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For release 10:00 a.m. (EST) Wednesday. January 23, 2013 USDL-13-0105 Technical information: (202) 691-6378 * cpsinfo@bls.gov * www.bls.gov/cps Media contact: (202) 691-5902 * PressOffice@bls.gov UNION MEMBERS -- 2012 In 2012, the union membership rate--the percent of wage and salary workers who were members of a union--was 11.3 percent, down from 11.8 percent in 2011, the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics reported today. The number of wage and salary workers belonging to unions, at 14.4 million, also declined over the year. In 1983, the first year for which comparable union data are available, the union membership rate was 20.1 percent, and there were 17.7 million union workers. The data on union membership were collected as part of the Current Population Survey (CPS), a monthly sample survey of about 60,000 households that obtains information on employment and unemployment among the nation's civilian noninstitutional population ages 16 and over. For more information, see the Technical Note. Highlights from the 2012 data: --Public-sector workers had a union membership rate (35.9 percent) more than five times higher than that of private-sector workers (6.6 percent). (See table 3.) --Workers in education, training, and library occupations and in protective service occupations had the highest unionization rates, at 35.4 and 34.8 percent, respectively. (See table 3.) --Black workers were more likely to be union members than were white, Asian, or Hispanic workers. (See table 1.) --Among states, New York continued to have the highest union membership rate (23.2 percent), and North Carolina again had the lowest rate (2.9 percent). (See table 5.) Industry and Occupation of Union Members In 2012, 7.3 million employees in the public sector belonged to a union, compared with 7.0 million union workers in the private sector. The union membership rate for public-sector workers (35.9 percent) was substantially higher than the rate for private-sector workers (6.6 percent). Within the public sector, local government workers had the highest union membership rate, 41.7 percent. This group includes workers in heavily unionized occupations, such as teachers, police officers, and firefighters. Private-sector industries with high unionization rates included transportation and utilities (20.6 percent) and construction (13.2 percent). Low unionization rates occurred in agriculture and related industries (1.4 percent) and in financial activities (1.9 percent). (See table 3.) Among occupational groups, education, training, and library occupations (35.4 percent) and protective service occupations (34.8 percent) had the highest unionization rates in 2012. Sales and related occupations (2.9 percent) and farming, fishing, and forestry occupations (3.4 percent) had the lowest unionization rates. (See table 3.) Selected Characteristics of Union Members The union membership rate was higher for men (12.0 percent) than for women (10.5 percent) in 2012. (See table 1.) The gap between their rates has narrowed considerably since 1983, when the rate for men was 24.7 percent and the rate for women was 14.6 percent. In 2012, among major race and ethnicity groups, black workers had a higher union membership rate (13.4 percent) than workers who were white (11.1 percent), Asian (9.6 percent), or Hispanic (9.8 percent). Black men had the highest union membership rate (14.8 percent), while Asian men had the lowest rate (8.9 percent). By age, the union membership rate was highest among workers ages 55 to 64 (14.9 percent). The lowest union membership rate occurred among those ages 16 to 24 (4.2 percent). Full-time workers were about twice as likely as part-time workers to be union members, 12.5 percent compared with 6.0 percent. Union Representation In 2012, 15.9 million wage and salary workers were represented by a union. This group includes both union members (14.4 million) and workers who report no union affiliation but whose jobs are covered by a union contract (1.6 million). (See table 1.) Private- sector employees comprised about half (814,000) of the 1.6 million workers who were covered by a union contract but were not members of a union. (See table 3.) Earnings In 2012, among full-time wage and salary workers, union members had median usual weekly earnings of $943, while those who were not union members had median weekly earnings of $742. In addition to coverage by a collective bargaining agreement, this earnings difference reflects a variety of influences, including variations in the distributions of union members and nonunion employees by occupation, industry, firm size, or geographic region. (See table 2.) Union Membership by State In 2012, 31 states and the District of Columbia had union membership rates below that of the U.S. average, 11.3 percent, while 19 states had higher rates. All states in the Middle Atlantic and Pacific divisions reported union membership rates above the national average, and all states in the East South Central and West South Central divisions had rates below it. Union membership rates declined over the year in 34 states, rose in 14 states and the District of Columbia, and remained unchanged in 2 states. (See table 5.) Eight states had union membership rates below 5.0 percent in 2012. North Carolina had the lowest rate (2.9 percent), followed by Arkansas (3.2 percent) and South Carolina (3.3 percent). Three states had union membership rates over 20.0 percent in 2012: New York (23.2 percent), Alaska (22.4 percent), and Hawaii (21.6 percent). About half of the 14.4 million union members in the U.S. lived in just seven states (California, 2.5 million; New York, 1.8 million; Illinois, 0.8 million; Pennsylvania, 0.7 million; and Michigan, New Jersey, and Ohio, 0.6 million each), though these states accounted for only about one-third of wage and salary employment nationally. State union membership levels depend on both the state wage and salary employment level and the union membership rate. Texas, with a union membership rate of 5.7 percent, had about one-third as many union members as New York, despite having 2.7 million more wage and salary employees. Conversely, North Carolina and Hawaii had comparable numbers of union members (112,000 and 116,000, respectively), though North Carolina's wage and salary employment level (3.8 million) was more than seven times that of Hawaii (537,000).
Technical Note The estimates in this release are obtained from the Current Population Survey (CPS), which provides the basic information on the labor force, employment, and unemployment. The survey is conducted monthly for the Bureau of Labor Statistics by the U.S. Census Bureau from a scientifically selected national sample of about 60,000 eligible house- holds. The union membership and earnings data are tabulated from one-quarter of the CPS monthly sample and are limited to wage and salary workers. All self-employed workers are excluded. The Census Bureau introduces adjustments to the population controls for the CPS as part of its annual update of population estimates. The effect of the revised population controls on the union affiliation data is unknown. However, the effect of the new con- trols on the monthly CPS estimates was to increase the December 2011 employment level by 216,000. The updated controls had little or no effect on unemployment rates and other ratios. Estimated levels, such as the number of union members for 2012, are not strictly comparable with estimated levels for 2011. These adjustments to the levels, however, should have had only negligible effects on union membership rates. Additional information is available on the BLS Web site at www.bls.gov/cps/documentation.htm#pop. Information in this release will be made available to sensory impaired individuals upon request. Voice phone: (202) 691-5200; Federal Relay Service: (800) 877-8339. Reliability of the estimates Statistics based on the CPS are subject to both sampling and nonsampling error. When a sample, rather than the entire population, is surveyed, there is a chance that the sample estimates may differ from the "true" population values they represent. The exact difference, or sampling error, varies depending upon the particular sample selected, and this variability is measured by the standard error of the estimate. There is about a 90-percent chance, or level of confidence, that an estimate based on a sample will differ by no more than 1.6 standard errors from the "true" population value because of sampling error. BLS analyses are generally conducted at the 90-percent level of confidence. The state section of this release preserves the long-time practice of highlighting the direction of the movements in state union membership rates and levels regardless of their statistical significance. The CPS data also are affected by nonsampling error. Nonsampling error can occur for many reasons, including the failure to sample a segment of the population, inability to obtain information for all respondents in the sample, inability or unwillingness of respondents to provide correct information, and errors made in the collection or processing of the data. For a full discussion of the reliability of data from the CPS and information on estimating standard errors, see the Household Data section of the "Explanatory Notes and Estimates of Error" available on the BLS Web site at www.bls.gov/cps/eetech_methods.pdf. Definitions The principal definitions used in this release are described briefly below. Union members. Data refer to members of a labor union or an employee association similar to a union. Represented by unions. Data refer to both union members and workers who report no union affiliation but whose jobs are covered by a union or an employee association contract. Nonunion. Data refer to workers who are neither members of a union nor represented by a union on their job. Usual weekly earnings. Data represent earnings before taxes and other deductions and include any overtime pay, commissions, or tips usually received (at the main job in the case of multiple jobholders). Prior to 1994, respondents were asked how much they usually earned per week. Since January 1994, respondents have been asked to identify the easiest way for them to report earnings (hourly, weekly, biweekly, twice monthly, monthly, annually, other) and how much they usually earn in the reported time period. Earnings reported on a basis other than weekly are converted to a weekly equivalent. The term "usual" is as perceived by the respondent. If the respondent asks for a definition of usual, interviewers are instructed to define the term as more than half of the weeks worked during the past 4 or 5 months. Median earnings. The median is the amount which divides a given earnings distribution into two equal groups, one having earnings above the median and the other having earnings below the median. The estimating procedure places each reported or calculated weekly earnings value into $50-wide intervals which are centered around multiples of $50. The actual value is estimated through the linear interpolation of the interval in which the median lies. Wage and salary workers. Workers who receive wages, salaries, commissions, tips, payment in kind, or piece rates. The group includes employees in both the private and public sectors. Union membership and earnings data exclude all self-employed workers, both those with incorporated businesses as well as those with unincorporated businesses. Full-time workers. Workers who usually work 35 hours or more per week at their sole or principal job. Part-time workers. Workers who usually work fewer than 35 hours per week at their sole or principal job. Hispanic or Latino ethnicity. Refers to persons who identified themselves in the enumeration process as being Spanish, Hispanic, or Latino. Persons whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race.
Characteristic | 2011 | 2012 | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Total employed |
Members of unions(1) |
Represented by unions(2) |
Total employed |
Members of unions(1) |
Represented by unions(2) |
|||||
Total | Percent of employed |
Total | Percent of employed |
Total | Percent of employed |
Total | Percent of employed |
|||
AGE AND SEX |
||||||||||
Total, 16 years and over |
125,187 | 14,764 | 11.8 | 16,290 | 13.0 | 127,577 | 14,366 | 11.3 | 15,922 | 12.5 |
16 to 24 years |
16,910 | 737 | 4.4 | 845 | 5.0 | 17,417 | 731 | 4.2 | 869 | 5.0 |
25 years and over |
108,278 | 14,027 | 13.0 | 15,444 | 14.3 | 110,160 | 13,635 | 12.4 | 15,053 | 13.7 |
25 to 34 years |
28,682 | 2,829 | 9.9 | 3,155 | 11.0 | 28,875 | 2,755 | 9.5 | 3,083 | 10.7 |
35 to 44 years |
27,231 | 3,470 | 12.7 | 3,804 | 14.0 | 27,442 | 3,424 | 12.5 | 3,746 | 13.6 |
45 to 54 years |
28,693 | 4,286 | 14.9 | 4,707 | 16.4 | 28,765 | 4,032 | 14.0 | 4,437 | 15.4 |
55 to 64 years |
18,751 | 2,949 | 15.7 | 3,219 | 17.2 | 19,694 | 2,932 | 14.9 | 3,233 | 16.4 |
65 years and over |
4,920 | 494 | 10.0 | 559 | 11.4 | 5,385 | 491 | 9.1 | 554 | 10.3 |
Men, 16 years and over |
64,686 | 8,006 | 12.4 | 8,731 | 13.5 | 65,898 | 7,895 | 12.0 | 8,611 | 13.1 |
16 to 24 years |
8,636 | 435 | 5.0 | 486 | 5.6 | 8,830 | 448 | 5.1 | 521 | 5.9 |
25 years and over |
56,050 | 7,571 | 13.5 | 8,246 | 14.7 | 57,067 | 7,448 | 13.1 | 8,090 | 14.2 |
25 to 34 years |
15,465 | 1,541 | 10.0 | 1,706 | 11.0 | 15,465 | 1,546 | 10.0 | 1,688 | 10.9 |
35 to 44 years |
14,412 | 1,946 | 13.5 | 2,114 | 14.7 | 14,481 | 1,919 | 13.3 | 2,085 | 14.4 |
45 to 54 years |
14,415 | 2,327 | 16.1 | 2,513 | 17.4 | 14,601 | 2,214 | 15.2 | 2,385 | 16.3 |
55 to 64 years |
9,212 | 1,497 | 16.2 | 1,623 | 17.6 | 9,728 | 1,521 | 15.6 | 1,655 | 17.0 |
65 years and over |
2,547 | 260 | 10.2 | 290 | 11.4 | 2,792 | 248 | 8.9 | 277 | 9.9 |
Women, 16 years and over |
60,502 | 6,758 | 11.2 | 7,558 | 12.5 | 61,679 | 6,470 | 10.5 | 7,311 | 11.9 |
16 to 24 years |
8,274 | 302 | 3.6 | 360 | 4.3 | 8,586 | 283 | 3.3 | 347 | 4.0 |
25 years and over |
52,228 | 6,456 | 12.4 | 7,199 | 13.8 | 53,093 | 6,187 | 11.7 | 6,964 | 13.1 |
25 to 34 years |
13,218 | 1,288 | 9.7 | 1,449 | 11.0 | 13,410 | 1,209 | 9.0 | 1,396 | 10.4 |
35 to 44 years |
12,819 | 1,524 | 11.9 | 1,690 | 13.2 | 12,961 | 1,505 | 11.6 | 1,661 | 12.8 |
45 to 54 years |
14,278 | 1,959 | 13.7 | 2,195 | 15.4 | 14,164 | 1,819 | 12.8 | 2,052 | 14.5 |
55 to 64 years |
9,540 | 1,452 | 15.2 | 1,596 | 16.7 | 9,966 | 1,411 | 14.2 | 1,579 | 15.8 |
65 years and over |
2,373 | 233 | 9.8 | 269 | 11.3 | 2,593 | 244 | 9.4 | 277 | 10.7 |
RACE, HISPANIC OR LATINO ETHNICITY, |
||||||||||
White, 16 years and over |
101,768 | 11,853 | 11.6 | 13,061 | 12.8 | 101,851 | 11,306 | 11.1 | 12,517 | 12.3 |
Men |
53,418 | 6,568 | 12.3 | 7,156 | 13.4 | 53,542 | 6,359 | 11.9 | 6,933 | 12.9 |
Women |
48,351 | 5,285 | 10.9 | 5,905 | 12.2 | 48,309 | 4,947 | 10.2 | 5,584 | 11.6 |
Black or African American, 16 years and over |
14,249 | 1,927 | 13.5 | 2,140 | 15.0 | 14,975 | 2,009 | 13.4 | 2,220 | 14.8 |
Men |
6,440 | 940 | 14.6 | 1,020 | 15.8 | 6,753 | 999 | 14.8 | 1,078 | 16.0 |
Women |
7,808 | 987 | 12.6 | 1,119 | 14.3 | 8,222 | 1,009 | 12.3 | 1,142 | 13.9 |
Asian, 16 years and over |
6,153 | 623 | 10.1 | 690 | 11.2 | 6,953 | 668 | 9.6 | 758 | 10.9 |
Men |
3,269 | 296 | 9.1 | 331 | 10.1 | 3,650 | 323 | 8.9 | 369 | 10.1 |
Women |
2,884 | 327 | 11.4 | 359 | 12.4 | 3,303 | 345 | 10.4 | 388 | 11.8 |
Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 16 years and over |
18,733 | 1,826 | 9.7 | 2,015 | 10.8 | 20,144 | 1,982 | 9.8 | 2,197 | 10.9 |
Men |
10,980 | 1,078 | 9.8 | 1,186 | 10.8 | 11,415 | 1,148 | 10.1 | 1,266 | 11.1 |
Women |
7,754 | 748 | 9.6 | 829 | 10.7 | 8,730 | 834 | 9.6 | 931 | 10.7 |
FULL- OR PART-TIME STATUS(3) |
||||||||||
Full-time workers |
100,457 | 13,177 | 13.1 | 14,487 | 14.4 | 102,749 | 12,847 | 12.5 | 14,173 | 13.8 |
Part-time workers |
24,502 | 1,557 | 6.4 | 1,769 | 7.2 | 24,614 | 1,483 | 6.0 | 1,710 | 6.9 |
Footnotes |
||||||||||
NOTE: Estimates for the above race groups (white, black or African American, and Asian) do not sum to totals because data are not presented for all races. Persons whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race. Data refer to the sole or principal job of full- and part-time wage and salary workers. All self-employed workers are excluded, both those with incorporated businesses as well as those with unincorporated businesses. Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data. |
Characteristic | 2011 | 2012 | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Total | Members of unions(1) |
Represented by unions(2) |
Non- union(3) |
Total | Members of unions(1) |
Represented by unions(2) |
Non- union(3) |
|
AGE AND SEX |
||||||||
Total, 16 years and over |
$756 | $938 | $934 | $729 | $768 | $943 | $933 | $742 |
16 to 24 years |
440 | 552 | 550 | 432 | 444 | 545 | 551 | 434 |
25 years and over |
797 | 954 | 950 | 766 | 815 | 960 | 950 | 786 |
25 to 34 years |
693 | 852 | 848 | 671 | 707 | 871 | 863 | 686 |
35 to 44 years |
837 | 992 | 983 | 805 | 858 | 983 | 974 | 831 |
45 to 54 years |
866 | 988 | 987 | 832 | 878 | 997 | 985 | 850 |
55 to 64 years |
881 | 992 | 992 | 845 | 897 | 1,005 | 997 | 870 |
65 years and over |
742 | 849 | 855 | 728 | 757 | 839 | 832 | 748 |
Men, 16 years and over |
832 | 982 | 981 | 798 | 854 | 997 | 990 | 821 |
16 to 24 years |
455 | 577 | 575 | 447 | 468 | 572 | 576 | 459 |
25 years and over |
886 | 1,000 | 999 | 857 | 910 | 1,015 | 1,010 | 887 |
25 to 34 years |
717 | 876 | 876 | 699 | 738 | 910 | 903 | 718 |
35 to 44 years |
935 | 1,030 | 1,022 | 912 | 957 | 1,035 | 1,029 | 941 |
45 to 54 years |
979 | 1,036 | 1,038 | 964 | 994 | 1,061 | 1,055 | 979 |
55 to 64 years |
997 | 1,062 | 1,066 | 977 | 1,005 | 1,049 | 1,044 | 994 |
65 years and over |
821 | 897 | 910 | 813 | 860 | 911 | 926 | 849 |
Women, 16 years and over |
684 | 879 | 871 | 653 | 691 | 877 | 865 | 663 |
16 to 24 years |
421 | 520 | 518 | 416 | 416 | 510 | 513 | 412 |
25 years and over |
718 | 895 | 888 | 688 | 727 | 891 | 880 | 701 |
25 to 34 years |
662 | 829 | 823 | 637 | 666 | 817 | 809 | 647 |
35 to 44 years |
734 | 936 | 925 | 702 | 747 | 915 | 906 | 722 |
45 to 54 years |
744 | 925 | 922 | 715 | 746 | 913 | 900 | 719 |
55 to 64 years |
749 | 917 | 916 | 724 | 766 | 938 | 918 | 743 |
65 years and over |
664 | 820 | 819 | 645 | 667 | 766 | 735 | 653 |
RACE, HISPANIC OR LATINO ETHNICITY, |
||||||||
White, 16 years and over |
775 | 961 | 956 | 747 | 792 | 973 | 960 | 762 |
Men |
856 | 1,004 | 1,001 | 821 | 879 | 1,025 | 1,017 | 845 |
Women |
703 | 903 | 897 | 670 | 710 | 902 | 890 | 681 |
Black or African American, 16 years and over |
615 | 771 | 768 | 595 | 621 | 784 | 774 | 599 |
Men |
653 | 802 | 803 | 619 | 665 | 819 | 811 | 624 |
Women |
595 | 744 | 741 | 577 | 599 | 755 | 747 | 582 |
Asian, 16 years and over |
866 | 961 | 962 | 846 | 920 | 977 | 986 | 907 |
Men |
970 | 964 | 983 | 969 | 1,055 | 1,010 | 1,022 | 1,062 |
Women |
751 | 959 | 943 | 727 | 770 | 946 | 951 | 747 |
Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 16 years and over |
549 | 811 | 804 | 520 | 568 | 840 | 823 | 530 |
Men |
571 | 859 | 856 | 538 | 592 | 881 | 868 | 563 |
Women |
518 | 743 | 733 | 501 | 521 | 767 | 750 | 503 |
Footnotes |
||||||||
NOTE: Persons whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race. Data refer to the sole or principal job of full-time wage and salary workers. All self-employed workers are excluded, both those with incorporated businesses as well as those with unincorporated businesses. Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data. |
Occupation and industry | 2011 | 2012 | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Total employed |
Members of unions(1) |
Represented by unions(2) |
Total employed |
Members of unions(1) |
Represented by unions(2) |
|||||
Total | Percent of employed |
Total | Percent of employed |
Total | Percent of employed |
Total | Percent of employed |
|||
OCCUPATION |
||||||||||
Management, professional, and related occupations |
45,520 | 5,896 | 13.0 | 6,693 | 14.7 | 46,897 | 5,751 | 12.3 | 6,514 | 13.9 |
Management, business, and financial operations occupations |
17,196 | 851 | 4.9 | 1,039 | 6.0 | 18,153 | 844 | 4.6 | 1,009 | 5.6 |
Management occupations |
11,593 | 538 | 4.6 | 668 | 5.8 | 12,259 | 500 | 4.1 | 610 | 5.0 |
Business and financial operations occupations |
5,603 | 313 | 5.6 | 371 | 6.6 | 5,894 | 344 | 5.8 | 399 | 6.8 |
Professional and related occupations |
28,324 | 5,045 | 17.8 | 5,654 | 20.0 | 28,743 | 4,907 | 17.1 | 5,505 | 19.2 |
Computer and mathematical occupations |
3,438 | 136 | 4.0 | 167 | 4.9 | 3,578 | 134 | 3.7 | 173 | 4.8 |
Architecture and engineering occupations |
2,615 | 191 | 7.3 | 227 | 8.7 | 2,701 | 206 | 7.6 | 240 | 8.9 |
Life, physical, and social science occupations |
1,174 | 139 | 11.8 | 164 | 13.9 | 1,219 | 132 | 10.8 | 150 | 12.3 |
Community and social service occupations |
2,268 | 374 | 16.5 | 418 | 18.4 | 2,239 | 361 | 16.1 | 406 | 18.1 |
Legal occupations |
1,378 | 69 | 5.0 | 93 | 6.7 | 1,428 | 70 | 4.9 | 87 | 6.1 |
Education, training, and library occupations |
8,343 | 3,067 | 36.8 | 3,381 | 40.5 | 8,325 | 2,944 | 35.4 | 3,267 | 39.2 |
Arts, design, entertainment, sports, and media occupations |
1,904 | 132 | 6.9 | 146 | 7.7 | 1,943 | 144 | 7.4 | 159 | 8.2 |
Healthcare practitioner and technical occupations |
7,204 | 938 | 13.0 | 1,058 | 14.7 | 7,309 | 916 | 12.5 | 1,023 | 14.0 |
Service occupations |
22,508 | 2,429 | 10.8 | 2,653 | 11.8 | 23,095 | 2,406 | 10.4 | 2,630 | 11.4 |
Healthcare support occupations |
3,178 | 268 | 8.4 | 297 | 9.3 | 3,340 | 277 | 8.3 | 321 | 9.6 |
Protective service occupations |
3,207 | 1,107 | 34.5 | 1,180 | 36.8 | 3,078 | 1,071 | 34.8 | 1,122 | 36.5 |
Food preparation and serving related occupations |
7,677 | 305 | 4.0 | 351 | 4.6 | 7,966 | 298 | 3.7 | 358 | 4.5 |
Building and grounds cleaning and maintenance occupations |
4,603 | 489 | 10.6 | 532 | 11.6 | 4,729 | 498 | 10.5 | 540 | 11.4 |
Personal care and service occupations |
3,843 | 260 | 6.8 | 294 | 7.6 | 3,983 | 263 | 6.6 | 289 | 7.3 |
Sales and office occupations |
30,580 | 2,114 | 6.9 | 2,362 | 7.7 | 30,685 | 2,070 | 6.7 | 2,357 | 7.7 |
Sales and related occupations |
13,189 | 401 | 3.0 | 455 | 3.4 | 13,366 | 389 | 2.9 | 465 | 3.5 |
Office and administrative support occupations |
17,390 | 1,714 | 9.9 | 1,908 | 11.0 | 17,319 | 1,681 | 9.7 | 1,892 | 10.9 |
Natural resources, construction, and maintenance occupations |
10,955 | 1,838 | 16.8 | 1,959 | 17.9 | 10,863 | 1,775 | 16.3 | 1,876 | 17.3 |
Farming, fishing, and forestry occupations |
940 | 32 | 3.4 | 38 | 4.0 | 949 | 32 | 3.4 | 38 | 4.1 |
Construction and extraction occupations |
5,575 | 1,064 | 19.1 | 1,120 | 20.1 | 5,567 | 1,054 | 18.9 | 1,108 | 19.9 |
Installation, maintenance, and repair occupations |
4,440 | 742 | 16.7 | 801 | 18.0 | 4,347 | 689 | 15.8 | 729 | 16.8 |
Production, transportation, and material moving occupations |
15,625 | 2,487 | 15.9 | 2,622 | 16.8 | 16,038 | 2,365 | 14.7 | 2,546 | 15.9 |
Production occupations |
7,739 | 1,104 | 14.3 | 1,159 | 15.0 | 8,116 | 1,002 | 12.3 | 1,084 | 13.4 |
Transportation and material moving occupations |
7,886 | 1,383 | 17.5 | 1,463 | 18.6 | 7,922 | 1,363 | 17.2 | 1,462 | 18.5 |
INDUSTRY |
||||||||||
Private sector |
104,737 | 7,202 | 6.9 | 7,969 | 7.6 | 107,191 | 7,037 | 6.6 | 7,851 | 7.3 |
Agriculture and related industries |
1,183 | 16 | 1.4 | 21 | 1.8 | 1,172 | 16 | 1.4 | 21 | 1.8 |
Nonagricultural industries |
103,554 | 7,186 | 6.9 | 7,948 | 7.7 | 106,019 | 7,021 | 6.6 | 7,830 | 7.4 |
Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction |
780 | 56 | 7.2 | 61 | 7.8 | 923 | 66 | 7.2 | 72 | 7.7 |
Construction |
6,244 | 874 | 14.0 | 928 | 14.9 | 6,205 | 820 | 13.2 | 850 | 13.7 |
Manufacturing |
13,599 | 1,424 | 10.5 | 1,521 | 11.2 | 13,941 | 1,338 | 9.6 | 1,468 | 10.5 |
Durable goods |
8,530 | 871 | 10.2 | 924 | 10.8 | 8,787 | 830 | 9.4 | 906 | 10.3 |
Nondurable goods |
5,070 | 553 | 10.9 | 596 | 11.8 | 5,154 | 507 | 9.8 | 563 | 10.9 |
Wholesale and retail trade |
18,002 | 859 | 4.8 | 959 | 5.3 | 18,174 | 854 | 4.7 | 960 | 5.3 |
Wholesale trade |
3,419 | 150 | 4.4 | 165 | 4.8 | 3,341 | 169 | 5.1 | 186 | 5.6 |
Retail trade |
14,582 | 709 | 4.9 | 794 | 5.4 | 14,833 | 686 | 4.6 | 774 | 5.2 |
Transportation and utilities |
5,239 | 1,108 | 21.1 | 1,159 | 22.1 | 5,359 | 1,105 | 20.6 | 1,174 | 21.9 |
Transportation and warehousing |
4,355 | 887 | 20.4 | 932 | 21.4 | 4,520 | 898 | 19.9 | 948 | 21.0 |
Utilities |
884 | 221 | 25.0 | 228 | 25.7 | 839 | 207 | 24.7 | 226 | 26.9 |
Information(3) |
2,756 | 279 | 10.1 | 298 | 10.8 | 2,575 | 251 | 9.7 | 273 | 10.6 |
Publishing, except Internet |
554 | 25 | 4.5 | 26 | 4.7 | 548 | 20 | 3.7 | 24 | 4.3 |
Motion pictures and sound recording industries |
337 | 47 | 13.8 | 48 | 14.1 | 293 | 33 | 11.4 | 36 | 12.2 |
Radio and television broadcasting and cable subscription programming |
576 | 34 | 5.9 | 40 | 7.0 | 546 | 37 | 6.7 | 42 | 7.6 |
Telecommunications |
1,064 | 166 | 15.6 | 175 | 16.4 | 956 | 149 | 15.6 | 160 | 16.8 |
Financial activities |
8,086 | 132 | 1.6 | 165 | 2.0 | 8,196 | 156 | 1.9 | 203 | 2.5 |
Finance and insurance |
6,111 | 64 | 1.1 | 86 | 1.4 | 6,195 | 73 | 1.2 | 102 | 1.7 |
Finance |
3,932 | 37 | 1.0 | 53 | 1.3 | 4,054 | 45 | 1.1 | 62 | 1.5 |
Insurance |
2,179 | 27 | 1.2 | 33 | 1.5 | 2,141 | 28 | 1.3 | 40 | 1.9 |
Real estate and rental and leasing |
1,976 | 67 | 3.4 | 79 | 4.0 | 2,001 | 83 | 4.1 | 101 | 5.0 |
Professional and business services |
12,171 | 250 | 2.1 | 322 | 2.6 | 12,726 | 310 | 2.4 | 388 | 3.0 |
Professional and technical services |
7,244 | 90 | 1.2 | 131 | 1.8 | 7,630 | 93 | 1.2 | 140 | 1.8 |
Management, administrative, and waste services |
4,927 | 160 | 3.3 | 191 | 3.9 | 5,096 | 217 | 4.3 | 248 | 4.9 |
Education and health services |
19,855 | 1,715 | 8.6 | 1,982 | 10.0 | 20,394 | 1,658 | 8.1 | 1,891 | 9.3 |
Educational services |
4,020 | 523 | 13.0 | 621 | 15.5 | 4,190 | 520 | 12.4 | 592 | 14.1 |
Health care and social assistance |
15,835 | 1,192 | 7.5 | 1,361 | 8.6 | 16,204 | 1,138 | 7.0 | 1,299 | 8.0 |
Leisure and hospitality |
11,355 | 305 | 2.7 | 344 | 3.0 | 11,775 | 321 | 2.7 | 377 | 3.2 |
Arts, entertainment, and recreation |
2,107 | 111 | 5.3 | 121 | 5.7 | 2,127 | 136 | 6.4 | 148 | 7.0 |
Accommodation and food services |
9,247 | 194 | 2.1 | 224 | 2.4 | 9,648 | 185 | 1.9 | 229 | 2.4 |
Accommodation |
1,350 | 96 | 7.1 | 105 | 7.8 | 1,354 | 89 | 6.5 | 101 | 7.5 |
Food services and drinking places |
7,898 | 98 | 1.2 | 119 | 1.5 | 8,295 | 97 | 1.2 | 128 | 1.5 |
Other services(3) |
5,467 | 184 | 3.4 | 209 | 3.8 | 5,750 | 143 | 2.5 | 174 | 3.0 |
Other services, except private households |
4,723 | 167 | 3.5 | 189 | 4.0 | 5,028 | 133 | 2.6 | 163 | 3.2 |
Public sector |
20,450 | 7,562 | 37.0 | 8,321 | 40.7 | 20,385 | 7,328 | 35.9 | 8,072 | 39.6 |
Federal government |
3,568 | 1,004 | 28.1 | 1,185 | 33.2 | 3,552 | 956 | 26.9 | 1,114 | 31.4 |
State government |
6,261 | 1,973 | 31.5 | 2,189 | 35.0 | 6,279 | 1,968 | 31.3 | 2,190 | 34.9 |
Local government |
10,621 | 4,586 | 43.2 | 4,947 | 46.6 | 10,554 | 4,404 | 41.7 | 4,768 | 45.2 |
Footnotes |
||||||||||
NOTE: Data refer to the sole or principal job of full- and part-time wage and salary workers. All self-employed workers are excluded, both those with incorporated businesses as well as those with unincorporated businesses. Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data. Effective with January 2011 data, occupations reflect the introduction of the 2010 Census occupational classification system into the Current Population Survey, or household survey. This classification system is derived from the 2010 Standard Occupational Classification (SOC). No historical data have been revised. |
Occupation and industry | 2011 | 2012 | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Total | Members of unions(1) |
Represented by unions(2) |
Non- union(3) |
Total | Members of unions(1) |
Represented by unions(2) |
Non- union(3) |
|
OCCUPATION |
||||||||
Management, professional, and related occupations |
$1,082 | $1,090 | $1,082 | $1,082 | $1,108 | $1,108 | $1,092 | $1,111 |
Management, business, and financial operations occupations |
1,160 | 1,169 | 1,171 | 1,159 | 1,171 | 1,159 | 1,161 | 1,172 |
Management occupations |
1,237 | 1,287 | 1,300 | 1,232 | 1,248 | 1,261 | 1,274 | 1,247 |
Business and financial operations occupations |
1,038 | 999 | 999 | 1,042 | 1,058 | 1,060 | 1,024 | 1,060 |
Professional and related occupations |
1,029 | 1,074 | 1,064 | 1,017 | 1,053 | 1,098 | 1,077 | 1,046 |
Computer and mathematical occupations |
1,305 | 1,156 | 1,169 | 1,324 | 1,349 | 1,157 | 1,158 | 1,359 |
Architecture and engineering occupations |
1,315 | 1,304 | 1,325 | 1,314 | 1,337 | 1,368 | 1,350 | 1,335 |
Life, physical, and social science occupations |
1,108 | 1,229 | 1,218 | 1,085 | 1,134 | 1,209 | 1,177 | 1,127 |
Community and social service occupations |
813 | 993 | 1,000 | 771 | 838 | 1,007 | 1,003 | 783 |
Legal occupations |
1,277 | 1,222 | 1,376 | 1,273 | 1,328 | 1,174 | 1,173 | 1,342 |
Education, training, and library occupations |
919 | 1,038 | 1,020 | 814 | 915 | 1,050 | 1,028 | 814 |
Arts, design, entertainment, sports, and media occupations |
929 | 1,179 | 1,152 | 910 | 969 | 1,107 | 1,097 | 957 |
Healthcare practitioner and technical occupations |
995 | 1,132 | 1,125 | 975 | 1,028 | 1,151 | 1,142 | 1,010 |
Service occupations |
486 | 742 | 732 | 455 | 485 | 754 | 735 | 458 |
Healthcare support occupations |
487 | 519 | 518 | 484 | 482 | 527 | 522 | 477 |
Protective service occupations |
757 | 1,008 | 1,004 | 627 | 791 | 1,071 | 1,056 | 649 |
Food preparation and serving related occupations |
409 | 504 | 500 | 405 | 410 | 509 | 505 | 405 |
Building and grounds cleaning and maintenance occupations |
465 | 635 | 626 | 431 | 465 | 621 | 614 | 440 |
Personal care and service occupations |
453 | 534 | 527 | 444 | 468 | 524 | 515 | 462 |
Sales and office occupations |
638 | 775 | 771 | 624 | 655 | 789 | 776 | 642 |
Sales and related occupations |
670 | 660 | 669 | 670 | 689 | 689 | 668 | 691 |
Office and administrative support occupations |
623 | 803 | 791 | 608 | 643 | 808 | 796 | 624 |
Natural resources, construction, and maintenance occupations |
732 | 1,016 | 1,008 | 676 | 740 | 1,026 | 1,018 | 688 |
Farming, fishing, and forestry occupations |
430 | - | - | 426 | 435 | - | - | 430 |
Construction and extraction occupations |
717 | 1,017 | 1,010 | 647 | 740 | 1,040 | 1,026 | 682 |
Installation, maintenance, and repair occupations |
806 | 1,036 | 1,021 | 767 | 808 | 1,032 | 1,021 | 768 |
Production, transportation, and material moving occupations |
609 | 798 | 794 | 582 | 624 | 823 | 811 | 597 |
Production occupations |
605 | 781 | 778 | 583 | 627 | 816 | 807 | 605 |
Transportation and material moving occupations |
614 | 813 | 808 | 580 | 621 | 833 | 816 | 586 |
INDUSTRY |
||||||||
Private sector |
729 | 878 | 875 | 716 | 742 | 887 | 877 | 731 |
Agriculture and related industries |
483 | - | - | 481 | 470 | - | - | 469 |
Nonagricultural industries |
732 | 879 | 875 | 721 | 746 | 888 | 878 | 735 |
Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction |
1,064 | 1,030 | 1,005 | 1,069 | 1,112 | 1,119 | 1,112 | 1,113 |
Construction |
746 | 1,059 | 1,037 | 698 | 768 | 1,086 | 1,069 | 722 |
Manufacturing |
787 | 836 | 835 | 780 | 797 | 872 | 863 | 786 |
Durable goods |
818 | 889 | 887 | 809 | 827 | 891 | 884 | 819 |
Nondurable goods |
737 | 771 | 771 | 729 | 737 | 827 | 817 | 722 |
Wholesale and retail trade |
613 | 622 | 622 | 612 | 630 | 650 | 637 | 629 |
Wholesale trade |
759 | 798 | 773 | 758 | 821 | 821 | 801 | 823 |
Retail trade |
578 | 591 | 592 | 577 | 592 | 609 | 598 | 592 |
Transportation and utilities |
805 | 987 | 985 | 762 | 828 | 998 | 989 | 789 |
Transportation and warehousing |
763 | 941 | 939 | 726 | 778 | 948 | 934 | 746 |
Utilities |
1,081 | 1,132 | 1,132 | 1,027 | 1,132 | 1,216 | 1,204 | 1,086 |
Information(4) |
940 | 1,122 | 1,117 | 916 | 978 | 1,103 | 1,087 | 966 |
Publishing, except Internet |
910 | - | - | 902 | 934 | - | - | 921 |
Motion pictures and sound recording industries |
965 | - | - | 926 | 854 | - | - | 798 |
Radio and television broadcasting and cable subscription programming |
834 | - | - | 834 | 890 | - | - | 903 |
Telecommunications |
987 | 1,113 | 1,109 | 950 | 1,064 | 1,162 | 1,163 | 1,039 |
Financial activities |
866 | 824 | 822 | 866 | 889 | 795 | 779 | 893 |
Finance and insurance |
907 | 819 | 826 | 908 | 941 | 852 | 831 | 944 |
Finance |
910 | - | 820 | 911 | 952 | - | 762 | 955 |
Insurance |
899 | - | - | 900 | 922 | - | - | 924 |
Real estate and rental and leasing |
736 | 836 | 815 | 734 | 731 | 773 | 759 | 727 |
Professional and business services |
880 | 872 | 883 | 880 | 910 | 826 | 843 | 912 |
Professional and technical services |
1,149 | 1,193 | 1,211 | 1,149 | 1,165 | 1,183 | 1,133 | 1,165 |
Management, administrative, and waste services |
569 | 706 | 693 | 562 | 582 | 699 | 708 | 577 |
Education and health services |
$736 | $870 | $878 | $722 | $748 | $879 | $876 | $736 |
Educational services |
858 | 938 | 942 | 833 | 864 | 918 | 922 | 844 |
Health care and social assistance |
706 | 801 | 809 | 697 | 720 | 835 | 824 | 711 |
Leisure and hospitality |
479 | 607 | 605 | 473 | 481 | 611 | 604 | 475 |
Arts, entertainment, and recreation |
612 | 632 | 625 | 611 | 641 | 675 | 668 | 640 |
Accommodation and food services |
447 | 594 | 594 | 441 | 445 | 596 | 588 | 438 |
Accommodation |
515 | 598 | 596 | 508 | 542 | 613 | 609 | 527 |
Food services and drinking places |
427 | 585 | 592 | 424 | 421 | 536 | 534 | 419 |
Other services(4) |
626 | 917 | 901 | 619 | 622 | 807 | 763 | 618 |
Other services, except private households |
654 | 960 | 919 | 643 | 649 | 828 | 774 | 645 |
Public sector |
895 | 981 | 977 | 810 | 898 | 990 | 980 | 829 |
Federal government |
1,063 | 1,038 | 1,043 | 1,092 | 1,072 | 1,035 | 1,045 | 1,113 |
State government |
852 | 956 | 946 | 785 | 854 | 948 | 933 | 794 |
Local government |
861 | 973 | 967 | 743 | 866 | 989 | 975 | 756 |
Footnotes |
||||||||
- Data not shown where base is less than 50,000. |
State | 2011 | 2012 | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Total employed |
Members of unions(1) |
Represented by unions(2) |
Total employed |
Members of unions(1) |
Represented by unions(2) |
|||||
Total | Percent of employed |
Total | Percent of employed |
Total | Percent of employed |
Total | Percent of employed |
|||
Alabama |
1,781 | 178 | 10.0 | 193 | 10.8 | 1,807 | 166 | 9.2 | 190 | 10.5 |
Alaska |
306 | 68 | 22.1 | 73 | 23.7 | 298 | 67 | 22.4 | 71 | 23.9 |
Arizona |
2,493 | 149 | 6.0 | 183 | 7.3 | 2,434 | 125 | 5.1 | 159 | 6.5 |
Arkansas |
1,116 | 47 | 4.2 | 57 | 5.1 | 1,157 | 37 | 3.2 | 43 | 3.7 |
California |
13,931 | 2,379 | 17.1 | 2,532 | 18.2 | 14,483 | 2,489 | 17.2 | 2,666 | 18.4 |
Colorado |
2,186 | 179 | 8.2 | 203 | 9.3 | 2,165 | 169 | 7.8 | 190 | 8.8 |
Connecticut |
1,542 | 259 | 16.8 | 272 | 17.7 | 1,541 | 216 | 14.0 | 232 | 15.1 |
Delaware |
370 | 39 | 10.5 | 42 | 11.2 | 377 | 39 | 10.4 | 44 | 11.8 |
District of Columbia |
281 | 23 | 8.3 | 28 | 9.9 | 309 | 27 | 8.6 | 32 | 10.3 |
Florida |
7,283 | 460 | 6.3 | 557 | 7.6 | 7,602 | 440 | 5.8 | 555 | 7.3 |
Georgia |
3,876 | 153 | 3.9 | 185 | 4.8 | 3,914 | 171 | 4.4 | 210 | 5.4 |
Hawaii |
525 | 113 | 21.5 | 118 | 22.5 | 537 | 116 | 21.6 | 124 | 23.2 |
Idaho |
594 | 31 | 5.1 | 36 | 6.1 | 613 | 29 | 4.8 | 36 | 5.8 |
Illinois |
5,408 | 876 | 16.2 | 929 | 17.2 | 5,486 | 801 | 14.6 | 852 | 15.5 |
Indiana |
2,681 | 302 | 11.3 | 333 | 12.4 | 2,702 | 246 | 9.1 | 269 | 10.0 |
Iowa |
1,386 | 155 | 11.2 | 187 | 13.5 | 1,390 | 145 | 10.4 | 172 | 12.4 |
Kansas |
1,268 | 97 | 7.6 | 128 | 10.1 | 1,248 | 85 | 6.8 | 105 | 8.4 |
Kentucky |
1,678 | 150 | 8.9 | 173 | 10.3 | 1,742 | 174 | 10.0 | 198 | 11.4 |
Louisiana |
1,717 | 77 | 4.5 | 91 | 5.3 | 1,733 | 107 | 6.2 | 130 | 7.5 |
Maine |
554 | 63 | 11.3 | 74 | 13.4 | 559 | 64 | 11.5 | 78 | 13.9 |
Maryland |
2,549 | 316 | 12.4 | 348 | 13.7 | 2,636 | 280 | 10.6 | 325 | 12.3 |
Massachusetts |
2,882 | 422 | 14.6 | 445 | 15.4 | 2,896 | 417 | 14.4 | 470 | 16.2 |
Michigan |
3,838 | 671 | 17.5 | 703 | 18.3 | 3,785 | 629 | 16.6 | 648 | 17.1 |
Minnesota |
2,461 | 371 | 15.1 | 390 | 15.8 | 2,465 | 351 | 14.2 | 368 | 14.9 |
Mississippi |
1,081 | 54 | 5.0 | 73 | 6.8 | 1,113 | 48 | 4.3 | 64 | 5.7 |
Missouri |
2,531 | 275 | 10.9 | 316 | 12.5 | 2,507 | 224 | 8.9 | 253 | 10.1 |
Montana |
377 | 49 | 13.0 | 55 | 14.6 | 392 | 54 | 13.9 | 65 | 16.5 |
Nebraska |
828 | 65 | 7.9 | 83 | 10.0 | 864 | 52 | 6.0 | 70 | 8.1 |
Nevada |
1,050 | 154 | 14.6 | 175 | 16.6 | 1,101 | 162 | 14.7 | 181 | 16.4 |
New Hampshire |
617 | 68 | 11.1 | 77 | 12.5 | 621 | 65 | 10.5 | 74 | 12.0 |
New Jersey |
3,816 | 615 | 16.1 | 641 | 16.8 | 3,796 | 611 | 16.1 | 636 | 16.8 |
New Mexico |
726 | 49 | 6.8 | 65 | 9.0 | 780 | 50 | 6.5 | 68 | 8.7 |
New York |
7,920 | 1,906 | 24.1 | 2,068 | 26.1 | 7,936 | 1,841 | 23.2 | 1,975 | 24.9 |
North Carolina |
3,589 | 105 | 2.9 | 149 | 4.1 | 3,805 | 112 | 2.9 | 162 | 4.3 |
North Dakota |
318 | 20 | 6.3 | 27 | 8.6 | 329 | 20 | 6.1 | 27 | 8.2 |
Ohio |
4,813 | 647 | 13.4 | 706 | 14.7 | 4,800 | 604 | 12.6 | 665 | 13.9 |
Oklahoma |
1,458 | 94 | 6.4 | 113 | 7.7 | 1,531 | 115 | 7.5 | 140 | 9.1 |
Oregon |
1,574 | 270 | 17.1 | 286 | 18.1 | 1,526 | 240 | 15.7 | 250 | 16.4 |
Pennsylvania |
5,348 | 779 | 14.6 | 846 | 15.8 | 5,452 | 734 | 13.5 | 787 | 14.4 |
Rhode Island |
453 | 79 | 17.4 | 81 | 17.9 | 455 | 81 | 17.8 | 84 | 18.4 |
South Carolina |
1,726 | 59 | 3.4 | 86 | 5.0 | 1,773 | 58 | 3.3 | 82 | 4.6 |
South Dakota |
359 | 18 | 5.1 | 23 | 6.5 | 351 | 20 | 5.6 | 24 | 6.7 |
Tennessee |
2,504 | 115 | 4.6 | 139 | 5.6 | 2,586 | 124 | 4.8 | 152 | 5.9 |
Texas |
10,214 | 534 | 5.2 | 643 | 6.3 | 10,590 | 599 | 5.7 | 721 | 6.8 |
Utah |
1,150 | 67 | 5.8 | 82 | 7.1 | 1,179 | 61 | 5.2 | 77 | 6.6 |
Vermont |
290 | 35 | 12.0 | 39 | 13.5 | 288 | 31 | 10.7 | 38 | 13.1 |
Virginia |
3,550 | 163 | 4.6 | 198 | 5.6 | 3,592 | 159 | 4.4 | 197 | 5.5 |
Washington |
2,727 | 517 | 19.0 | 557 | 20.4 | 2,776 | 513 | 18.5 | 541 | 19.5 |
West Virginia |
672 | 93 | 13.8 | 102 | 15.2 | 697 | 84 | 12.1 | 91 | 13.1 |
Wisconsin |
2,538 | 339 | 13.3 | 358 | 14.1 | 2,605 | 293 | 11.2 | 312 | 12.0 |
Wyoming |
250 | 18 | 7.2 | 21 | 8.4 | 252 | 17 | 6.7 | 20 | 8.1 |
Footnotes |
||||||||||
NOTE: Data refer to the sole or principal job of full- and part-time wage and salary workers. All self-employed workers are excluded, both those with incorporated businesses as well as those with unincorporated businesses. Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data. |