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For release 10:00 a.m. (EDT) Wednesday, August 13, 2014 USDL-14-1498 Technical information: (202) 691-6378 • cpsinfo@bls.gov • www.bls.gov/cps Media contact: (202) 691-5902 • PressOffice@bls.gov EMPLOYMENT AND UNEMPLOYMENT AMONG YOUTH -- SUMMER 2014 From April to July 2014, the number of employed youth 16 to 24 years old increased by 2.1 million to 20.1 million, the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics reported today. This year, 51.9 percent of young people were employed in July, up from 50.7 percent a year earlier. (The month of July typically is the summertime peak in youth employment.) Unemployment among youth rose by 913,000 from April to July 2014, compared with an increase of 692,000 for the same period in 2013. (Because this analysis focuses on the seasonal changes in youth employment and unemployment that occur each spring and summer, the data are not seasonally adjusted.) Labor force The youth labor force--16- to 24-year-olds working or actively looking for work--grows sharply between April and July each year. During these months, large numbers of high school and college students search for or take summer jobs, and many graduates enter the labor market to look for or begin permanent employment. This summer, the youth labor force grew by 3.0 million, or 14.5 percent, to a total of 23.4 million in July. (See table 1.) The labor force participation rate for all youth was 60.5 percent in July, the same as the July value in the prior two summers, but above the July low of 59.5 percent in 2011. (The labor force participation rate is the proportion of the population that is working or looking for work.) The summer labor force participation rate of youth had been declining for many years. The July 2014 participation rate was 17.0 percentage points below the peak rate for that month in 1989 (77.5 percent). (See table 2.) The July 2014 labor force participation rate for 16- to 24-year-old men was 63.2 percent, higher than the rate for young women at 57.8 percent. Both rates were about the same as a year earlier. For several decades prior to 1989, the July labor force participation rate for young men showed no clear trend, ranging from 81 to 86 percent. Since 1989, however, their July participation rate has declined, falling by nearly 20 percentage points. The July labor force participation rate for young women peaked in 1989 at 72.4 percent, following a long-term upward trend; their rate has since fallen by about 15 percentage points. The youth labor force participation rate was highest for whites, at 63.2 percent in July 2014. By contrast, the rate was 52.9 percent for blacks, 45.8 percent for Asians, and 56.2 percent for Hispanics. For all four groups, labor force participation rates were little different from last July. Employment In July 2014, there were 20.1 million employed 16- to 24-year-olds, not much different from the summer before. Between April and July 2014, the number of employed youth rose by 2.1 million. This 11.5 percent increase is typical for this time of year. The employment-population ratio for youth in July 2014--the proportion of the 16- to 24-year-old civilian noninstitutional population with a job--was 51.9 percent, up from 50.7 percent the year before. (See tables 1 and 2.) The employment-population ratios for young men (53.6 percent) and whites (55.4 percent) were higher in July 2014 than a year earlier. The ratios for young women (50.1 percent), blacks (39.8 percent), Asians (40.8 percent), and Hispanics (47.0 percent) showed little change from last July. In July 2014, 25 percent of employed youth worked in the leisure and hospitality industry (which includes food services), and 19 percent worked in the retail trade industry. These two industries typically account for large shares of summer youth employment. (See table 3.) Unemployment The number of unemployed youth was 3.4 million in July 2014, down from 3.8 million a year earlier. The youth unemployment rate was 14.3 percent in July 2014, 2.0 percentage points less than a year before. Among the major demographic groups, July unemployment rates were lower than the prior year for young men (15.1 percent), young women (13.4 percent), whites (12.2 percent), and blacks (24.8 percent), while youth jobless rates changed little for Asians (10.9 percent), and Hispanics (16.5 percent). (See table 2.)
Technical Note The estimates in this release were obtained from the Current Population Survey (CPS), a national sample survey of about 60,000 eligible households conducted monthly for the Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) by the U.S. Census Bureau. The data in this release relate to the employment status of youth (16- to 24-year-olds) during the months of April-July. This period was selected as being the most representative time frame in which to measure the full summertime transition from school to work. July is the peak summer month of youth employment. Beginning in January of each year, data reflect revised population controls used in the CPS. Additional information about population controls is available on the BLS website at www.bls.gov/cps/documentation.htm#pop. Information in this release will be made available to sensory impaired individuals upon request. Voice phone: (202) 691-5200; Federal Relay Service: (800) 877-8339. Reliability of the estimates Statistics based on the CPS are subject to both sampling and nonsampling error. When a sample, rather than the entire population, is surveyed, there is a chance that the sample estimates may differ from the true population values they represent. The component of this difference that occurs because samples differ by chance is known as sampling error, and its variability is measured by the standard error of the estimate. There is about a 90-percent chance, or level of confidence, that an estimate based on a sample will differ by no more than 1.6 standard errors from the true population value because of sampling error. BLS analyses are generally conducted at the 90-percent level of confidence. The CPS data also are affected by nonsampling error. Nonsampling error can occur for many reasons, including the failure to sample a segment of the population, inability to obtain information for all respondents in the sample, inability or unwillingness of respondents to provide correct information, and errors made in the collection or processing of the data. More information on the reliability of data from the CPS and estimating standard errors is available online at www.bls.gov/cps/documentation.htm#reliability. Definitions The principal definitions used in this release are described briefly below. Employed. Employed persons are all those who, during the survey reference week (which is generally the week including the 12th day of the month), (a) did any work at all as paid employees; (b) worked in their own business, profession, or on their own farm; (c) worked 15 hours or more as unpaid workers in a family member's business. Persons who were temporarily absent from their jobs because of illness, bad weather, vacation, labor dispute, or another reason also are counted as employed. Unemployed. The unemployed are those who had no employment during the reference week, were available for work at that time, and had made specific efforts to find employment sometime during the 4-week period ending with the reference week. Persons who were waiting to be recalled to a job from which they had been laid off need not have been looking for work to be classified as unemployed. Looking for full-time work refers to 35 hours or more per week; part-time work refers to fewer than 35 hours per week. Civilian labor force. This group comprises all persons classified as employed or unemployed. Unemployment rate. The unemployment rate is the number of unemployed persons as a percent of the civilian labor force. Labor force participation rate. The labor force participation rate is the labor force as a percent of the population. Employment-population ratio. The employment-population ratio is the employed as a percent of the population. Not in the labor force. Included in this group are all persons in the civilian noninstitutional population who are neither employed nor unemployed. Industry and class of worker. This information applies to the job held during the reference week. Persons with two or more jobs are classified in the job at which they worked the greatest number of hours. Persons are classified using the 2012 Census industry classification system. The class-of-worker breakdown assigns workers to the following categories: Private and government wage and salary workers, unincorporated self-employed workers, and unpaid family workers. Wage and salary workers. Included in this group are persons who receive wages, salary, commissions, tips, or pay in kind from a private employer or from a government entity. Self-employed workers. Included in this group are those who work for profit or fees in their own unincorporated business, profession, trade, or farm. Only unincorporated self-employed are included in the self-employed category. Self-employed persons whose businesses are incorporated are included with private wage and salary workers. Unpaid family workers. Included in this group are persons working without pay for 15 hours a week or more on a farm or in a business operated by a family member in their household.
Employment status, sex, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity |
April | May | June | July | April-July changes | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Number | Percent | |||||
TOTAL |
||||||
Civilian noninstitutional population |
38,759 | 38,749 | 38,740 | 38,735 | -24 | -0.1 |
Civilian labor force |
20,461 | 21,160 | 22,851 | 23,437 | 2,976 | 14.5 |
Participation rate |
52.8 | 54.6 | 59.0 | 60.5 | 7.7 | 14.6 |
Employed |
18,021 | 18,329 | 19,421 | 20,085 | 2,064 | 11.5 |
Employment-population ratio |
46.5 | 47.3 | 50.1 | 51.9 | 5.4 | 11.6 |
Unemployed |
2,440 | 2,831 | 3,429 | 3,353 | 913 | 37.4 |
Looking for full-time work |
1,736 | 2,084 | 2,558 | 2,460 | 724 | 41.7 |
Looking for part-time work |
704 | 747 | 871 | 893 | 189 | 26.8 |
Unemployment rate |
11.9 | 13.4 | 15.0 | 14.3 | 2.4 | 20.2 |
Not in labor force |
18,298 | 17,589 | 15,890 | 15,298 | -3,000 | -16.4 |
Men |
||||||
Civilian noninstitutional population |
19,539 | 19,534 | 19,529 | 19,527 | -12 | -0.1 |
Civilian labor force |
10,532 | 10,850 | 11,915 | 12,335 | 1,803 | 17.1 |
Participation rate |
53.9 | 55.5 | 61.0 | 63.2 | 9.3 | 17.3 |
Employed |
9,127 | 9,316 | 9,983 | 10,470 | 1,343 | 14.7 |
Employment-population ratio |
46.7 | 47.7 | 51.1 | 53.6 | 6.9 | 14.8 |
Unemployed |
1,406 | 1,534 | 1,932 | 1,865 | 459 | 32.6 |
Looking for full-time work |
1,058 | 1,173 | 1,487 | 1,437 | 379 | 35.8 |
Looking for part-time work |
348 | 361 | 445 | 428 | 80 | 23.0 |
Unemployment rate |
13.3 | 14.1 | 16.2 | 15.1 | 1.8 | 13.5 |
Not in labor force |
9,007 | 8,684 | 7,615 | 7,191 | -1,816 | -20.2 |
Women |
||||||
Civilian noninstitutional population |
19,220 | 19,215 | 19,211 | 19,208 | -12 | -0.1 |
Civilian labor force |
9,929 | 10,310 | 10,936 | 11,102 | 1,173 | 11.8 |
Participation rate |
51.7 | 53.7 | 56.9 | 57.8 | 6.1 | 11.8 |
Employed |
8,894 | 9,013 | 9,439 | 9,614 | 720 | 8.1 |
Employment-population ratio |
46.3 | 46.9 | 49.1 | 50.1 | 3.8 | 8.2 |
Unemployed |
1,034 | 1,296 | 1,497 | 1,488 | 454 | 43.9 |
Looking for full-time work |
678 | 911 | 1,071 | 1,023 | 345 | 50.9 |
Looking for part-time work |
357 | 385 | 426 | 465 | 108 | 30.3 |
Unemployment rate |
10.4 | 12.6 | 13.7 | 13.4 | 3.0 | 28.8 |
Not in labor force |
9,291 | 8,906 | 8,275 | 8,106 | -1,185 | -12.8 |
White |
||||||
Civilian noninstitutional population |
28,747 | 28,736 | 28,726 | 28,718 | -29 | -0.1 |
Civilian labor force |
15,754 | 16,233 | 17,666 | 18,137 | 2,383 | 15.1 |
Participation rate |
54.8 | 56.5 | 61.5 | 63.2 | 8.4 | 15.3 |
Employed |
14,223 | 14,384 | 15,358 | 15,917 | 1,694 | 11.9 |
Employment-population ratio |
49.5 | 50.1 | 53.5 | 55.4 | 5.9 | 11.9 |
Unemployed |
1,531 | 1,849 | 2,308 | 2,220 | 689 | 45.0 |
Looking for full-time work |
1,067 | 1,324 | 1,675 | 1,612 | 545 | 51.1 |
Looking for part-time work |
464 | 525 | 633 | 607 | 143 | 30.8 |
Unemployment rate |
9.7 | 11.4 | 13.1 | 12.2 | 2.5 | 25.8 |
Not in labor force |
12,993 | 12,502 | 11,060 | 10,581 | -2,412 | -18.6 |
Black or African American |
||||||
Civilian noninstitutional population |
5,983 | 5,979 | 5,976 | 5,973 | -10 | -0.2 |
Civilian labor force |
2,903 | 3,015 | 3,068 | 3,160 | 257 | 8.9 |
Participation rate |
48.5 | 50.4 | 51.3 | 52.9 | 4.4 | 9.1 |
Employed |
2,281 | 2,299 | 2,352 | 2,376 | 95 | 4.2 |
Employment-population ratio |
38.1 | 38.4 | 39.4 | 39.8 | 1.7 | 4.5 |
Unemployed |
622 | 717 | 716 | 784 | 162 | 26.0 |
Looking for full-time work |
474 | 580 | 579 | 591 | 117 | 24.7 |
Looking for part-time work |
148 | 137 | 137 | 192 | 44 | 29.7 |
Unemployment rate |
21.4 | 23.8 | 23.3 | 24.8 | 3.4 | 15.9 |
Not in labor force |
3,080 | 2,964 | 2,908 | 2,813 | -267 | -8.7 |
Asian |
||||||
Civilian noninstitutional population |
2,095 | 2,062 | 2,065 | 2,044 | -51 | -2.4 |
Civilian labor force |
799 | 856 | 948 | 936 | 137 | 17.1 |
Participation rate |
38.2 | 41.5 | 45.9 | 45.8 | 7.6 | 19.9 |
Employed |
701 | 778 | 805 | 834 | 133 | 19.0 |
Employment-population ratio |
33.5 | 37.7 | 39.0 | 40.8 | 7.3 | 21.8 |
Unemployed |
98 | 78 | 143 | 102 | 4 | 4.1 |
Looking for full-time work |
62 | 45 | 108 | 70 | 8 | 12.9 |
Looking for part-time work |
36 | 33 | 35 | 32 | -4 | -11.1 |
Unemployment rate |
12.3 | 9.1 | 15.1 | 10.9 | -1.4 | -11.4 |
Not in labor force |
1,295 | 1,206 | 1,118 | 1,109 | -186 | -14.4 |
Hispanic or Latino ethnicity |
||||||
Civilian noninstitutional population |
8,286 | 8,294 | 8,303 | 8,313 | 27 | 0.3 |
Civilian labor force |
4,209 | 4,302 | 4,627 | 4,675 | 466 | 11.1 |
Participation rate |
50.8 | 51.9 | 55.7 | 56.2 | 5.4 | 10.6 |
Employed |
3,721 | 3,774 | 3,841 | 3,903 | 182 | 4.9 |
Employment-population ratio |
44.9 | 45.5 | 46.3 | 47.0 | 2.1 | 4.7 |
Unemployed |
488 | 528 | 786 | 772 | 284 | 58.2 |
Looking for full-time work |
334 | 379 | 612 | 560 | 226 | 67.7 |
Looking for part-time work |
155 | 149 | 174 | 212 | 57 | 36.8 |
Unemployment rate |
11.6 | 12.3 | 17.0 | 16.5 | 4.9 | 42.2 |
Not in labor force |
4,077 | 3,992 | 3,676 | 3,637 | -440 | -10.8 |
NOTE: Estimates for the above race groups (white, black or African American, and Asian) do not sum to totals because data are not presented for all races. Persons whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race. Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data. |
Employment status, sex, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity |
July 2011 |
July 2012 |
July 2013 |
July 2014 |
---|---|---|---|---|
TOTAL |
||||
Civilian noninstitutional population |
38,196 | 38,799 | 38,861 | 38,735 |
Civilian labor force |
22,742 | 23,472 | 23,506 | 23,437 |
Participation rate |
59.5 | 60.5 | 60.5 | 60.5 |
Employed |
18,632 | 19,461 | 19,684 | 20,085 |
Employment-population ratio |
48.8 | 50.2 | 50.7 | 51.9 |
Unemployed |
4,110 | 4,011 | 3,821 | 3,353 |
Looking for full-time work |
3,238 | 3,074 | 2,819 | 2,460 |
Looking for part-time work |
872 | 937 | 1,002 | 893 |
Unemployment rate |
18.1 | 17.1 | 16.3 | 14.3 |
Not in labor force |
15,454 | 15,327 | 15,355 | 15,298 |
Men |
||||
Civilian noninstitutional population |
19,425 | 19,554 | 19,587 | 19,527 |
Civilian labor force |
11,930 | 12,355 | 12,283 | 12,335 |
Participation rate |
61.4 | 63.2 | 62.7 | 63.2 |
Employed |
9,746 | 10,140 | 10,127 | 10,470 |
Employment-population ratio |
50.2 | 51.9 | 51.7 | 53.6 |
Unemployed |
2,184 | 2,215 | 2,156 | 1,865 |
Looking for full-time work |
1,809 | 1,785 | 1,665 | 1,437 |
Looking for part-time work |
375 | 430 | 491 | 428 |
Unemployment rate |
18.3 | 17.9 | 17.6 | 15.1 |
Not in labor force |
7,494 | 7,199 | 7,303 | 7,191 |
Women |
||||
Civilian noninstitutional population |
18,772 | 19,245 | 19,274 | 19,208 |
Civilian labor force |
10,812 | 11,117 | 11,223 | 11,102 |
Participation rate |
57.6 | 57.8 | 58.2 | 57.8 |
Employed |
8,886 | 9,321 | 9,557 | 9,614 |
Employment-population ratio |
47.3 | 48.4 | 49.6 | 50.1 |
Unemployed |
1,926 | 1,796 | 1,665 | 1,488 |
Looking for full-time work |
1,428 | 1,289 | 1,154 | 1,023 |
Looking for part-time work |
497 | 507 | 511 | 465 |
Unemployment rate |
17.8 | 16.2 | 14.8 | 13.4 |
Not in labor force |
7,960 | 8,128 | 8,052 | 8,106 |
White |
||||
Civilian noninstitutional population |
29,377 | 28,956 | 28,866 | 28,718 |
Civilian labor force |
18,266 | 18,213 | 18,205 | 18,137 |
Participation rate |
62.2 | 62.9 | 63.1 | 63.2 |
Employed |
15,367 | 15,498 | 15,679 | 15,917 |
Employment-population ratio |
52.3 | 53.5 | 54.3 | 55.4 |
Unemployed |
2,899 | 2,715 | 2,525 | 2,220 |
Looking for full-time work |
2,203 | 2,019 | 1,814 | 1,612 |
Looking for part-time work |
696 | 696 | 711 | 607 |
Unemployment rate |
15.9 | 14.9 | 13.9 | 12.2 |
Not in labor force |
11,111 | 10,743 | 10,661 | 10,581 |
Black or African American |
||||
Civilian noninstitutional population |
5,763 | 5,971 | 5,997 | 5,973 |
Civilian labor force |
2,893 | 3,256 | 3,225 | 3,160 |
Participation rate |
50.2 | 54.5 | 53.8 | 52.9 |
Employed |
1,996 | 2,323 | 2,315 | 2,376 |
Employment-population ratio |
34.6 | 38.9 | 38.6 | 39.8 |
Unemployed |
897 | 933 | 910 | 784 |
Looking for full-time work |
778 | 783 | 771 | 591 |
Looking for part-time work |
118 | 150 | 139 | 192 |
Unemployment rate |
31.0 | 28.6 | 28.2 | 24.8 |
Not in labor force |
2,870 | 2,715 | 2,772 | 2,813 |
Asian |
||||
Civilian noninstitutional population |
1,573 | 1,922 | 2,028 | 2,044 |
Civilian labor force |
753 | 839 | 934 | 936 |
Participation rate |
47.9 | 43.7 | 46.1 | 45.8 |
Employed |
638 | 718 | 794 | 834 |
Employment-population ratio |
40.5 | 37.4 | 39.2 | 40.8 |
Unemployed |
115 | 121 | 140 | 102 |
Looking for full-time work |
97 | 83 | 81 | 70 |
Looking for part-time work |
18 | 38 | 59 | 32 |
Unemployment rate |
15.3 | 14.4 | 15.0 | 10.9 |
Not in labor force |
820 | 1,083 | 1,094 | 1,109 |
Hispanic or Latino ethnicity |
||||
Civilian noninstitutional population |
7,605 | 8,164 | 8,229 | 8,313 |
Civilian labor force |
4,080 | 4,658 | 4,756 | 4,675 |
Participation rate |
53.6 | 57.1 | 57.8 | 56.2 |
Employed |
3,260 | 3,799 | 3,897 | 3,903 |
Employment-population ratio |
42.9 | 46.5 | 47.4 | 47.0 |
Unemployed |
820 | 860 | 859 | 772 |
Looking for full-time work |
646 | 698 | 622 | 560 |
Looking for part-time work |
174 | 162 | 238 | 212 |
Unemployment rate |
20.1 | 18.5 | 18.1 | 16.5 |
Not in labor force |
3,525 | 3,506 | 3,473 | 3,637 |
NOTE: Estimates for the above race groups (white, black or African American, and Asian) do not sum to totals because data are not presented for all races. Persons whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race. Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data. |
Industry and class of worker | Total | White | Black or African American | Asian | Hispanic or Latino ethnicity | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
July 2013 |
July 2014 |
July 2013 |
July 2014 |
July 2013 |
July 2014 |
July 2013 |
July 2014 |
July 2013 |
July 2014 |
|
Total employed |
19,684 | 20,085 | 15,679 | 15,917 | 2,315 | 2,376 | 794 | 834 | 3,897 | 3,903 |
Agriculture and related industries |
355 | 353 | 331 | 340 | 8 | 7 | 1 | 0 | 77 | 86 |
Nonagricultural industries |
19,330 | 19,732 | 15,348 | 15,577 | 2,307 | 2,369 | 793 | 834 | 3,820 | 3,817 |
Private wage and salary workers(1) |
17,740 | 18,052 | 14,062 | 14,207 | 2,134 | 2,175 | 742 | 774 | 3,580 | 3,551 |
Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction |
137 | 126 | 130 | 118 | 0 | 4 | 1 | 4 | 39 | 28 |
Construction |
868 | 879 | 799 | 768 | 36 | 39 | 7 | 19 | 268 | 269 |
Manufacturing |
1,306 | 1,328 | 1,033 | 1,094 | 138 | 120 | 92 | 69 | 240 | 277 |
Durable goods |
826 | 813 | 643 | 692 | 88 | 51 | 60 | 42 | 127 | 140 |
Nondurable goods |
480 | 516 | 390 | 402 | 50 | 69 | 32 | 27 | 113 | 137 |
Wholesale trade |
339 | 338 | 279 | 287 | 34 | 22 | 9 | 20 | 85 | 82 |
Retail trade |
3,756 | 3,843 | 2,853 | 2,872 | 558 | 577 | 155 | 175 | 765 | 763 |
Transportation and utilities |
486 | 516 | 336 | 376 | 90 | 100 | 11 | 11 | 125 | 120 |
Information |
317 | 341 | 257 | 278 | 38 | 25 | 18 | 16 | 44 | 74 |
Financial activities |
649 | 760 | 513 | 617 | 80 | 73 | 33 | 35 | 130 | 134 |
Professional and business services |
1,566 | 1,632 | 1,281 | 1,329 | 148 | 151 | 75 | 97 | 295 | 347 |
Education and health services |
2,235 | 2,142 | 1,705 | 1,611 | 328 | 312 | 117 | 142 | 419 | 383 |
Leisure and hospitality |
5,078 | 5,078 | 4,032 | 3,976 | 599 | 635 | 194 | 161 | 967 | 902 |
Other services |
1,003 | 1,068 | 844 | 883 | 84 | 116 | 29 | 26 | 204 | 174 |
Government wage and salary workers |
1,254 | 1,310 | 1,005 | 1,056 | 149 | 165 | 43 | 42 | 154 | 185 |
Federal |
151 | 131 | 107 | 78 | 22 | 43 | 8 | 6 | 9 | 21 |
State |
473 | 535 | 371 | 447 | 55 | 42 | 23 | 23 | 50 | 76 |
Local |
630 | 644 | 527 | 532 | 72 | 80 | 11 | 13 | 95 | 88 |
Self-employed, unincorporated, and unpaid family workers |
336 | 369 | 281 | 314 | 24 | 30 | 8 | 18 | 86 | 81 |
Footnotes |
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NOTE: Estimates for the above race groups (white, black or African American, and Asian) do not sum to totals because data are not presented for all races. Persons whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race. Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data. |