4.0 -1.0 4.0 23.7 3.9 0.7 2.1
2000 7.5 2.4 3.8 5.7 -1.3 3.3 11.5 7.3 -2.1 1.9
2001 0.4 -8.2 -1.8 -6.3 -5.6 2.1 14.5 -16.4 2.7 -4.5
2002 4.7 -3.6 2.5 -2.4 -5.9 1.3 -24.4 -8.5 -1.3 -4.8
2003 6.4 0.7 5.4 1.3 -3.7 0.6 -12.3 -6.4 -5.4 -3.9
2004 5.5 4.7 2.3 4.9 0.7 0.2 -5.2 16.8 -6.2 2.6
2005 5.9 3.9 0.8 5.0 -1.3 1.0 7.0 11.4 6.8 4.1
2006 3.5 2.6 2.0 4.0 1.4 1.4 -7.6 6.8 -3.0 2.0
2007 6.0 2.2 1.0 4.4 -1.3 2.2 6.5 8.0 2.9 3.4
2008 3.9 -3.1 0.1 -0.2 -3.2 3.0 -1.0 3.2 -8.8 -0.3
2009 -6.5 -19.9 -2.2 -18.9 -11.8 1.3 -27.4 -35.3 -3.1 -17.0
2010 10.2 9.8 3.8 10.7 0.2 0.8 -2.7 21.5 2.9 6.7
2011 5.5 6.6 -1.3 7.7 2.2 1.1 8.6 23.3 1.4 9.2
2012 1.7 2.8 -2.8 4.1 2.5 1.3 5.5 12.5 8.0 7.0
2013 0.0 -0.9 0.1 1.0 1.6 1.9 -0.3 -1.0 3.6 0.8
2014 0.0 -0.8 -1.0 1.7 0.6 2.5 -1.6 3.3 4.6 2.6
1. Output per hour worked.
2. Output per combined units of labor input, capital services, energy, material
and purchased business services.
3. Hours at work by age, education, and gender group, weighted by each group’s
share of total wages.
4. Combined units of hours, capital services, energy, materials, and
purchased business services, chained superlative index.
Source: The Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) develops productivity measures
using output data published by the Bureau of the Census, U.S.
Department of Commerce, and modified by BLS. Compensation and hours
data are from the BLS. Capital measures are based on data supplied
by the BEA, U.S. Department of Commerce. See also Technical Notes in
this release.
Table 2. Manufacturing sector: indexes of productivity and related measures,
1987-2014
Indexes 2009=100
Productivity Inputs
Output
per Multi- Pur- Com-
unit factor Sec- Capi- chased bined
Labor of pro- toral tal busi- units
produc- capital ducti- out- Ser- Mate- ness of all
Year tivity1 services vity2 put Labor3 vices Energy rials services Inputs4
1987 47.6 124.4 77.7 71.6 129.3 57.6 116.1 92.4 80.7 92.2
1988 48.5 126.3 79.6 74.5 132.4 59.0 121.1 88.6 87.7 93.5
1989 48.4 124.1 78.9 75.2 134.9 60.6 120.6 88.2 93.0 95.4
1990 50.3 121.1 78.2 75.6 131.2 62.4 122.8 92.8 94.4 96.6
1991 51.4 116.0 77.5 74.3 127.5 64.0 122.5 92.3 93.8 95.9
1992 54.4 118.9 77.1 78.1 126.1 65.7 121.3 108.7 100.8 101.2
1993 55.7 120.3 79.0 80.9 129.0 67.3 125.2 107.7 101.3 102.4
1994 57.4 123.6 81.2 85.2 132.3 69.0 129.7 108.9 105.2 104.9
1995 59.0 124.0 82.5 88.6 135.5 71.4 133.3 108.1 110.4 107.3
1996 61.9 123.9 82.7 92.3 135.2 74.4 129.7 122.5 109.8 111.6
1997 64.6 126.3 84.7 98.5 139.3 78.0 127.1 129.6 114.2 116.3
1998 66.3 123.8 85.8 101.3 141.0 81.8 133.1 125.0 119.7 118.1
1999 69.8 123.9 87.4 105.4 139.6 85.1 164.6 129.9 120.5 120.6
2000 75.1 126.8 90.7 111.4 137.7 87.9 183.6 139.4 118.0 122.8
2001 75.4 116.4 89.1 104.5 129.9 89.8 210.2 116.6 121.3 117.3
2002 78.9 112.2 91.3 101.9 122.3 90.9 158.9 106.7 119.7 111.7
2003 84.0 113.0 96.2 103.3 117.7 91.4 139.3 99.8 113.2 107.4
2004 88.6 118.3 98.4 108.4 118.6 91.6 132.1 116.7 106.2 110.2
2005 93.8 123.0 99.1 113.7 117.0 92.5 141.3 129.9 113.4 114.7
2006 97.1 126.1 101.2 118.3 118.6 93.8 130.5 138.8 110.0 117.0
2007 102.9 128.9 102.2 123.5 117.1 95.9 139.1 149.9 113.2 120.9
2008 107.0 124.8 102.3 123.2 113.4 98.7 137.7 154.7 103.2 120.5
2009 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
2010 110.2 109.8 103.8 110.7 100.2 100.8 97.3 121.5 102.9 106.7
2011 116.2 117.0 102.4 119.2 102.4 101.9 105.7 149.7 104.4 116.5
2012 118.2 120.2 99.5 124.1 104.9 103.2 111.4 168.5 112.7 124.7
2013 118.2 119.1 99.7 125.3 106.6 105.2 111.1 166.9 116.8 125.7
2014 118.2 118.1 98.7 127.4 107.3 107.8 109.4 172.3 122.2 129.0
1. Output per hour worked.
2. Output per combined units of labor input, capital services, energy, material
and purchased business services.
3. Hours at work by age, education, and gender group, weighted by each group’s
share of total wages.
4. Combined units of hours, capital services, energy, materials, and
purchased business services, chained superlative index.
Source: The Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) develops productivity measures
using output data published by the Bureau of the Census, U.S.
Department of Commerce, and modified by BLS. Compensation and hours
data are from the BLS. Capital measures are based on data supplied
by the BEA, U.S. Department of Commerce. See also Technical Notes in
this release.
Table 3. Multifactor productivity measures for manufacturing industries
in selected periods, 1987-2014
Compound annual growth rates
1987- 1987- 1990- 1995- 2000- 2007- 2013-
2014 1990 1995 2000 2007 2014 2014
Manufacturing 0.9 0.2 1.1 1.9 1.7 -0.5 -1.0
Nondurable -0.1 -0.5 0.4 -0.2 0.6 -0.8 0.5
manufacturing
Food, beverage, and -0.3 -1.6 1.3 -1.7 0.6 -0.9 -1.8
tobacco products
Textile mills and 0.8 1.3 0.5 1.4 0.9 0.1 4.3
textile product
mills
Apparel, leather, and -1.5 -0.2 2.4 0.8 1.5 -8.9 -3.7
allied products
Paper products -0.3 -0.4 -0.1 -0.1 0.3 -1.0 -2.6
Printing and related 0.9 0.3 -0.7 0.6 2.4 0.8 0.2
support activities
Petroleum and coal 1.0 -0.7 1.7 2.9 0.4 0.6 3.8
products
Chemical products -0.8 -0.8 -1.1 -0.5 0.7 -2.1 -0.2
Plastics and rubber 0.4 0.4 0.2 1.4 0.2 0.1 1.5
products
Durable manufacturing 1.6 0.9 1.5 3.2 2.5 -0.1 -2.5
Wood products -0.1 1.4 -1.7 -0.5 0.9 -0.4 -1.0
Nonmetallic mineral 0.1 0.3 0.7 0.3 0.0 -0.4 -3.1
products
Primary metals 0.2 1.1 0.0 0.5 0.5 -0.5 -6.2
Fabricated metal -0.2 -0.2 0.8 -0.4 0.5 -1.4 -0.2
products
Machinery -0.4 1.0 -2.2 -1.2 1.2 -0.6 -1.9
Computer and 7.6 5.4 10.0 15.5 6.8 2.2 -2.0
electronic products
Electrical equipment, -0.9 -2.0 -2.6 -2.8 2.0 -0.5 -0.3
appliances, and
components
Transportation 0.2 -1.6 -0.2 0.2 1.7 -0.2 -2.2
equipment
Furniture and related -0.2 -0.6 0.1 0.4 0.3 -1.2 -2.3
products
Miscellaneous 0.6 2.6 -0.4 1.0 0.9 -0.2 -1.0
manufacturing
United States Department of Labor
