For release 10:00 a.m. (EDT) Wednesday, July 12, 2017 USDL-17-0960
Technical information: (202) 691-5606 • mfp@bls.gov • www.bls.gov/mfp
Media contact: (202) 691-5902 • PressOffice@bls.gov
MULTIFACTOR PRODUCTIVITY TRENDS IN MANUFACTURING - 2015
Manufacturing sector multifactor productivity decreased at a 2.8-percent
annual rate in 2015, the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics reported today.
(See chart 1, table A.) The 2015 decline was the largest decline since
2012 and reflected a 1.2-percent increase in sectoral output and a 4.1-percent
increase in combined inputs. The decrease in multifactor productivity
followed a 0.9-percent increase in 2014.
Multifactor productivity is calculated by dividing an index of real sectoral
output by an index of combined units of labor input, capital services, and
intermediate inputs. Multifactor productivity annual measures differ from
BLS quarterly labor productivity or output per hour measures because the
former also includes information on capital services, shifts in the
composition of the workforce, and intermediate inputs.
Durable manufacturing sector multifactor productivity decreased at a
2.4-percent annual rate in 2015 following a 0.1-percent decrease in
2014. Nondurable manufacturing sector multifactor productivity decreased
at a 2.7-percent annual rate in 2015, following a 1.5-percent increase in
2014. (See table 3.)
Methodology Change to BLS Productivity Measures
A methodology change has been implemented with the release of these data.
This change will also impact BLS multifactor productivity trends for detailed
industries, scheduled for release July 20, 2017. BLS has updated the way
intrasectoral transactions and labor composition are estimated. More
information about these changes can be found shortly at
www.bls.gov/mfp/sectoraloutputrevisions.htm.
Among the 18 manufacturing industries, half experienced increases in
multifactor productivity in 2015. Primary metals and computer electronic
products industries showed the largest gains in multifactor productivity.
The decline in multifactor productivity for the manufacturing sector was
led by a decline in multifactor productivity in the chemical products and
transportation equipment industries. Sectoral output increased in 61
percent of industries and combined inputs increased in 56 percent of
industries in 2015 (See chart 2, table 3.)
Trends in the manufacturing sector
Manufacturing sector output growth decelerated in 2015 with an annual
increase of 1.2 percent compared to the 1.6 percent rate in 2014. In 2015,
the 4.1-percent growth in combined inputs accelerated from the 0.7-percent
growth experienced in 2014, driven by a 7.3-percent growth in materials
and a 5.8-percent growth in purchased business services. (See table 1.)
Multifactor productivity in the manufacturing sector grew at an average
annual rate of 0.8 percent from 1987 to 2015 with sectoral output
increasing at an average annual rate of 1.7 percent, faster than the
0.9-percent average annual rate of increase in combined inputs. During
the same period, labor productivity grew at an average annual rate of
2.9 percent. (See table A.) Of the 2.9-percent average annual increase
in labor productivity, multifactor productivity contributed 0.8 percent,
capital intensity contributed 0.8 percent, intermediate inputs intensity
contributed 1.2 percent, and labor composition contributed 0.2 percent.
(See table B.)
For the most recent 2007-15 period, multifactor productivity declined at
a 0.6-percent average annual rate as compared to the 1.7-percent average
annual rate of increase experienced in the 2000-07 period. (See table A.)
Sectoral output decreased at a 0.4-percent annual average rate and
combined inputs rose at a 0.2-percent annual average rate over the
2007-15 period.
Revised measures
The difference between revised and previous productivity measures and
related data in the manufacturing, durable manufacturing, and nondurable
manufacturing sectors are displayed in table C. The revisions were a
result of changes to BLS methodology for estimating intrasectoral
transactions and labor composition, as well as revisions to the National
Income and Product Accounts (NIPA) released on January 27, 2017 and the
Gross Domestic Product by Industry data released on November 2, 2016.
More information about the methodology change can be found shortly at
www.bls.gov/mfp/sectoraloutputrevisions.htm.
The combined impact of these revisions over the 1987-2014 period resulted
in a 0.1 percentage point upward revision to multifactor productivity in
nondurable manufacturing, with multifactor productivity in manufacturing
and durable manufacturing unchanged.
In 2014, multifactor productivity in the manufacturing sector was
revised upward 1.9 percent, largely due to a downward revision in combined
inputs. Multifactor productivity was revised upward 2.4 percent in the
durable manufacturing sector and 1.0 percent in the nondurable manufacturing
sector. In 2013, multifactor productivity and related measures in the
manufacturing, durable manufacturing, and nondurable manufacturing sectors
also exhibited major revisions.
Table A. Productivity, sectoral output, and inputs in the manufacturing
sector for selected periods, 1987-2015
Compound annual growth rates
1987- 1987- 1990- 1995- 2000- 2007- 2014-
2015 1990 1995 2000 2007 2015 2015
Productivity
Multifactor 0.8 0.3 1.0 1.8 1.7 -0.6 -2.8
productivity1
Labor productivity2 2.9 1.8 3.2 4.7 4.3 0.9 0.5
Output per unit of -0.6 -0.8 0.5 0.3 -0.1 -2.1 -1.4
capital services
Sectoral Output 1.7 1.8 3.2 4.5 1.1 -0.4 1.2
Inputs
Combined Inputs3 0.9 1.5 2.2 2.6 -0.6 0.2 4.1
Labor input4 -0.6 0.4 0.7 0.3 -2.4 -0.8 1.4
Hours -1.2 0.0 0.0 -0.2 -3.1 -1.3 0.8
Labor composition5 0.6 0.4 0.7 0.4 0.7 0.5 0.6
Capital Services 2.3 2.7 2.7 4.2 1.3 1.8 2.6
Energy -0.8 1.9 1.6 6.6 -3.9 -5.1 -8.4
Materials 1.5 0.4 3.2 4.3 0.3 0.0 7.3
Purchased business 1.5 5.3 3.2 1.3 -0.5 0.9 5.8
services
1. Output per combined units of labor input, capital services, energy,
materials, and purchased business services.
2. Output per hour worked.
3. The growth rate of each input is weighted by its share of current dollar
costs.
4. Hours at work by age, education, and gender group are weighted by each
group's share of total wages.
5. Ratio of labor input to hours.
Table B. Labor productivity and contributions of capital intensity,
intermediate inputs intensity, labor composition, and multifactor productivity
to labor productivity in the manufacturing sector for selected periods
, 1987-2015
Compound annual growth rates
1987- 1987- 1990- 1995- 2000- 2007- 2014-
2015 1990 1995 2000 2007 2015 2015
Labor productivity1 2.9 1.8 3.2 4.7 4.3 0.9 0.5
Contribution of 0.8 0.5 0.5 0.9 0.9 0.7 0.5
Capital Intensity2
Information 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.1 0.0 0.0
processing
equipment
intensity3
Research and 0.3 0.2 0.1 0.2 0.4 0.3 0.2
Development
intensity4
All Other 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0
intellectual
property products
intensity5
All other capital 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.5 0.3 0.2
services intensity
Contribution of 1.2 0.9 1.5 1.7 1.4 0.7 2.7
Intermediate Inputs
Intensity6
Energy intensity7 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.2 0.0 -0.1 -0.2
Materials 0.8 0.1 0.9 1.3 1.0 0.4 2.1
intensity8
Purchased business 0.4 0.7 0.5 0.2 0.5 0.3 0.8
services
intensity9
Contribution of 0.2 0.1 0.2 0.1 0.2 0.1 0.1
labor composition10
Multifactor 0.8 0.3 1.0 1.8 1.7 -0.6 -2.8
productivity11
1. Output per hour worked.
2. Capital services per hour multiplied by capital's share of current dollar
costs.
3. Information processing equipment per hour multiplied by its share of
current dollar costs.
4. Research and development per hour multiplied by its share of current
dollar costs.
5. Software and artistic originals per hour multiplied by its share of
current dollar costs.
6. Intermediate inputs per hour multiplied by intermediate inputs' share of
current dollar costs.
7. Energy per hour multiplied by energy’s share of current dollar costs.
8. Materials per hour multiplied by materials’ share of current dollar costs.
9. Purchased business services per hour multiplied by purchased business'
services' share of current dollar costs.
10. Labor composition multiplied by labor’s share of current dollar costs.
11. Output per combined units of labor input, capital services, energy,
materials, and purchased business services.
Table C. Difference between revised and previous multifactor productivity
and related measures, for selected periods 1987-2014
Average annual growth
1987- 1987- 1990- 1995- 2000- 2007- 2012- 2013-
2014 1990 1995 2000 2007 2014 2013 2014
Manufacturing
Multifactor productivity1 0.0 0.1 -0.1 -0.1 0.0 0.2 0.0 1.9
Labor productivity2 -0.4 -0.1 -0.1 -0.2 -0.3 -1.0 0.9 0.0
Sectoral Output -0.5 0.0 0.0 -0.2 -0.4 -1.0 0.8 -0.1
Combined Inputs3 -0.5 -0.1 0.1 -0.1 -0.4 -1.2 0.9 -1.9
Capital Services -0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 -0.1
Labor input4 0.0 -0.1 0.1 0.0 -0.1 0.0 -0.1 0.4
Energy -0.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 -1.2 0.0 -8.5
Materials -1.1 0.3 0.1 -0.9 -0.7 -3.0 2.6 -2.7
Purchased business services -0.2 -0.1 0.0 -0.1 0.1 -0.9 -1.4 -5.1
Durable Manufacturing
Multifactor productivity1 0.0 -0.1 -0.2 -0.1 0.0 0.3 -0.6 2.4
Labor productivity2 -0.4 -0.1 0.0 -0.4 0.0 -0.9 0.9 0.2
Sectoral Output -0.4 0.0 0.0 -0.3 0.0 -0.9 0.9 0.0
Combined Inputs3 -0.4 0.0 0.1 -0.1 -0.1 -1.2 1.5 -2.6
Capital Services 0.0 -0.1 -0.1 -0.1 0.0 0.0 -0.2 -0.4
Labor input4 0.0 0.0 0.1 -0.1 0.0 0.0 -0.2 0.4
Energy -0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 -0.6 1.5 -6.2
Materials -1.0 0.1 0.0 -0.6 -0.5 -3.0 4.9 -4.7
Purchased business services -0.2 0.0 0.0 -0.1 0.1 -0.6 0.2 -4.7
NonDurable Manufacturing
Multifactor productivity1 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.4 1.0
Labor productivity2 -0.2 0.0 0.0 -0.2 -0.1 -0.7 0.4 0.0
Sectoral Output -0.3 0.0 0.0 -0.2 -0.1 -0.6 0.3 0.1
Combined Inputs3 -0.3 0.0 0.0 -0.2 -0.1 -0.9 -0.1 -0.9
Capital Services 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.1
Labor input4 0.0 -0.3 0.0 0.0 -0.2 0.2 0.3 0.2
Energy -0.4 0.0 -0.1 0.0 0.0 -1.6 -0.8 -9.8
Materials -0.5 0.1 0.1 -0.6 -0.1 -1.4 0.4 -0.3
Purchased business services -0.4 -0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 -1.3 -3.3 -5.7
1. Output per combined units of hours, capital services, energy, materials
,and purchased business services.
2. The growth rate of each input is weighted by its share of current dollar
costs.
3. Hours at work by age, education, and gender group, weighted by each
group’s share of total wages.
Technical Notes
BLS includes a measure of the effects of
changes in the composition of the work force for manufacturing sectors
and industries. Labor input in manufacturing sectors and NAICS industry
groups is obtained by chained superlative Tornqvist aggregation of the
hours at work, classified by age, education, and gender with weights
determined by each group’s share of total wages. The labor composition
index estimates the effect of shifts in the age, education, and gender
composition of the work force on hours worked.
Capital Services
Capital services are the services derived from the stock of physical assets
and intellectual property assets. There are 90 asset types for fixed business
equipment, structures, inventories, land, and intellectual property products.
The aggregate capital services measures are obtained by Tornqvist aggregation
of the capital stocks for each asset type within each of the eighteen
manufacturing NAICS industry groupings using estimated rental prices for
each asset type. Each rental price reflects the nominal rate of return to
all assets within the industry and rates of economic depreciation and
revaluation for the specific asset; rental prices are adjusted for the effects
of taxes. Data on investment for fixed assets are obtained from BEA. Data on
inventories are estimated using data from BEA and additional information from
IRS Corporation Income Returns. Data for land in the farm sector are obtained
from USDA. Nonfarm industry detail for land is based on IRS book value data.
Current-dollar value-added data, obtained from BEA, are used in estimating
capital rental prices.
Labor Input
Labor input in manufacturing sectors and industries is obtained by chained
superlative Tornqvist aggregation of the hours at work, classified by age,
education, and gender with weights determined by each group’s share of total
wages. The labor composition index estimates the effect of shifts in the age,
education, and gender composition of the work force on hours worked. Hours at
work data reflect Productivity and Costs data as of the February 2, 2017
“Productivity and Costs” news release (USDL-17-0140). The growth rate of labor
composition is defined as the difference between the growth rate of weighted
labor input and the growth rate of the hours.
The growth rate of labor composition in manufacturing may be underestimated
due to limitations in the source data. The education proxy does not include
training certifications and licensing. The proxy only includes number of years
of schooling.
Additional information concerning data sources and methods of measuring labor
composition can be found in “Changes in the Composition of Labor for BLS
Multifactor Productivity Measures, 2014” (www.bls.gov/mfp/mprlabor.pdf).
Intermediate Inputs
In manufacturing, intermediate inputs consist of energy, materials, and
purchased business services, and represent a large share of production costs.
Research has shown that substitution among inputs, including intermediate
inputs, affects productivity change. Therefore, it is important to account
for intermediate inputs in productivity measures at the industry level. In
contrast, the more aggregate productivity measures compare "value-added"
output with two classes of inputs, capital and labor. Because of these
differences in concepts and methodology, productivity change in manufacturing
cannot be directly compared with changes in private business or private
nonfarm business.
Data on intermediate inputs are obtained from BEA based on BEA annual
input-output tables. Tornqvist indexes of each of these three input classes
are derived at the three-digit NAICS level and then aggregated to the
manufacturing sectors. Materials inputs are adjusted to exclude transactions
between establishments within the same sector.
Combined Inputs
The five input indexes (capital services, labor, energy, materials, and
purchased business services) are combined using chained superlative Tornqvist
aggregation, applying weights that represent each component's share of total
costs. Total costs are defined as the current dollar value of manufacturing
sectoral output. Most taxes on production and imports, such as excise taxes,
are excluded from costs; however, property and motor vehicle taxes remain in
total costs.
Capital Intensity
Capital intensity is the ratio of capital services to hours worked in the
production process. The higher the capital to hours ratio, the more capital
intensive the production process is.
In a production process, profit maximizing/cost-minimizing firms adjust the
factor proportions of capital and labor if the price of one factor falls
relative to the price of the other factor; there would be a tendency for
the firms to substitute the less expensive factor for the more expensive
one. In the short run, changes in hours worked are more variable than changes
in capital services. Changes in hours worked in business cycles can result
in volatility of the capital intensity ratio over short periods of time. In
the long run an increase in wages relative to the price of capital will
induce the firm to substitute capital for labor, resulting in an increase
in capital intensity.
Rising labor costs are, in fact, an incentive for firms to introduce
automated production processes.
Industry estimates of capital to hours ratios can be obtained at
http://www.bls.gov/mfp/mprdload.htm.
Sectoral Output
The output concept used for multifactor productivity in manufacturing is
“sectoral output”. Sectoral output equals gross output (sales, receipts,
and other operating income, plus commodity taxes plus changes in
inventories), excluding transactions between establishments within the
same sector. In contrast, the output concept used for private business and
private nonfarm business is “real value-added”. Real value-added output in
private business equals gross domestic product less general government,
government enterprises, private households (including the rental value of
owner-occupied real estate), and non-profit institutions. Real value-added
output excludes intermediate transactions between businesses.
The output index for manufacturing is constructed using a chained superlative
index (Tornqvist) of three-digit NAICS industry outputs. Industry output is
measured as sectoral output, the total value of goods and services leaving
the industry. The indexes of industry output are calculated with the Tornqvist
index formula. This index formula aggregates the growth rates of the various
industry outputs between two periods, using their relative shares in industry
value of production averaged over the two periods as weights. BLS industry
output measures for manufacturing industries are constructed using data from
the economic censuses and annual surveys of the Bureau of the Census, U.S.
Department of Commerce, together with information on price changes, primarily
from BLS.
Multifactor Productivity
The manufacturing multifactor productivity measures describe the relationship
between output in real terms and the inputs involved in its production.
Multifactor productivity measures are not intended to capture the specific
contributions of labor, capital, or intermediate inputs. Rather, they are
designed to measure the joint influences on economic growth of technological
change, efficiency improvements, returns to scale, reallocation of resources
and other factors of economic growth, allowing for the effects of capital,
labor, and intermediate inputs. The multifactor productivity indexes are
derived by dividing an output index by an index of the combined inputs of
labor, capital services, energy, non-energy materials, and purchased business
services.
Other information
Comprehensive tables containing more detailed data than that which is
published in this press release are available upon request at 202-691-5606
or at http://www.bls.gov/mfp/mprdload.htm. More detailed information on
methods, limitations, and data sources of capital and labor are provided in
BLS Bulletin 2178 (September 1983), Trends in Multifactor Productivity,
1948-81 and on the BLS Multifactor Productivity website under the title
“Technical Information About the BLS Multifactor Productivity Measures” for
Major Sectors and 18 NAICS 3-digit Manufacturing Industries at
http://www.bls.gov/mfp/mprtech.pdf. General information is available on
the BLS Multifactor Productivity website at
http://www.bls.gov/mfp/mprover.htm. Additional data not contained in the
release can be obtained in print or at http://www.bls.gov/mfp. A number of
comprehensive tables set up as zip files can be obtained at
http://www.bls.gov/mfp/mprdload.htm. Methods for measuring manufacturing
multifactor productivity are discussed in the July 1995 issue of the Monthly
Labor Review, "Measurement of productivity growth in U.S.
manufacturing”. See http://www.bls.gov/mfp/mprgul95.pdf.
Table 1. Manufacturing sector: productivity and related measures for the
1987-2015 period
Annual percent change from previous year
Productivity Inputs
Output
Multi- per Com- Pur-
factor unit Sec- bined Capi- chased
pro- of Labor toral units tal busi-
ducti- capital produc- out- of all Ser- Mate- ness
Year vity1 services tivity2 put Inputs3 Labor4 vices Energy rials services
1988 2.4 1.7 2.1 4.1 1.6 2.2 2.3 4.2 -2.7 8.6
1989 -0.9 -1.6 -0.2 1.1 1.9 1.9 2.7 -0.4 -0.2 5.9
1990 -0.7 -2.5 3.7 0.4 1.1 -2.9 3.0 1.9 4.1 1.6
1991 -1.0 -4.2 2.1 -1.8 -0.8 -2.7 2.6 -0.3 -0.9 -0.6
1992 -0.5 2.3 5.8 4.9 5.5 -1.1 2.5 -1.1 15.6 7.4
1993 2.2 1.1 2.4 3.6 1.3 2.3 2.4 3.3 -0.3 0.6
1994 2.5 2.7 2.9 5.3 2.7 2.9 2.5 3.6 2.0 3.9
1995 1.7 0.7 3.0 4.1 2.4 2.1 3.4 2.7 0.5 4.7
1996 0.2 0.1 4.9 4.2 4.0 0.0 4.2 -2.8 11.9 -0.6
1997 2.6 2.0 4.4 6.9 4.1 2.5 4.7 -1.9 6.1 3.8
1998 1.2 -0.1 4.5 4.7 3.5 1.1 4.8 4.7 4.3 4.9
1999 1.7 0.2 5.4 4.2 2.4 -0.9 4.0 23.7 4.6 0.6
2000 3.6 -0.7 4.1 2.5 -1.0 -1.2 3.3 11.6 -4.5 -2.1
2001 -1.8 -6.1 2.7 -4.1 -2.3 -5.6 2.1 14.4 -6.9 2.7
2002 2.3 -0.8 7.9 0.4 -1.9 -6.0 1.3 -24.4 4.0 -1.2
2003 5.1 0.4 6.2 1.0 -3.8 -4.1 0.6 -12.3 -5.2 -5.4
2004 2.5 2.0 2.9 2.2 -0.3 0.3 0.2 -5.1 2.7 -6.1
2005 0.7 2.9 4.9 4.0 3.2 -1.0 1.0 7.0 6.6 6.9
2006 2.2 0.2 1.2 1.6 -0.5 1.1 1.4 -7.6 -1.5 -3.0
2007 1.0 0.8 4.6 3.0 1.9 -1.2 2.2 6.6 3.3 3.0
2008 0.3 -7.5 -0.8 -4.8 -5.1 -3.3 3.0 -1.0 -9.9 -8.8
2009 -2.9 -13.1 1.4 -12.0 -9.4 -11.4 1.3 -27.4 -15.9 -3.1
2010 3.8 5.2 5.7 6.1 2.1 0.5 0.8 -2.7 4.6 2.9
2011 -1.0 1.6 0.6 2.7 3.8 1.7 1.1 8.6 7.9 1.4
2012 -2.9 0.2 -0.7 1.5 4.6 2.5 1.3 5.5 6.6 8.0
2013 0.1 -0.1 0.9 1.8 1.7 1.5 1.9 -0.3 1.6 2.2
2014 0.9 -0.8 0.0 1.6 0.7 1.0 2.4 -10.1 0.6 -0.5
2015 -2.8 -1.4 0.5 1.2 4.1 1.4 2.6 -8.4 7.3 5.8
1. Output per combined units of labor input, capital services, energy, material
and purchased business services.
2. Output per hour worked.
3. The growth rate of each input is weighted by its share of current dollar
cost.
4. Hours at work by age, education, and gender group, weighted by each group’s
share of total wages.
Source: The Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) develops productivity measures
using output data published by the Bureau of the Census, U.S.
Department of Commerce, and modified by BLS. Compensation and hours
data are from the BLS. Capital measures are based on data supplied
by the BEA, U.S. Department of Commerce. See also Technical Notes in
this release.
Table 2. Manufacturing sector: indexes of productivity and related measures,
1987-2015
Indexes 2009=100
Productivity Inputs
Output
Multi- per Com- Pur-
factor unit Sec- bined Capi- chased
pro- of Labor toral units tal busi-
ducti- capital produc- out- of all Ser- Mate- ness
Year vity1 services tivity2 put Inputs3 Labor4 vices Energy rials services
1987 78.7 123.8 47.5 71.7 91.2 130.2 57.9 115.9 88.0 80.7
1988 80.6 125.9 48.5 74.6 92.6 133.0 59.3 120.8 85.7 87.7
1989 79.9 123.9 48.4 75.4 94.4 135.6 60.9 120.3 85.5 92.9
1990 79.3 120.7 50.2 75.7 95.5 131.7 62.7 122.6 89.1 94.3
1991 78.5 115.6 51.3 74.4 94.7 128.2 64.3 122.2 88.3 93.7
1992 78.1 118.3 54.2 78.0 99.9 126.7 65.9 120.9 102.1 100.7
1993 79.8 119.7 55.5 80.8 101.2 129.6 67.5 125.0 101.8 101.3
1994 81.8 122.9 57.1 85.1 104.0 133.4 69.2 129.5 103.8 105.2
1995 83.2 123.7 58.8 88.5 106.5 136.3 71.6 133.0 104.4 110.2
1996 83.3 123.8 61.7 92.3 110.7 136.3 74.5 129.2 116.8 109.5
1997 85.5 126.3 64.4 98.6 115.3 139.7 78.1 126.7 123.9 113.6
1998 86.5 126.2 67.3 103.3 119.4 141.1 81.8 132.7 129.3 119.2
1999 88.0 126.4 70.9 107.6 122.2 139.9 85.1 164.1 135.2 119.9
2000 91.1 125.5 73.9 110.3 121.0 138.2 87.9 183.1 129.1 117.5
2001 89.5 117.9 75.9 105.8 118.2 130.6 89.7 209.5 120.2 120.7
2002 91.6 116.9 81.9 106.2 116.0 122.7 90.9 158.5 124.9 119.3
2003 96.2 117.4 87.0 107.3 111.6 117.7 91.4 139.0 118.4 112.8
2004 98.6 119.8 89.5 109.7 111.2 118.0 91.6 131.9 121.6 106.0
2005 99.4 123.3 93.9 114.0 114.7 116.8 92.5 141.2 129.7 113.3
2006 101.6 123.5 95.1 115.9 114.1 118.1 93.8 130.5 127.8 109.9
2007 102.6 124.5 99.4 119.3 116.3 116.7 95.9 139.1 132.0 113.2
2008 103.0 115.1 98.6 113.6 110.3 112.9 98.7 137.7 118.9 103.2
2009 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
2010 103.8 105.2 105.7 106.1 102.1 100.5 100.8 97.3 104.6 102.9
2011 102.8 106.8 106.3 108.9 106.0 102.3 101.9 105.7 112.8 104.4
2012 99.7 107.0 105.6 110.5 110.8 104.8 103.2 111.4 120.3 112.7
2013 99.8 106.9 106.5 112.5 112.7 106.4 105.2 111.1 122.2 115.2
2014 100.7 106.1 106.5 114.2 113.5 107.5 107.7 99.8 122.9 114.6
2015 97.8 104.6 107.0 115.6 118.2 109.0 110.5 91.4 131.9 121.2
1. Output per combined units of labor input, capital services, energy, material
and purchased business services.
2. Output per hour worked.
3. The growth rate of each input is weighted by its share of current dollar
cost.
4. Hours at work by age, education, and gender group, weighted by each group’s
share of total wages.
Source: The Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) develops productivity measures
using output data published by the Bureau of the Census, U.S.
Department of Commerce, and modified by BLS. Compensation and hours
data are from the BLS. Capital measures are based on data supplied
by the BEA, U.S. Department of Commerce. See also Technical Notes in
this release.
Table 3. Multifactor productivity measures for manufacturing industries
in selected periods, 1987-2015
Compound annual growth rates
1987- 1987- 1990- 1995- 2000- 2007- 2014-
2015 1990 1995 2000 2007 2015 2015
Manufacturing 0.8 0.3 1.0 1.8 1.7 -0.6 -2.8
Nondurable -0.1 -0.4 0.4 -0.2 0.6 -0.8 -2.7
manufacturing
Food, beverage, and -0.3 -1.5 1.3 -1.6 0.6 -0.8 -1.9
tobacco products
Textile mills and 0.7 1.2 0.5 1.4 1.0 0.0 -1.1
textile product
mills
Apparel, leather, and -1.1 0.2 2.4 1.0 1.8 -7.1 -3.0
allied products
Paper products 0.0 -0.2 -0.2 0.0 0.6 -0.3 0.2
Printing and related 0.7 0.3 -0.7 0.7 2.6 0.0 -3.7
support activities
Petroleum and coal 1.1 -1.1 1.7 3.1 0.3 1.2 1.5
products
Chemical products -1.0 -0.7 -1.1 -0.4 0.7 -2.9 -7.8
Plastics and rubber 0.3 0.7 0.2 1.3 0.2 -0.3 1.3
products
Durable manufacturing 1.5 0.8 1.3 3.1 2.5 -0.2 -2.4
Wood products 0.0 1.4 -1.7 -0.6 0.9 0.2 1.3
Nonmetallic mineral 0.2 0.2 0.5 0.4 -0.1 0.0 0.5
products
Primary metals 0.5 1.1 -0.2 1.2 0.4 0.5 2.5
Fabricated metal -0.3 -0.1 0.7 -0.4 0.6 -1.8 -4.1
products
Machinery -0.4 1.0 -2.2 -1.4 1.4 -0.9 -3.5
Computer and 7.0 5.0 9.2 14.4 7.1 2.1 1.9
electronic products
Electrical equipment, -0.8 -1.9 -2.7 -2.8 1.8 -0.1 0.3
appliances, and
components
Transportation 0.2 -1.5 -0.3 0.3 1.8 -0.4 -4.4
equipment
Furniture and related -0.1 -0.7 0.3 0.5 0.2 -0.9 0.5
products
Miscellaneous 0.4 2.3 -0.7 1.1 0.9 -0.5 -2.1
manufacturing
United States Department of Labor
