For release 10:00 a.m. (EDT) Thursday, March 21, 2019                   	USDL-19-0451

Technical information:  (202) 691-6378  *  cpsinfo@bls.gov  *  www.bls.gov/cps
Media contact:          (202) 691-5902  *  PressOffice@bls.gov


                      EMPLOYMENT SITUATION OF VETERANS -- 2018


The unemployment rate for veterans who served on active duty in the U.S. Armed Forces 
at any time since September 2001--a group referred to as Gulf War-era II veterans--declined 
to 3.8 percent in 2018, the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics reported today. The jobless 
rate for all veterans was little changed at 3.5 percent in 2018. In August 2018, 41 
percent of Gulf War-era II veterans had a service-connected disability, compared with 25 
percent of all veterans. 

This information was obtained from the Current Population Survey (CPS), a monthly sample 
survey of about 60,000 eligible households that provides data on employment and unemployment 
in the United States. Data about veterans are collected monthly in the CPS; these monthly 
data are the source of the 2018 annual averages presented in this news release. In August 
2018, a supplement to the CPS collected additional information about veterans on topics such 
as service-connected disability and veterans' current or past Reserve or National Guard 
membership. Information from the supplement is also presented in this news release. The
supplement was co-sponsored by the U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs and the U.S. Department
of Labor's Veterans' Employment and Training Service. For more information, see the Technical 
Note, which provides definitions of terms used in this news release.

Highlights from the 2018 data:

  --The unemployment rate for female veterans declined to 3.0 percent in 2018, and the 
    rate for male veterans (3.5 percent) changed little over the year. The unemployment 
    rate for male veterans was not statistically different from the rate for female 
    veterans. (See table A.)

  --Among the 326,000 unemployed veterans in 2018, 54 percent were age 25 to 54, 40 
    percent were age 55 and over, and 6 percent were age 18 to 24. (See table 2A.)

  --Veterans with a service-connected disability had an unemployment rate of 5.2 percent 
    in August 2018, higher than the rate for veterans with no disability (3.5 percent). 
    (See table 7.)

  --About 1 in 3 employed veterans with a service-connected disability worked in the 
    public sector in August 2018, compared with about 1 in 5 veterans with no disability. 
    (See table 8.)

  --In 2018, the unemployment rate of veterans varied across the country, ranging from 
    1.4 percent in Iowa to 6.5 percent in the District of Columbia. (See table 6A.) 

The Veteran Population

In 2018, 19.2 million men and women were veterans, accounting for about 8 percent of the civilian 
noninstitutional population age 18 and over. About 10 percent of all veterans were women. In the 
survey, veterans are defined as men and women who have previously served on active duty in the U.S. 
Armed Forces and who were civilians at the time these data were collected. Veterans are more likely 
to be men than are nonveterans, and they also tend to be older. In part, this reflects the 
characteristics of veterans who served during World War II, the Korean War, and the Vietnam era, 
all of whom are now over 60 years old. Veterans who served during these wartime periods accounted 
for 40 percent (7.6 million) of the total veteran population in 2018. Thirty-eight percent of veterans 
(7.2 million) served during Gulf War era I (August 1990 to August 2001) or Gulf War era II 
(September 2001 forward). About a quarter (4.3 million) served outside the designated wartime periods. 
(See tables 1 and 2A.)

Gulf War-era II Veterans

In 2018, there were 4.1 million veterans who had served during Gulf War era II (September 2001 forward). 
Seventeen percent of these veterans were women, compared with 3 percent of veterans from World War II, 
the Korean War, and the Vietnam era. Nearly seventy percent of all Gulf War-era II veterans were between 
the ages of 25 and 44. (See tables 1 and 2A.)

Among Gulf War-era II veterans, the unemployment rate for women declined to 3.5 percent in 2018, while 
the unemployment rate for men (3.9 percent) changed little over the year. The unemployment rate for men 
was not statistically different from the rate for women in 2018. (See table A.)

In 2018, the unemployment rate for male Gulf War-era II veterans, at 3.9 percent, was little different 
than the rate for male nonveterans, at 3.8 percent. The unemployment rate for male Gulf War-era II 
veterans age 25 to 34 declined to 4.1 percent in 2018 from 6.0 percent in 2017. This was little different 
from the rate for nonveterans in the same age group (3.8 percent). Among men age 55 to 64, Gulf War-era 
II veterans had a lower unemployment rate (1.4 percent) than did nonveterans (3.0 percent). (See table 2B.)

Among women, the unemployment rate for Gulf War-era II veterans (3.5 percent) was little different than the 
rate for nonveterans (3.7 percent) in 2018. By age, unemployment rates for female veterans and nonveterans 
were also little different. (See table 2C.)

Employed Gulf War-era II veterans were twice as likely to work in the public sector in 2018 as employed 
nonveterans--26 percent and 13 percent, respectively. Among the employed, 14 percent of Gulf War-era II 
veterans worked for the federal government, compared with 2 percent of nonveterans. (See table 5.) 

In August 2018, 45 percent of Gulf War-era II veterans reported serving in Iraq, Afghanistan, or both 
locations. These veterans had an unemployment rate of 5.7 percent, higher than the rate for Gulf War-era 
II veterans who served elsewhere (3.2 percent). (See table 10.)

Gulf War-era I Veterans

Of the 3.1 million veterans who served during Gulf War era I (August 1990 to August 2001), the proportion 
who were women (16 percent in 2018) was similar to that of Gulf War-era II veterans (17 percent). All Gulf 
War-era I veterans were age 35 and over in 2018, compared with 54 percent of Gulf War-era II veterans. 
(See tables 1 and 2A.)

In 2018, the unemployment rates for male and female Gulf War-era I veterans were little different at 2.9 
percent and 2.1 percent, respectively. The rate for male Gulf War-era I veterans was lower than that of 
their Gulf War-era II counterparts (3.9 percent). Rates for female veterans of Gulf War eras I and II were 
little different. (See tables 2B and 2C.) 

Veterans of Other Service Periods

In 2018, 4.3 million veterans had served on active duty during "other service periods," mainly between the 
Korean War and the Vietnam era and between the Vietnam era and Gulf War era I. All veterans from this period 
of service were 45 years or older at the time of the survey. Sixteen percent of these veterans were age 45 
to 54 in 2018, another 45 percent were age 55 to 64, and another 39 percent were age 65 and over. 
(See table 2A.)

In 2018, about 1 in 10 veterans of other service periods were women. Among veterans of other service 
periods, the unemployment rate for men (3.5 percent) was nearly the same as the rate for women 
(3.6 percent). (See table 1.)

Veterans with a Service-connected Disability

In August 2018, 4.7 million veterans, or 25 percent of the total, had a service-connected disability. 
Veterans with a service-connected disability are assigned a disability rating by the U.S. Department of 
Veterans Affairs or the U.S. Department of Defense. Ratings range from 0 to 100 percent, in increments 
of 10 percentage points, depending on the severity of the condition. (See table 7.)

The unemployment rate for veterans with a service-connected disability was 5.2 percent in August 2018, 
higher than the rate for veterans with no disability (3.5 percent). The labor force participation rate 
for veterans with a service-connected disability (48.0 percent) was little different than the rate for 
veterans with no disability (48.7 percent). 

Among veterans with a service-connected disability, 29 percent reported a disability rating of less than 
30 percent, while another 41 percent had a rating of 60 percent or higher. In August 2018, veterans with 
a service-connected disability rating of less than 30 percent were much more likely to be in the labor 
force than those with a rating of 60 percent or higher (56.3 percent and 40.0 percent, respectively). 
The unemployment rate for veterans with a disability rating of less than 30 percent was 4.2 percent, not 
statistically different than for those with a disability rating of 60 percent or higher (6.1 percent).

Among veterans who served during Gulf War era II, 41 percent (1.7 million) reported a service-connected 
disability in August 2018. Nearly half of these veterans had a service-connected disability of 60 
percent or higher. In August 2018, 73.5 percent of all Gulf War-era II veterans with a service-connected 
disability were in the labor force, lower than the 85.8 percent for veterans from this period with no 
service-connected disability. Among Gulf War-era II veterans, the unemployment rate for those with a 
service-connected disability was 5.3 percent, not statistically different from those with no disability 
(3.3 percent).

In August 2018, 27 percent (843,000) of veterans who served during Gulf War era I reported a 
service-connected disability. Their labor force participation rate (67.9 percent) was lower than 
the rate for veterans who did not have a disability (85.4 percent). The unemployment rate for Gulf 
War-era I veterans with a service-connected disability (4.5 percent) was not statistically different 
than that for Gulf War-era I veterans without a service-connected disability (3.3 percent). 

Among the 1.6 million veterans with a service-connected disability from World War II, the Korean War, 
and the Vietnam era, 12.6 percent were in the labor force in August 2018, lower than the 20.7 percent 
of veterans from these periods who did not have a service-connected disability. The unemployment rate 
of veterans from these wartime periods with a service-connected disability was 1.2 percent, lower than 
their counterparts with no disability (5.1 percent).

Fourteen percent (614,000) of veterans who served during other service periods reported a service-connected 
disability in August 2018. The labor force participation rate of these veterans (40.3 percent) was lower 
than their counterparts without a service-connected disability (48.4 percent). The unemployment rate 
was higher for veterans with a service-connected disability (9.7 percent) than those with no disability 
(2.9 percent). 

Regardless of period of service, many veterans with a service-connected disability worked in the public 
sector. In August 2018, 32 percent of employed veterans with a disability worked in federal, state, or 
local government, compared with 18 percent of veterans with no disability and 13 percent of nonveterans. 
Twenty-two percent of employed veterans with a disability worked for the federal government, compared 
with 8 percent of veterans with no disability and 2 percent of nonveterans. (See table 8.) 

Reserve and National Guard Membership

In August 2018, one-third of Gulf War-era veterans (August 1990 forward) were current or past members 
of the Reserve or National Guard. The labor force participation rate was higher for veterans who were 
current or past members of the Reserve or National Guard (82.9 percent) than for veterans who were never 
members (79.5 percent). Among Gulf War-era veterans, those who were current or past members of the Reserve 
or National Guard had an unemployment rate (3.4 percent) that was not statistically different than those 
who had never been members (4.1 percent). (See table 9.)

Table A. Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population 18 years and over by veteran status, period of service, and sex, 2017-2018 annual averages [Numbers in thousands]

Veteran status and period of service	2017			2018
	Total	Men	Women	Total	Men	Women
TOTAL VETERANS
Civilian noninstitutional population	20,387	18,387	2,000	19,201	17,335	1,866
Civilian labor force	10,125	8,934	1,191	9,453	8,320	1,133
Participation rate	49.7	48.6	59.6	49.2	48.0	60.7
Employed	9,755	8,613	1,142	9,127	8,027	1,099
Employment-population ratio	47.8	46.8	57.1	47.5	46.3	58.9
Unemployed	370	321	49	326	292	34
Unemployment rate	3.7	3.6	4.1	3.5	3.5	3.0
Not in labor force	10,262	9,454	808	9,748	9,015	732
Gulf War-era II veterans
Civilian noninstitutional population	4,116	3,400	716	4,149	3,444	704
Civilian labor force	3,318	2,819	498	3,358	2,853	505
Participation rate	80.6	82.9	69.6	80.9	82.8	71.7
Employed	3,169	2,698	471	3,229	2,742	487
Employment-population ratio	77.0	79.4	65.7	77.8	79.6	69.1
Unemployed	149	121	28	129	111	18
Unemployment rate	4.5	4.3	5.5	3.8	3.9	3.5
Not in labor force	798	580	218	791	592	200
NONVETERANS
Civilian noninstitutional population	225,619	100,301	125,318	229,673	102,817	126,857
Civilian labor force	147,957	75,154	72,803	150,489	76,774	73,715
Participation rate	65.6	74.9	58.1	65.5	74.7	58.1
Employed	141,692	71,907	69,785	144,797	73,824	70,972
Employment-population ratio	62.8	71.7	55.7	63.0	71.8	55.9
Unemployed	6,265	3,248	3,018	5,693	2,950	2,743
Unemployment rate	4.2	4.3	4.1	3.8	3.8	3.7
Not in labor force	77,662	25,147	52,515	79,184	26,043	53,141
NOTE: Veterans are men and women who served on active duty in the U.S. Armed Forces and were not on active duty at the time of the survey. Gulf War-era II veterans served on active duty anywhere in the world sometime since September 2001. Nonveterans never served on active duty in the U.S. Armed Forces. Effective with data for November 2017, estimates for veterans incorporate population controls derived from an updated Department of Veterans Affairs� population model.

Technical Note

   The data in this release were collected through the Current Population Survey
(CPS). The CPS--a monthly survey of about 60,000 eligible households conducted by
the U.S. Census Bureau for the Bureau of Labor Statistics--obtains information
on employment and unemployment among the nation's civilian noninstitutional
population age 16 and over.

   Most of the data in this release are annual averages, compiled from the
results of the monthly survey. In August, a supplement to the CPS collected
additional information about veterans on topics such as service-connected disability,
veterans' Reserve or National Guard status, and veterans who served in Iraq and/or
Afghanistan. The supplement was co-sponsored by the U.S. Department of Veterans
Affairs and by the U.S. Department of Labor's Veterans' Employment and Training
Service. Questions were asked of persons 17 years of age and older regarding their
prior service in the U.S. Armed Forces. Data are tabulated for persons 18 years of
age and older.

   Information in this release will be made available to sensory impaired individuals
upon request. Voice phone: (202) 691-5200; Federal Relay Service: (800) 877-8339.

Definitions

   The definitions underlying the data in this release are as follows:

   Veterans are men and women who previously served on active duty in the U.S.
Armed Forces and who were civilians at the time they were surveyed. Members of
the Reserve and National Guard are counted as veterans if they had ever been
called  to active duty. Persons who are on active duty at the time of the survey
are outside the scope of the survey and thus not in the estimates shown here, as
are persons who reside in institutions, such as nursing homes and prisons.

   Nonveterans are men and women who never served on active duty in the U.S.
Armed Forces.

   World War II, Korean War, Vietnam-era, and Gulf War-era veterans are men and
women who served in the U.S. Armed Forces during these periods of service,
regardless of where in the world they served. Veterans who served in more than
one wartime period are classified in the most recent one.

   Veterans of other service periods are men and women who served in the U.S. Armed
Forces at any time other than World War II, the Korean War, the Vietnam era, or
the Gulf War era. Although U.S. Armed Forces were engaged in several armed conflicts
during other service periods, these conflicts were more limited in scope and included
a smaller proportion of the Armed Forces than the selected wartime periods. Veterans
who served during one of the selected wartime periods and during another period are
classified in the wartime period.

   Veteran status is obtained from responses to the question, "Did you ever serve
on active duty in the U.S. Armed Forces?"

   Period of service identifies when a veteran served in the Armed Forces, but 
not the location of their service. It is obtained from answers to the question 
asked of veterans, "When did you serve on active duty in the  U.S. Armed Forces?"

   The following service periods are identified:

      Gulf War era II -- September 2001-present
      Gulf War era I  -- August 1990-August 2001
      Vietnam era     -- August 1964-April 1975
      Korean War      -- July 1950-January 1955
      World War II    -- December 1941-December 1946
      Other service periods -- All other time periods

   Veterans could have served anywhere in the world during these periods of service.
Veterans are counted only in one period of service, their most recent wartime period.
Veterans who served in more than one wartime period are classified in the most recent
one. Veterans who served in both a wartime period and any other service period are
classified in the wartime period. The period-of-service definitions are modified
occasionally to reflect changes in law, regulations, and program needs of the survey
sponsors.

   Veterans who served in Iraq, Afghanistan, or both are individuals who served in
Iraq at any time since March 2003, in Afghanistan at any time since October 2001,
or in both locations. Service in Iraq or Afghanistan is determined by answers to
two questions: "Did you serve in Iraq, off the coast of Iraq, or did you fly missions
over Iraq at any time since March 2003?" and "Did you serve in Afghanistan, or
did you fly missions over Afghanistan, at any time since October 2001?"

   Presence of service-connected disability is determined by answers to the question,
"Has the Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) or Department of Defense (DoD) determined
that you have a service-connected disability, that is, a health condition or
impairment caused or made worse by any of your military service?"

   Service-connected disability rating is based on answers to the question, "What
is your current service-connected disability rating?" Answers can range from 0 to
100 percent, in increments of 10 percentage points. Ratings are determined by the
VA or DoD from a rating schedule published in the Code of Federal Regulations,
Title 38, "Pensions, Bonuses, and Veterans' Relief," Part 4--"Schedule for Rating
Disabilities." The rating schedule is "primarily a guide in the evaluation of 
disability resulting from all types of diseases and injuries encountered as a result
of or incident to military service. The percentage ratings represent as far as can
practicably be determined the average impairment in earning capacity resulting from
such diseases and injuries and their residual conditions in civil occupations." 
Part 4 contains a listing of hundreds of possible disorders and assigns ratings of
0 through 100 percent, with instructions for rating multiple disorders.

   Reserve and National Guard membership refers only to Gulf War-era veterans who are
current or past members of the Reserve or National Guard. Members of the Reserve and
National Guard are counted as veterans if they had ever been called to active duty.
These data do not refer to all persons who may have ever served in the Reserve or 
National Guard. Reserve or National Guard status is obtained from answers to two 
questions. Gulf War-era veterans were asked: "Was any of your active service the 
result of a call-up from the Reserve or National Guard?" If the answer was no, they
were  asked, "Have you ever been a member of the Reserve or National Guard?" A 'yes'
response to either question classified persons as "Current or past member of the 
Reserve or National Guard." A 'no' response to the latter question classified
persons as "Never a member of the Reserve or National Guard."

Reliability of the estimates

   Statistics based on the CPS are subject to both sampling and nonsampling error.
When a sample, rather than the entire population, is surveyed, there is a chance that
the sample estimates will differ from the true population values they represent. The
component of this difference that occurs because samples differ by chance is known as
sampling error, and its variability is measured by the standard error of the estimate.
There is about a 90-percent chance, or level of confidence, that an estimate based on
a sample will differ by no more than 1.6 standard errors from the true population
value because of sampling error. BLS analyses are generally conducted at the 90-percent
level of confidence.

   The CPS data also are affected by nonsampling error. Nonsampling error can occur
for many reasons, including the failure to sample a segment of the population, the
inability to obtain information for all respondents in the sample, the inability or
unwillingness of respondents to provide correct information, and errors made in the
collection or processing of the data.

   Information about the reliability of national data from the CPS and estimating
standard errors is available at www.bls.gov/cps/documentation.htm#reliability.

   For a discussion of the reliability of state estimates from the CPS, such as those
in tables 6A and 6B of this release, see https://www.bls.gov/opub/geographic-profile/home.htm.

Comparability of estimates

   Effective with data for November 2017, estimates for veterans incorporate population 
controls derived from an updated Department of Veterans Affairs' population model. 
In accordance with usual practice, BLS did not revise estimates for previous years. 
Information about the updated veteran population model is available from the Department 
of Veterans Affairs at https://www.va.gov/vetdata/docs/Demographics/New_Vetpop_Model/Vetpop16_Overview.pdf.

Table 1. Employment status of persons 18 years and over by veteran status, period of service, sex, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2018 annual averages [Numbers in thousands]

Veteran status, period of service, sex, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity	Civilian noninsti- tutional population	Civilian labor force						Not in labor force
		Total	Percent of population	Employed		Unemployed
				Total	Percent of population	Total	Percent of labor force
TOTAL
Total, 18 years and over	248,874	159,942	64.3	153,923	61.8	6,019	3.8	88,932
Veterans	19,201	9,453	49.2	9,127	47.5	326	3.5	9,748
Gulf War era, total	7,238	5,784	79.9	5,588	77.2	197	3.4	1,454
Gulf War era II	4,149	3,358	80.9	3,229	77.8	129	3.8	791
Gulf War era I	3,089	2,427	78.6	2,358	76.3	68	2.8	662
WW II, Korean War, and Vietnam era	7,626	1,594	20.9	1,537	20.2	57	3.6	6,033
Other service periods	4,336	2,075	47.9	2,002	46.2	73	3.5	2,261
Nonveterans	229,673	150,489	65.5	144,797	63.0	5,693	3.8	79,184
Men
Total, 18 years and over	120,152	85,094	70.8	81,852	68.1	3,242	3.8	35,058
Veterans	17,335	8,320	48.0	8,027	46.3	292	3.5	9,015
Gulf War era, total	6,043	4,919	81.4	4,748	78.6	171	3.5	1,124
Gulf War era II	3,444	2,853	82.8	2,742	79.6	111	3.9	592
Gulf War era I	2,599	2,066	79.5	2,005	77.2	61	2.9	533
WW II, Korean War, and Vietnam era	7,366	1,541	20.9	1,485	20.2	56	3.6	5,826
Other service periods	3,925	1,860	47.4	1,795	45.7	65	3.5	2,065
Nonveterans	102,817	76,774	74.7	73,824	71.8	2,950	3.8	26,043
Women
Total, 18 years and over	128,722	74,849	58.1	72,072	56.0	2,777	3.7	53,874
Veterans	1,866	1,133	60.7	1,099	58.9	34	3.0	732
Gulf War era, total	1,194	865	72.4	840	70.3	25	2.9	329
Gulf War era II	704	505	71.7	487	69.1	18	3.5	200
Gulf War era I	490	360	73.5	353	72.0	7	2.1	130
WW II, Korean War, and Vietnam era	260	53	20.3	52	19.9	1	1.7	207
Other service periods	412	215	52.3	208	50.5	8	3.6	196
Nonveterans	126,857	73,715	58.1	70,972	55.9	2,743	3.7	53,141
White
Total, 18 years and over	193,658	124,123	64.1	119,976	62.0	4,146	3.3	69,535
Veterans	15,819	7,580	47.9	7,328	46.3	252	3.3	8,239
Gulf War era, total	5,507	4,457	80.9	4,311	78.3	146	3.3	1,050
Gulf War era II	3,183	2,613	82.1	2,521	79.2	91	3.5	571
Gulf War era I	2,323	1,844	79.4	1,790	77.0	54	3.0	479
WW II, Korean War, and Vietnam era	6,702	1,413	21.1	1,364	20.4	49	3.5	5,288
Other service periods	3,610	1,710	47.4	1,653	45.8	57	3.3	1,901
Nonveterans	177,839	116,543	65.5	112,648	63.3	3,895	3.3	61,296
Black or African American
Total, 18 years and over	31,518	20,215	64.1	18,948	60.1	1,267	6.3	11,303
Veterans	2,433	1,323	54.4	1,266	52.0	57	4.3	1,110
Gulf War era, total	1,215	918	75.6	881	72.5	37	4.0	297
Gulf War era II	658	494	75.2	467	71.1	27	5.5	163
Gulf War era I	557	424	76.1	414	74.3	10	2.4	133
WW II, Korean War, and Vietnam era	644	117	18.2	112	17.4	5	4.6	527
Other service periods	574	287	50.0	273	47.5	14	5.0	287
Nonveterans	29,084	18,892	65.0	17,682	60.8	1,210	6.4	10,192
Asian
Total, 18 years and over	15,412	10,027	65.1	9,729	63.1	298	3.0	5,384
Veterans	361	208	57.5	202	56.0	5	2.6	153
Gulf War era, total	204	153	74.8	148	72.4	5	3.2	52
Gulf War era II	127	100	78.7	96	75.6	4	3.9	27
Gulf War era I	77	52	68.2	51	66.9	1	1.9	24
WW II, Korean War, and Vietnam era	107	29	27.5	29	27.2	0	-	77
Other service periods	50	25	51.2	25	50.6	0	-	24
Nonveterans	15,051	9,820	65.2	9,527	63.3	293	3.0	5,231
Hispanic or Latino ethnicity
Total, 18 years and over	40,581	27,886	68.7	26,630	65.6	1,256	4.5	12,695
Veterans	1,345	849	63.1	817	60.7	33	3.8	496
Gulf War era, total	776	631	81.3	610	78.6	21	3.3	145
Gulf War era II	539	432	80.1	417	77.4	15	3.4	107
Gulf War era I	237	199	83.9	193	81.3	6	3.1	38
WW II, Korean War, and Vietnam era	338	86	25.5	82	24.3	4	5.0	252
Other service periods	231	132	57.2	125	54.0	7	5.5	99
Nonveterans	39,236	27,037	68.9	25,813	65.8	1,223	4.5	12,199
NOTE: Veterans are men and women who served on active duty in the U.S. Armed Forces and were not on active duty at the time of the survey. Nonveterans never served on active duty in the U.S. Armed Forces. Veterans could have served anywhere in the world during these periods of service: Gulf War era II (September 2001-present), Gulf War era I (August 1990-August 2001), Vietnam era (August 1964-April 1975), Korean War (July 1950-January 1955), World War II (December 1941-December 1946), and other service periods (all other time periods). Veterans are counted in only one period of service, their most recent wartime period. Veterans who served in more than one wartime period are classified in the most recent one. Veterans who served in both a wartime period and any other service period are classified in the wartime period. Estimates for the above race groups (White, Black or African American, and Asian) do not sum to totals because data are not presented for all races. Persons whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race. Dash indicates no data or data that do not meet publication criteria (values not shown where base is less than 35,000).

Table 2A. Employment status of persons 18 years and over by veteran status, age, and period of service, 2018 annual averages [Numbers in thousands]

Veteran status, age, and period of service	Civilian noninsti- tutional population	Civilian labor force						Not in labor force
		Total	Percent of population	Employed		Unemployed
				Total	Percent of population	Total	Percent of labor force
TOTAL VETERANS
Total, 18 years and over	19,201	9,453	49.2	9,127	47.5	326	3.5	9,748
18 to 24 years	256	183	71.6	164	64.0	19	10.6	73
25 to 34 years	1,636	1,367	83.6	1,311	80.1	56	4.1	269
35 to 44 years	1,996	1,720	86.2	1,660	83.2	60	3.5	276
45 to 54 years	2,759	2,322	84.2	2,261	82.0	60	2.6	437
55 to 64 years	3,569	2,222	62.3	2,151	60.3	71	3.2	1,347
65 years and over	8,985	1,639	18.2	1,580	17.6	59	3.6	7,346
Gulf War era, total
Total, 18 years and over	7,238	5,784	79.9	5,588	77.2	197	3.4	1,454
18 to 24 years	256	183	71.6	164	64.0	19	10.6	73
25 to 34 years	1,636	1,367	83.6	1,311	80.1	56	4.1	269
35 to 44 years	1,996	1,720	86.2	1,660	83.2	60	3.5	276
45 to 54 years	2,065	1,750	84.7	1,707	82.6	43	2.4	316
55 to 64 years	945	672	71.1	657	69.5	15	2.3	273
65 years and over	340	92	27.1	89	26.3	3	3.0	248
Gulf War era II
Total, 18 years and over	4,149	3,358	80.9	3,229	77.8	129	3.8	791
18 to 24 years	256	183	71.6	164	64.0	19	10.6	73
25 to 34 years	1,636	1,367	83.6	1,311	80.1	56	4.1	269
35 to 44 years	1,196	1,011	84.5	974	81.4	37	3.7	185
45 to 54 years	627	520	82.9	509	81.2	11	2.1	107
55 to 64 years	340	247	72.6	243	71.4	4	1.6	93
65 years and over	94	30	31.8	29	30.6	1	-	64
Gulf War era I
Total, 25 years and over	3,089	2,427	78.6	2,358	76.3	68	2.8	662
35 to 44 years	800	709	88.7	686	85.8	23	3.3	91
45 to 54 years	1,438	1,229	85.5	1,198	83.3	32	2.6	209
55 to 64 years	605	426	70.4	414	68.5	11	2.7	179
65 years and over	246	62	25.3	61	24.6	2	2.8	184
WW II, Korean War, and Vietnam era
Total, 55 years and over	7,626	1,594	20.9	1,537	20.2	57	3.6	6,033
55 to 64 years	659	288	43.7	280	42.5	8	2.8	371
65 years and over	6,967	1,305	18.7	1,257	18.0	49	3.7	5,662
Other service periods
Total, 45 years and over	4,336	2,075	47.9	2,002	46.2	73	3.5	2,261
45 to 54 years	694	572	82.5	555	79.9	18	3.1	122
55 to 64 years	1,965	1,262	64.2	1,214	61.8	48	3.8	704
65 years and over	1,677	241	14.4	233	13.9	8	3.2	1,436
TOTAL NONVETERANS
Total, 18 years and over	229,673	150,489	65.5	144,797	63.0	5,693	3.8	79,184
18 to 24 years	28,832	18,668	64.8	17,175	59.6	1,493	8.0	10,163
25 to 34 years	42,945	35,407	82.4	34,014	79.2	1,394	3.9	7,538
35 to 44 years	38,574	31,899	82.7	30,957	80.3	943	3.0	6,674
45 to 54 years	38,480	30,989	80.5	30,112	78.3	877	2.8	7,491
55 to 64 years	38,548	25,135	65.2	24,413	63.3	722	2.9	13,413
65 years and over	42,295	8,390	19.8	8,126	19.2	264	3.2	33,905
NOTE: Veterans are men and women who served on active duty in the U.S. Armed Forces and were not on active duty at the time of the survey. Nonveterans never served on active duty in the U.S. Armed Forces. Veterans could have served anywhere in the world during these periods of service: Gulf War era II (September 2001-present), Gulf War era I (August 1990-August 2001), Vietnam era (August 1964-April 1975), Korean War (July 1950-January 1955), World War II (December 1941-December 1946), and other service periods (all other time periods). Veterans are counted in only one period of service, their most recent wartime period. Veterans who served in more than one wartime period are classified in the most recent one. Veterans who served in both a wartime period and any other service period are classified in the wartime period. Dash indicates no data or data that do not meet publication criteria (values not shown where base is less than 35,000).

Table 2B. Employment status of men 18 years and over by veteran status, age, and period of service, 2018 annual averages [Numbers in thousands]

Veteran status, age, and period of service	Civilian noninsti- tutional population	Civilian labor force						Not in labor force
		Total	Percent of population	Employed		Unemployed
				Total	Percent of population	Total	Percent of labor force
VETERANS, MEN
Total, 18 years and over	17,335	8,320	48.0	8,027	46.3	292	3.5	9,015
18 to 24 years	210	155	73.8	137	65.2	18	11.6	55
25 to 34 years	1,314	1,133	86.2	1,086	82.6	47	4.1	181
35 to 44 years	1,626	1,430	88.0	1,378	84.8	52	3.6	196
45 to 54 years	2,359	2,022	85.7	1,968	83.4	54	2.7	337
55 to 64 years	3,161	1,996	63.1	1,932	61.1	64	3.2	1,165
65 years and over	8,664	1,584	18.3	1,526	17.6	58	3.7	7,080
Gulf War era, total
Total, 18 years and over	6,043	4,919	81.4	4,748	78.6	171	3.5	1,124
18 to 24 years	210	155	73.8	137	65.2	18	11.6	55
25 to 34 years	1,314	1,133	86.2	1,086	82.6	47	4.1	181
35 to 44 years	1,626	1,430	88.0	1,378	84.8	52	3.6	196
45 to 54 years	1,763	1,522	86.4	1,484	84.2	39	2.5	240
55 to 64 years	821	594	72.4	581	70.8	13	2.3	227
65 years and over	309	84	27.2	81	26.3	3	3.3	225
Gulf War era II
Total, 18 years and over	3,444	2,853	82.8	2,742	79.6	111	3.9	592
18 to 24 years	210	155	73.8	137	65.2	18	11.6	55
25 to 34 years	1,314	1,133	86.2	1,086	82.6	47	4.1	181
35 to 44 years	988	852	86.3	820	83.0	32	3.7	136
45 to 54 years	549	466	84.9	456	83.1	10	2.1	83
55 to 64 years	299	220	73.7	217	72.7	3	1.4	79
65 years and over	84	26	31.0	25	29.8	1	-	58
Gulf War era I
Total, 25 years and over	2,599	2,066	79.5	2,005	77.2	61	2.9	533
35 to 44 years	638	578	90.6	558	87.4	20	3.5	60
45 to 54 years	1,213	1,056	87.0	1,028	84.7	29	2.7	157
55 to 64 years	522	374	71.6	364	69.6	10	2.8	148
65 years and over	225	58	25.7	56	25.0	2	3.0	167
WW II, Korean War, and Vietnam era
Total, 55 years and over	7,366	1,541	20.9	1,485	20.2	56	3.6	5,826
55 to 64 years	605	269	44.5	261	43.1	8	3.0	336
65 years and over	6,761	1,272	18.8	1,224	18.1	48	3.8	5,490
Other service periods
Total, 45 years and over	3,925	1,860	47.4	1,795	45.7	65	3.5	2,065
45 to 54 years	596	499	83.7	484	81.2	15	3.0	97
55 to 64 years	1,735	1,132	65.3	1,090	62.8	43	3.8	603
65 years and over	1,594	228	14.3	221	13.8	8	3.3	1,366
NONVETERANS, MEN
Total, 18 years and over	102,817	76,774	74.7	73,824	71.8	2,950	3.8	26,043
18 to 24 years	14,396	9,538	66.3	8,693	60.4	844	8.9	4,858
25 to 34 years	20,890	18,656	89.3	17,940	85.9	716	3.8	2,234
35 to 44 years	18,307	16,693	91.2	16,230	88.7	463	2.8	1,614
45 to 54 years	17,797	15,506	87.1	15,070	84.7	436	2.8	2,291
55 to 64 years	17,105	12,444	72.7	12,069	70.6	375	3.0	4,661
65 years and over	14,321	3,938	27.5	3,822	26.7	116	2.9	10,383
NOTE: Veterans are men and women who served on active duty in the U.S. Armed Forces and were not on active duty at the time of the survey. Nonveterans never served on active duty in the U.S. Armed Forces. Veterans could have served anywhere in the world during these periods of service: Gulf War era II (September 2001-present), Gulf War era I (August 1990-August 2001), Vietnam era (August 1964-April 1975), Korean War (July 1950-January 1955), World War II (December 1941-December 1946), and other service periods (all other time periods). Veterans are counted in only one period of service, their most recent wartime period. Veterans who served in more than one wartime period are classified in the most recent one. Veterans who served in both a wartime period and any other service period are classified in the wartime period. Dash indicates no data or data that do not meet publication criteria (values not shown where base is less than 35,000).

Table 2C. Employment status of women 18 years and over by veteran status, age, and period of service, 2018 annual averages [Numbers in thousands]

Veteran status, age, and period of service	Civilian noninsti- tutional population	Civilian labor force						Not in labor force
		Total	Percent of population	Employed		Unemployed
				Total	Percent of population	Total	Percent of labor force
VETERANS, WOMEN
Total, 18 years and over	1,866	1,133	60.7	1,099	58.9	34	3.0	732
18 to 24 years	46	28	61.3	27	58.5	1	-	18
25 to 34 years	322	234	72.7	225	69.9	9	4.0	88
35 to 44 years	370	290	78.4	281	76.1	9	3.0	80
45 to 54 years	400	300	75.0	293	73.3	7	2.2	100
55 to 64 years	408	226	55.5	220	53.8	7	3.1	182
65 years and over	321	55	17.2	54	16.8	1	2.2	266
Gulf War era, total
Total, 18 years and over	1,194	865	72.4	840	70.3	25	2.9	329
18 to 24 years	46	28	61.3	27	58.5	1	-	18
25 to 34 years	322	234	72.7	225	69.9	9	4.0	88
35 to 44 years	370	290	78.4	281	76.1	9	3.0	80
45 to 54 years	302	227	75.1	223	73.7	4	1.8	75
55 to 64 years	124	78	62.9	76	61.4	2	2.4	46
65 years and over	31	8	-	8	-	0	-	23
Gulf War era II
Total, 18 years and over	704	505	71.7	487	69.1	18	3.5	200
18 to 24 years	46	28	61.3	27	58.5	1	-	18
25 to 34 years	322	234	72.7	225	69.9	9	4.0	88
35 to 44 years	208	159	76.3	154	73.7	5	3.4	49
45 to 54 years	78	54	69.2	53	67.7	1	2.1	24
55 to 64 years	41	26	64.1	25	62.0	1	-	15
65 years and over	10	4	-	4	-	0	-	6
Gulf War era I
Total, 25 years and over	490	360	73.5	353	72.0	7	2.1	130
35 to 44 years	161	131	81.2	128	79.1	3	2.5	30
45 to 54 years	225	173	77.2	170	75.8	3	1.8	51
55 to 64 years	83	52	62.4	51	61.1	1	2.0	31
65 years and over	21	4	-	4	-	0	-	17
WW II, Korean War, and Vietnam era
Total, 55 years and over	260	53	20.3	52	19.9	1	1.7	207
55 to 64 years	54	19	35.2	19	35.2	0	-	35
65 years and over	206	34	16.4	33	15.9	1	-	172
Other service periods
Total, 45 years and over	412	215	52.3	208	50.5	8	3.6	196
45 to 54 years	97	73	74.7	70	72.1	2	3.4	25
55 to 64 years	230	130	56.2	124	54.0	5	3.9	101
65 years and over	84	13	15.7	13	15.4	0	-	70
NONVETERANS, WOMEN
Total, 18 years and over	126,857	73,715	58.1	70,972	55.9	2,743	3.7	53,141
18 to 24 years	14,436	9,131	63.3	8,482	58.8	649	7.1	5,305
25 to 34 years	22,054	16,751	76.0	16,073	72.9	678	4.0	5,303
35 to 44 years	20,267	15,207	75.0	14,727	72.7	480	3.2	5,060
45 to 54 years	20,683	15,483	74.9	15,042	72.7	441	2.8	5,200
55 to 64 years	21,443	12,691	59.2	12,344	57.6	347	2.7	8,751
65 years and over	27,974	4,452	15.9	4,304	15.4	148	3.3	23,521
NOTE: Veterans are men and women who served on active duty in the U.S. Armed Forces and were not on active duty at the time of the survey. Nonveterans never served on active duty in the U.S. Armed Forces. Veterans could have served anywhere in the world during these periods of service: Gulf War era II (September 2001-present), Gulf War era I (August 1990-August 2001), Vietnam era (August 1964-April 1975), Korean War (July 1950-January 1955), World War II (December 1941-December 1946), and other service periods (all other time periods). Veterans are counted in only one period of service, their most recent wartime period. Veterans who served in more than one wartime period are classified in the most recent one. Veterans who served in both a wartime period and any other service period are classified in the wartime period. Dash indicates no data or data that do not meet publication criteria (values not shown where base is less than 35,000).

Table 3. Employment status of persons 25 years and over by veteran status, period of service, and educational attainment, 2018 annual averages [Numbers in thousands]

Veteran status, period of service, and educational attainment	Civilian noninsti- tutional population	Civilian labor force						Not in labor force
		Total	Percent of population	Employed		Unemployed
				Total	Percent of population	Total	Percent of labor force
VETERANS
Total, 25 years and over	18,945	9,270	48.9	8,963	47.3	307	3.3	9,675
Less than a high school diploma	804	175	21.7	166	20.6	9	5.1	629
High school graduates, no college	5,421	2,317	42.8	2,229	41.1	89	3.8	3,103
Some college or associate degree	6,593	3,385	51.3	3,260	49.5	125	3.7	3,208
Bachelor's degree and higher	6,127	3,392	55.4	3,308	54.0	84	2.5	2,734
Gulf War era, total
Total, 25 years and over	6,982	5,601	80.2	5,424	77.7	177	3.2	1,381
Less than a high school diploma	78	47	61.0	45	58.2	2	4.5	30
High school graduates, no college	1,556	1,238	79.5	1,190	76.4	48	3.9	318
Some college or associate degree	2,727	2,117	77.6	2,039	74.8	78	3.7	610
Bachelor's degree and higher	2,621	2,199	83.9	2,150	82.0	49	2.2	422
Gulf War era II
Total, 25 years and over	3,893	3,175	81.5	3,065	78.7	109	3.4	718
Less than a high school diploma	40	26	64.0	24	59.1	2	-	14
High school graduates, no college	824	667	81.0	641	77.8	26	4.0	157
Some college or associate degree	1,538	1,199	77.9	1,148	74.6	51	4.3	339
Bachelor's degree and higher	1,490	1,283	86.1	1,253	84.1	30	2.3	208
Gulf War era I
Total, 25 years and over	3,089	2,427	78.6	2,358	76.3	68	2.8	662
Less than a high school diploma	38	22	57.9	22	57.3	0	-	16
High school graduates, no college	732	571	77.9	549	74.9	22	3.8	162
Some college or associate degree	1,188	918	77.2	891	75.0	27	2.9	271
Bachelor's degree and higher	1,131	916	81.0	897	79.3	19	2.1	214
WWII, Korean War, and Vietnam era
Total, 25 years and over	7,626	1,594	20.9	1,537	20.2	57	3.6	6,033
Less than a high school diploma	477	62	12.9	58	12.1	4	6.2	415
High school graduates, no college	2,349	410	17.5	395	16.8	15	3.6	1,939
Some college or associate degree	2,415	531	22.0	510	21.1	21	3.9	1,884
Bachelor's degree and higher	2,386	591	24.8	574	24.1	17	2.9	1,795
Other service periods
Total, 25 years and over	4,336	2,075	47.9	2,002	46.2	73	3.5	2,261
Less than a high school diploma	250	66	26.2	63	25.0	3	4.6	184
High school graduates, no college	1,515	669	44.2	644	42.5	25	3.8	846
Some college or associate degree	1,451	738	50.8	711	49.0	26	3.6	713
Bachelor's degree and higher	1,120	603	53.8	585	52.2	18	3.0	518
NONVETERANS
Total, 25 years and over	200,842	131,821	65.6	127,621	63.5	4,200	3.2	69,021
Less than a high school diploma	21,366	10,029	46.9	9,466	44.3	563	5.6	11,337
High school graduates, no college	57,073	33,634	58.9	32,266	56.5	1,368	4.1	23,438
Some college or associate degree	50,950	34,319	67.4	33,190	65.1	1,130	3.3	16,631
Bachelor's degree and higher	71,453	53,838	75.3	52,700	73.8	1,139	2.1	17,615
NOTE: Veterans are men and women who served on active duty in the U.S. Armed Forces and were not on active duty at the time of the survey. Nonveterans never served on active duty in the U.S. Armed Forces. Veterans could have served anywhere in the world during these periods of service: Gulf War era II (September 2001-present), Gulf War era I (August 1990-August 2001), Vietnam era (August 1964-April 1975), Korean War (July 1950-January 1955), World War II (December 1941-December 1946), and other service periods (all other time periods). Veterans are counted in only one period of service, their most recent wartime period. Veterans who served in more than one wartime period are classified in the most recent one. Veterans who served in both a wartime period and any other service period are classified in the wartime period. Dash indicates no data or data that do not meet publication criteria (values not shown where base is less than 35,000).

Table 4. Employed persons 18 years and over by occupation, sex, veteran status, and period of service, 2018 annual averages [Percent distribution]

Occupation and sex	Veterans						Non- veterans
	Total	Gulf War era			WW II, Korean War, and Vietnam era	Other service periods
		Total	Gulf War era II	Gulf War era I
TOTAL
Total employed (in thousands)	9,127	5,588	3,229	2,358	1,537	2,002	144,797
Occupation as a percent of total employed
Total employed	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
Management, professional, and related occupations	39.1	39.5	37.5	42.3	41.5	36.3	40.6
Management, business, and financial operations occupations	18.6	17.8	16.9	19.1	22.7	17.5	16.7
Professional and related occupations	20.6	21.7	20.6	23.2	18.8	18.7	23.9
Service occupations	14.2	15.4	17.0	13.2	11.7	13.0	17.1
Sales and office occupations	16.5	16.3	16.1	16.4	18.0	16.2	21.7
Sales and related occupations	8.4	7.2	6.8	7.8	11.8	8.9	10.1
Office and administrative support occupations	8.1	9.0	9.3	8.6	6.2	7.2	11.6
Natural resources, construction, and maintenance occupations	13.7	13.9	14.5	13.2	11.9	14.6	9.1
Farming, fishing, and forestry occupations	0.4	0.3	0.3	0.4	0.4	0.6	0.7
Construction and extraction occupations	6.1	5.5	5.6	5.4	6.5	7.6	5.3
Installation, maintenance, and repair occupations	7.2	8.1	8.6	7.3	5.0	6.4	3.0
Production, transportation, and material moving occupations	16.4	14.9	14.9	15.0	16.9	20.0	11.7
Production occupations	6.5	6.5	6.8	6.1	4.8	8.0	5.5
Transportation and material moving occupations	9.8	8.4	8.1	8.9	12.1	12.0	6.2
MEN
Total employed (in thousands)	8,027	4,748	2,742	2,005	1,485	1,795	73,824
Occupation as a percent of total employed
Total employed	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
Management, professional, and related occupations	37.7	37.8	36.4	39.9	41.1	34.5	36.8
Management, business, and financial operations occupations	18.5	17.6	17.0	18.3	22.7	17.4	17.6
Professional and related occupations	19.2	20.3	19.4	21.5	18.4	17.1	19.3
Service occupations	14.1	15.2	16.7	13.2	11.8	13.0	13.4
Sales and office occupations	15.0	14.1	13.9	14.4	17.5	15.0	15.7
Sales and related occupations	8.4	7.0	6.6	7.6	11.9	9.2	9.7
Office and administrative support occupations	6.5	7.1	7.3	6.8	5.6	5.9	6.0
Natural resources, construction, and maintenance occupations	15.4	16.1	16.7	15.3	12.3	16.2	16.8
Farming, fishing, and forestry occupations	0.4	0.4	0.3	0.4	0.4	0.6	1.0
Construction and extraction occupations	6.9	6.4	6.4	6.3	6.7	8.4	10.1
Installation, maintenance, and repair occupations	8.1	9.4	10.0	8.6	5.2	7.1	5.7
Production, transportation, and material moving occupations	17.9	16.7	16.4	17.2	17.3	21.3	17.2
Production occupations	7.2	7.3	7.6	6.9	4.9	8.6	7.5
Transportation and material moving occupations	10.7	9.4	8.8	10.2	12.4	12.7	9.7
WOMEN
Total employed (in thousands)	1,099	840	487	353	52	208	70,972
Occupation as a percent of total employed
Total employed	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
Management, professional, and related occupations	49.6	49.0	43.9	56.0	53.1	51.3	44.4
Management, business, and financial operations occupations	19.3	19.2	16.3	23.2	22.5	18.8	15.7
Professional and related occupations	30.3	29.8	27.6	32.8	30.6	32.5	28.7
Service occupations	15.4	16.3	18.7	13.1	9.1	13.4	20.8
Sales and office occupations	28.1	28.3	28.7	27.8	33.2	25.8	27.8
Sales and related occupations	8.2	8.5	8.1	9.1	9.3	6.8	10.4
Office and administrative support occupations	19.9	19.8	20.6	18.7	24.0	19.0	17.4
Natural resources, construction, and maintenance occupations	1.3	1.4	2.0	0.7	0.2	1.0	1.0
Farming, fishing, and forestry occupations	0.1	0.1	0.2	0.1	0.2	0.0	0.4
Construction and extraction occupations	0.7	0.6	0.8	0.4	0.0	0.9	0.4
Installation, maintenance, and repair occupations	0.5	0.7	0.9	0.3	0.0	0.0	0.3
Production, transportation, and material moving occupations	5.6	4.9	6.7	2.5	4.5	8.5	5.9
Production occupations	2.0	1.9	2.5	1.1	0.5	2.9	3.4
Transportation and material moving occupations	3.6	3.0	4.2	1.4	4.0	5.6	2.4
NOTE: Veterans are men and women who served on active duty in the U.S. Armed Forces and were not on active duty at the time of the survey. Nonveterans never served on active duty in the U.S. Armed Forces. Veterans could have served anywhere in the world during these periods of service: Gulf War era II (September 2001-present), Gulf War era I (August 1990-August 2001), Vietnam era (August 1964-April 1975), Korean War (July 1950-January 1955), World War II (December 1941-December 1946), and other service periods (all other time periods). Veterans are counted in only one period of service, their most recent wartime period. Veterans who served in more than one wartime period are classified in the most recent one. Veterans who served in both a wartime period and any other service period are classified in the wartime period.

Table 5. Employed persons 18 years and over by industry, class of worker, sex, veteran status, and period of service, 2018 annual averages [Percent distribution]

Industry, class of worker, and sex	Veterans						Non- veterans
	Total	Gulf War era			WW II, Korean War, and Vietnam era	Other service periods
		Total	Gulf War era II	Gulf War era I
TOTAL
Total employed (in thousands)(1)	9,127	5,588	3,229	2,358	1,537	2,002	144,797
As a percent of total employed
Total employed(1)	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
Agriculture and related industries	1.8	0.8	0.6	1.0	5.0	2.1	1.5
Wage and salary workers(2)	0.9	0.6	0.5	0.8	1.8	1.0	1.0
Self-employed workers, unincorporated	0.9	0.2	0.1	0.2	3.2	1.0	0.5
Nonagricultural industries	98.2	99.2	99.4	99.0	95.0	97.9	98.5
Wage and salary workers(2)	92.2	95.7	96.5	94.7	81.0	90.9	92.7
Private industries	70.4	70.2	70.5	69.8	69.1	72.1	79.5
Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction	0.7	0.8	1.1	0.4	0.7	0.4	0.5
Construction	6.4	6.2	6.6	5.7	6.0	7.4	5.9
Manufacturing	11.7	11.6	10.8	12.6	8.8	14.4	9.7
Wholesale trade	2.6	2.5	2.4	2.5	2.7	2.7	2.3
Retail trade	8.4	7.6	8.3	6.6	10.7	8.9	10.1
Transportation and utilities	7.3	7.3	6.6	8.4	6.6	7.7	4.2
Information	2.0	2.2	1.6	3.0	1.5	1.5	1.7
Financial activities	4.3	4.3	3.6	5.4	5.1	3.7	6.4
Professional and business services	11.4	12.1	12.8	11.0	11.0	9.8	10.6
Education and health services	8.4	8.5	8.3	8.7	7.2	8.9	15.6
Leisure and hospitality	4.0	4.1	5.0	2.9	4.5	3.2	8.2
Other services	3.3	2.9	3.3	2.5	4.3	3.5	4.3
Government	21.7	25.5	26.0	24.8	11.9	18.8	13.1
Federal	10.0	13.2	14.3	11.6	2.8	6.8	2.0
State	4.7	5.1	4.9	5.2	3.3	5.0	4.6
Local	7.0	7.3	6.8	8.0	5.8	7.0	6.6
Self-employed workers, unincorporated	6.0	3.5	2.8	4.3	13.9	7.1	5.8
MEN
Total employed (in thousands)(1)	8,027	4,748	2,742	2,005	1,485	1,795	73,824
As a percent of total employed
Total employed(1)	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
Agriculture and related industries	1.9	0.8	0.6	1.1	5.1	2.2	2.2
Wage and salary workers(2)	1.0	0.6	0.5	0.9	1.8	1.1	1.5
Self-employed workers, unincorporated	1.0	0.2	0.2	0.3	3.3	1.1	0.6
Nonagricultural industries	98.1	99.2	99.4	98.9	94.9	97.8	97.8
Wage and salary workers(2)	91.8	95.8	96.7	94.6	80.6	90.6	91.2
Private industries	71.2	71.3	71.5	71.0	69.2	72.6	81.1
Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction	0.8	0.9	1.2	0.4	0.7	0.4	0.8
Construction	7.1	7.1	7.7	6.4	6.2	8.0	10.2
Manufacturing	12.7	13.0	12.1	14.2	8.9	15.3	13.2
Wholesale trade	2.7	2.7	2.6	2.8	2.7	2.9	3.1
Retail trade	8.5	7.6	8.2	6.7	10.8	8.9	9.9
Transportation and utilities	8.0	8.2	7.3	9.5	6.8	8.4	6.2
Information	2.1	2.4	1.8	3.3	1.6	1.6	2.0
Financial activities	4.0	3.8	3.1	4.8	5.0	3.6	5.7
Professional and business services	11.7	12.5	13.3	11.4	11.0	10.1	11.7
Education and health services	6.5	6.4	6.3	6.6	6.6	6.8	6.9
Leisure and hospitality	3.8	3.8	4.7	2.7	4.6	3.1	7.6
Other services	3.4	2.9	3.3	2.4	4.4	3.6	3.8
Government	20.6	24.5	25.2	23.6	11.4	18.1	10.1
Federal	9.3	12.6	13.7	11.0	2.5	6.3	1.8
State	4.3	4.6	4.5	4.7	3.1	4.7	3.4
Local	7.0	7.3	6.9	7.9	5.8	7.0	4.9
Self-employed workers, unincorporated	6.2	3.4	2.7	4.3	14.1	7.2	6.6
WOMEN
Total employed (in thousands)(1)	1,099	840	487	353	52	208	70,972
As a percent of total employed
Total employed(1)	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
Agriculture and related industries	0.5	0.4	0.5	0.4	0.6	0.9	0.9
Wage and salary workers(2)	0.3	0.4	0.5	0.2	0.2	0.0	0.5
Self-employed workers, unincorporated	0.2	0.1	0.0	0.2	0.5	0.7	0.3
Nonagricultural industries	99.5	99.6	99.5	99.6	99.4	99.1	99.1
Wage and salary workers(2)	94.9	95.6	95.8	95.3	91.2	92.9	94.2
Private industries	65.0	64.2	64.9	63.2	67.2	67.8	77.9
Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction	0.2	0.3	0.5	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.1
Construction	1.4	1.4	1.0	1.9	0.0	2.1	1.3
Manufacturing	4.5	3.9	3.8	3.9	5.6	7.1	6.1
Wholesale trade	1.4	1.3	1.6	0.9	3.4	1.3	1.4
Retail trade	8.0	7.6	8.5	6.5	7.3	9.4	10.3
Transportation and utilities	2.4	2.5	2.8	2.2	1.9	2.1	2.2
Information	1.1	1.3	0.9	1.8	0.5	0.6	1.3
Financial activities	6.7	7.2	6.1	8.9	6.5	4.3	7.2
Professional and business services	9.2	9.6	10.2	8.8	11.0	7.2	9.5
Education and health services	21.8	20.4	19.9	21.0	24.6	26.8	24.7
Leisure and hospitality	5.4	5.8	6.8	4.5	3.1	4.3	8.8
Other services	2.9	3.0	3.1	2.8	3.2	2.4	4.9
Government	29.9	31.4	30.8	32.1	24.0	25.2	16.3
Federal	15.4	16.7	17.7	15.4	11.0	11.2	2.1
State	7.6	7.6	7.4	8.0	8.3	7.1	5.8
Local	6.9	7.0	5.8	8.8	4.7	6.8	8.4
Self-employed workers, unincorporated	4.6	4.0	3.7	4.3	8.2	6.2	4.9
Footnotes (1) Total includes a small number of unpaid family workers, not shown separately. (2) Includes self-employed workers whose business are incorporated.
NOTE: Veterans are men and women who served on active duty in the U.S. Armed Forces and were not on active duty at the time of the survey. Nonveterans never served on active duty in the U.S. Armed Forces. Veterans could have served anywhere in the world during these periods of service: Gulf War era II (September 2001-present), Gulf War era I (August 1990-August 2001), Vietnam era (August 1964-April 1975), Korean War (July 1950-January 1955), World War II (December 1941-December 1946), and other service periods (all other time periods). Veterans are counted in only one period of service, their most recent wartime period. Veterans who served in more than one wartime period are classified in the most recent one. Veterans who served in both a wartime period and any other service period are classified in the wartime period.

Table 6A. Employment status of veterans 18 years and over by state, 2018 annual averages [Numbers in thousands]

State	Civilian noninsti- tutional population	Civilian labor force						Not in labor force
		Total	Percent of population	Employed		Unemployed
				Total	Percent of population	Total	Percent of labor force
TOTAL VETERANS
Total, 18 years and over	19,201	9,453	49.2	9,127	47.5	326	3.5	9,748
Alabama	342	166	48.5	161	47.1	5	2.8	176
Alaska	67	41	60.3	39	58.1	1	3.6	27
Arizona	474	238	50.2	227	47.9	11	4.6	236
Arkansas	209	87	41.7	85	40.5	3	3.0	122
California	1,713	820	47.8	798	46.6	22	2.7	894
Colorado	357	191	53.6	180	50.5	11	5.8	166
Connecticut	164	82	49.9	80	48.8	2	2.0	82
Delaware	76	36	46.8	34	45.4	1	2.9	40
District of Columbia	28	14	49.1	13	45.9	1	6.5	14
Florida	1,405	622	44.3	606	43.1	17	2.7	783
Georgia	697	390	56.0	380	54.4	11	2.8	307
Hawaii	106	52	49.0	50	47.0	2	4.1	54
Idaho	126	57	44.9	55	43.7	2	2.7	69
Illinois	575	275	47.8	266	46.2	9	3.3	300
Indiana	401	216	53.8	209	52.1	7	3.1	185
Iowa	211	113	53.3	111	52.6	2	1.4	99
Kansas	184	100	54.3	95	51.7	5	4.8	84
Kentucky	281	125	44.4	121	43.2	3	2.8	156
Louisiana	277	122	44.2	118	42.6	4	3.6	154
Maine	112	53	47.2	52	46.2	1	2.0	59
Maryland	409	259	63.4	251	61.3	8	3.2	150
Massachusetts	306	154	50.4	149	48.8	5	3.3	152
Michigan	577	274	47.5	263	45.6	11	3.9	303
Minnesota	316	152	48.3	149	47.2	3	2.2	163
Mississippi	185	99	53.4	95	51.3	4	3.9	86
Missouri	422	195	46.2	187	44.4	8	4.0	227
Montana	94	45	48.3	43	46.0	2	4.7	49
Nebraska	122	66	53.8	64	52.4	2	2.6	56
Nevada	244	118	48.6	114	46.9	4	3.6	125
New Hampshire	98	48	48.9	46	47.4	1	3.1	50
New Jersey	289	104	36.0	102	35.3	2	2.0	185
New Mexico	154	70	45.7	67	43.7	3	4.5	83
New York	752	310	41.2	295	39.2	15	5.0	442
North Carolina	707	356	50.3	341	48.2	15	4.2	352
North Dakota	49	28	56.4	27	54.9	1	2.7	21
Ohio	764	361	47.2	344	45.0	17	4.8	403
Oklahoma	278	142	51.2	138	49.4	5	3.4	136
Oregon	296	134	45.2	128	43.1	6	4.8	162
Pennsylvania	787	356	45.2	337	42.9	18	5.1	432
Rhode Island	60	26	44.3	26	43.3	1	2.4	33
South Carolina	391	177	45.3	171	43.8	6	3.3	214
South Dakota	69	40	58.7	39	57.3	1	2.5	28
Tennessee	500	255	51.1	249	49.9	6	2.4	244
Texas	1,582	864	54.6	835	52.8	28	3.3	718
Utah	138	71	51.5	68	49.1	3	4.6	67
Vermont	37	17	45.6	16	44.6	0	2.3	20
Virginia	699	411	58.8	400	57.2	11	2.7	288
Washington	500	256	51.2	245	49.0	11	4.3	244
West Virginia	138	60	43.3	57	41.6	2	3.9	78
Wisconsin	386	182	47.1	176	45.7	5	3.0	204
Wyoming	48	26	52.8	25	50.5	1	4.3	23
NOTE: Veterans are men and women who served on active duty in the U.S. Armed Forces and were not on active duty at the time of the survey.

Table 6B. Employment status of nonveterans 18 years and over by state, 2018 annual averages [Numbers in thousands]

State	Civilian noninsti- tutional population	Civilian labor force						Not in labor force
		Total	Percent of population	Employed		Unemployed
				Total	Percent of population	Total	Percent of labor force
TOTAL NONVETERANS
Total, 18 years and over	229,673	150,489	65.5	144,797	63.0	5,693	3.8	79,184
Alabama	3,397	2,026	59.6	1,946	57.3	80	3.9	1,371
Alaska	463	314	67.8	293	63.2	21	6.8	149
Arizona	4,894	3,134	64.0	2,996	61.2	138	4.4	1,760
Arkansas	2,048	1,238	60.4	1,191	58.2	46	3.7	810
California	28,413	18,463	65.0	17,706	62.3	757	4.1	9,950
Colorado	3,991	2,866	71.8	2,782	69.7	84	2.9	1,125
Connecticut	2,633	1,797	68.3	1,725	65.5	73	4.1	836
Delaware	678	446	65.8	430	63.4	17	3.7	232
District of Columbia	536	390	72.8	369	68.7	22	5.5	146
Florida	15,337	9,542	62.2	9,205	60.0	337	3.5	5,795
Georgia	7,139	4,687	65.7	4,509	63.2	178	3.8	2,452
Hawaii	955	624	65.3	609	63.8	15	2.4	331
Idaho	1,158	786	67.9	764	66.0	22	2.8	372
Illinois	9,082	6,098	67.1	5,848	64.4	250	4.1	2,985
Indiana	4,632	3,140	67.8	3,037	65.6	104	3.3	1,491
Iowa	2,169	1,541	71.0	1,503	69.3	38	2.5	628
Kansas	1,971	1,361	69.1	1,317	66.8	44	3.2	610
Kentucky	3,099	1,905	61.5	1,823	58.8	82	4.3	1,194
Louisiana	3,194	1,971	61.7	1,878	58.8	94	4.7	1,222
Maine	960	630	65.6	610	63.5	20	3.2	331
Maryland	4,245	2,931	69.0	2,813	66.3	118	4.0	1,314
Massachusetts	5,139	3,608	70.2	3,488	67.9	120	3.3	1,531
Michigan	7,094	4,539	64.0	4,355	61.4	184	4.1	2,555
Minnesota	3,908	2,837	72.6	2,758	70.6	80	2.8	1,071
Mississippi	2,022	1,173	58.0	1,117	55.2	56	4.8	849
Missouri	4,206	2,823	67.1	2,735	65.0	88	3.1	1,383
Montana	724	473	65.4	457	63.1	17	3.6	251
Nebraska	1,299	941	72.4	916	70.5	25	2.6	358
Nevada	2,077	1,393	67.1	1,331	64.1	62	4.5	684
New Hampshire	975	697	71.5	681	69.9	16	2.4	277
New Jersey	6,618	4,313	65.2	4,133	62.5	179	4.2	2,306
New Mexico	1,418	867	61.1	827	58.3	40	4.6	551
New York	14,690	9,281	63.2	8,906	60.6	375	4.0	5,409
North Carolina	7,196	4,594	63.8	4,426	61.5	168	3.7	2,602
North Dakota	512	364	71.1	354	69.2	10	2.7	148
Ohio	8,115	5,277	65.0	5,048	62.2	229	4.3	2,839
Oklahoma	2,617	1,679	64.2	1,624	62.1	55	3.3	938
Oregon	2,972	1,928	64.9	1,852	62.3	76	4.0	1,044
Pennsylvania	9,110	5,940	65.2	5,695	62.5	245	4.1	3,170
Rhode Island	772	522	67.6	502	65.0	20	3.8	250
South Carolina	3,484	2,113	60.7	2,040	58.6	73	3.5	1,371
South Dakota	573	410	71.7	399	69.6	12	2.8	162
Tennessee	4,683	2,966	63.3	2,862	61.1	103	3.5	1,718
Texas	19,256	12,864	66.8	12,378	64.3	487	3.8	6,392
Utah	2,060	1,441	70.0	1,397	67.8	44	3.0	619
Vermont	462	322	69.7	314	67.9	8	2.6	140
Virginia	5,751	3,922	68.2	3,814	66.3	108	2.8	1,829
Washington	5,240	3,483	66.5	3,334	63.6	149	4.3	1,758
West Virginia	1,270	715	56.3	678	53.4	37	5.2	555
Wisconsin	4,053	2,855	70.4	2,776	68.5	79	2.8	1,198
Wyoming	383	258	67.4	248	64.7	10	4.0	125
NOTE: Nonveterans never served on active duty in the U.S. Armed Forces.

Table 7. Employment status of veterans 18 years and over by presence of service-connected disability, reported disability rating, period of service, and sex, August 2018, not seasonally adjusted

[Numbers in thousands]

Presence of disability, reported disability rating, period of service, and sex	Civilian noninstitutional population	Civilian labor force						Not in labor force
		Total	Percent of population	Employed		Unemployed
				Total	Percent of population	Total	Percent of labor force
TOTAL VETERANS
Total	19,151	9,323	48.7	8,949	46.7	374	4.0	9,828
With service-connected disability	4,741	2,275	48.0	2,156	45.5	119	5.2	2,466
Less than 30 percent disability rating	1,386	781	56.3	748	54.0	32	4.2	605
30 to 50 percent disability rating	931	518	55.6	487	52.3	30	5.9	414
60 percent or higher disability rating	1,945	779	40.0	731	37.6	48	6.1	1,166
Disability rating not reported	479	198	41.3	190	39.6	8	4.0	281
Without service-connected disability	13,850	6,738	48.7	6,502	46.9	236	3.5	7,112
Presence of disability not reported	561	311	55.4	292	52.0	19	6.1	250
Gulf War era, total
Total	7,258	5,863	80.8	5,627	77.5	236	4.0	1,395
With service-connected disability	2,553	1,829	71.6	1,736	68.0	92	5.1	724
Less than 30 percent disability rating	653	576	88.1	560	85.7	16	2.8	77
30 to 50 percent disability rating	568	426	75.0	400	70.5	25	6.0	142
60 percent or higher disability rating	1,087	663	61.0	621	57.1	43	6.5	424
Disability rating not reported	245	164	66.9	156	63.7	8	4.9	81
Without service-connected disability	4,433	3,794	85.6	3,670	82.8	125	3.3	639
Presence of disability not reported	272	240	88.1	221	81.2	19	7.9	32
Gulf War era II
Total	4,184	3,393	81.1	3,247	77.6	146	4.3	791
With service-connected disability	1,710	1,257	73.5	1,190	69.6	67	5.3	453
Less than 30 percent disability rating	369	327	88.6	321	87.0	6	1.8	42
30 to 50 percent disability rating	368	303	82.5	281	76.4	22	7.4	64
60 percent or higher disability rating	789	492	62.3	461	58.4	31	6.2	297
Disability rating not reported	185	135	73.1	127	68.8	8	5.9	50
Without service-connected disability	2,300	1,973	85.8	1,908	83.0	64	3.3	328
Presence of disability not reported	174	163	93.7	148	85.1	15	9.2	11
Gulf War era I
Total	3,074	2,470	80.4	2,381	77.5	90	3.6	603
With service-connected disability	843	572	67.9	546	64.8	25	4.5	271
Less than 30 percent disability rating	285	249	87.5	239	83.9	10	4.2	36
30 to 50 percent disability rating	200	122	61.2	119	59.7	3	2.4	78
60 percent or higher disability rating	298	172	57.6	160	53.5	12	7.1	126
Disability rating not reported	60	29	-	29	-	-	-	31
Without service-connected disability	2,133	1,822	85.4	1,761	82.6	60	3.3	311
Presence of disability not reported	98	77	78.2	73	74.2	4	5.2	21
WW II, Korean War, and Vietnam era
Total	7,573	1,434	18.9	1,370	18.1	63	4.4	6,139
With service-connected disability	1,574	198	12.6	196	12.5	2	1.2	1,376
Less than 30 percent disability rating	498	91	18.3	90	18.1	1	1.2	407
30 to 50 percent disability rating	268	38	14.0	38	14.0	-	-	230
60 percent or higher disability rating	659	55	8.3	54	8.1	1	-	604
Disability rating not reported	150	15	9.9	15	9.9	-	-	135
Without service-connected disability	5,823	1,203	20.7	1,142	19.6	61	5.1	4,621
Presence of disability not reported	176	32	18.4	32	18.4	0	-	143
Other service periods
Total	4,320	2,027	46.9	1,951	45.2	75	3.7	2,293
With service-connected disability	614	248	40.3	224	36.4	24	9.7	367
Less than 30 percent disability rating	235	114	48.4	98	42.0	15	13.3	121
30 to 50 percent disability rating	96	54	56.7	49	51.3	5	-	42
60 percent or higher disability rating	200	61	30.4	57	28.5	4	-	139
Disability rating not reported	84	19	22.7	19	22.7	-	-	65
Without service-connected disability	3,593	1,741	48.4	1,690	47.0	51	2.9	1,853
Presence of disability not reported	112	38	33.9	38	33.9	0	-	74
MEN VETERANS
Total	17,283	8,182	47.3	7,862	45.5	320	3.9	9,101
With service-connected disability	4,233	1,980	46.8	1,876	44.3	104	5.3	2,254
Less than 30 percent disability rating	1,302	728	55.9	695	53.4	32	4.5	574
30 to 50 percent disability rating	776	406	52.4	381	49.2	25	6.1	370
60 percent or higher disability rating	1,709	653	38.2	615	36.0	39	5.9	1,055
Disability rating not reported	447	192	43.0	184	41.2	8	4.1	255
Without service-connected disability	12,525	5,915	47.2	5,718	45.7	197	3.3	6,610
Presence of disability not reported	525	288	54.8	269	51.2	19	6.6	237
Gulf War era, total
Total	6,059	4,997	82.5	4,800	79.2	196	3.9	1,062
With service-connected disability	2,144	1,558	72.7	1,477	68.9	82	5.2	586
Less than 30 percent disability rating	600	532	88.7	516	86.0	16	3.1	68
30 to 50 percent disability rating	435	320	73.6	300	69.1	20	6.2	115
60 percent or higher disability rating	891	548	61.4	510	57.2	38	6.9	344
Disability rating not reported	218	158	72.5	150	68.9	8	5.0	60
Without service-connected disability	3,662	3,212	87.7	3,117	85.1	96	3.0	450
Presence of disability not reported	252	226	89.6	207	82.1	19	8.4	26
Gulf War era II
Total	3,421	2,844	83.1	2,724	79.6	119	4.2	577
With service-connected disability	1,439	1,086	75.4	1,030	71.5	56	5.2	354
Less than 30 percent disability rating	339	306	90.4	300	88.7	6	1.9	32
30 to 50 percent disability rating	277	232	83.7	215	77.6	17	7.2	45
60 percent or higher disability rating	657	418	63.7	393	59.8	25	6.1	238
Disability rating not reported	167	130	77.6	122	72.9	8	6.1	37
Without service-connected disability	1,816	1,602	88.2	1,553	85.5	48	3.0	214
Presence of disability not reported	165	156	94.3	141	85.3	15	9.6	9
Gulf War era I
Total	2,638	2,153	81.6	2,076	78.7	77	3.6	485
With service-connected disability	705	472	67.0	447	63.4	25	5.4	233
Less than 30 percent disability rating	261	226	86.5	216	82.5	10	4.6	35
30 to 50 percent disability rating	158	88	55.9	85	54.1	3	3.4	69
60 percent or higher disability rating	235	130	55.2	117	50.0	12	9.4	105
Disability rating not reported	51	29	-	29	-	-	-	23
Without service-connected disability	1,846	1,611	87.2	1,563	84.7	48	3.0	236
Presence of disability not reported	87	70	80.7	66	76.1	4	-	17
WW II, Korean War, and Vietnam era
Total	7,315	1,391	19.0	1,332	18.2	60	4.3	5,924
With service-connected disability	1,547	198	12.8	196	12.7	2	1.2	1,348
Less than 30 percent disability rating	495	91	18.4	90	18.2	1	1.2	404
30 to 50 percent disability rating	261	38	14.4	38	14.4	-	-	223
60 percent or higher disability rating	644	55	8.5	54	8.3	1	-	590
Disability rating not reported	146	15	10.1	15	10.1	-	-	131
Without service-connected disability	5,599	1,161	20.7	1,103	19.7	57	4.9	4,439
Presence of disability not reported	169	32	19.1	32	19.1	0	-	137
Other service periods
Total	3,909	1,794	45.9	1,730	44.3	64	3.5	2,115
With service-connected disability	542	223	41.2	203	37.4	20	9.0	319
Less than 30 percent disability rating	207	105	50.5	89	43.2	15	14.4	102
30 to 50 percent disability rating	81	49	60.6	44	54.3	5	-	32
60 percent or higher disability rating	173	51	29.4	51	29.4	-	-	122
Disability rating not reported	82	19	23.2	19	23.2	-	-	63
Without service-connected disability	3,263	1,542	47.2	1,498	45.9	43	2.8	1,722
Presence of disability not reported	104	29	28.3	29	28.3	0	-	74
WOMEN VETERANS
Total	1,868	1,141	61.1	1,087	58.2	55	4.8	727
With service-connected disability	507	295	58.2	280	55.3	15	5.0	212
Less than 30 percent disability rating	84	53	63.2	53	63.2	-	-	31
30 to 50 percent disability rating	155	111	71.7	106	68.0	6	5.1	44
60 percent or higher disability rating	237	125	53.0	116	49.2	9	7.2	111
Disability rating not reported	32	5	-	5	-	-	-	26
Without service-connected disability	1,325	823	62.1	783	59.1	40	4.8	501
Presence of disability not reported	36	23	-	23	-	0	-	13
Gulf War era, total
Total	1,199	866	72.3	827	69.0	40	4.6	333
With service-connected disability	408	271	66.3	260	63.6	11	4.0	138
Without service-connected disability	771	582	75.5	553	71.8	29	4.9	189
Presence of disability not reported	20	14	-	14	-	0	-	6
Gulf War era II
Total	763	549	71.9	522	68.4	27	4.9	214
With service-connected disability	271	171	63.3	160	59.3	11	6.4	99
Without service-connected disability	484	371	76.6	355	73.3	16	4.3	113
Presence of disability not reported	9	7	-	7	-	0	-	2
Gulf War era I
Total	436	317	72.8	305	69.9	13	4.0	118
With service-connected disability	137	99	72.3	99	72.3	-	-	38
Without service-connected disability	286	211	73.6	198	69.2	13	6.0	76
Presence of disability not reported	12	7	-	7	-	-	-	5
WW II, Korean War, and Vietnam era
Total	258	42	16.4	39	15.0	3	-	216
With service-connected disability	27	-	-	-	-	-	-	27
Without service-connected disability	224	42	18.9	39	17.3	3	-	182
Presence of disability not reported	7	0	-	0	-	0	-	7
Other service periods
Total	411	232	56.6	221	53.8	11	4.9	179
With service-connected disability	72	24	-	21	-	4	-	48
Without service-connected disability	330	199	60.3	191	58.0	8	3.9	131
Presence of disability not reported	9	9	-	9	-	0	-	0
NOTE: Veterans are men and women who served on active duty in the U.S. Armed Forces and were not on active duty at the time of the survey. Veterans could have served anywhere in the world during these periods of service: Gulf War era II (September 2001-present), Gulf War era I (August 1990-August 2001), Vietnam era (August 1964-April 1975), Korean War (July 1950-January 1955), World War II (December 1941-December 1946), and other service periods (all other time periods). Veterans are counted in only one period of service, their most recent wartime period. Veterans who served in more than one wartime period are classified in the most recent one. Veterans who served in both a wartime period and any other service period are classified in the wartime period. A service-connected disability is a health condition or impairment caused or made worse by military service. The associated disability rating, which can range from 0 to 100 percent, is determined from a rating schedule published in the U.S. Code of Federal Regulations, "Title 38." More information appears in the Technical Note of this release. Dash indicates no data or data that do not meet publication criteria (values not shown where base is less than 75,000). Beginning with data for August 2015, estimates from the veterans supplement reflect a change in the weighting methodology.

Table 8. Employed persons 18 years and over by veteran status, presence of service-connected disability, period of service, and class of worker, August 2018, not seasonally adjusted

Veteran status, presence of disability, and period of service	Total employed (thousands)	Percent distribution by class of worker
		Total	Agriculture and related industries	Nonagricultural industries
				Total	Wage and salary workers(1)				Self- employed, unincor- porated, and unpaid family workers
					Private sector	Government
						Total	Federal	State and local
Veterans, total(2)	8,949	100.0	1.7	98.3	70.4	21.7	11.0	10.7	6.2
With service-connected disability	2,156	100.0	1.2	98.8	61.6	32.0	21.5	10.5	5.2
Without service-connected disability	6,502	100.0	2.0	98.0	73.0	18.4	7.7	10.7	6.6
Gulf War era, total(2)	5,627	100.0	0.5	99.5	71.1	25.4	14.3	11.1	3.0
With service-connected disability	1,736	100.0	0.5	99.5	62.5	34.0	23.5	10.5	2.9
Without service-connected disability	3,670	100.0	0.5	99.5	74.7	21.6	10.3	11.2	3.2
Gulf War era II(2)	3,247	100.0	0.2	99.8	71.3	26.4	14.5	11.8	2.1
With service-connected disability	1,190	100.0	0.3	99.7	65.9	32.1	21.1	11.0	1.7
Without service-connected disability	1,908	100.0	0.1	99.9	74.3	23.1	11.0	12.1	2.6
Gulf War era I(2)	2,381	100.0	0.9	99.1	70.8	24.1	13.9	10.2	4.2
With service-connected disability	546	100.0	1.0	99.0	55.3	38.1	28.8	9.3	5.6
Without service-connected disability	1,761	100.0	1.0	99.0	75.2	19.9	9.6	10.3	3.9
WW II, Korean War, and Vietnam era(2)	1,370	100.0	4.3	95.7	67.3	11.8	2.5	9.3	16.7
With service-connected disability	196	100.0	3.8	96.2	60.9	12.6	2.8	9.8	22.7
Without service-connected disability	1,142	100.0	4.5	95.5	68.2	11.8	2.4	9.5	15.4
Other service periods(2)	1,951	100.0	3.5	96.5	70.5	17.9	7.5	10.4	8.1
With service-connected disability	224	100.0	4.6	95.4	54.5	33.2	22.5	10.8	7.7
Without service-connected disability	1,690	100.0	3.4	96.6	72.6	16.1	5.7	10.5	7.9
Nonveterans	144,520	100.0	1.5	98.5	80.0	12.7	1.9	10.8	5.7
(1) Includes self-employed workers whose businesses are incorporated. (2) Includes veterans who did not report presence of disability.
NOTE: Veterans are men and women who served on active duty in the U.S. Armed Forces and were not on active duty at the time of the survey. Nonveterans never served on active duty in the U.S. Armed Forces. Veterans could have served anywhere in the world during these periods of service: Gulf War era II (September 2001-present), Gulf War era I (August 1990-August 2001), Vietnam era (August 1964-April 1975), Korean War (July 1950-January 1955), World War II (December 1941-December 1946), and other service periods (all other time periods). Veterans are counted in only one period of service, their most recent wartime period. Veterans who served in more than one wartime period are classified in the most recent one. Veterans who served in both a wartime period and any other service period are classified in the wartime period. A service-connected disability is a health condition or impairment caused or made worse by military service. The associated disability rating, which can range from 0 to 100 percent, is determined from a rating schedule published in the U.S. Code of Federal Regulations, "Title 38." More information appears in the Technical Note of this release. Beginning with data for August 2015, estimates from the veterans supplement reflect a change in the weighting methodology.

Table 9. Employment status of Gulf War era veterans by Reserve or National Guard status, August 2018, not seasonally adjusted

[Numbers in thousands]

Period of service and Reserve or National Guard status	Civilian noninstitutional population	Civilian labor force						Not in labor force
		Total	Percent of population	Employed		Unemployed
				Total	Percent of population	Total	Percent of labor force
VETERANS
Gulf War era, total
Total	7,258	5,863	80.8	5,627	77.5	236	4.0	1,395
Current or past member of Reserve or National Guard	2,371	1,965	82.9	1,899	80.1	66	3.4	406
Never a member of Reserve or National Guard	4,635	3,687	79.5	3,534	76.2	153	4.1	949
Reserve or National Guard membership not reported	251	212	84.2	195	77.5	17	7.9	40
Gulf War era II
Total	4,184	3,393	81.1	3,247	77.6	146	4.3	791
Current or past member of Reserve or National Guard	1,431	1,177	82.2	1,152	80.5	25	2.1	254
Never a member of Reserve or National Guard	2,588	2,063	79.7	1,958	75.7	105	5.1	526
Reserve or National Guard membership not reported	165	153	92.9	136	82.7	17	11.0	12
Gulf War era I
Total	3,074	2,470	80.4	2,381	77.5	90	3.6	603
Current or past member of Reserve or National Guard	940	788	83.8	746	79.4	41	5.3	152
Never a member of Reserve or National Guard	2,047	1,624	79.3	1,575	77.0	48	3.0	423
Reserve or National Guard membership not reported	87	59	67.7	59	67.7	0	-	28
NOTE: Veterans are men and women who served on active duty in the U.S. Armed Forces and were not on active duty at the time of the survey. The Gulf War era began in August 1990 and continues to the present day. It is divided into two periods of service: Gulf War era II (September 2001-present) and Gulf War era I (August 1990-August 2001). Veterans are counted in only one period of service, their most recent period. Data do not include Reserve and National Guard members who have never been called to Active Duty. Beginning with data for August 2015, estimates from the veterans supplement reflect a change in the weighting methodology.

Table 10. Employment status of Gulf War-era II veterans 18 years and over by location of service, August 2018, not seasonally adjusted

[Numbers in thousands]

Period of service and location	Civilian noninstitutional population	Civilian labor force						Not in labor force
		Total	Percent of population	Employed		Unemployed
				Total	Percent of population	Number	Rate
Total, Gulf War-era II veterans	4,184	3,393	81.1	3,247	77.6	146	4.3	791
Served in Iraq, Afghanistan, or both(1)	1,872	1,496	79.9	1,411	75.4	85	5.7	375
Served in Iraq(2)	1,548	1,234	79.7	1,159	74.9	74	6.0	314
Served in Afghanistan(3)	904	718	79.4	677	74.9	41	5.7	186
Served in both locations(4)	580	455	78.4	425	73.3	30	6.6	125
Served elsewhere	2,312	1,896	82.0	1,835	79.4	61	3.2	416
(1) Refers to veterans who served in Iraq at anytime since March 2003 and veterans who served in Afghanistan at anytime since October 2001. Also includes veterans who served in both countries. (2) Includes all veterans who served in Iraq at any time since March 2003, whether or not they also served in Afghanistan. (3) Includes all veterans who served in Afghanistan at any time since October 2001, whether or not they also served in Iraq. (4) Veterans who served in both Iraq and Afghanistan during the designated dates are also included in the totals of each location above.
NOTE: Veterans are men and women who served on active duty in the U.S. Armed Forces and were not on active duty at the time of the survey. Gulf War-era II veterans served anywhere in the world at any time since September 2001. Beginning with data for August 2015, estimates from the veterans supplement reflect a change in the weighting methodology.