Employment Situation of Veterans News Release

For release 10:00 a.m. (ET) Thursday, April 21, 2022                           USDL-22-0675

Technical information:  (202) 691-6378  *  cpsinfo@bls.gov  *  www.bls.gov/cps 
Media contact:          (202) 691-5902  *  PressOffice@bls.gov


			 EMPLOYMENT SITUATION OF VETERANS -- 2021


The unemployment rate for veterans who served on active duty in the U.S. Armed Forces at
any time since September 2001--a group referred to as Gulf War-era II veterans--declined
to 4.6 percent in 2021, the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics reported today. The jobless
rate for all veterans decreased to 4.4 percent in 2021. In August 2021, 44 percent of 
Gulf War-era II veterans had a service-connected disability, compared with 27 percent of
all veterans. 

This information was obtained from the Current Population Survey (CPS), a monthly sample
survey of about 60,000 eligible households that provides data on employment, unemployment,
and persons not in the labor force in the United States. Data about veterans are collected
monthly in the CPS; these monthly data are the source of the 2021 annual averages 
presented in this news release. In August 2021, a supplement to the CPS collected 
additional information about veterans on topics such as service-connected disability and
veterans' current or past Reserve or National Guard membership. The supplement was 
co-sponsored by the U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs and the U.S. Department of Labor's
Veterans' Employment and Training Service. For more information, see the Technical Note in
this news release. 

Highlights from the 2021 data:

 --The unemployment rate for all veterans (4.4 percent) was lower than the rate for 
   nonveterans (5.3 percent) in 2021. (See table A.)

 --Unemployment rates for both male and female veterans decreased in 2021. The rate for
   male veterans was 4.4 percent, little different from the rate of 4.2 percent for female
   veterans. (See table A.)

 --Unemployment rates declined over the year for veterans of all service periods: Gulf 
   War-era II veterans (to 4.6 percent in 2021); Gulf War-era I veterans (3.5 percent); 
   World War II, Korean War, and Vietnam era veterans (4.4 percent); and veterans of other 
   service periods (5.0 percent). However, these rates remain above their levels in 2019,
   prior to the onset of the coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic. (See table 1.)

 --Unemployment rates for White and Black veterans were lower than for their nonveteran
   counterparts in 2021, while the rates for Asian and Hispanic veterans were not 
   statistically different than their nonveteran counterparts. (See table 1.)

 --Among the 386,000 unemployed veterans in 2021, 56 percent were ages 25 to 54, 39 
   percent were age 55 and over, and 5 percent were ages 18 to 24. (See table 2A.)

 --Among Gulf War-era II veterans, the unemployment rate of veterans with a service-
   connected disability declined to 3.2 percent and the rate for veterans with no 
   disability decreased to 3.6 percent in August 2021. (See table 7.)

 --Gulf War-era II veterans who reported a service-connected disability rating of less
   than 30 percent were much more likely to be in the labor force than those with a 
   rating of 60 percent or higher in August 2021 (94.4 percent compared with 63.8 
   percent). (See table 7.)

 --In August 2021, 27 percent of employed veterans with a service-connected disability
   worked in the public sector, compared with 21 percent of veterans with no disability
   and 13 percent of nonveterans. (See table 8.)

 --In 2021, the unemployment rate of veterans varied across the country, ranging from
   1.6 percent in Kentucky to 7.6 percent in Washington. (See table 6A.)

The Veteran Population

In 2021, 18.5 million men and women were veterans, accounting for about 7 percent of 
the civilian noninstitutional population age 18 and over. Of all veterans, about 1 in
10 were women. In the survey, veterans are defined as men and women who have previously
served on active duty in the U.S. Armed Forces and who were civilians at the time these
data were collected. Veterans are much more likely to be men than are nonveterans, and
they also tend to be older. In part, this reflects the characteristics of veterans who
served during World War II, the Korean War, and the Vietnam era, all of whom are now 
over 60 years old. Veterans who served during these wartime periods accounted for about
36 percent (6.6 million) of the total veteran population in 2021. Forty-two percent of
veterans (7.9 million) served during Gulf War era I (August 1990 to August 2001) or 
Gulf War era II (September 2001 to present). Twenty-two percent (4.1 million) served 
outside the designated wartime periods. (See tables 1 and 2A.)

Gulf War-era II Veterans 

In 2021, there were 4.7 million veterans who had served during Gulf War era II (September
2001 to present). Seventeen percent of these veterans were women, compared with about 4
percent of veterans from World War II, the Korean War, and the Vietnam era. Two-thirds of
all Gulf War-era II veterans were between the ages of 25 and 44. (See tables 1 and 2A.) 

In 2021, the unemployment rate for Gulf War-era II veterans was 4.6 percent, down 
considerably from the rate in 2020 (7.3 percent) but up from 2019 (3.5 percent), prior to
the COVID-19 pandemic. Among Gulf War-era II veterans, the unemployment rates for men and
women both declined in 2021 (to 4.6 percent and 4.9 percent, respectively). These rates 
were not statistically different from each other. (See table A.) 

The unemployment rate for male Gulf War-era II veterans, at 4.6 percent, was lower than 
the rate for male nonveterans, at 5.5 percent, in 2021. By age, unemployment rates for 
male Gulf War-era II veterans and nonveterans were not statistically different, with one
exception: 45- to 54-year-old male Gulf War-era II veterans had an unemployment rate of
2.6 percent, lower than the rate of 4.2 percent for their nonveteran counterparts. 
(See table 2B.) 

The unemployment rate for female Gulf War-era II veterans was 4.9 percent in 2021, not 
statistically different from the rate for female nonveterans (5.1 percent). By age, 
unemployment rates for female Gulf War-era II veterans and nonveterans were not 
statistically different. (See table 2C.)

Employed Gulf War-era II veterans were twice as likely to work in the public sector in
2021 as employed nonveterans--27 percent versus 13 percent. Among the employed, 15 
percent of Gulf War-era II veterans worked for the federal government, compared with 
2 percent of nonveterans. (See table 5.) 

In August 2021, 41 percent of Gulf War-era II veterans reported serving in Iraq, 
Afghanistan, or both locations. These veterans had an unemployment rate of 2.6 percent,
not statistically different than the rate for Gulf War-era II veterans who served 
elsewhere (3.6 percent). (See table 10.)

Gulf War-era I Veterans

In 2021, of the 3.2 million veterans who served during Gulf War era I (August 1990 to
August 2001), the proportion who were women (16 percent) was similar to that for Gulf
War-era II veterans (17 percent). All Gulf War-era I veterans were age 35 and over in 
2021, compared with 62 percent of Gulf War-era II veterans. Forty-eight percent of Gulf 
War-era I veterans were ages 45 to 54, 26 percent were ages 55 to 64, 15 percent were 
ages 35 to 44, and 11 percent were age 65 and over. (See tables 1 and 2A.)

The unemployment rate for Gulf War-era I veterans was 3.5 percent in 2021, down by 1.3 
percentage points from 2020. The jobless rate for Gulf War-era I veterans in 2021 was 
above its pre-pandemic rate of 2.6 percent in 2019. 

In 2021, the unemployment rate for male Gulf War-era I veterans (3.6 percent) was lower 
than that of their Gulf War-era II counterparts (4.6 percent). The difference in 
unemployment rates reflects, at least in part, the older age profile of veterans who 
served during Gulf War era I. Younger people--whether veterans or nonveterans--tend to 
have higher unemployment rates than older people. The rate for female Gulf War-era I 
veterans (3.0 percent) was lower than the rate for female Gulf War-era II veterans (4.9 
percent). Among Gulf War-era I veterans, the unemployment rate declined for both men and
women in 2021; the rates for men and women were not statistically different. (See tables
2B and 2C.)

Veterans of Other Service Periods 

In 2021, 4.1 million veterans had served on active duty during "other service periods," 
mainly between the Korean War and the Vietnam era and between the Vietnam era and Gulf 
War era I. All veterans from this period of service were age 45 and over at the time of
the survey. Fifty percent of these veterans were ages 55 to 64, 42 percent were age 65
and over, and 8 percent were ages 45 to 54. In 2021, 1 in 10 veterans of other service 
periods were women. (See table 2A.) 

The jobless rate for veterans of other service periods declined over the year to 5.0 
percent in 2021 but remains higher than the rate in 2019 (3.0 percent). Among veterans
of other service periods, the unemployment rate for men (5.1 percent) was not 
statistically different from the rate for women (4.2 percent) in 2021. The jobless rate
for male veterans of other service periods declined over the year, while the rate for 
women was little different from the prior year. (See table 1.)

Veterans with a Service-connected Disability

In August 2021, 4.9 million veterans, or 27 percent of the total, had a service-
connected disability. Veterans with a service-connected disability are assigned a 
disability rating by the U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs or the U.S. Department of 
Defense. Ratings range from 0 to 100 percent, in increments of 10 percentage points, 
depending on the severity of the condition. (See table 7.) 

The unemployment rate for veterans with a service-connected disability declined by 2.8 
percentage points to 3.4 percent in August 2021. The rate for veterans with no 
disability declined to 4.1 percent and was not statistically different from the rate for
veterans with a service-connected disability. The unemployment rates for male and female
veterans with a service-connected disability also declined over the year to 3.5 percent
and 2.8 percent, respectively, in August 2021. These rates were not statistically 
different from each other. The labor force participation rate for veterans with a 
service-connected disability (49.7 percent) was higher than the rate for veterans with
no disability (44.9 percent). 

Among veterans with a service-connected disability, 23 percent reported a disability 
rating of less than 30 percent, while 47 percent had a rating of 60 percent or higher. 
In August 2021, veterans with a service-connected disability rating of less than 30 
percent were much more likely to be in the labor force than those with a rating of 60 
percent or higher (56.9 percent versus 43.0 percent). The unemployment rate for veterans
with a disability rating of less than 30 percent was 4.1 percent, little different than
the rate for those with a disability rating of 60 percent or higher, at 4.3 percent.

Among veterans who served during Gulf War era II, 44 percent (2.0 million) reported a
service-connected disability in August 2021. The labor force participation rate of all
Gulf War-era II veterans with a service-connected disability was 72.9 percent, lower than
the rate for veterans from this period with no service-connected disability (84.3
percent). Among Gulf War-era II veterans, the unemployment rate for those with a service-
connected disability was 3.2 percent, not statistically different from those with no 
disability (3.6 percent). 

Among Gulf War-era II veterans with a service-connected disability, 15 percent reported
a disability rating of less than 30 percent and 56 percent reported a disability rating
of 60 percent or higher in August 2021. Gulf War-era II veterans who reported a 
disability rating of less than 30 percent were much more likely to be in the labor force
than those with a rating of 60 percent or higher (94.4 percent compared with 63.8 
percent). The unemployment rate for veterans with a disability rating of less than 30
percent was 4.9 percent in August 2021, not statistically different than the rate for
those with a disability rating of 60 percent or higher, at 3.7 percent.

In August 2021, 31 percent (932,000) of veterans who served during Gulf War era I 
reported a service-connected disability. Their labor force participation rate (63.3 
percent) was lower than the rate for Gulf War-era I veterans who did not have a service-
connected disability (78.6 percent). The unemployment rate for Gulf War-era I veterans 
with a service-connected disability (2.1 percent) was lower than the rate for those 
without a service-connected disability (4.5 percent).

Fourteen percent (540,000) of veterans who served during other service periods reported
a service-connected disability in August 2021. The labor force participation rate of 
these veterans (35.4 percent) was lower than their counterparts without a service-
connected disability (41.2 percent). The unemployment rates were not statistically
different for veterans with a service-connected disability (8.7 percent) and those with
no disability (5.1 percent).

Regardless of period of service, many veterans with a service-connected disability 
worked in the public sector. In August 2021, 27 percent of employed veterans with a 
service-connected disability worked in federal, state, or local government, compared 
with 21 percent of veterans with no disability and 13 percent of nonveterans. Eighteen
percent of employed veterans with a service-connected disability worked for the federal 
government, compared with 9 percent of veterans with no disability and 2 percent of
nonveterans. (See table 8.)

Reserve and National Guard Membership

In August 2021, 37 percent of Gulf War-era II veterans were current or past members of
the Reserve or National Guard. The labor force participation rate was higher for 
veterans of this period who were current or past members of the Reserve or National 
Guard (82.8 percent) than for veterans who had never been members (77.1 percent). Among
Gulf War-era II veterans, those who were current or past members of the Reserve or
National Guard had an unemployment rate (2.0 percent) that was lower than the rate for
those who had never been members (4.0 percent). (See table 9.)


 _______________________________________________________________________________________
|											|
|                      Adjustments to Veteran Population Estimates                      |
|											|
| Effective with data for January 2021, estimates for veterans incorporate population 	|
| controls derived from the Department of Veterans Affairs' new veteran population 	|
| model. In accordance with usual practice, BLS did not revise estimates for previous 	|
| years. Information about the Veteran Population Projection Model (VetPop2018) is 	|
| available from the Department of Veterans Affairs at 					|
| www.va.gov/vetdata/docs/Demographics/New_Vetpop_Model/VP_18_A_Brief_Description.pdf.  |
|_______________________________________________________________________________________|


 _______________________________________________________________________________________
|											|
|             Imputed Data for Veterans Who Served Prior to the Vietnam Era             |
|											|
| Due to a programming error in the August 2021 survey instrument, information on the 	|
| presence and severity of a service-connected disability was not obtained for veterans |
| who served in periods prior to the Vietnam era (August 1964-April 1975). Veterans 	|
| whose service included the Vietnam era were asked the questions, even if they also 	|
| served in earlier periods. Missing data for individuals whose service ended before 	|
| August 1964 were imputed using information collected in the August 2020 Veterans 	|
| Supplement. This imputation had a limited effect on the overall estimates of veterans |
| with a service-connected disability because veterans of periods prior to the Vietnam  |
| era were a relatively small share of total veterans in August 2021. However, the 	|
| imputations have a larger impact on the presence and severity of a service-connected  |
| disability for veterans of the WW II, Korean War, and Vietnam era in addition to 	|
| veterans of the other service periods group. Users should be mindful of the presence  |
| of imputed data for these categories when they appear on tables 7 and 8 of this news  |
| release. The programming error did not affect any other data series in this news 	|
| release.										|
|_______________________________________________________________________________________|

Table A. Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population 18 years and over by veteran status, period of service, and sex, 2020-2021 annual averages [Numbers in thousands]

Veteran status and period of service	2020			2021
	Total	Men	Women	Total	Men	Women
TOTAL VETERANS
Civilian noninstitutional population	18,466	16,562	1,904	18,506	16,533	1,973
Civilian labor force	8,918	7,826	1,093	8,818	7,670	1,148
Participation rate	48.3	47.2	57.4	47.7	46.4	58.2
Employed	8,338	7,319	1,019	8,433	7,332	1,100
Employment-population ratio	45.2	44.2	53.5	45.6	44.3	55.8
Unemployed	581	507	74	386	337	48
Unemployment rate	6.5	6.5	6.7	4.4	4.4	4.2
Not in labor force	9,548	8,737	811	9,688	8,863	824
Gulf War-era II veterans
Civilian noninstitutional population	4,484	3,725	760	4,670	3,858	812
Civilian labor force	3,530	3,009	521	3,673	3,113	560
Participation rate	78.7	80.8	68.6	78.7	80.7	69.0
Employed	3,271	2,788	483	3,502	2,970	533
Employment-population ratio	72.9	74.8	63.6	75.0	77.0	65.6
Unemployed	259	221	38	171	144	27
Unemployment rate	7.3	7.4	7.2	4.6	4.6	4.9
Not in labor force	955	716	239	997	745	252
NONVETERANS
Civilian noninstitutional population	233,099	104,960	128,140	234,176	105,515	128,661
Civilian labor force	149,742	76,404	73,338	150,143	76,752	73,391
Participation rate	64.2	72.8	57.2	64.1	72.7	57.0
Employed	137,739	70,438	67,301	142,161	72,539	69,622
Employment-population ratio	59.1	67.1	52.5	60.7	68.7	54.1
Unemployed	12,003	5,966	6,037	7,982	4,213	3,769
Unemployment rate	8.0	7.8	8.2	5.3	5.5	5.1
Not in labor force	83,357	28,555	54,802	84,033	28,763	55,270
NOTE: Veterans are men and women who served on active duty in the U.S. Armed Forces and were not on active duty at the time of the survey. Gulf War-era II veterans served on active duty anywhere in the world sometime since September 2001. Nonveterans never served on active duty in the U.S. Armed Forces. Effective with data for January 2021, estimates for veterans incorporate population controls derived from an updated Department of Veterans Affairs population model.

Technical Note

   The data in this release were collected through the Current Population Survey
(CPS). The CPS—a monthly survey of about 60,000 eligible households conducted by the
U.S. Census Bureau for the Bureau of Labor Statistics—obtains information on
employment and unemployment among the nation's civilian noninstitutional population
age 16 and over.

   Most of the data in this release are annual averages, compiled from the results
of the monthly survey. In August, a supplement to the CPS collected additional 
information about veterans on topics such as service-connected disability, veterans'
Reserve or National Guard status, and veterans who served in Iraq and/or Afghanistan.
The supplement was co-sponsored by the U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs and by 
the U.S. Department of Labor's Veterans' Employment and Training Service. Questions
were asked of persons 17 years of age and older regarding their prior service in the
U.S. Armed Forces. Data are tabulated for persons 18 years of age and older.

   If you are deaf, hard of hearing, or have a speech disability, please dial 7-1-1
to access telecommunications relay services.

Definitions

   The definitions underlying the data in this release are as follows:

   Veterans are men and women who previously served on active duty in the U.S. Armed
Forces and who were civilians at the time they were surveyed. Members of the Reserve
and National Guard are counted as veterans if they had ever been called to active 
duty. Persons who are on active duty at the time of the survey are outside the scope
of the survey and thus not in the estimates shown here, as are persons who reside in
institutions, such as nursing homes and prisons.

   Nonveterans are men and women who never served on active duty in the U.S. Armed
Forces.

   World War II, Korean War, Vietnam-era, and Gulf War-era veterans are men and 
women who served in the U.S. Armed Forces during these periods of service, 
regardless of where in the world they served. Veterans who served in more than one
wartime period are classified in the most recent one.

   Veterans of other service periods are men and women who served in the U.S. Armed
Forces at any time other than World War II, the Korean War, the Vietnam era, or the
Gulf War era. Although U.S. Armed Forces were engaged in several armed conflicts 
during other service periods, these conflicts were more limited in scope and included
a smaller proportion of the Armed Forces than the selected wartime periods. Veterans
who served during one of the selected wartime periods and during another period are
classified in the wartime period.

   Veteran status is obtained from responses to the question, "Did you ever serve on
active duty in the U.S. Armed Forces?"

   Period of service identifies when a veteran served in the Armed Forces, but not 
the location of their service. It is obtained from answers to the question asked of
veterans, "When did you serve on active duty in the U.S. Armed Forces?" The following
service periods are identified:

      Gulf War era II — September 2001-present
      Gulf War era I — August 1990-August 2001
      Vietnam era — August 1964-April 1975
      Korean War — July 1950-January 1955
      World War II — December 1941-December 1946
      Other service periods — All other time periods

   Veterans could have served anywhere in the world during these periods of service.
Veterans are counted only in one period of service, their most recent wartime 
period. Veterans who served in more than one wartime period are classified in the 
most recent one. Veterans who served in both a wartime period and any other service
period are classified in the wartime period. The period-of-service definitions are 
modified occasionally to reflect changes in law, regulations, and program needs of 
the survey sponsors.

   Veterans who served in Iraq, Afghanistan, or both are individuals who served in
Iraq at any time since March 2003, in Afghanistan at any time since October 2001, or
in both locations. Service in Iraq or Afghanistan is determined by answers to two 
questions: "Did you serve in Iraq, off the coast of Iraq, or did you fly missions 
over Iraq at any time since March 2003?" and "Did you serve in Afghanistan, or did 
you fly missions over Afghanistan, at any time since October 2001?"

   Presence of service-connected disability is determined by answers to two questions
beginning in August 2021: "Have you filed a claim for or received a rating from the
Department of Veterans Affairs or the Department of Defense confirming that you have
a service-connected disability; that is, a health condition or impairment caused or
made worse by military service?” and (asked of those who said yes) “Did you receive
a VA disability rating?”  People who applied for and received a service-connected 
disability rating are classified as having a service-connected disability. People 
who applied for but did not receive a service-connected disability rating are 
classified as without a service-connected disability.

   Service-connected disability rating is based on answers to the question, "What
is your current VA service-connected disability rating?" Answers can range from 0 
to 100 percent, in increments of 10 percentage points. Ratings are determined by 
the VA or DoD from a rating schedule published in the Code of Federal Regulations,
Title 38, "Pensions, Bonuses, and Veterans' Relief," Part 4—"Schedule for Rating 
Disabilities." The rating schedule is "primarily a guide in the evaluation of 
disability resulting from all types of diseases and injuries encountered as a result
of or incident to military service. The percentage ratings represent as far as can
practicably be determined the average impairment in earning capacity resulting from
such diseases and injuries and their residual conditions in civil occupations." 
Part 4 contains a listing of hundreds of possible disorders and assigns ratings of
0 through 100 percent, with instructions for rating multiple disorders.

   Reserve and National Guard membership refers only to Gulf War-era veterans who
are current or past members of the Reserve or National Guard. Members of the 
Reserve and National Guard are counted as veterans if they had ever been called to
active duty. These data do not refer to all persons who may have ever served in the
Reserve or National Guard. Beginning in August 2021, Reserve or National Guard 
status is obtained from answers to the question asked of veterans, “Have you ever
been a member of the Reserve or National Guard?” 

Reliability of the estimates

   Statistics based on the CPS are subject to both sampling and nonsampling error.
When a sample, rather than the entire population, is surveyed, there is a chance
that the sample estimates will differ from the true population values they 
represent. The component of this difference that occurs because samples differ by
chance is known as sampling error, and its variability is measured by the standard
error of the estimate. There is about a 90-percent chance, or level of confidence, 
that an estimate based on a sample will differ by no more than 1.6 standard errors 
from the true population value because of sampling error. BLS analyses are generally
conducted at the 90-percent level of confidence.

   The CPS data also are affected by nonsampling error. Nonsampling error can occur
for many reasons, including the failure to sample a segment of the population, the
inability to obtain information for all respondents in the sample, the inability or
unwillingness of respondents to provide correct information, and errors made in the
collection or processing of the data.

   Information about the reliability of national data from the CPS and instructions
on how to generate standard errors are available at 
www.bls.gov/cps/documentation.htm#reliability.

   For a discussion of the reliability of state estimates from the CPS, such as 
those in tables 6A and 6B of this release, see 
www.bls.gov/opub/geographic-profile/home.htm.

Comparability of the estimates

   Effective with data for January 2021, estimates for veterans incorporate 
population controls derived from a new Department of Veterans Affairs Veteran
Population Projection Model (VetPop2018). In accordance with usual practice, BLS 
did not revise estimates for previous years. Information about the Veteran 
Population Projection Model is available from the Department of Veterans Affairs at
www.va.gov/vetdata/docs/Demographics/New_Vetpop_Model/VP_18_A_Brief_Description.pdf.

Table 1. Employment status of persons 18 years and over by veteran status, period of service, sex, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2021 annual averages [Numbers in thousands]

Veteran status, period of service, sex, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity	Civilian noninsti- tutional population	Civilian labor force						Not in labor force
		Total	Percent of population	Employed		Unemployed
				Total	Percent of population	Total	Percent of labor force
TOTAL
Total, 18 years and over	252,682	158,961	62.9	150,594	59.6	8,368	5.3	93,721
Veterans	18,506	8,818	47.7	8,433	45.6	386	4.4	9,688
Gulf War era, total	7,860	6,012	76.5	5,760	73.3	252	4.2	1,848
Gulf War era II	4,670	3,673	78.7	3,502	75.0	171	4.6	997
Gulf War era I	3,190	2,339	73.3	2,257	70.8	81	3.5	851
WW II, Korean War, and Vietnam era	6,587	1,080	16.4	1,033	15.7	48	4.4	5,506
Other service periods	4,059	1,726	42.5	1,640	40.4	86	5.0	2,333
Nonveterans	234,176	150,143	64.1	142,161	60.7	7,982	5.3	84,033
Men
Total, 18 years and over	122,049	84,422	69.2	79,872	65.4	4,551	5.4	37,626
Veterans	16,533	7,670	46.4	7,332	44.3	337	4.4	8,863
Gulf War era, total	6,541	5,104	78.0	4,890	74.8	215	4.2	1,437
Gulf War era II	3,858	3,113	80.7	2,970	77.0	144	4.6	745
Gulf War era I	2,683	1,991	74.2	1,920	71.6	71	3.6	692
WW II, Korean War, and Vietnam era	6,341	1,037	16.4	992	15.6	46	4.4	5,304
Other service periods	3,652	1,529	41.9	1,451	39.7	77	5.1	2,123
Nonveterans	105,515	76,752	72.7	72,539	68.7	4,213	5.5	28,763
Women
Total, 18 years and over	130,633	74,539	57.1	70,722	54.1	3,817	5.1	56,094
Veterans	1,973	1,148	58.2	1,100	55.8	48	4.2	824
Gulf War era, total	1,319	908	68.8	870	66.0	38	4.1	412
Gulf War era II	812	560	69.0	533	65.6	27	4.9	252
Gulf War era I	507	348	68.6	337	66.5	10	3.0	159
WW II, Korean War, and Vietnam era	246	43	17.7	41	16.7	2	5.2	202
Other service periods	408	197	48.3	189	46.3	8	4.2	210
Nonveterans	128,661	73,391	57.0	69,622	54.1	3,769	5.1	55,270
White
Total, 18 years and over	195,504	122,375	62.6	116,703	59.7	5,672	4.6	73,128
Veterans	15,127	7,005	46.3	6,712	44.4	293	4.2	8,122
Gulf War era, total	5,995	4,674	78.0	4,487	74.9	187	4.0	1,320
Gulf War era II	3,525	2,841	80.6	2,711	76.9	129	4.5	685
Gulf War era I	2,469	1,834	74.3	1,776	71.9	58	3.2	636
WW II, Korean War, and Vietnam era	5,797	941	16.2	900	15.5	42	4.4	4,855
Other service periods	3,336	1,389	41.6	1,325	39.7	64	4.6	1,946
Nonveterans	180,377	115,370	64.0	109,991	61.0	5,379	4.7	65,006
Black or African American
Total, 18 years and over	32,380	20,281	62.6	18,568	57.3	1,713	8.4	12,099
Veterans	2,448	1,316	53.7	1,250	51.1	66	5.0	1,133
Gulf War era, total	1,341	955	71.2	910	67.9	45	4.7	386
Gulf War era II	797	580	72.7	553	69.3	27	4.6	218
Gulf War era I	544	376	69.0	357	65.7	18	4.8	168
WW II, Korean War, and Vietnam era	549	102	18.5	98	17.9	3	3.2	447
Other service periods	558	259	46.4	241	43.2	18	6.8	299
Nonveterans	29,932	18,965	63.4	17,318	57.9	1,647	8.7	10,967
Asian
Total, 18 years and over	15,975	10,417	65.2	9,897	62.0	520	5.0	5,557
Veterans	291	164	56.6	158	54.4	6	3.8	126
Gulf War era, total	163	128	78.5	123	75.3	5	4.1	35
Gulf War era II	112	88	78.6	84	74.7	4	4.9	24
Gulf War era I	51	40	78.4	39	76.7	1	2.2	11
WW II, Korean War, and Vietnam era	85	15	17.5	15	17.2	0	-	70
Other service periods	42	22	50.7	21	48.7	1	-	21
Nonveterans	15,684	10,253	65.4	9,739	62.1	514	5.0	5,431
Hispanic or Latino ethnicity
Total, 18 years and over	42,701	28,931	67.8	27,008	63.2	1,924	6.6	13,769
Veterans	1,453	931	64.1	875	60.2	56	6.0	522
Gulf War era, total	925	747	80.8	707	76.5	40	5.3	178
Gulf War era II	605	489	80.9	460	76.0	29	6.0	116
Gulf War era I	320	258	80.6	247	77.3	10	4.1	62
WW II, Korean War, and Vietnam era	295	57	19.3	51	17.3	6	10.6	238
Other service periods	234	127	54.4	117	50.0	10	8.1	107
Nonveterans	41,247	28,000	67.9	26,133	63.4	1,867	6.7	13,247
NOTE: Veterans are men and women who served on active duty in the U.S. Armed Forces and were not on active duty at the time of the survey. Nonveterans never served on active duty in the U.S. Armed Forces. Veterans could have served anywhere in the world during these periods of service: Gulf War era II (September 2001-present), Gulf War era I (August 1990-August 2001), Vietnam era (August 1964-April 1975), Korean War (July 1950-January 1955), World War II (December 1941-December 1946), and other service periods (all other time periods). Veterans are counted in only one period of service, their most recent wartime period. Veterans who served in more than one wartime period are classified in the most recent one. Veterans who served in both a wartime period and any other service period are classified in the wartime period. Estimates for the above race groups (White, Black or African American, and Asian) do not sum to totals because data are not presented for all races. Persons whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race. Dash indicates no data or data that do not meet publication criteria (values not shown where base is less than 35,000).

Table 2A. Employment status of persons 18 years and over by veteran status, age, and period of service, 2021 annual averages [Numbers in thousands]

Veteran status, age, and period of service	Civilian noninsti- tutional population	Civilian labor force						Not in labor force
		Total	Percent of population	Employed		Unemployed
				Total	Percent of population	Total	Percent of labor force
TOTAL VETERANS
Total, 18 years and over	18,506	8,818	47.7	8,433	45.6	386	4.4	9,688
18 to 24 years	272	205	75.4	187	68.8	18	8.7	67
25 to 34 years	1,503	1,232	82.0	1,159	77.2	72	5.9	271
35 to 44 years	2,098	1,761	83.9	1,685	80.3	76	4.3	337
45 to 54 years	2,559	2,099	82.0	2,031	79.4	69	3.3	459
55 to 64 years	3,463	2,143	61.9	2,049	59.2	94	4.4	1,320
65 years and over	8,613	1,379	16.0	1,322	15.4	56	4.1	7,234
Gulf War era, total
Total, 18 years and over	7,860	6,012	76.5	5,760	73.3	252	4.2	1,848
18 to 24 years	272	205	75.4	187	68.8	18	8.7	67
25 to 34 years	1,503	1,232	82.0	1,159	77.2	72	5.9	271
35 to 44 years	2,098	1,761	83.9	1,685	80.3	76	4.3	337
45 to 54 years	2,218	1,834	82.7	1,776	80.1	58	3.2	384
55 to 64 years	1,278	861	67.4	836	65.4	25	2.9	417
65 years and over	491	119	24.3	117	23.7	3	2.2	372
Gulf War era II
Total, 18 years and over	4,670	3,673	78.7	3,502	75.0	171	4.6	997
18 to 24 years	272	205	75.4	187	68.8	18	8.7	67
25 to 34 years	1,503	1,232	82.0	1,159	77.2	72	5.9	271
35 to 44 years	1,605	1,343	83.6	1,289	80.3	54	4.0	263
45 to 54 years	695	556	80.0	540	77.8	16	2.8	139
55 to 64 years	456	305	66.7	295	64.6	10	3.2	152
65 years and over	139	34	24.1	32	23.0	2	-	106
Gulf War era I
Total, 35 years and over	3,190	2,339	73.3	2,257	70.8	81	3.5	851
35 to 44 years	492	418	84.9	396	80.4	22	5.3	74
45 to 54 years	1,524	1,278	83.9	1,236	81.1	42	3.3	245
55 to 64 years	822	557	67.7	541	65.8	15	2.8	265
65 years and over	352	86	24.3	85	24.0	1	1.3	266
WW II, Korean War, and Vietnam era
Total, 55 years and over	6,587	1,080	16.4	1,033	15.7	48	4.4	5,506
55 to 64 years	157	66	41.8	62	39.3	4	5.8	91
65 years and over	6,430	1,015	15.8	971	15.1	44	4.3	5,415
Other service periods
Total, 45 years and over	4,059	1,726	42.5	1,640	40.4	86	5.0	2,333
45 to 54 years	340	265	77.9	255	74.8	10	3.9	75
55 to 64 years	2,027	1,216	60.0	1,151	56.8	65	5.4	811
65 years and over	1,691	245	14.5	235	13.9	10	4.0	1,447
TOTAL NONVETERANS
Total, 18 years and over	234,176	150,143	64.1	142,161	60.7	7,982	5.3	84,033
18 to 24 years	28,227	18,240	64.6	16,501	58.5	1,739	9.5	9,987
25 to 34 years	43,248	35,438	81.9	33,419	77.3	2,019	5.7	7,810
35 to 44 years	39,745	32,559	81.9	31,050	78.1	1,510	4.6	7,185
45 to 54 years	36,956	29,778	80.6	28,523	77.2	1,255	4.2	7,178
55 to 64 years	38,425	24,910	64.8	23,863	62.1	1,046	4.2	13,516
65 years and over	47,574	9,217	19.4	8,805	18.5	412	4.5	38,357
NOTE: Veterans are men and women who served on active duty in the U.S. Armed Forces and were not on active duty at the time of the survey. Nonveterans never served on active duty in the U.S. Armed Forces. Veterans could have served anywhere in the world during these periods of service: Gulf War era II (September 2001-present), Gulf War era I (August 1990-August 2001), Vietnam era (August 1964-April 1975), Korean War (July 1950-January 1955), World War II (December 1941-December 1946), and other service periods (all other time periods). Veterans are counted in only one period of service, their most recent wartime period. Veterans who served in more than one wartime period are classified in the most recent one. Veterans who served in both a wartime period and any other service period are classified in the wartime period. Dash indicates no data or data that do not meet publication criteria (values not shown where base is less than 35,000).

Table 2B. Employment status of men 18 years and over by veteran status, age, and period of service, 2021 annual averages [Numbers in thousands]

Veteran status, age, and period of service	Civilian noninsti- tutional population	Civilian labor force						Not in labor force
		Total	Percent of population	Employed		Unemployed
				Total	Percent of population	Total	Percent of labor force
VETERANS, MEN
Total, 18 years and over	16,533	7,670	46.4	7,332	44.3	337	4.4	8,863
18 to 24 years	206	163	79.1	150	72.5	14	8.3	43
25 to 34 years	1,219	1,030	84.4	966	79.3	63	6.1	190
35 to 44 years	1,698	1,458	85.9	1,394	82.1	64	4.4	240
45 to 54 years	2,190	1,827	83.4	1,767	80.7	59	3.3	363
55 to 64 years	3,011	1,881	62.5	1,797	59.7	84	4.5	1,130
65 years and over	8,208	1,311	16.0	1,258	15.3	53	4.1	6,897
Gulf War era, total
Total, 18 years and over	6,541	5,104	78.0	4,890	74.8	215	4.2	1,437
18 to 24 years	206	163	79.1	150	72.5	14	8.3	43
25 to 34 years	1,219	1,030	84.4	966	79.3	63	6.1	190
35 to 44 years	1,698	1,458	85.9	1,394	82.1	64	4.4	240
45 to 54 years	1,909	1,605	84.1	1,555	81.4	50	3.1	304
55 to 64 years	1,070	739	69.1	718	67.1	21	2.8	331
65 years and over	438	109	25.0	107	24.4	3	2.4	329
Gulf War era II
Total, 18 years and over	3,858	3,113	80.7	2,970	77.0	144	4.6	745
18 to 24 years	206	163	79.1	150	72.5	14	8.3	43
25 to 34 years	1,219	1,030	84.4	966	79.3	63	6.1	190
35 to 44 years	1,309	1,117	85.3	1,074	82.0	44	3.9	192
45 to 54 years	597	495	82.9	482	80.8	13	2.6	102
55 to 64 years	402	277	68.9	268	66.7	9	3.2	125
65 years and over	124	31	25.0	29	23.8	2	-	93
Gulf War era I
Total, 35 years and over	2,683	1,991	74.2	1,920	71.6	71	3.6	692
35 to 44 years	389	341	87.6	321	82.4	20	5.9	48
45 to 54 years	1,312	1,110	84.6	1,072	81.7	38	3.4	202
55 to 64 years	668	462	69.2	450	67.4	12	2.6	206
65 years and over	314	78	25.0	77	24.6	1	1.4	236
WW II, Korean War, and Vietnam era
Total, 55 years and over	6,341	1,037	16.4	992	15.6	46	4.4	5,304
55 to 64 years	152	62	41.0	58	38.5	4	6.2	89
65 years and over	6,190	975	15.8	933	15.1	42	4.3	5,215
Other service periods
Total, 45 years and over	3,652	1,529	41.9	1,451	39.7	77	5.1	2,123
45 to 54 years	281	222	79.0	213	75.8	9	4.1	59
55 to 64 years	1,790	1,080	60.3	1,021	57.0	60	5.5	710
65 years and over	1,581	227	14.3	218	13.8	9	3.9	1,354
NONVETERANS, MEN
Total, 18 years and over	105,515	76,752	72.7	72,539	68.7	4,213	5.5	28,763
18 to 24 years	14,053	9,320	66.3	8,347	59.4	973	10.4	4,733
25 to 34 years	21,139	18,580	87.9	17,476	82.7	1,103	5.9	2,559
35 to 44 years	18,934	17,033	90.0	16,245	85.8	789	4.6	1,901
45 to 54 years	17,122	14,890	87.0	14,263	83.3	626	4.2	2,233
55 to 64 years	17,185	12,339	71.8	11,817	68.8	522	4.2	4,847
65 years and over	17,081	4,591	26.9	4,391	25.7	200	4.4	12,490
NOTE: Veterans are men and women who served on active duty in the U.S. Armed Forces and were not on active duty at the time of the survey. Nonveterans never served on active duty in the U.S. Armed Forces. Veterans could have served anywhere in the world during these periods of service: Gulf War era II (September 2001-present), Gulf War era I (August 1990-August 2001), Vietnam era (August 1964-April 1975), Korean War (July 1950-January 1955), World War II (December 1941-December 1946), and other service periods (all other time periods). Veterans are counted in only one period of service, their most recent wartime period. Veterans who served in more than one wartime period are classified in the most recent one. Veterans who served in both a wartime period and any other service period are classified in the wartime period. Dash indicates no data or data that do not meet publication criteria (values not shown where base is less than 35,000).

Table 2C. Employment status of women 18 years and over by veteran status, age, and period of service, 2021 annual averages [Numbers in thousands]

Veteran status, age, and period of service	Civilian noninsti- tutional population	Civilian labor force						Not in labor force
		Total	Percent of population	Employed		Unemployed
				Total	Percent of population	Total	Percent of labor force
VETERANS, WOMEN
Total, 18 years and over	1,973	1,148	58.2	1,100	55.8	48	4.2	824
18 to 24 years	65	41	63.6	37	57.1	4	10.3	24
25 to 34 years	283	202	71.4	193	68.2	9	4.5	81
35 to 44 years	400	303	75.7	290	72.7	12	4.1	97
45 to 54 years	369	273	73.9	263	71.5	9	3.4	96
55 to 64 years	452	262	57.9	252	55.7	10	3.8	190
65 years and over	405	68	16.8	65	15.9	3	4.9	337
Gulf War era, total
Total, 18 years and over	1,319	908	68.8	870	66.0	38	4.1	412
18 to 24 years	65	41	63.6	37	57.1	4	10.3	24
25 to 34 years	283	202	71.4	193	68.2	9	4.5	81
35 to 44 years	400	303	75.7	290	72.7	12	4.1	97
45 to 54 years	309	229	74.2	222	71.7	8	3.4	80
55 to 64 years	209	122	58.6	118	56.5	4	3.5	87
65 years and over	53	10	18.5	10	18.5	0	-	44
Gulf War era II
Total, 18 years and over	812	560	69.0	533	65.6	27	4.9	252
18 to 24 years	65	41	63.6	37	57.1	4	10.3	24
25 to 34 years	283	202	71.4	193	68.2	9	4.5	81
35 to 44 years	296	225	76.0	215	72.6	10	4.5	71
45 to 54 years	98	61	62.3	58	59.3	3	4.8	37
55 to 64 years	55	28	51.0	27	49.3	1	-	27
65 years and over	15	3	-	3	-	0	-	13
Gulf War era I
Total, 35 years and over	507	348	68.6	337	66.5	10	3.0	159
35 to 44 years	103	77	74.9	75	72.7	2	2.9	26
45 to 54 years	212	169	79.7	164	77.4	5	2.9	43
55 to 64 years	154	94	61.2	91	59.1	3	3.5	60
65 years and over	38	7	19.2	7	19.2	0	-	31
WW II, Korean War, and Vietnam era
Total, 55 years and over	246	43	17.7	41	16.7	2	5.2	202
55 to 64 years	5	3	-	3	-	0	-	2
65 years and over	240	40	16.6	38	15.7	2	5.7	200
Other service periods
Total, 45 years and over	408	197	48.3	189	46.3	8	4.2	210
45 to 54 years	59	43	72.6	42	70.2	1	3.3	16
55 to 64 years	237	136	57.3	130	54.8	6	4.3	101
65 years and over	111	18	16.3	17	15.3	1	-	93
NONVETERANS, WOMEN
Total, 18 years and over	128,661	73,391	57.0	69,622	54.1	3,769	5.1	55,270
18 to 24 years	14,174	8,920	62.9	8,154	57.5	766	8.6	5,254
25 to 34 years	22,109	16,858	76.2	15,942	72.1	916	5.4	5,251
35 to 44 years	20,811	15,526	74.6	14,805	71.1	721	4.6	5,284
45 to 54 years	19,834	14,889	75.1	14,260	71.9	629	4.2	4,945
55 to 64 years	21,240	12,571	59.2	12,046	56.7	525	4.2	8,669
65 years and over	30,493	4,626	15.2	4,414	14.5	212	4.6	25,867
NOTE: Veterans are men and women who served on active duty in the U.S. Armed Forces and were not on active duty at the time of the survey. Nonveterans never served on active duty in the U.S. Armed Forces. Veterans could have served anywhere in the world during these periods of service: Gulf War era II (September 2001-present), Gulf War era I (August 1990-August 2001), Vietnam era (August 1964-April 1975), Korean War (July 1950-January 1955), World War II (December 1941-December 1946), and other service periods (all other time periods). Veterans are counted in only one period of service, their most recent wartime period. Veterans who served in more than one wartime period are classified in the most recent one. Veterans who served in both a wartime period and any other service period are classified in the wartime period. Dash indicates no data or data that do not meet publication criteria (values not shown where base is less than 35,000).

Table 3. Employment status of persons 25 years and over by veteran status, period of service, and educational attainment, 2021 annual averages [Numbers in thousands]

Veteran status, period of service, and educational attainment	Civilian noninsti- tutional population	Civilian labor force						Not in labor force
		Total	Percent of population	Employed		Unemployed
				Total	Percent of population	Total	Percent of labor force
VETERANS
Total, 25 years and over	18,235	8,614	47.2	8,246	45.2	368	4.3	9,621
Less than a high school diploma	603	115	19.0	102	16.9	13	11.0	488
High school graduates, no college	5,107	2,128	41.7	2,031	39.8	97	4.6	2,979
Some college or associate degree	6,342	3,122	49.2	2,975	46.9	147	4.7	3,220
Bachelor's degree and higher	6,183	3,249	52.6	3,138	50.8	112	3.4	2,933
Gulf War era, total
Total, 25 years and over	7,589	5,807	76.5	5,573	73.4	234	4.0	1,781
Less than a high school diploma	73	47	64.3	42	57.7	5	10.3	26
High school graduates, no college	1,674	1,274	76.1	1,214	72.5	60	4.7	400
Some college or associate degree	2,878	2,136	74.2	2,041	70.9	95	4.4	742
Bachelor's degree and higher	2,963	2,351	79.3	2,276	76.8	75	3.2	613
Gulf War era II
Total, 25 years and over	4,398	3,469	78.9	3,316	75.4	153	4.4	930
Less than a high school diploma	40	27	68.1	24	59.3	4	-	13
High school graduates, no college	905	709	78.3	676	74.7	33	4.6	196
Some college or associate degree	1,684	1,285	76.3	1,223	72.6	62	4.9	399
Bachelor's degree and higher	1,769	1,447	81.8	1,393	78.7	54	3.8	322
Gulf War era I
Total, 25 years and over	3,190	2,339	73.3	2,257	70.8	81	3.5	851
Less than a high school diploma	33	20	-	19	-	1	-	13
High school graduates, no college	769	565	73.5	538	69.9	28	4.9	204
Some college or associate degree	1,194	850	71.2	818	68.5	32	3.8	343
Bachelor's degree and higher	1,194	903	75.6	883	73.9	20	2.2	291
WWII, Korean War, and Vietnam era
Total, 25 years and over	6,587	1,080	16.4	1,033	15.7	48	4.4	5,506
Less than a high school diploma	358	31	8.5	28	7.7	3	-	328
High school graduates, no college	1,982	273	13.8	263	13.2	10	3.8	1,709
Some college or associate degree	2,116	368	17.4	347	16.4	20	5.5	1,748
Bachelor's degree and higher	2,131	409	19.2	395	18.5	14	3.5	1,721
Other service periods
Total, 25 years and over	4,059	1,726	42.5	1,640	40.4	86	5.0	2,333
Less than a high school diploma	172	37	21.6	32	18.8	5	13.1	135
High school graduates, no college	1,451	581	40.0	555	38.2	26	4.5	870
Some college or associate degree	1,348	618	45.9	587	43.5	32	5.1	730
Bachelor's degree and higher	1,089	490	45.0	467	42.9	23	4.6	599
NONVETERANS
Total, 25 years and over	205,949	131,903	64.0	125,660	61.0	6,243	4.7	74,046
Less than a high school diploma	19,269	8,804	45.7	8,079	41.9	725	8.2	10,465
High school graduates, no college	58,011	32,804	56.5	30,733	53.0	2,071	6.3	25,206
Some college or associate degree	50,556	32,741	64.8	31,047	61.4	1,694	5.2	17,815
Bachelor's degree and higher	78,114	57,554	73.7	55,801	71.4	1,753	3.0	20,560
NOTE: Veterans are men and women who served on active duty in the U.S. Armed Forces and were not on active duty at the time of the survey. Nonveterans never served on active duty in the U.S. Armed Forces. Veterans could have served anywhere in the world during these periods of service: Gulf War era II (September 2001-present), Gulf War era I (August 1990-August 2001), Vietnam era (August 1964-April 1975), Korean War (July 1950-January 1955), World War II (December 1941-December 1946), and other service periods (all other time periods). Veterans are counted in only one period of service, their most recent wartime period. Veterans who served in more than one wartime period are classified in the most recent one. Veterans who served in both a wartime period and any other service period are classified in the wartime period. Dash indicates no data or data that do not meet publication criteria (values not shown where base is less than 35,000).

Table 4. Employed persons 18 years and over by occupation, sex, veteran status, and period of service, 2021 annual averages [Percent distribution]

Occupation and sex	Veterans						Non- veterans
	Total	Gulf War era			WW II, Korean War, and Vietnam era	Other service periods
		Total	Gulf War era II	Gulf War era I
TOTAL
Total employed (in thousands)	8,433	5,760	3,502	2,257	1,033	1,640	142,161
Occupation as a percent of total employed
Total employed	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
Management, professional, and related occupations	41.7	43.0	41.7	45.0	41.2	37.2	43.0
Management, business, and financial operations occupations	20.2	20.3	19.1	22.3	23.4	17.5	18.4
Professional and related occupations	21.5	22.7	22.7	22.7	17.7	19.7	24.6
Service occupations	12.5	13.1	14.5	10.9	11.7	11.0	15.7
Sales and office occupations	15.2	14.8	14.8	14.7	17.7	15.1	19.9
Sales and related occupations	7.8	7.0	6.6	7.8	13.1	7.4	9.3
Office and administrative support occupations	7.4	7.8	8.3	7.0	4.7	7.7	10.6
Natural resources, construction, and maintenance occupations	13.2	12.9	13.5	12.0	11.9	15.0	9.0
Farming, fishing, and forestry occupations	0.4	0.3	0.3	0.3	1.1	0.5	0.7
Construction and extraction occupations	5.6	5.4	5.3	5.5	5.9	6.2	5.3
Installation, maintenance, and repair occupations	7.1	7.2	7.8	6.2	4.9	8.2	3.0
Production, transportation, and material moving occupations	17.5	16.2	15.5	17.4	17.5	21.7	12.4
Production occupations	6.7	6.7	6.3	7.2	4.5	8.4	5.2
Transportation and material moving occupations	10.7	9.6	9.1	10.2	13.0	13.3	7.2
MEN
Total employed (in thousands)	7,332	4,890	2,970	1,920	992	1,451	72,539
Occupation as a percent of total employed
Total employed	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
Management, professional, and related occupations	39.8	40.8	39.4	42.8	40.8	36.1	38.8
Management, business, and financial operations occupations	20.3	20.4	19.0	22.7	23.7	17.5	18.9
Professional and related occupations	19.5	20.3	20.5	20.1	17.1	18.6	19.8
Service occupations	12.5	13.3	14.9	10.9	11.4	10.2	12.4
Sales and office occupations	13.8	13.1	13.2	13.0	17.8	13.3	14.3
Sales and related occupations	7.8	6.8	6.4	7.5	13.4	7.3	9.0
Office and administrative support occupations	6.0	6.3	6.9	5.5	4.4	5.9	5.4
Natural resources, construction, and maintenance occupations	14.8	14.8	15.3	14.0	12.4	16.6	16.5
Farming, fishing, and forestry occupations	0.5	0.3	0.3	0.2	1.2	0.5	1.0
Construction and extraction occupations	6.4	6.2	6.1	6.4	6.1	7.0	9.9
Installation, maintenance, and repair occupations	8.0	8.3	8.9	7.3	5.1	9.1	5.6
Production, transportation, and material moving occupations	19.1	18.0	17.1	19.3	17.7	23.8	18.0
Production occupations	7.2	7.3	6.9	7.8	4.6	9.0	7.1
Transportation and material moving occupations	11.9	10.7	10.3	11.4	13.1	14.8	10.9
WOMEN
Total employed (in thousands)	1,100	870	533	337	41	189	69,622
Occupation as a percent of total employed
Total employed	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
Management, professional, and related occupations	53.8	55.8	54.5	57.7	51.3	45.4	47.4
Management, business, and financial operations occupations	19.4	19.8	19.5	20.3	17.2	17.7	17.8
Professional and related occupations	34.5	36.0	35.1	37.3	34.0	27.7	29.5
Service occupations	12.8	11.6	12.4	10.4	18.6	17.2	19.3
Sales and office occupations	24.5	24.0	23.6	24.6	17.3	28.7	25.7
Sales and related occupations	8.1	8.3	7.6	9.4	4.9	7.7	9.7
Office and administrative support occupations	16.4	15.7	16.0	15.2	12.3	21.0	16.0
Natural resources, construction, and maintenance occupations	2.3	2.2	3.3	0.7	0.0	2.7	1.1
Farming, fishing, and forestry occupations	0.4	0.3	0.3	0.4	0.0	0.8	0.4
Construction and extraction occupations	0.6	0.7	1.1	0.1	0.0	0.2	0.4
Installation, maintenance, and repair occupations	1.3	1.2	1.9	0.1	0.0	1.7	0.3
Production, transportation, and material moving occupations	6.6	6.4	6.2	6.7	12.9	5.9	6.6
Production occupations	3.5	3.4	3.4	3.5	3.6	4.0	3.1
Transportation and material moving occupations	3.0	3.0	2.8	3.2	9.3	2.0	3.4
NOTE: Veterans are men and women who served on active duty in the U.S. Armed Forces and were not on active duty at the time of the survey. Nonveterans never served on active duty in the U.S. Armed Forces. Veterans could have served anywhere in the world during these periods of service: Gulf War era II (September 2001-present), Gulf War era I (August 1990-August 2001), Vietnam era (August 1964-April 1975), Korean War (July 1950-January 1955), World War II (December 1941-December 1946), and other service periods (all other time periods). Veterans are counted in only one period of service, their most recent wartime period. Veterans who served in more than one wartime period are classified in the most recent one. Veterans who served in both a wartime period and any other service period are classified in the wartime period. Dash indicates no data or data that do not meet publication criteria (values not shown where base is less than 35,000).

Table 5. Employed persons 18 years and over by industry, class of worker, sex, veteran status, and period of service, 2021 annual averages [Percent distribution]

Industry, class of worker, and sex	Veterans						Non- veterans
	Total	Gulf War era			WW II, Korean War, and Vietnam era	Other service periods
		Total	Gulf War era II	Gulf War era I
TOTAL
Total employed (in thousands)(1)	8,433	5,760	3,502	2,257	1,033	1,640	142,161
As a percent of total employed
Total employed(1)	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
Agriculture and related industries	1.6	0.8	0.8	0.7	6.7	1.4	1.5
Wage and salary workers(2)	0.8	0.5	0.5	0.5	2.0	0.8	1.0
Self-employed workers, unincorporated	0.8	0.2	0.3	0.1	4.6	0.7	0.5
Nonagricultural industries	98.4	99.2	99.2	99.3	93.3	98.6	98.5
Wage and salary workers(2)	92.5	94.9	95.7	93.7	80.7	91.4	92.4
Private industries	69.6	69.3	68.8	70.0	67.6	71.8	79.1
Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction	0.6	0.7	0.6	0.9	0.1	0.3	0.4
Construction	6.2	6.1	6.0	6.1	5.8	6.9	6.0
Manufacturing	12.1	12.2	11.2	13.7	8.5	14.3	9.3
Wholesale trade	2.5	2.4	2.3	2.5	2.3	3.1	2.2
Retail trade	7.9	7.4	7.2	7.8	10.7	7.9	10.0
Transportation and utilities	8.0	7.9	8.0	7.8	6.7	9.2	4.7
Information	1.8	1.9	1.5	2.5	1.4	1.6	1.6
Financial activities	4.6	4.5	4.6	4.4	5.7	4.0	6.5
Professional and business services	10.4	10.7	11.2	10.0	11.5	8.6	11.1
Education and health services	9.2	9.4	9.7	8.9	7.9	9.4	15.9
Leisure and hospitality	3.1	3.2	3.7	2.6	3.2	2.7	7.2
Other services	3.2	3.0	3.0	2.9	3.7	3.6	4.0
Government	22.9	25.6	26.9	23.7	13.2	19.6	13.3
Federal	11.3	13.5	15.1	11.0	3.9	8.2	2.1
State	4.4	4.5	4.4	4.7	3.8	4.4	4.6
Local	7.2	7.6	7.4	8.0	5.5	7.0	6.5
Self-employed workers, unincorporated	5.9	4.3	3.5	5.6	12.5	7.1	6.1
MEN
Total employed (in thousands)(1)	7,332	4,890	2,970	1,920	992	1,451	72,539
As a percent of total employed
Total employed(1)	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
Agriculture and related industries	1.7	0.7	0.7	0.7	6.9	1.4	2.1
Wage and salary workers(2)	0.8	0.6	0.6	0.6	2.1	0.8	1.4
Self-employed workers, unincorporated	0.9	0.2	0.2	0.1	4.7	0.6	0.6
Nonagricultural industries	98.3	99.3	99.3	99.3	93.1	98.6	97.9
Wage and salary workers(2)	92.3	95.0	95.8	93.8	80.4	91.2	91.1
Private industries	70.5	70.5	69.5	72.1	67.4	72.6	81.0
Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction	0.6	0.8	0.7	0.8	0.1	0.3	0.6
Construction	6.8	6.8	6.8	6.8	5.9	7.6	10.3
Manufacturing	13.1	13.2	12.1	14.9	8.7	15.6	12.6
Wholesale trade	2.7	2.6	2.5	2.8	2.4	3.3	2.9
Retail trade	8.0	7.5	7.3	7.7	10.8	7.9	9.8
Transportation and utilities	9.0	9.1	9.1	9.0	6.8	10.3	6.9
Information	1.9	2.0	1.6	2.7	1.4	1.7	1.9
Financial activities	4.5	4.5	4.4	4.7	5.8	3.6	5.8
Professional and business services	10.6	11.0	11.2	10.8	11.5	8.6	12.2
Education and health services	7.0	6.8	7.1	6.4	6.8	7.7	7.3
Leisure and hospitality	3.1	3.3	3.6	2.7	3.3	2.4	6.8
Other services	3.2	3.0	3.1	2.7	3.8	3.5	3.8
Government	21.8	24.5	26.4	21.7	13.0	18.6	10.1
Federal	10.6	12.9	15.0	9.6	3.8	7.5	2.0
State	4.2	4.2	4.2	4.4	3.8	4.2	3.3
Local	7.0	7.4	7.2	7.7	5.3	6.9	4.8
Self-employed workers, unincorporated	6.0	4.2	3.4	5.5	12.7	7.4	6.8
WOMEN
Total employed (in thousands)(1)	1,100	870	533	337	41	189	69,622
As a percent of total employed
Total employed(1)	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
Agriculture and related industries	1.2	1.0	1.2	0.6	2.8	1.9	0.9
Wage and salary workers(2)	0.4	0.3	0.3	0.3	0.5	0.9	0.6
Self-employed workers, unincorporated	0.8	0.7	0.9	0.3	2.3	0.9	0.3
Nonagricultural industries	98.8	99.0	98.8	99.4	97.2	98.1	99.1
Wage and salary workers(2)	93.9	94.2	94.7	93.5	89.8	93.3	93.7
Private industries	63.4	62.4	65.0	58.4	70.8	66.1	77.2
Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction	0.3	0.4	0.0	0.9	0.0	0.3	0.1
Construction	1.9	1.8	1.5	2.2	2.8	2.1	1.5
Manufacturing	5.8	6.3	6.0	6.8	2.0	4.2	5.9
Wholesale trade	1.1	1.1	1.4	0.5	0.8	1.5	1.4
Retail trade	7.3	7.2	6.6	8.1	7.8	7.9	10.3
Transportation and utilities	1.5	1.3	1.7	0.8	5.4	1.4	2.5
Information	1.0	1.0	0.9	1.2	0.5	1.0	1.2
Financial activities	4.9	4.6	5.5	3.1	4.7	6.8	7.3
Professional and business services	9.1	9.0	10.9	5.9	11.4	9.1	10.0
Education and health services	24.0	23.8	24.1	23.3	33.3	22.9	24.9
Leisure and hospitality	3.4	3.1	3.8	1.9	1.8	5.1	7.7
Other services	3.0	3.0	2.5	3.7	0.2	3.9	4.3
Government	30.5	31.8	29.7	35.1	19.0	27.2	16.5
Federal	15.8	16.8	15.6	18.6	6.8	13.6	2.2
State	5.9	6.0	5.5	6.8	3.8	5.8	6.0
Local	8.8	9.0	8.5	9.7	8.3	7.8	8.3
Self-employed workers, unincorporated	4.9	4.8	4.1	5.9	7.4	4.9	5.4
Footnotes (1) Total includes a small number of unpaid family workers, not shown separately. (2) Includes self-employed workers whose business are incorporated.
NOTE: Veterans are men and women who served on active duty in the U.S. Armed Forces and were not on active duty at the time of the survey. Nonveterans never served on active duty in the U.S. Armed Forces. Veterans could have served anywhere in the world during these periods of service: Gulf War era II (September 2001-present), Gulf War era I (August 1990-August 2001), Vietnam era (August 1964-April 1975), Korean War (July 1950-January 1955), World War II (December 1941-December 1946), and other service periods (all other time periods). Veterans are counted in only one period of service, their most recent wartime period. Veterans who served in more than one wartime period are classified in the most recent one. Veterans who served in both a wartime period and any other service period are classified in the wartime period. Dash indicates no data or data that do not meet publication criteria (values not shown where base is less than 35,000).

Table 6A. Employment status of veterans 18 years and over by state, 2021 annual averages [Numbers in thousands]

State	Civilian noninsti- tutional population	Civilian labor force						Not in labor force
		Total	Percent of population	Employed		Unemployed
				Total	Percent of population	Total	Percent of labor force
TOTAL VETERANS
Total, 18 years and over	18,506	8,818	47.7	8,433	45.6	386	4.4	9,688
Alabama	359	179	49.9	176	48.8	4	2.1	180
Alaska	60	35	58.9	33	55.9	2	5.2	25
Arizona	503	240	47.7	230	45.8	10	4.0	263
Arkansas	215	83	38.5	80	36.9	3	4.1	132
California	1,357	625	46.1	585	43.1	40	6.4	732
Colorado	384	216	56.2	204	53.1	12	5.4	168
Connecticut	145	69	47.6	68	46.5	2	2.3	76
Delaware	72	31	42.9	29	40.2	2	6.3	41
District of Columbia	27	17	63.1	16	60.5	1	4.2	10
Florida	1,396	611	43.8	586	42.0	25	4.0	785
Georgia	617	314	50.8	301	48.8	13	4.0	304
Hawaii	91	42	46.7	41	45.0	2	3.8	48
Idaho	119	55	46.6	53	44.9	2	3.8	64
Illinois	531	216	40.7	206	38.8	11	4.9	315
Indiana	411	201	48.9	195	47.5	6	2.9	210
Iowa	206	104	50.4	99	47.9	5	5.0	102
Kansas	175	91	51.9	87	49.8	4	4.1	84
Kentucky	266	123	46.2	121	45.4	2	1.6	143
Louisiana	257	126	49.1	120	46.6	6	5.1	131
Maine	110	43	39.0	42	38.0	1	2.6	67
Maryland	402	241	59.9	236	58.6	5	2.2	161
Massachusetts	286	136	47.8	128	44.7	9	6.4	149
Michigan	551	217	39.4	208	37.7	9	4.2	334
Minnesota	304	147	48.5	144	47.3	4	2.4	157
Mississippi	179	81	45.1	79	43.9	2	2.6	98
Missouri	381	164	43.2	155	40.8	9	5.5	217
Montana	99	49	50.0	48	48.4	2	3.1	49
Nebraska	139	78	55.9	76	54.5	2	2.4	61
Nevada	238	109	45.8	101	42.4	8	7.4	129
New Hampshire	100	44	43.9	43	42.4	1	3.4	56
New Jersey	304	132	43.4	125	41.1	7	5.4	172
New Mexico	169	75	44.7	70	41.6	5	6.8	93
New York	656	254	38.7	240	36.6	14	5.4	402
North Carolina	732	338	46.2	329	44.9	9	2.8	394
North Dakota	46	24	53.0	23	50.8	1	4.1	21
Ohio	720	352	48.8	338	47.0	14	3.9	368
Oklahoma	267	116	43.6	111	41.6	5	4.7	150
Oregon	325	150	46.1	145	44.6	5	3.3	175
Pennsylvania	728	293	40.2	277	38.0	16	5.6	435
Rhode Island	61	29	47.2	27	43.9	2	7.0	32
South Carolina	412	201	48.7	194	47.0	7	3.5	211
South Dakota	59	33	56.1	33	54.8	1	-	26
Tennessee	474	225	47.4	218	46.0	7	3.0	249
Texas	1,673	937	56.0	886	53.0	50	5.4	736
Utah	132	66	49.8	63	48.2	2	-	66
Vermont	34	15	43.3	14	41.5	1	4.2	20
Virginia	703	412	58.6	402	57.1	10	2.5	291
Washington	519	250	48.3	231	44.6	19	7.6	268
West Virginia	137	64	46.6	62	45.0	2	3.4	73
Wisconsin	328	140	42.7	135	41.1	5	-	188
Wyoming	51	25	49.2	24	46.3	1	5.8	26
NOTE: Veterans are men and women who served on active duty in the U.S. Armed Forces and were not on active duty at the time of the survey. Dash indicates no data or data that do not meet publication criteria.

Table 6B. Employment status of nonveterans 18 years and over by state, 2021 annual averages [Numbers in thousands]

State	Civilian noninsti- tutional population	Civilian labor force						Not in labor force
		Total	Percent of population	Employed		Unemployed
				Total	Percent of population	Total	Percent of labor force
TOTAL NONVETERANS
Total, 18 years and over	234,176	150,143	64.1	142,161	60.7	7,982	5.3	84,033
Alabama	3,411	2,007	58.8	1,933	56.7	75	3.7	1,404
Alaska	469	314	67.0	293	62.4	22	6.9	155
Arizona	5,314	3,402	64.0	3,229	60.8	173	5.1	1,912
Arkansas	2,082	1,253	60.2	1,202	57.7	50	4.0	829
California	28,621	18,149	63.4	16,851	58.9	1,298	7.2	10,472
Colorado	4,128	2,899	70.2	2,757	66.8	142	4.9	1,229
Connecticut	2,626	1,738	66.2	1,626	61.9	112	6.5	888
Delaware	707	453	64.1	428	60.6	25	5.4	254
District of Columbia	544	386	71.0	363	66.6	24	6.1	158
Florida	15,972	9,723	60.9	9,283	58.1	440	4.5	6,249
Georgia	7,478	4,819	64.4	4,630	61.9	189	3.9	2,659
Hawaii	951	597	62.8	560	58.9	37	6.2	353
Idaho	1,279	840	65.6	809	63.2	31	3.7	440
Illinois	9,035	5,962	66.0	5,614	62.1	349	5.8	3,073
Indiana	4,691	3,039	64.8	2,925	62.3	114	3.8	1,653
Iowa	2,217	1,549	69.9	1,492	67.3	57	3.6	668
Kansas	1,987	1,370	68.9	1,326	66.7	43	3.2	617
Kentucky	3,116	1,856	59.6	1,767	56.7	89	4.8	1,260
Louisiana	3,187	1,913	60.0	1,810	56.8	103	5.4	1,274
Maine	989	626	63.3	597	60.4	28	4.5	363
Maryland	4,246	2,863	67.4	2,700	63.6	163	5.7	1,383
Massachusetts	5,160	3,472	67.3	3,274	63.4	198	5.7	1,689
Michigan	7,158	4,396	61.4	4,148	57.9	248	5.6	2,763
Minnesota	3,981	2,792	70.1	2,685	67.5	107	3.8	1,189
Mississippi	2,031	1,160	57.1	1,095	53.9	65	5.6	871
Missouri	4,310	2,833	65.7	2,718	63.0	116	4.1	1,477
Montana	751	492	65.5	476	63.4	16	3.2	259
Nebraska	1,308	950	72.6	925	70.7	25	2.7	358
Nevada	2,209	1,400	63.4	1,291	58.4	109	7.8	810
New Hampshire	1,002	673	67.2	648	64.7	25	3.7	329
New Jersey	6,511	4,246	65.2	3,983	61.2	263	6.2	2,265
New Mexico	1,443	854	59.2	797	55.2	57	6.7	589
New York	14,250	8,781	61.6	8,169	57.3	612	7.0	5,469
North Carolina	7,484	4,628	61.8	4,416	59.0	213	4.6	2,856
North Dakota	523	371	70.9	359	68.6	12	3.2	152
Ohio	8,245	5,233	63.5	4,975	60.3	258	4.9	3,012
Oklahoma	2,695	1,713	63.6	1,646	61.1	67	3.9	981
Oregon	3,046	1,988	65.3	1,883	61.8	105	5.3	1,058
Pennsylvania	9,211	5,878	63.8	5,495	59.7	383	6.5	3,333
Rhode Island	778	513	65.9	486	62.4	27	5.3	265
South Carolina	3,675	2,171	59.1	2,084	56.7	87	4.0	1,503
South Dakota	601	431	71.6	420	69.8	11	2.6	171
Tennessee	4,860	3,042	62.6	2,921	60.1	121	4.0	1,818
Texas	20,088	13,197	65.7	12,449	62.0	748	5.7	6,892
Utah	2,200	1,546	70.3	1,503	68.3	43	2.8	654
Vermont	467	301	64.4	290	62.1	11	3.6	166
Virginia	5,856	3,847	65.7	3,695	63.1	152	3.9	2,009
Washington	5,433	3,621	66.7	3,431	63.1	191	5.3	1,812
West Virginia	1,265	713	56.3	678	53.6	34	4.8	552
Wisconsin	4,191	2,879	68.7	2,775	66.2	104	3.6	1,311
Wyoming	394	264	67.1	253	64.2	12	4.4	130
NOTE: Nonveterans never served on active duty in the U.S. Armed Forces.

Table 7. Employment status of veterans 18 years and over by presence of service-connected disability, reported disability rating, period of service, and sex, August 2021, not seasonally adjusted

[Numbers in thousands]

Presence of disability, reported disability rating, period of service, and sex	Civilian noninsti- tutional population	Civilian labor force						Not in labor force
		Total	Percent of population	Employed		Unemployed
				Total	Percent of population	Total	Percent of labor force
TOTAL VETERANS
Total	18,037	8,391	46.5	8,083	44.8	309	3.7	9,646
With service-connected disability	4,873	2,423	49.7	2,340	48.0	83	3.4	2,450
Less than 30 percent disability rating	1,133	644	56.9	618	54.5	27	4.1	489
30 to 50 percent disability rating	1,014	596	58.7	586	57.8	9	1.5	419
60 percent or higher disability rating	2,281	981	43.0	939	41.2	42	4.3	1,300
Disability rating not reported	444	201	45.4	197	44.4	4	2.2	242
Without service-connected disability	12,253	5,498	44.9	5,272	43.0	226	4.1	6,755
Presence of disability not reported	911	471	51.7	471	51.7	-	-	440
Gulf War era, total
Total	7,711	5,915	76.7	5,717	74.1	199	3.4	1,796
With service-connected disability	2,971	2,076	69.9	2,016	67.9	60	2.9	895
Less than 30 percent disability rating	551	478	86.8	464	84.1	15	3.0	73
30 to 50 percent disability rating	678	535	78.8	527	77.7	8	1.5	143
60 percent or higher disability rating	1,485	889	59.9	856	57.6	33	3.7	596
Disability rating not reported	256	174	68.0	170	66.3	4	2.6	82
Without service-connected disability	4,272	3,493	81.8	3,354	78.5	139	4.0	779
Presence of disability not reported	469	346	73.9	346	73.9	-	-	122
Gulf War era II
Total	4,682	3,707	79.2	3,589	76.7	118	3.2	975
With service-connected disability	2,039	1,486	72.9	1,438	70.5	47	3.2	553
Less than 30 percent disability rating	300	284	94.4	270	89.8	14	4.9	17
30 to 50 percent disability rating	439	362	82.5	355	80.9	7	1.9	77
60 percent or higher disability rating	1,135	724	63.8	697	61.4	27	3.7	411
Disability rating not reported	165	116	70.6	116	70.6	-	-	49
Without service-connected disability	2,354	1,985	84.3	1,914	81.3	71	3.6	369
Presence of disability not reported	290	236	81.6	236	81.6	-	-	53
Gulf War era I
Total	3,029	2,208	72.9	2,128	70.2	81	3.6	821
With service-connected disability	932	590	63.3	578	62.0	12	2.1	342
Less than 30 percent disability rating	251	194	77.6	194	77.3	1	0.3	56
30 to 50 percent disability rating	239	173	72.2	172	71.7	1	0.6	67
60 percent or higher disability rating	351	165	47.1	159	45.3	6	3.8	185
Disability rating not reported	92	58	63.4	54	58.5	4	-	34
Without service-connected disability	1,918	1,508	78.6	1,440	75.1	68	4.5	410
Presence of disability not reported	179	110	61.3	110	61.3	-	-	69
WW II, Korean War, and Vietnam era
Total	6,391	876	13.7	850	13.3	26	3.0	5,515
With service-connected disability	1,362	155	11.4	149	11.0	6	3.9	1,206
Less than 30 percent disability rating	445	87	19.5	81	18.2	6	7.0	358
30 to 50 percent disability rating	215	18	8.5	18	8.5	-	-	197
60 percent or higher disability rating	594	41	6.9	41	6.9	-	-	553
Disability rating not reported	107	9	8.4	9	8.4	-	-	98
Without service-connected disability	4,772	682	14.3	662	13.9	20	2.9	4,090
Presence of disability not reported	258	39	15.1	39	15.1	-	-	219
Other service periods
Total	3,935	1,600	40.7	1,516	38.5	84	5.2	2,335
With service-connected disability	540	191	35.4	175	32.3	17	8.7	349
Less than 30 percent disability rating	137	79	58.0	73	53.6	6	7.7	57
30 to 50 percent disability rating	121	42	35.2	42	34.4	1	-	78
60 percent or higher disability rating	202	51	25.4	42	20.7	10	-	151
Disability rating not reported	81	18	22.5	18	22.5	-	-	63
Without service-connected disability	3,210	1,323	41.2	1,256	39.1	67	5.1	1,887
Presence of disability not reported	185	86	46.5	86	46.5	-	-	99
MEN VETERANS
Total	16,119	7,294	45.3	7,015	43.5	279	3.8	8,825
With service-connected disability	4,331	2,105	48.6	2,031	46.9	74	3.5	2,226
Less than 30 percent disability rating	1,019	552	54.1	525	51.5	27	4.8	468
30 to 50 percent disability rating	933	541	58.0	532	57.1	9	1.7	392
60 percent or higher disability rating	1,977	836	42.3	803	40.6	33	4.0	1,141
Disability rating not reported	402	175	43.6	171	42.5	4	2.6	227
Without service-connected disability	11,031	4,808	43.6	4,603	41.7	205	4.3	6,223
Presence of disability not reported	757	382	50.4	382	50.4	-	-	376
Gulf War era, total
Total	6,412	5,027	78.4	4,848	75.6	178	3.5	1,385
With service-connected disability	2,515	1,786	71.0	1,734	69.0	52	2.9	729
Less than 30 percent disability rating	460	402	87.4	388	84.3	15	3.6	58
30 to 50 percent disability rating	606	486	80.2	478	78.9	8	1.7	120
60 percent or higher disability rating	1,226	750	61.1	725	59.1	25	3.3	476
Disability rating not reported	223	148	66.4	143	64.4	4	3.0	75
Without service-connected disability	3,534	2,965	83.9	2,838	80.3	126	4.3	570
Presence of disability not reported	363	276	75.9	276	75.9	-	-	87
Gulf War era II
Total	3,907	3,143	80.4	3,040	77.8	103	3.3	764
With service-connected disability	1,706	1,267	74.3	1,228	72.0	39	3.1	439
Less than 30 percent disability rating	240	229	95.2	215	89.4	14	6.1	11
30 to 50 percent disability rating	406	346	85.2	339	83.5	7	2.0	60
60 percent or higher disability rating	927	601	64.8	582	62.8	18	3.1	326
Disability rating not reported	134	92	69.0	92	69.0	-	-	41
Without service-connected disability	1,949	1,675	85.9	1,611	82.6	64	3.8	275
Presence of disability not reported	251	201	79.9	201	79.9	-	-	51
Gulf War era I
Total	2,505	1,884	75.2	1,808	72.2	75	4.0	622
With service-connected disability	808	518	64.1	506	62.6	12	2.4	290
Less than 30 percent disability rating	220	173	78.9	173	78.7	1	0.3	46
30 to 50 percent disability rating	200	141	70.1	139	69.6	1	0.8	60
60 percent or higher disability rating	299	149	49.8	143	47.7	6	4.2	150
Disability rating not reported	89	56	62.5	51	57.5	4	-	34
Without service-connected disability	1,585	1,290	81.4	1,227	77.4	63	4.9	295
Presence of disability not reported	112	75	67.1	75	67.1	-	-	37
WW II, Korean War, and Vietnam era
Total	6,166	839	13.6	813	13.2	26	3.1	5,327
With service-connected disability	1,340	153	11.4	147	11.0	6	4.0	1,187
Less than 30 percent disability rating	441	87	19.7	81	18.3	6	7.0	354
30 to 50 percent disability rating	214	16	7.7	16	7.7	-	-	197
60 percent or higher disability rating	586	41	6.9	41	6.9	-	-	546
Disability rating not reported	99	9	9.0	9	9.0	-	-	90
Without service-connected disability	4,584	654	14.3	634	13.8	20	3.1	3,930
Presence of disability not reported	242	32	13.3	32	13.3	-	-	210
Other service periods
Total	3,541	1,429	40.3	1,354	38.2	75	5.2	2,112
With service-connected disability	476	166	34.8	150	31.5	16	9.6	311
Less than 30 percent disability rating	118	63	52.9	57	47.8	6	-	56
30 to 50 percent disability rating	113	38	34.0	38	33.2	1	-	75
60 percent or higher disability rating	165	46	28.1	38	22.8	9	-	119
Disability rating not reported	80	18	22.9	18	22.9	-	-	61
Without service-connected disability	2,912	1,189	40.8	1,130	38.8	59	4.9	1,723
Presence of disability not reported	153	74	48.4	74	48.4	-	-	79
WOMEN VETERANS
Total	1,918	1,097	57.2	1,068	55.7	30	2.7	821
With service-connected disability	542	318	58.7	309	57.0	9	2.8	224
Less than 30 percent disability rating	114	92	81.3	92	81.3	-	-	21
30 to 50 percent disability rating	82	54	66.5	54	66.5	-	-	27
60 percent or higher disability rating	304	145	47.6	136	44.7	9	6.1	159
Disability rating not reported	42	26	-	26	-	-	-	16
Without service-connected disability	1,223	690	56.5	669	54.7	21	3.0	532
Presence of disability not reported	153	89	58.1	89	58.1	-	-	64
Gulf War era, total
Total	1,299	889	68.4	868	66.8	20	2.3	410
With service-connected disability	456	290	63.6	282	61.8	8	2.8	166
Without service-connected disability	737	528	71.6	516	70.0	12	2.3	209
Presence of disability not reported	106	70	66.7	70	66.7	-	-	35
Gulf War era II
Total	776	564	72.8	549	70.8	15	2.7	211
With service-connected disability	332	218	65.6	210	63.2	8	3.7	114
Without service-connected disability	405	310	76.7	303	75.0	7	2.3	94
Presence of disability not reported	38	36	-	36	-	-	-	3
Gulf War era I
Total	523	324	62.0	319	61.0	5	1.6	199
With service-connected disability	124	72	58.2	72	58.2	-	-	52
Without service-connected disability	332	218	65.5	212	63.9	5	2.4	115
Presence of disability not reported	67	35	-	35	-	-	-	33
WW II, Korean War, and Vietnam era
Total	225	37	16.4	37	16.4	-	-	188
With service-connected disability	22	2	-	2	-	-	-	19
Without service-connected disability	187	28	14.8	28	14.8	-	-	159
Presence of disability not reported	16	7	-	7	-	-	-	9
Other service periods
Total	394	172	43.6	163	41.3	9	5.4	222
With service-connected disability	64	26	-	25	-	1	-	38
Without service-connected disability	298	134	45.1	126	42.2	9	6.3	164
Presence of disability not reported	32	12	-	12	-	-	-	20
NOTE: Veterans are men and women who served on active duty in the U.S. Armed Forces and were not on active duty at the time of the survey. Veterans could have served anywhere in the world during these periods of service: Gulf War era II (September 2001-present), Gulf War era I (August 1990-August 2001), Vietnam era (August 1964-April 1975), Korean War (July 1950-January 1955), World War II (December 1941-December 1946), and other service periods (all other time periods). Veterans are counted in only one period of service, their most recent wartime period. Veterans who served in more than one wartime period are classified in the most recent one. Veterans who served in both a wartime period and any other service period are classified in the wartime period. A service-connected disability is a health condition or impairment caused or made worse by military service. The associated disability rating, which can range from 0 to 100 percent, is determined from a rating schedule published in the U.S. Code of Federal Regulations, "Title 38." More information appears in the Technical Note of this release. Information on the presence and severity of a service-connected disability was not collected for veterans whose service ended before the Vietnam era. Estimates for these missing responses were imputed. This affects data for the WW II, Korean War, and Vietnam era group and the other service periods group. Dash indicates no data or data that do not meet publication criteria (values not shown where base is less than 75,000).

Table 8. Employed persons 18 years and over by veteran status, presence of service-connected disability, period of service, and class of worker, August 2021, not seasonally adjusted

Veteran status, presence of disability, and period of service	Total Employed (thousands)	Percent distribution by class of worker
		Total	Agriculture and related industries	Nonagricultural industries
				Total	Wage and salary workers(1)				Self- employed, unincorpo- rated, and unpaid family workers
					Private sector	Government
						Total	Federal	State and local
Veterans, total(2)	8,083	100.0	1.8	98.2	70.2	22.5	11.9	10.6	5.5
With service-connected disability	2,340	100.0	2.1	97.9	68.1	26.7	17.8	8.9	3.2
Without service-connected disability	5,272	100.0	1.9	98.1	70.9	20.5	9.3	11.3	6.7
Gulf War era, total(2)	5,717	100.0	1.1	98.9	69.5	25.3	13.9	11.4	4.0
With service-connected disability	2,016	100.0	1.5	98.5	69.0	27.2	18.5	8.7	2.3
Without service-connected disability	3,354	100.0	1.0	99.0	70.2	23.6	10.9	12.7	5.2
Gulf War era II(2)	3,589	100.0	1.4	98.6	67.5	27.8	15.9	11.8	3.4
With service-connected disability	1,438	100.0	2.1	97.9	69.8	26.5	18.5	8.0	1.7
Without service-connected disability	1,914	100.0	1.0	99.0	66.1	27.9	13.9	13.9	5.0
Gulf War era I(2)	2,128	100.0	0.7	99.3	73.0	21.1	10.4	10.7	5.2
With service-connected disability	578	100.0	-	100.0	67.0	29.0	18.6	10.4	4.0
Without service-connected disability	1,440	100.0	1.0	99.0	75.7	17.8	6.9	10.9	5.5
WW II, Korean War, and Vietnam era(2)	850	100.0	7.6	92.4	66.6	13.2	4.2	8.9	12.7
With service-connected disability	149	100.0	11.6	88.4	59.1	20.7	9.4	11.3	8.5
Without service-connected disability	662	100.0	7.1	92.9	66.3	12.2	3.3	8.9	14.4
Other service periods(2)	1,516	100.0	1.2	98.8	74.7	17.3	8.8	8.5	6.8
With service-connected disability	175	100.0	0.2	99.8	65.2	26.6	17.5	9.1	8.0
Without service-connected disability	1,256	100.0	1.4	98.6	75.4	16.8	8.0	8.8	6.4
Nonveterans	142,865	100.0	1.6	98.4	79.1	13.0	2.2	10.8	6.4
(1) Includes self-employed workers whose businesses are incorporated. (2) Includes veterans who did not report presence of disability.
NOTE: Veterans are men and women who served on active duty in the U.S. Armed Forces and were not on active duty at the time of the survey. Nonveterans never served on active duty in the U.S. Armed Forces. Veterans could have served anywhere in the world during these periods of service: Gulf War era II (September 2001-present), Gulf War era I (August 1990-August 2001), Vietnam era (August 1964-April 1975), Korean War (July 1950-January 1955), World War II (December 1941-December 1946), and other service periods (all other time periods). Veterans are counted in only one period of service, their most recent wartime period. Veterans who served in more than one wartime period are classified in the most recent one. Veterans who served in both a wartime period and any other service period are classified in the wartime period. A service-connected disability is a health condition or impairment caused or made worse by military service. The associated disability rating, which can range from 0 to 100 percent, is determined from a rating schedule published in the U.S. Code of Federal Regulations, "Title 38." More information appears in the Technical Note of this release. Information on the presence and severity of a service-connected disability was not collected for veterans whose service ended before the Vietnam era. Estimates for these missing responses were imputed. This affects data for the WW II, Korean War, and Vietnam era group and the other service periods group. Dash indicates no data or data that do not meet publication criteria (values not shown where base is less than 75,000).

Table 9. Employment status of Gulf War-era veterans by Reserve or National Guard status, August 2021, not seasonally adjusted

[Numbers in thousands]

Period of service and Reserve or National Guard status	Civilian noninsti- tutional population	Civilian labor force						Not in labor force
		Total	Percent of population	Employed		Unemployed
				Total	Percent of population	Total	Percent of labor force
VETERANS
Gulf War era, total
Total	7,711	5,915	76.7	5,717	74.1	199	3.4	1,796
Current or past member of Reserve or National Guard	2,840	2,257	79.5	2,214	77.9	43	1.9	584
Never a member of Reserve or National Guard	4,724	3,565	75.5	3,410	72.2	155	4.3	1,160
Reserve or National Guard membership not reported	147	94	64.1	93	63.6	1	0.8	53
Gulf War era II
Total	4,682	3,707	79.2	3,589	76.7	118	3.2	975
Current or past member of Reserve or National Guard	1,744	1,445	82.8	1,415	81.2	29	2.0	299
Never a member of Reserve or National Guard	2,853	2,199	77.1	2,111	74.0	88	4.0	654
Reserve or National Guard membership not reported	86	64	74.4	63	73.5	1	-	22
Gulf War era I
Total	3,029	2,208	72.9	2,128	70.2	81	3.6	821
Current or past member of Reserve or National Guard	1,096	812	74.1	798	72.8	14	1.7	284
Never a member of Reserve or National Guard	1,871	1,366	73.0	1,299	69.4	67	4.9	505
Reserve or National Guard membership not reported	61	30	-	30	-	-	-	31
NOTE: Veterans are men and women who served on active duty in the U.S. Armed Forces and were not on active duty at the time of the survey. The Gulf War era began in August 1990 and continues to the present day. It is divided into two periods of service: Gulf War era II (September 2001-present) and Gulf War era I (August 1990-August 2001). Veterans are counted in only one period of service, their most recent period. Data do not include Reserve and National Guard members who have never been called to Active Duty. Dash indicates no data or data that do not meet publication criteria (values not shown where base is less than 75,000).

Table 10. Employment status of Gulf War-era II veterans 18 years and over by location of service, August 2021, not seasonally adjusted

[Numbers in thousands]

Period of service and location	Civilian noninsti- tutional population	Civilian labor force						Not in labor force
		Total	Percent of population	Employed		Unemployed
				Total	Percent of population	Number	Rate
Total, Gulf War-era II veterans	4,682	3,707	79.2	3,589	76.7	118	3.2	975
Served in Iraq, Afghanistan, or both(1)	1,905	1,516	79.6	1,476	77.5	40	2.6	390
Served in Iraq(2)	1,452	1,155	79.6	1,131	77.9	24	2.0	297
Served in Afghanistan(3)	1,001	783	78.2	748	74.7	35	4.5	218
Served in both locations(4)	548	423	77.2	403	73.6	19	4.6	125
Served elsewhere	2,777	2,191	78.9	2,113	76.1	78	3.6	586
(1) Refers to veterans who served in Iraq at anytime since March 2003 and veterans who served in Afghanistan at anytime since October 2001. Also includes veterans who served in both countries. (2) Includes all veterans who served in Iraq at any time since March 2003, whether or not they also served in Afghanistan. (3) Includes all veterans who served in Afghanistan at any time since October 2001, whether or not they also served in Iraq. (4) Veterans who served in both Iraq and Afghanistan during the designated dates are also included in the totals of each location above.
NOTE: Veterans are men and women who served on active duty in the U.S. Armed Forces and were not on active duty at the time of the survey. Gulf War-era II veterans served anywhere in the world at any time since September 2001. Dash indicates no data or data that do not meet publication criteria (values not shown where base is less than 75,000).