For release 10:00 a.m. (ET) Thursday, November 19, 2020 USDL-20-2138
Technical information: (202) 691-5606 • mfp@bls.gov • www.bls.gov/mfp
Media contact: (202) 691-5902 • PressOffice@bls.gov
MULTIFACTOR PRODUCTIVITY TRENDS IN MANUFACTURING - 2019
Manufacturing sector multifactor productivity declined 1.6 percent in 2019,
the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics reported today. The multifactor
productivity decline in 2019 reflected a 1.1-percent decrease in sectoral
output and a 0.5-percent increase in combined inputs. The decrease in
multifactor productivity followed a revised 0.7-percent increase in 2018.
(See table A.)
Multifactor productivity is calculated by dividing an index of real
sectoral output by an index of combined units of labor input, capital
services, and intermediate inputs. Multifactor productivity annual measures
differ from BLS quarterly labor productivity or output per hour measures
because the former also includes information on capital services, shifts
in the composition of the workforce, and intermediate inputs.
Durable manufacturing sector multifactor productivity decreased
1.3 percent in 2019. The decline reflected a 0.6-percent decrease
in sectoral output and a 0.7-percent increase in combined inputs.
Nondurable manufacturing sector multifactor productivity decreased
1.8 percent in 2019. The decline reflected a 1.5-percent decrease
in sectoral output and a 0.3-percent increase in combined inputs.
(See table C, table 2.)
Among the 19 manufacturing industries, 16 experienced declines in multifactor
productivity growth in 2019. The largest declines in multifactor productivity
were in the chemical products, the furniture and related products, and the
apparel and leather and applied products industries. The primary metals
products industry showed the largest gains in multifactor productivity.
Sectoral output declined in 16 industries in 2019, the most industries that
experienced a decline in sectoral output since 2009. (See table 2.)
Contributions take into account the relative importance of each industry to
the manufacturing sector multifactor productivity. Chemical products made the
largest negative contribution to manufacturing multifactor productivity.
Petroleum and coal products was the largest offset to the manufacturing
multifactor productivity decline in 2019.
Trends in the manufacturing sector
Manufacturing sectoral output declined in 2019 with an annual decrease of 1.1
percent compared to the 2.3-percent increase in 2018. Combined inputs
increased 0.5 percent, less than the 1.5-percent increase as 2018.
(See table 1.)
Over the longer term, multifactor productivity in the manufacturing sector
grew at an average annual rate of 0.7 percent from 1987 to 2019 with sectoral
output increasing at an average annual rate of 1.5 percent, faster than the
0.8-percent average annual rate of increase in combined inputs. During the
same period, labor productivity grew at an average annual rate of 2.5 percent.
(See table A.) Of the 2.5-percent average annual increase in labor
productivity, multifactor productivity contributed 0.7 percentage points
which represents about 30 percent of the growth in the 1987-2019 period.
Capital intensity contributed 0.8 percentage points, intermediate inputs
intensity contributed 0.8 percentage points, and labor composition
contributed 0.2 percentage points to the increase in labor productivity.
(See table B.)
For the more recent 2007-19 period, multifactor productivity declined at a
0.3-percent average annual rate compared to an increase of 1.7 percent during
the 2000-07 period. (See table A.) Sectoral output decreased at a 0.3-percent
average annual rate and combined inputs increased 0.1 percent over the
2007-19 period.
Revised measures
Annual rates of multifactor productivity and related series were revised
historically for all three sectors. (See table D.) The most notable revisions
are in the latest business cycle and are due to the release of 2019 GDP by
Industry data from the Bureau of Economic Analysis. Revisions prior to the
2007-18 business cycle are small and due to revised hours data from BLS and
improved estimates of underlying GDP-by-Industry components. Note: the 2018
Annual Survey of Manufactures was incorporated into all three sectors’
measures in July 2020.
Over the 2007-18 period, multifactor productivity in the manufacturing sector
was revised up 0.1 percentage points to a decline of 0.2 percent. The upward
revision was due to a 0.1-percentage point downward revision to combined
inputs. Sectoral output was unchanged.
In 2018, multifactor productivity in the manufacturing sector was revised
down 0.1 percentage points to an increase of 0.7 percent. In durable
manufacturing, multifactor productivity was revised down 0.6 percentage
points, driven by a 0.5-percent upward revision in combined inputs.
In nondurable manufacturing, multifactor productivity was revised up 0.4
percentage points, due to an upward revision of 0.3 percentage points to
sectoral output and a downward revision of 0.2 percentage points to
combined inputs. (See table D.)
Table A. Productivity, sectoral output, and inputs in the manufacturing
sector for selected periods, 1987-2019
Average annual growth
1987- 1987- 1990- 2000- 2007- 2018-
2019 1990 2000 2007 2019 2019
Productivity
Multifactor 0.7 0.4 1.5 1.7 -0.3 -1.6
productivity1
Labor productivity2 2.5 1.8 3.9 4.4 0.4 -1.1
Output per unit of -0.8 -0.8 0.2 -0.3 -2.0 -2.8
capital services
Sectoral Output 1.5 1.8 3.8 1.2 -0.3 -1.1
Inputs
Combined inputs3 0.8 1.4 2.3 -0.5 0.1 0.5
Labor input4 -0.4 0.4 0.6 -2.4 -0.2 0.1
Hours -0.9 0.0 -0.1 -3.1 -0.6 0.0
Labor composition5 0.5 0.4 0.7 0.7 0.4 0.1
Capital services 2.3 2.7 3.5 1.5 1.8 1.7
Energy -2.2 -1.0 3.6 -5.4 -5.3 -8.7
Materials 1.3 0.4 4.2 0.5 -0.5 0.2
Purchased business 0.4 4.5 0.7 -0.4 -0.4 1.0
services
1. Output per combined units of labor input, capital services, energy,
materials, and purchased business services.
2. Output per hour worked.
3. The growth rate of each input is weighted by its share of current dollar
costs.
4. Hours at work by age, education, and gender group are weighted by each
group's share of total wages.
5. Ratio of labor input to hours.
Table B. Labor productivity and contributions of capital intensity,
intermediate inputs intensity, labor composition, and multifactor productivity
to labor productivity in the manufacturing sector for selected periods
, 1987-2019
Average annual growth/percentage point
1987- 1987- 1990- 2000- 2007- 2018-
2019 1990 2000 2007 2019 2019
Labor productivity1 2.5 1.8 3.9 4.4 0.4 -1.1
Contribution of 0.7 0.5 0.7 1.0 0.6 0.5
capital intensity2
Information 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.0
processing
equipment
intensity3
Research and 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.4 0.3 0.3
development
intensity4
All Other 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0
intellectual
property products
intensity5
All other capital 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.5 0.2 0.1
services intensity
Contribution of 0.8 0.8 1.4 1.4 0.0 0.0
intermediate inputs
intensity6
Energy intensity7 0.0 0.0 0.1 -0.1 -0.1 -0.1
Materials 0.6 0.1 1.2 1.0 0.1 0.1
intensity8
Purchased business 0.2 0.7 0.1 0.4 0.0 0.1
services
intensity9
Contribution of 0.2 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.1 0.0
labor composition10
Multifactor 0.7 0.4 1.5 1.7 -0.3 -1.6
productivity11
1. Output per hour worked.
2. Capital intensity multiplied by capital's share of current dollar
costs.
3. Information processing equipment per hour multiplied by its share of
current dollar costs.
4. Research and development per hour multiplied by its share of current
dollar costs.
5. Software and artistic originals per hour multiplied by its share of
current dollar costs.
6. Intermediate inputs per hour multiplied by intermediate inputs' share of
current dollar costs.
7. Energy per hour multiplied by energy’s share of current dollar costs.
8. Materials per hour multiplied by materials' share of current dollar costs.
9. Purchased business services per hour multiplied by purchased business
services' share of current dollar costs.
10. Labor composition multiplied by labor’s share of current dollar costs.
11. Output per combined units of labor input, capital services, energy,
materials, and purchased business services.
Table C. Multifactor productivity and related measures in the total, durable,
and nondurable manufacturing sectors, for selected periods 1987-2019
Average annual growth
1987- 1987- 1990- 2000- 2007- 2018-
2019 1990 2000 2007 2019 2019
Manufacturing
Multifactor productivity1 0.7 0.4 1.5 1.7 -0.3 -1.6
Labor productivity 2.5 1.8 3.9 4.4 0.4 -1.1
Sectoral output 1.5 1.8 3.8 1.2 -0.3 -1.1
Combined inputs2 0.8 1.4 2.3 -0.5 0.1 0.5
Capital services 2.3 2.7 3.5 1.5 1.8 1.7
Labor input3 -0.4 0.4 0.6 -2.4 -0.2 0.1
Energy -2.2 -1.0 3.6 -5.4 -5.3 -8.7
Materials 1.3 0.4 4.2 0.5 -0.5 0.2
Purchased business services 0.4 4.5 0.7 -0.4 -0.4 1.0
Durable Manufacturing
Multifactor productivity1 1.4 0.9 2.2 2.5 0.2 -1.3
Labor productivity 2.9 2.1 5.2 4.5 0.4 -0.8
Sectoral output 2.0 1.9 5.5 1.3 -0.3 -0.6
Combined Inputs2 0.7 1.0 3.2 -1.2 -0.5 0.7
Capital Services 2.2 2.5 4.0 1.1 1.3 1.5
Labor input3 -0.4 0.2 0.9 -2.4 -0.4 0.1
Energy -3.7 -2.9 2.5 -5.7 -7.6 -12.4
Materials 1.5 0.8 6.7 -1.2 -1.0 1.3
Purchased business services 0.2 2.2 1.6 0.0 -1.3 0.4
Nondurable Manufacturing
Multifactor productivity1 -0.1 -0.2 0.3 0.6 -0.7 -1.8
Labor productivity 1.7 1.3 2.3 3.8 0.2 -1.1
Sectoral output 0.7 1.7 1.6 0.6 -0.3 -1.5
Combined inputs2 0.7 1.9 1.3 0.0 0.4 0.3
Capital services 2.4 2.8 3.1 1.8 2.2 2.0
Labor input3 -0.4 0.7 0.1 -2.4 0.0 0.0
Energy -1.1 1.1 4.7 -5.3 -3.9 -6.0
Materials 0.6 0.6 1.4 1.0 -0.3 -1.0
Purchased business services 0.7 7.4 -0.2 -1.2 0.8 2.6
1. Output per combined units of hours, capital services, energy, materials,
and purchased business services.
2. The growth rate of each input is weighted by its share of current dollar costs.
3. Hours at work by age, education, and gender group, weighted by each
group’s share of total wages.
Table D. Difference between revised and previous multifactor productivity
and related measures, for selected periods 1987-2018
Average annual growth
1987- 1987- 1990- 2000- 2007- 2016- 2017-
2018 1990 2000 2007 2018 2017 2018
Manufacturing
Multifactor productivity1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.5 -0.1
Labor productivity 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.1
Sectoral output 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.1
Combined inputs2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 -0.1 -0.4 0.1
Capital services 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.1
Labor input3 0.0 -0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Energy 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 -0.2 -12.6
Materials 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 -0.1 0.2 0.8
Purchased business services 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 -0.1 -4.7 1.0
Durable Manufacturing
Multifactor productivity1 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.0 -0.6
Labor productivity 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 -0.1
Sectoral output 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 -0.1 0.1 -0.1
Combined inputs2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 -0.1 -0.9 0.5
Capital services 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 -0.2
Labor input3 0.0 -0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 -0.1
Energy 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 5.2 -16.0
Materials 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 -0.2 -2.4 3.1
Purchased business services 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 -3.4 -1.2
Nondurable Manufacturing
Multifactor productivity1 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.1 -0.1 0.4
Labor productivity 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2
Sectoral output 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.3
Combined inputs2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2 -0.2
Capital services 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.2
Labor input3 -0.1 -0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Energy 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2 -4.1 -10.5
Materials 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 1.9 -0.8
Purchased business services -0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 -0.3 -6.1 3.1
1. Output per combined units of hours, capital services, energy, materials,
and purchased business services.
2. The growth rate of each input is weighted by its share of current dollar costs.
3. Hours at work by age, education, and gender group, weighted by each
group’s share of total wages.
Technical Notes
BLS includes a measure of the effects of changes in the composition of the
work force for manufacturing sectors and industries. Labor input in
manufacturing sectors and NAICS industry groups is obtained by chained
superlative Tornqvist aggregation of the hours at work, classified by
age, education, and gender with weights determined by each group’s share
of total wages. The labor composition index estimates the effect of
shifts in the age, education, and gender composition of the work force
on hours worked.
Capital Services
Capital services are the services derived from the stock of physical assets
and intellectual property assets. There are 90 asset types for fixed business
equipment, structures, inventories, land, and intellectual property products.
The aggregate capital services measures are obtained by Tornqvist aggregation
of the capital stocks for each asset type within each of the nineteen
manufacturing NAICS industry groupings using estimated rental prices for each
asset type. Each rental price reflects the nominal rate of return to all
assets within the industry and rates of economic depreciation and revaluation
for the specific asset; rental prices are adjusted for the effects of taxes.
Data on investment for fixed assets are obtained from BEA. Data on
inventories are estimated using data from BEA and additional information
from IRS Corporation Income Returns. Data for land in the farm sector are
obtained from USDA. Nonfarm industry detail for land is based on IRS book
value data. Current-dollar value-added data, obtained from BEA, are used in
estimating capital rental prices.
Labor Input
Labor input in manufacturing sectors and industries is obtained by chained
superlative Tornqvist aggregation of the hours at work, classified by age,
education, and gender with weights determined by each group’s share of total
wages. The labor composition index estimates the effect of shifts in the age,
education, and gender composition of the work force on hours worked. Hours at
work data reflect Productivity and Costs data as of the September 3, 2020
“Productivity and Costs” news release (USDL-20-1649). The growth rate of
labor composition is defined as the difference between the growth rate of
weighted labor input and the growth rate of the hours.
The growth rate of labor composition in manufacturing may be underestimated
due to limitations in the source data. The education proxy does not include
training certifications and licensing. The proxy only includes number of
years of schooling.
Additional information concerning data sources and methods of measuring labor
composition can be found in “Changes in the Composition of Labor for
BLS Multifactor Productivity Measures, 2014” (www.bls.gov/mfp/mprlabor.pdf).
Intermediate Inputs
In manufacturing, intermediate inputs consist of energy, materials, and
purchased business services, and represent a large share of production costs.
Research has shown that substitution among inputs, including intermediate
inputs, affects productivity change. Therefore, it is important to account
for intermediate inputs in productivity measures at the industry level.
In contrast, the more aggregate productivity measures compare "value-added"
output with two classes of inputs, capital and labor. Because of these
differences in concepts and methodology, productivity change in manufacturing
cannot be directly compared with changes in private business or private
nonfarm business.
Data on intermediate inputs are obtained from BEA based on BEA annual
input-output tables. Tornqvist indexes of each of these three input classes
are derived at the three-digit NAICS level and then aggregated to the
manufacturing sectors. Materials inputs are adjusted to exclude transactions
between establishments within the same sector.
Combined Inputs
The five input indexes (capital services, labor, energy, materials, and
purchased business services) are combined using chained superlative Tornqvist
aggregation, applying weights that represent each component's share of total
costs. Total costs are defined as the current dollar value of manufacturing
sectoral output. Most taxes on production and imports, such as excise taxes,
are excluded from costs; however, property and motor vehicle taxes remain in
total costs.
Capital Intensity
Capital intensity is the ratio of capital services to hours worked in the
production process. The higher the capital to hours ratio, the more capital
intensive the production process is.
In a production process, profit maximizing/cost-minimizing firms adjust the
factor proportions of capital and labor if the price of one factor falls
relative to the price of the other factor; there would be a tendency for the
firms to substitute the less expensive factor for the more expensive one.
In the short run, changes in hours worked are more variable than changes in
capital services. Changes in hours worked in business cycles can result in
volatility of the capital intensity ratio over short periods of time. In the
long run an increase in wages relative to the price of capital will induce
the firm to substitute capital for labor, resulting in an increase in
capital intensity.
Rising labor costs are, in fact, an incentive for firms to introduce
automated production processes. Industry estimates of capital to hours ratios
can be obtained at http://www.bls.gov/mfp/mprdload.htm.
Sectoral Output
The output concept used for multifactor productivity in manufacturing is
“sectoral output”. Sectoral output equals gross output (sales, receipts, and
other operating income, plus commodity taxes plus changes in inventories),
excluding transactions between establishments within the same sector.
In contrast, the output concept used for private business and private nonfarm
business is “real value-added”. Real value-added output in private business
equals gross domestic product less general government, government
enterprises, private households (including the rental value of owner-occupied
real estate), and non-profit institutions. Real value-added output excludes
intermediate transactions between businesses.
The output index for manufacturing is constructed using a chained superlative
index (Tornqvist) of three-digit NAICS industry outputs. Industry output is
measured as sectoral output, the total value of goods and services leaving
the industry. The indexes of industry output are calculated with the
Tornqvist index formula. This index formula aggregates the growth rates of
the various industry outputs between two periods, using their relative shares
in industry value of production averaged over the two periods as weights.
Manufacturing industry output measures for 2018 and earlier years are
constructed primarily using data from the economic censuses and annual
surveys of the U.S. Census Bureau together with data on price changes
primarily from BLS. These measures have been revised due to new and revised
data from the Bureau of Economic Analysis, used in part to construct
intra-industry transactions. Manufacturing industry output for 2019 is
estimated based on historical relationships between BLS sectoral output,
BLS price indexes, and data on industrial production from the
Federal Reserve Board.
Multifactor Productivity
The manufacturing multifactor productivity measures describe the relationship
between output in real terms and the inputs involved in its production.
Multifactor productivity measures are not intended to capture the specific
contributions of labor, capital, or intermediate inputs. Rather, they are
designed to measure the joint influences on economic growth of technological
change, efficiency improvements, returns to scale, reallocation of resources
and other factors of economic growth, allowing for the effects of capital,
labor, and intermediate inputs. The multifactor productivity indexes are
derived by dividing an output index by an index of the combined inputs of
labor, capital services, energy, non-energy materials, and
purchased business services.
Other information
Comprehensive tables containing more detailed data than that which is
published in this press release are available upon request at 202-691-5606
or at www.bls.gov/mfp/mprdload.htm. Industry specific contributions to output
are available at www.bls.gov/mfp/contributions-to-output.htm.
More detailed information on methods, limitations, and data sources of capital
and labor are provided in BLS Bulletin 2178 (September 1983),
Trends in Multifactor Productivity, 1948-81 and on the BLS Multifactor
Productivity website under the title “Technical Information About the BLS
Multifactor Productivity Measures” for Major Sectors and 18 NAICS 3-digit
Manufacturing Industries at www.bls.gov/mfp/mprtech.pdf.
General information is available on the BLS Multifactor Productivity website
at www.bls.gov/mfp/mprover.htm. Additional data not contained in the release
can be obtained in print or at www.bls.gov/mfp. A number of comprehensive
tables set up as zip files can be obtained at www.bls.gov/mfp/mprdload.htm.
Methods for measuring manufacturing multifactor productivity are discussed in
the July 1995 issue of the Monthly Labor Review, "Measurement of productivity
growth in U.S. manufacturing”. See www.bls.gov/mfp/mprgul95.pdf.
Table 1. Manufacturing sector: productivity and related measures for the
1987-2019 period
Annual percent change from previous year
Productivity Inputs
Output
per Multi- Pur-
unit factor Sec- Capi- chased
Labor of pro- toral tal busi- Com
produc- capital ducti- out- Ser- Mate- ness bined
Year tivity1 services vity2 put Labor3 vices Energy rials services Inputs4
1988 2.0 1.8 2.3 4.2 2.4 2.3 0.6 -1.5 6.3 1.8
1989 0.0 -1.4 -1.2 1.2 1.6 2.7 -0.2 1.5 6.0 2.4
1990 3.5 -2.8 0.0 0.0 -2.8 3.0 -3.2 1.1 1.3 0.0
1991 1.8 -4.2 -0.2 -1.8 -2.9 2.5 -6.9 -0.8 -3.8 -1.6
1992 5.2 1.6 1.8 4.1 -0.1 2.4 -3.1 5.5 2.7 2.2
1993 2.5 1.3 1.0 3.7 2.1 2.4 -4.0 8.0 -2.8 2.7
1994 3.0 2.7 1.3 5.6 3.3 2.8 -1.4 9.2 0.5 4.2
1995 3.7 0.6 1.5 4.3 1.2 3.7 0.0 5.8 -0.2 2.8
1996 3.9 -0.4 0.9 3.9 0.6 4.3 -3.1 6.0 0.8 2.9
1997 4.9 2.0 1.8 6.9 2.6 4.8 2.0 6.8 7.4 5.0
1998 4.5 -0.2 0.9 4.8 0.9 5.0 0.4 6.1 4.8 3.9
1999 5.6 0.1 2.2 4.1 -0.9 4.0 44.7 1.0 1.0 1.9
2000 3.7 -0.9 3.3 2.5 -0.5 3.5 16.7 -4.8 -2.4 -0.7
2001 2.3 -6.7 -1.6 -4.4 -6.0 2.4 16.1 -7.9 1.7 -2.8
2002 8.3 -0.7 2.5 0.8 -6.0 1.5 -33.7 9.5 -5.2 -1.6
2003 6.5 0.4 4.9 1.3 -4.0 0.9 -17.2 -7.5 1.5 -3.4
2004 2.7 1.7 2.7 2.2 0.1 0.5 0.3 5.7 -13.9 -0.5
2005 5.1 2.8 0.8 4.0 -0.7 1.2 18.2 5.3 7.3 3.2
2006 1.0 0.1 2.4 1.6 0.9 1.5 -19.1 -4.1 5.1 -0.7
2007 4.6 0.7 0.6 3.0 -0.8 2.3 10.6 4.4 2.3 2.4
2008 -0.5 -7.5 0.1 -4.5 -2.8 3.2 5.1 -6.7 -16.8 -4.6
2009 1.2 -13.2 -3.7 -12.0 -12.0 1.4 -26.6 -12.9 -2.4 -8.6
2010 6.3 5.5 4.1 6.5 0.8 0.9 -3.1 4.5 3.8 2.3
2011 0.9 1.5 -0.5 2.8 1.9 1.3 10.0 7.5 -3.8 3.3
2012 -0.9 -0.2 -1.6 1.3 2.6 1.5 1.3 3.8 4.4 3.0
2013 1.1 -0.1 -0.1 1.9 0.9 2.1 3.6 3.1 0.2 2.0
2014 -0.4 -1.1 1.1 1.2 1.7 2.2 -8.1 -1.6 -0.6 0.0
2015 -1.8 -2.9 -0.8 -0.9 1.0 2.0 -11.5 0.2 -6.0 -0.2
2016 -0.4 -2.1 -2.3 -0.1 0.7 2.0 -3.0 3.6 3.0 2.2
2017 -0.1 -0.9 0.8 0.7 1.0 1.6 -3.5 -7.3 13.2 -0.1
2018 0.3 0.7 0.7 2.3 2.1 1.6 -13.0 1.5 2.5 1.5
2019 -1.1 -2.8 -1.6 -1.1 0.1 1.7 -8.7 0.2 1.0 0.5
1. Output per hour worked.
2. Output per combined units of labor input, capital services, energy, material
and purchased business services.
3. Hours at work by age, education, and gender group, weighted by each group’s
share of total wages.
4. The growth rate of each input is weighted by its share of current dollar
costs.
Source: The Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) develops productivity measures
using output data published by the Bureau of the Census, U.S.
Department of Commerce, and modified by BLS. Compensation and hours
data are from the BLS. Capital measures are based on data supplied
by the BEA, U.S. Department of Commerce. See also Technical Notes in
this release.
Table 2. Multifactor productivity measures for manufacturing industries
in selected periods, 1987-2019
Average annual growth
1987- 1987- 1990- 2000- 2007- 2018-
2019 1990 2000 2007 2019 2019
Manufacturing 0.7 0.4 1.5 1.7 -0.3 -1.6
Nondurable -0.1 -0.2 0.3 0.6 -0.7 -1.8
manufacturing
Food, beverage, and -0.2 -0.4 -0.3 0.7 -0.6 -0.8
tobacco products
Textile mills and 0.5 1.3 0.9 0.5 0.0 -1.9
textile product
mills
Apparel, leather, and -0.3 0.8 -0.4 -1.4 0.1 -4.1
allied products
Paper products 0.1 -0.7 0.1 0.8 -0.2 -1.9
Printing and related 0.5 0.3 -0.3 2.5 0.2 -2.7
support activities
Petroleum and coal 0.7 -0.8 2.5 -0.1 0.2 2.6
products
Chemical products -0.8 -0.6 -0.5 0.9 -2.1 -5.2
Plastics and rubber 0.5 0.5 1.2 0.5 -0.2 -2.1
products
Durable manufacturing 1.4 0.9 2.2 2.5 0.2 -1.3
Wood products -0.2 0.1 -1.7 0.9 0.3 0.1
Nonmetallic mineral 0.3 0.5 0.3 0.1 0.3 -0.7
products
Primary metals 0.6 -0.4 0.9 0.6 0.7 4.1
Fabricated metal -0.1 -0.5 0.2 0.6 -0.6 -1.6
products
Machinery -0.1 1.6 -1.2 1.6 -0.4 -1.9
Computer and 6.0 4.7 10.7 6.5 2.3 -0.3
electronic products
Electrical equipment, 0.2 0.1 -0.5 1.5 0.0 -1.2
appliances, and
components
Motor vehicles, 0.2 -1.0 0.2 1.9 -0.6 -3.0
bodies and trailers,
and parts
Other transportation -0.2 -2.0 -1.0 1.4 0.0 -1.0
equipment
Furniture and related -0.1 -0.8 0.2 -0.1 -0.3 -4.3
products
Miscellaneous 0.9 3.9 0.3 1.5 0.2 -0.6
manufacturing
Source: The Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) develops productivity measures
using output data published by the Bureau of the Census, U.S.
Department of Commerce, and modified by BLS. Compensation and hours
data are from the BLS. Capital measures are based on data supplied
by the BEA, U.S. Department of Commerce. See also Technical Notes in
this release.
United States Department of Labor
