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For release 10:00 a.m. (ET) Thursday, November 19, 2020 USDL-20-2138 Technical information: (202) 691-5606 • mfp@bls.gov • www.bls.gov/mfp Media contact: (202) 691-5902 • PressOffice@bls.gov MULTIFACTOR PRODUCTIVITY TRENDS IN MANUFACTURING - 2019 Manufacturing sector multifactor productivity declined 1.6 percent in 2019, the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics reported today. The multifactor productivity decline in 2019 reflected a 1.1-percent decrease in sectoral output and a 0.5-percent increase in combined inputs. The decrease in multifactor productivity followed a revised 0.7-percent increase in 2018. (See table A.) Multifactor productivity is calculated by dividing an index of real sectoral output by an index of combined units of labor input, capital services, and intermediate inputs. Multifactor productivity annual measures differ from BLS quarterly labor productivity or output per hour measures because the former also includes information on capital services, shifts in the composition of the workforce, and intermediate inputs. Durable manufacturing sector multifactor productivity decreased 1.3 percent in 2019. The decline reflected a 0.6-percent decrease in sectoral output and a 0.7-percent increase in combined inputs. Nondurable manufacturing sector multifactor productivity decreased 1.8 percent in 2019. The decline reflected a 1.5-percent decrease in sectoral output and a 0.3-percent increase in combined inputs. (See table C, table 2.) Among the 19 manufacturing industries, 16 experienced declines in multifactor productivity growth in 2019. The largest declines in multifactor productivity were in the chemical products, the furniture and related products, and the apparel and leather and applied products industries. The primary metals products industry showed the largest gains in multifactor productivity. Sectoral output declined in 16 industries in 2019, the most industries that experienced a decline in sectoral output since 2009. (See table 2.) Contributions take into account the relative importance of each industry to the manufacturing sector multifactor productivity. Chemical products made the largest negative contribution to manufacturing multifactor productivity. Petroleum and coal products was the largest offset to the manufacturing multifactor productivity decline in 2019. Trends in the manufacturing sector Manufacturing sectoral output declined in 2019 with an annual decrease of 1.1 percent compared to the 2.3-percent increase in 2018. Combined inputs increased 0.5 percent, less than the 1.5-percent increase as 2018. (See table 1.) Over the longer term, multifactor productivity in the manufacturing sector grew at an average annual rate of 0.7 percent from 1987 to 2019 with sectoral output increasing at an average annual rate of 1.5 percent, faster than the 0.8-percent average annual rate of increase in combined inputs. During the same period, labor productivity grew at an average annual rate of 2.5 percent. (See table A.) Of the 2.5-percent average annual increase in labor productivity, multifactor productivity contributed 0.7 percentage points which represents about 30 percent of the growth in the 1987-2019 period. Capital intensity contributed 0.8 percentage points, intermediate inputs intensity contributed 0.8 percentage points, and labor composition contributed 0.2 percentage points to the increase in labor productivity. (See table B.) For the more recent 2007-19 period, multifactor productivity declined at a 0.3-percent average annual rate compared to an increase of 1.7 percent during the 2000-07 period. (See table A.) Sectoral output decreased at a 0.3-percent average annual rate and combined inputs increased 0.1 percent over the 2007-19 period. Revised measures Annual rates of multifactor productivity and related series were revised historically for all three sectors. (See table D.) The most notable revisions are in the latest business cycle and are due to the release of 2019 GDP by Industry data from the Bureau of Economic Analysis. Revisions prior to the 2007-18 business cycle are small and due to revised hours data from BLS and improved estimates of underlying GDP-by-Industry components. Note: the 2018 Annual Survey of Manufactures was incorporated into all three sectors’ measures in July 2020. Over the 2007-18 period, multifactor productivity in the manufacturing sector was revised up 0.1 percentage points to a decline of 0.2 percent. The upward revision was due to a 0.1-percentage point downward revision to combined inputs. Sectoral output was unchanged. In 2018, multifactor productivity in the manufacturing sector was revised down 0.1 percentage points to an increase of 0.7 percent. In durable manufacturing, multifactor productivity was revised down 0.6 percentage points, driven by a 0.5-percent upward revision in combined inputs. In nondurable manufacturing, multifactor productivity was revised up 0.4 percentage points, due to an upward revision of 0.3 percentage points to sectoral output and a downward revision of 0.2 percentage points to combined inputs. (See table D.) Table A. Productivity, sectoral output, and inputs in the manufacturing sector for selected periods, 1987-2019 Average annual growth 1987- 1987- 1990- 2000- 2007- 2018- 2019 1990 2000 2007 2019 2019 Productivity Multifactor 0.7 0.4 1.5 1.7 -0.3 -1.6 productivity1 Labor productivity2 2.5 1.8 3.9 4.4 0.4 -1.1 Output per unit of -0.8 -0.8 0.2 -0.3 -2.0 -2.8 capital services Sectoral Output 1.5 1.8 3.8 1.2 -0.3 -1.1 Inputs Combined inputs3 0.8 1.4 2.3 -0.5 0.1 0.5 Labor input4 -0.4 0.4 0.6 -2.4 -0.2 0.1 Hours -0.9 0.0 -0.1 -3.1 -0.6 0.0 Labor composition5 0.5 0.4 0.7 0.7 0.4 0.1 Capital services 2.3 2.7 3.5 1.5 1.8 1.7 Energy -2.2 -1.0 3.6 -5.4 -5.3 -8.7 Materials 1.3 0.4 4.2 0.5 -0.5 0.2 Purchased business 0.4 4.5 0.7 -0.4 -0.4 1.0 services 1. Output per combined units of labor input, capital services, energy, materials, and purchased business services. 2. Output per hour worked. 3. The growth rate of each input is weighted by its share of current dollar costs. 4. Hours at work by age, education, and gender group are weighted by each group's share of total wages. 5. Ratio of labor input to hours. Table B. Labor productivity and contributions of capital intensity, intermediate inputs intensity, labor composition, and multifactor productivity to labor productivity in the manufacturing sector for selected periods , 1987-2019 Average annual growth/percentage point 1987- 1987- 1990- 2000- 2007- 2018- 2019 1990 2000 2007 2019 2019 Labor productivity1 2.5 1.8 3.9 4.4 0.4 -1.1 Contribution of 0.7 0.5 0.7 1.0 0.6 0.5 capital intensity2 Information 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.0 processing equipment intensity3 Research and 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.4 0.3 0.3 development intensity4 All Other 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 intellectual property products intensity5 All other capital 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.5 0.2 0.1 services intensity Contribution of 0.8 0.8 1.4 1.4 0.0 0.0 intermediate inputs intensity6 Energy intensity7 0.0 0.0 0.1 -0.1 -0.1 -0.1 Materials 0.6 0.1 1.2 1.0 0.1 0.1 intensity8 Purchased business 0.2 0.7 0.1 0.4 0.0 0.1 services intensity9 Contribution of 0.2 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.1 0.0 labor composition10 Multifactor 0.7 0.4 1.5 1.7 -0.3 -1.6 productivity11 1. Output per hour worked. 2. Capital intensity multiplied by capital's share of current dollar costs. 3. Information processing equipment per hour multiplied by its share of current dollar costs. 4. Research and development per hour multiplied by its share of current dollar costs. 5. Software and artistic originals per hour multiplied by its share of current dollar costs. 6. Intermediate inputs per hour multiplied by intermediate inputs' share of current dollar costs. 7. Energy per hour multiplied by energy’s share of current dollar costs. 8. Materials per hour multiplied by materials' share of current dollar costs. 9. Purchased business services per hour multiplied by purchased business services' share of current dollar costs. 10. Labor composition multiplied by labor’s share of current dollar costs. 11. Output per combined units of labor input, capital services, energy, materials, and purchased business services. Table C. Multifactor productivity and related measures in the total, durable, and nondurable manufacturing sectors, for selected periods 1987-2019 Average annual growth 1987- 1987- 1990- 2000- 2007- 2018- 2019 1990 2000 2007 2019 2019 Manufacturing Multifactor productivity1 0.7 0.4 1.5 1.7 -0.3 -1.6 Labor productivity 2.5 1.8 3.9 4.4 0.4 -1.1 Sectoral output 1.5 1.8 3.8 1.2 -0.3 -1.1 Combined inputs2 0.8 1.4 2.3 -0.5 0.1 0.5 Capital services 2.3 2.7 3.5 1.5 1.8 1.7 Labor input3 -0.4 0.4 0.6 -2.4 -0.2 0.1 Energy -2.2 -1.0 3.6 -5.4 -5.3 -8.7 Materials 1.3 0.4 4.2 0.5 -0.5 0.2 Purchased business services 0.4 4.5 0.7 -0.4 -0.4 1.0 Durable Manufacturing Multifactor productivity1 1.4 0.9 2.2 2.5 0.2 -1.3 Labor productivity 2.9 2.1 5.2 4.5 0.4 -0.8 Sectoral output 2.0 1.9 5.5 1.3 -0.3 -0.6 Combined Inputs2 0.7 1.0 3.2 -1.2 -0.5 0.7 Capital Services 2.2 2.5 4.0 1.1 1.3 1.5 Labor input3 -0.4 0.2 0.9 -2.4 -0.4 0.1 Energy -3.7 -2.9 2.5 -5.7 -7.6 -12.4 Materials 1.5 0.8 6.7 -1.2 -1.0 1.3 Purchased business services 0.2 2.2 1.6 0.0 -1.3 0.4 Nondurable Manufacturing Multifactor productivity1 -0.1 -0.2 0.3 0.6 -0.7 -1.8 Labor productivity 1.7 1.3 2.3 3.8 0.2 -1.1 Sectoral output 0.7 1.7 1.6 0.6 -0.3 -1.5 Combined inputs2 0.7 1.9 1.3 0.0 0.4 0.3 Capital services 2.4 2.8 3.1 1.8 2.2 2.0 Labor input3 -0.4 0.7 0.1 -2.4 0.0 0.0 Energy -1.1 1.1 4.7 -5.3 -3.9 -6.0 Materials 0.6 0.6 1.4 1.0 -0.3 -1.0 Purchased business services 0.7 7.4 -0.2 -1.2 0.8 2.6 1. Output per combined units of hours, capital services, energy, materials, and purchased business services. 2. The growth rate of each input is weighted by its share of current dollar costs. 3. Hours at work by age, education, and gender group, weighted by each group’s share of total wages. Table D. Difference between revised and previous multifactor productivity and related measures, for selected periods 1987-2018 Average annual growth 1987- 1987- 1990- 2000- 2007- 2016- 2017- 2018 1990 2000 2007 2018 2017 2018 Manufacturing Multifactor productivity1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.5 -0.1 Labor productivity 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.1 Sectoral output 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.1 Combined inputs2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 -0.1 -0.4 0.1 Capital services 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.1 Labor input3 0.0 -0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Energy 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 -0.2 -12.6 Materials 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 -0.1 0.2 0.8 Purchased business services 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 -0.1 -4.7 1.0 Durable Manufacturing Multifactor productivity1 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.0 -0.6 Labor productivity 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 -0.1 Sectoral output 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 -0.1 0.1 -0.1 Combined inputs2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 -0.1 -0.9 0.5 Capital services 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 -0.2 Labor input3 0.0 -0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 -0.1 Energy 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 5.2 -16.0 Materials 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 -0.2 -2.4 3.1 Purchased business services 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 -3.4 -1.2 Nondurable Manufacturing Multifactor productivity1 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.1 -0.1 0.4 Labor productivity 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2 Sectoral output 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.3 Combined inputs2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2 -0.2 Capital services 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.2 Labor input3 -0.1 -0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Energy 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2 -4.1 -10.5 Materials 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 1.9 -0.8 Purchased business services -0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 -0.3 -6.1 3.1 1. Output per combined units of hours, capital services, energy, materials, and purchased business services. 2. The growth rate of each input is weighted by its share of current dollar costs. 3. Hours at work by age, education, and gender group, weighted by each group’s share of total wages.
Technical Notes BLS includes a measure of the effects of changes in the composition of the work force for manufacturing sectors and industries. Labor input in manufacturing sectors and NAICS industry groups is obtained by chained superlative Tornqvist aggregation of the hours at work, classified by age, education, and gender with weights determined by each group’s share of total wages. The labor composition index estimates the effect of shifts in the age, education, and gender composition of the work force on hours worked. Capital Services Capital services are the services derived from the stock of physical assets and intellectual property assets. There are 90 asset types for fixed business equipment, structures, inventories, land, and intellectual property products. The aggregate capital services measures are obtained by Tornqvist aggregation of the capital stocks for each asset type within each of the nineteen manufacturing NAICS industry groupings using estimated rental prices for each asset type. Each rental price reflects the nominal rate of return to all assets within the industry and rates of economic depreciation and revaluation for the specific asset; rental prices are adjusted for the effects of taxes. Data on investment for fixed assets are obtained from BEA. Data on inventories are estimated using data from BEA and additional information from IRS Corporation Income Returns. Data for land in the farm sector are obtained from USDA. Nonfarm industry detail for land is based on IRS book value data. Current-dollar value-added data, obtained from BEA, are used in estimating capital rental prices. Labor Input Labor input in manufacturing sectors and industries is obtained by chained superlative Tornqvist aggregation of the hours at work, classified by age, education, and gender with weights determined by each group’s share of total wages. The labor composition index estimates the effect of shifts in the age, education, and gender composition of the work force on hours worked. Hours at work data reflect Productivity and Costs data as of the September 3, 2020 “Productivity and Costs” news release (USDL-20-1649). The growth rate of labor composition is defined as the difference between the growth rate of weighted labor input and the growth rate of the hours. The growth rate of labor composition in manufacturing may be underestimated due to limitations in the source data. The education proxy does not include training certifications and licensing. The proxy only includes number of years of schooling. Additional information concerning data sources and methods of measuring labor composition can be found in “Changes in the Composition of Labor for BLS Multifactor Productivity Measures, 2014” (www.bls.gov/mfp/mprlabor.pdf). Intermediate Inputs In manufacturing, intermediate inputs consist of energy, materials, and purchased business services, and represent a large share of production costs. Research has shown that substitution among inputs, including intermediate inputs, affects productivity change. Therefore, it is important to account for intermediate inputs in productivity measures at the industry level. In contrast, the more aggregate productivity measures compare "value-added" output with two classes of inputs, capital and labor. Because of these differences in concepts and methodology, productivity change in manufacturing cannot be directly compared with changes in private business or private nonfarm business. Data on intermediate inputs are obtained from BEA based on BEA annual input-output tables. Tornqvist indexes of each of these three input classes are derived at the three-digit NAICS level and then aggregated to the manufacturing sectors. Materials inputs are adjusted to exclude transactions between establishments within the same sector. Combined Inputs The five input indexes (capital services, labor, energy, materials, and purchased business services) are combined using chained superlative Tornqvist aggregation, applying weights that represent each component's share of total costs. Total costs are defined as the current dollar value of manufacturing sectoral output. Most taxes on production and imports, such as excise taxes, are excluded from costs; however, property and motor vehicle taxes remain in total costs. Capital Intensity Capital intensity is the ratio of capital services to hours worked in the production process. The higher the capital to hours ratio, the more capital intensive the production process is. In a production process, profit maximizing/cost-minimizing firms adjust the factor proportions of capital and labor if the price of one factor falls relative to the price of the other factor; there would be a tendency for the firms to substitute the less expensive factor for the more expensive one. In the short run, changes in hours worked are more variable than changes in capital services. Changes in hours worked in business cycles can result in volatility of the capital intensity ratio over short periods of time. In the long run an increase in wages relative to the price of capital will induce the firm to substitute capital for labor, resulting in an increase in capital intensity. Rising labor costs are, in fact, an incentive for firms to introduce automated production processes. Industry estimates of capital to hours ratios can be obtained at http://www.bls.gov/mfp/mprdload.htm. Sectoral Output The output concept used for multifactor productivity in manufacturing is “sectoral output”. Sectoral output equals gross output (sales, receipts, and other operating income, plus commodity taxes plus changes in inventories), excluding transactions between establishments within the same sector. In contrast, the output concept used for private business and private nonfarm business is “real value-added”. Real value-added output in private business equals gross domestic product less general government, government enterprises, private households (including the rental value of owner-occupied real estate), and non-profit institutions. Real value-added output excludes intermediate transactions between businesses. The output index for manufacturing is constructed using a chained superlative index (Tornqvist) of three-digit NAICS industry outputs. Industry output is measured as sectoral output, the total value of goods and services leaving the industry. The indexes of industry output are calculated with the Tornqvist index formula. This index formula aggregates the growth rates of the various industry outputs between two periods, using their relative shares in industry value of production averaged over the two periods as weights. Manufacturing industry output measures for 2018 and earlier years are constructed primarily using data from the economic censuses and annual surveys of the U.S. Census Bureau together with data on price changes primarily from BLS. These measures have been revised due to new and revised data from the Bureau of Economic Analysis, used in part to construct intra-industry transactions. Manufacturing industry output for 2019 is estimated based on historical relationships between BLS sectoral output, BLS price indexes, and data on industrial production from the Federal Reserve Board. Multifactor Productivity The manufacturing multifactor productivity measures describe the relationship between output in real terms and the inputs involved in its production. Multifactor productivity measures are not intended to capture the specific contributions of labor, capital, or intermediate inputs. Rather, they are designed to measure the joint influences on economic growth of technological change, efficiency improvements, returns to scale, reallocation of resources and other factors of economic growth, allowing for the effects of capital, labor, and intermediate inputs. The multifactor productivity indexes are derived by dividing an output index by an index of the combined inputs of labor, capital services, energy, non-energy materials, and purchased business services. Other information Comprehensive tables containing more detailed data than that which is published in this press release are available upon request at 202-691-5606 or at www.bls.gov/mfp/mprdload.htm. Industry specific contributions to output are available at www.bls.gov/mfp/contributions-to-output.htm. More detailed information on methods, limitations, and data sources of capital and labor are provided in BLS Bulletin 2178 (September 1983), Trends in Multifactor Productivity, 1948-81 and on the BLS Multifactor Productivity website under the title “Technical Information About the BLS Multifactor Productivity Measures” for Major Sectors and 18 NAICS 3-digit Manufacturing Industries at www.bls.gov/mfp/mprtech.pdf. General information is available on the BLS Multifactor Productivity website at www.bls.gov/mfp/mprover.htm. Additional data not contained in the release can be obtained in print or at www.bls.gov/mfp. A number of comprehensive tables set up as zip files can be obtained at www.bls.gov/mfp/mprdload.htm. Methods for measuring manufacturing multifactor productivity are discussed in the July 1995 issue of the Monthly Labor Review, "Measurement of productivity growth in U.S. manufacturing”. See www.bls.gov/mfp/mprgul95.pdf.
Table 1. Manufacturing sector: productivity and related measures for the 1987-2019 period Annual percent change from previous year Productivity Inputs Output per Multi- Pur- unit factor Sec- Capi- chased Labor of pro- toral tal busi- Com produc- capital ducti- out- Ser- Mate- ness bined Year tivity1 services vity2 put Labor3 vices Energy rials services Inputs4 1988 2.0 1.8 2.3 4.2 2.4 2.3 0.6 -1.5 6.3 1.8 1989 0.0 -1.4 -1.2 1.2 1.6 2.7 -0.2 1.5 6.0 2.4 1990 3.5 -2.8 0.0 0.0 -2.8 3.0 -3.2 1.1 1.3 0.0 1991 1.8 -4.2 -0.2 -1.8 -2.9 2.5 -6.9 -0.8 -3.8 -1.6 1992 5.2 1.6 1.8 4.1 -0.1 2.4 -3.1 5.5 2.7 2.2 1993 2.5 1.3 1.0 3.7 2.1 2.4 -4.0 8.0 -2.8 2.7 1994 3.0 2.7 1.3 5.6 3.3 2.8 -1.4 9.2 0.5 4.2 1995 3.7 0.6 1.5 4.3 1.2 3.7 0.0 5.8 -0.2 2.8 1996 3.9 -0.4 0.9 3.9 0.6 4.3 -3.1 6.0 0.8 2.9 1997 4.9 2.0 1.8 6.9 2.6 4.8 2.0 6.8 7.4 5.0 1998 4.5 -0.2 0.9 4.8 0.9 5.0 0.4 6.1 4.8 3.9 1999 5.6 0.1 2.2 4.1 -0.9 4.0 44.7 1.0 1.0 1.9 2000 3.7 -0.9 3.3 2.5 -0.5 3.5 16.7 -4.8 -2.4 -0.7 2001 2.3 -6.7 -1.6 -4.4 -6.0 2.4 16.1 -7.9 1.7 -2.8 2002 8.3 -0.7 2.5 0.8 -6.0 1.5 -33.7 9.5 -5.2 -1.6 2003 6.5 0.4 4.9 1.3 -4.0 0.9 -17.2 -7.5 1.5 -3.4 2004 2.7 1.7 2.7 2.2 0.1 0.5 0.3 5.7 -13.9 -0.5 2005 5.1 2.8 0.8 4.0 -0.7 1.2 18.2 5.3 7.3 3.2 2006 1.0 0.1 2.4 1.6 0.9 1.5 -19.1 -4.1 5.1 -0.7 2007 4.6 0.7 0.6 3.0 -0.8 2.3 10.6 4.4 2.3 2.4 2008 -0.5 -7.5 0.1 -4.5 -2.8 3.2 5.1 -6.7 -16.8 -4.6 2009 1.2 -13.2 -3.7 -12.0 -12.0 1.4 -26.6 -12.9 -2.4 -8.6 2010 6.3 5.5 4.1 6.5 0.8 0.9 -3.1 4.5 3.8 2.3 2011 0.9 1.5 -0.5 2.8 1.9 1.3 10.0 7.5 -3.8 3.3 2012 -0.9 -0.2 -1.6 1.3 2.6 1.5 1.3 3.8 4.4 3.0 2013 1.1 -0.1 -0.1 1.9 0.9 2.1 3.6 3.1 0.2 2.0 2014 -0.4 -1.1 1.1 1.2 1.7 2.2 -8.1 -1.6 -0.6 0.0 2015 -1.8 -2.9 -0.8 -0.9 1.0 2.0 -11.5 0.2 -6.0 -0.2 2016 -0.4 -2.1 -2.3 -0.1 0.7 2.0 -3.0 3.6 3.0 2.2 2017 -0.1 -0.9 0.8 0.7 1.0 1.6 -3.5 -7.3 13.2 -0.1 2018 0.3 0.7 0.7 2.3 2.1 1.6 -13.0 1.5 2.5 1.5 2019 -1.1 -2.8 -1.6 -1.1 0.1 1.7 -8.7 0.2 1.0 0.5 1. Output per hour worked. 2. Output per combined units of labor input, capital services, energy, material and purchased business services. 3. Hours at work by age, education, and gender group, weighted by each group’s share of total wages. 4. The growth rate of each input is weighted by its share of current dollar costs. Source: The Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) develops productivity measures using output data published by the Bureau of the Census, U.S. Department of Commerce, and modified by BLS. Compensation and hours data are from the BLS. Capital measures are based on data supplied by the BEA, U.S. Department of Commerce. See also Technical Notes in this release.
Table 2. Multifactor productivity measures for manufacturing industries in selected periods, 1987-2019 Average annual growth 1987- 1987- 1990- 2000- 2007- 2018- 2019 1990 2000 2007 2019 2019 Manufacturing 0.7 0.4 1.5 1.7 -0.3 -1.6 Nondurable -0.1 -0.2 0.3 0.6 -0.7 -1.8 manufacturing Food, beverage, and -0.2 -0.4 -0.3 0.7 -0.6 -0.8 tobacco products Textile mills and 0.5 1.3 0.9 0.5 0.0 -1.9 textile product mills Apparel, leather, and -0.3 0.8 -0.4 -1.4 0.1 -4.1 allied products Paper products 0.1 -0.7 0.1 0.8 -0.2 -1.9 Printing and related 0.5 0.3 -0.3 2.5 0.2 -2.7 support activities Petroleum and coal 0.7 -0.8 2.5 -0.1 0.2 2.6 products Chemical products -0.8 -0.6 -0.5 0.9 -2.1 -5.2 Plastics and rubber 0.5 0.5 1.2 0.5 -0.2 -2.1 products Durable manufacturing 1.4 0.9 2.2 2.5 0.2 -1.3 Wood products -0.2 0.1 -1.7 0.9 0.3 0.1 Nonmetallic mineral 0.3 0.5 0.3 0.1 0.3 -0.7 products Primary metals 0.6 -0.4 0.9 0.6 0.7 4.1 Fabricated metal -0.1 -0.5 0.2 0.6 -0.6 -1.6 products Machinery -0.1 1.6 -1.2 1.6 -0.4 -1.9 Computer and 6.0 4.7 10.7 6.5 2.3 -0.3 electronic products Electrical equipment, 0.2 0.1 -0.5 1.5 0.0 -1.2 appliances, and components Motor vehicles, 0.2 -1.0 0.2 1.9 -0.6 -3.0 bodies and trailers, and parts Other transportation -0.2 -2.0 -1.0 1.4 0.0 -1.0 equipment Furniture and related -0.1 -0.8 0.2 -0.1 -0.3 -4.3 products Miscellaneous 0.9 3.9 0.3 1.5 0.2 -0.6 manufacturing Source: The Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) develops productivity measures using output data published by the Bureau of the Census, U.S. Department of Commerce, and modified by BLS. Compensation and hours data are from the BLS. Capital measures are based on data supplied by the BEA, U.S. Department of Commerce. See also Technical Notes in this release.