For release 10:00 a.m. (EST) Friday, January 19, 2018	       	         USDL-18-0080

Technical information: (202) 691-6378 * cpsinfo@bls.gov * www.bls.gov/cps
Media contact: 	       (202) 691-5902 * PressOffice@bls.gov


				UNION MEMBERS -- 2017


The union membership rate--the percent of wage and salary workers who were
members of unions--was unchanged at 10.7 percent in 2017, the U.S. Bureau of
Labor Statistics reported today. The number of wage and salary workers
belonging to unions, at 14.8 million in 2017, edged up by 262,000 from 2016.
In 1983, the first year for which comparable union data are available, the
union membership rate was 20.1 percent and there were 17.7 million union
workers.

The data on union membership are collected as part of the Current Population
Survey (CPS), a monthly sample survey of about 60,000 eligible households
that obtains information on employment and unemployment among the nation's
civilian noninstitutional population age 16 and over. For more information,
see the Technical Note in this news release.

Highlights from the 2017 data:

  --The union membership rate of public-sector workers (34.4 percent)
    continued to be more than five times higher than that of private-
    sector workers (6.5 percent). (See table 3.)

  --Workers in protective service occupations and in education, training,
    and library occupations had the highest unionization rates (34.7
    percent and 33.5 percent, respectively). (See table 3.)

  --Men continued to have a higher union membership rate (11.4 percent)
    than women (10.0 percent). (See table 1.)

  --Black workers remained more likely to be union members than White,
    Asian, or Hispanic workers. (See table 1.)

  --Nonunion workers had median weekly earnings that were 80 percent of
    earnings for workers who were union members ($829 versus $1,041). (The
    comparisons of earnings in this release are on a broad level and do not
    control for many factors that can be important in explaining earnings
    differences.) (See table 2.)

  --Among states, New York continued to have the highest union membership
    rate (23.8 percent), while South Carolina continued to have the lowest
    (2.6 percent). (See table 5.)

Industry and Occupation of Union Members

In 2017, 7.2 million employees in the public sector belonged to a union, compared
with 7.6 million workers in the private sector. Although the union membership
rate for private-sector workers edged up by 0.1 percentage point in 2017, their
unionization rate continued to be substantially lower than that for public-sector
workers (6.5 percent versus 34.4 percent). Within the public sector, the union
membership rate was highest in local government (40.1 percent), which employs many
workers in heavily unionized occupations, such as teachers, police officers, and
firefighters. Private-sector industries with high unionization rates included utilities
(23.0 percent), transportation and warehousing (17.3 percent), telecommunications
(16.1 percent), and construction (14.0 percent). Low unionization rates occurred in
finance (1.1 percent), food services and drinking places (1.4 percent), and
professional and technical services (1.7 percent). (See table 3.)

Among occupational groups, the highest unionization rates in 2017 were in protective
service occupations (34.7 percent) and in education, training, and library occupations
(33.5 percent). The rate for workers in education, training, and library occupations
continued to decline in 2017. Unionization rates were lowest in sales and related
occupations (3.2 percent); farming, fishing, and forestry occupations (3.4 percent);
food preparation and serving related occupations (3.8 percent); and in computer and 
mathematical occupations (3.9 percent). 

Selected Characteristics of Union Members

In 2017, the union membership rate continued to be higher for men (11.4 percent) than
for women (10.0 percent); over the year, the rate for men edged up, and the rate for
women edged down. (See table 1.) However, the gap between their rates has narrowed
considerably since 1983 (the earliest year for which comparable data are available),
when rates for men and women were 24.7 percent and 14.6 percent, respectively.

Among major race and ethnicity groups, Black workers continued to have a higher union
membership rate in 2017 (12.6 percent) than workers who were White (10.6 percent),
Asian (8.9 percent), or Hispanic (9.3 percent).

By age, union membership rates continued to be highest among workers ages 45 to 64.
In 2017, 13.2 percent of workers ages 45 to 54 and 13.5 percent of those ages 55 to
64 were union members. 

In 2017, the union membership rate for full-time workers was about twice the rate
for part-time workers (11.8 percent versus 5.7 percent).

Union Representation

In 2017, 16.4 million wage and salary workers were represented by a union. This
group includes both union members (14.8 million) and workers who report no union
affiliation but whose jobs are covered by a union contract (1.6 million). (See
table 1.)

Earnings

Among full-time wage and salary workers, union members had median usual weekly
earnings of $1,041 in 2017, while those who were not union members had median
weekly earnings of $829. In addition to coverage by a collective bargaining agreement,
this earnings difference reflects a variety of influences, including variations in
the distributions of union members and nonunion employees by occupation, industry,
age, firm size, or geographic region. (See tables 2 and 4.)

Union Membership by State

In 2017, 27 states and the District of Columbia had union membership rates below
that of the U.S. average, 10.7 percent, while 22 states had rates above it and 1
state had the same rate. All states in both the East South Central and West South
Central divisions had union membership rates below the national average, while
all states in the New England, Middle Atlantic, and Pacific divisions had rates
above it. Union membership rates increased over the year in 25 states and the
District, decreased in 21 states, and were unchanged in 4 states. (See table 5.)

Nine states had union membership rates below 5.0 percent in 2017, with South
Carolina having the lowest rate (2.6 percent). The next lowest rates were in
North Carolina (3.4 percent) and Utah (3.9 percent). Two states had union membership
rates over 20.0 percent in 2017: New York (23.8 percent) and Hawaii (21.3 percent). 

The largest numbers of union members lived in California (2.5 million) and New York
(2.0 million). Over half of the 14.8 million union members in the U.S. lived in just
seven states (California, 2.5 million; New York, 2.0 million; Illinois, 0.8 million;
Michigan and Pennsylvania, 0.7 million each; and New Jersey and Ohio, 0.6 million
each), though these states accounted for only about one-third of wage and salary
employment nationally.

Technical Note

   The estimates in this release are obtained from the Current Population Survey (CPS),
which provides basic information on the labor force, employment, and unemployment.
The survey is conducted monthly for the Bureau of Labor Statistics by the U.S. Census
Bureau from a scientifically selected national sample of about 60,000 eligible households.
The union membership and earnings data are tabulated from one-quarter of the CPS monthly
sample and are limited to wage and salary workers. All self-employed workers are excluded.

   Beginning in January of each year, data reflect revised population controls used in the
CPS. Additional information about population controls is available on the BLS website at
www.bls.gov/cps/documentation.htm#pop.

   Information in this release will be made available to sensory impaired individuals upon
request. Voice phone: (202) 691-5200; Federal Relay Service: (800) 877-8339.

Reliability of the estimates

   Statistics based on the CPS are subject to both sampling and nonsampling error. When a
sample, rather than the entire population, is surveyed, there is a chance that the sample
estimates may differ from the true population values they represent. The exact difference,
or sampling error, varies depending on the particular sample selected, and this variability
is measured by the standard error of the estimate. There is about a 90-percent chance, or
level of confidence, that an estimate based on a sample will differ by no more than 1.6 
standard errors from the true population value because of sampling error. BLS analyses are
generally conducted at the 90-percent level of confidence. The state section of this release
preserves the long-time practice of highlighting the direction of the movements in state
union membership rates and levels regardless of their statistical significance.

   The CPS data also are affected by nonsampling error. Nonsampling error can occur for many
reasons, including the failure to sample a segment of the population, inability to obtain
information for all respondents in the sample, inability or unwillingness of respondents to
provide correct information, and errors made in the collection or processing of the data.

   Information about the reliability of data from the CPS and guidance on estimating standard
errors is available at www.bls.gov/cps/documentation.htm#reliability.

Union membership questions 

   Employed wage and salary workers are classified as union members if they answer “yes” to 
the following question: On this job, are you a member of a labor union or of an employee
association similar to a union? If the response is “no” to that question, then the interviewer
asks a second question: On this job, are you covered by a union or employee association
contract? If the response is “yes,” then these persons, along with those who responded “yes”
to being union members, are classified as represented by a union.  If the response is “no”
to both the first and second questions, then they are classified as nonunion.

Definitions

   The principal definitions used in this release are described briefly below.

   Union members. Data refer to members of a labor union or an employee association similar
to a union.

   Union membership rate. Data refer to the proportion of total wage and salary workers who
are union members.
   
   Represented by unions. Data refer to both union members and workers who report no union
affiliation but whose jobs are covered by a union or an employee association contract.

   Nonunion. Data refer to workers who are neither members of a union nor represented by a
union on their job.

   Usual weekly earnings. Data represent earnings before taxes and other deductions and
include any overtime pay, commissions, or tips usually received (at the main job in the
case of multiple jobholders). Prior to 1994, respondents were asked how much they usually
earned per week. Since January 1994, respondents have been asked to identify the easiest
way for them to report earnings (hourly, weekly, biweekly, twice monthly, monthly, annually,
other) and how much they usually earn in the reported time period. Earnings reported on a
basis other than weekly are converted to a weekly equivalent. The term "usual" is as perceived
by the respondent. If the respondent asks for a definition of usual, interviewers are instructed
to define the term as more than half of the weeks worked during the past 4 or 5 months.

   Median earnings. The median is the amount which divides a given earnings distribution into
two equal groups, one having earnings above the median and the other having earnings below the
median. The estimating procedure places each reported or calculated weekly earnings value into
$50-wide intervals which are centered around multiples of $50. The actual value is estimated
through the linear interpolation of the interval in which the median lies.

   Wage and salary workers. Workers who receive wages, salaries, commissions, tips, payment in
kind, or piece rates. The group includes employees in both the private and public sectors.
Union membership and earnings data exclude all self-employed workers, both those with
incorporated businesses as well as those with unincorporated businesses.

   Full-time workers. Workers who usually work 35 hours or more per week at their sole or
principal job.

   Part-time workers. Workers who usually work fewer than 35 hours per week at their sole or
principal job.

   Hispanic or Latino ethnicity. Refers to persons who identified themselves in the enumeration
process as being Spanish, Hispanic, or Latino. Persons whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic
or Latino may be of any race.