Technical Note
The estimates in this release are based on annual average data obtained from
the Current Population Survey (CPS). The CPS, which is conducted by the U.S.
Census Bureau for the Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS), is a monthly survey of
about 60,000 eligible households that provides information on the labor force
status, demographics, and other characteristics of the nation's civilian
noninstitutional population age 16 and over.
Questions were added to the CPS in June 2008 to identify people with a
disability in the civilian noninstitutional population age 16 and over. The
addition of these questions allowed the BLS to begin releasing monthly labor
force data from the CPS for people with a disability. The collection of these
data is sponsored by the Department of Labor's Office of Disability Employment
Policy.
If you are deaf, hard of hearing, or have a speech disability, please dial
7-1-1 to access telecommunications relay services.
Reliability of the estimates
Statistics based on the CPS are subject to both sampling and nonsampling
error. When a sample, rather than the entire population, is surveyed, there is
a chance that the sample estimates may differ from the true population values
they represent. The component of this difference that occurs because samples
differ by chance is known as sampling error, and its variability is measured
by the standard error of the estimate. There is about a 90-percent chance, or
level of confidence, that an estimate based on a sample will differ by no more
than 1.6 standard errors from the true population value because of sampling
error. BLS analyses are generally conducted at the 90-percent level of
confidence.
The CPS data also are affected by nonsampling error. Nonsampling error can
occur for many reasons, including the failure to sample a segment of the
population, inability to obtain information for all respondents in the sample,
inability or unwillingness of respondents to provide correct information, and
errors made in the collection or processing of the data.
Additional information about the reliability of data from the CPS and
estimating standard errors is available at
www.bls.gov/cps/documentation.htm#reliability.
CPS estimates are controlled to population totals that are available by
age, sex, race, and Hispanic ethnicity. These controls are developed by the
Census Bureau and are based on complete population counts obtained in the
decennial census. In the years between decennial censuses, they incorporate
the latest information about population change (births, deaths, and net
international migration). As part of its annual update of population
estimates, the Census Bureau introduces adjustments to the total population
controls. The updated controls typically have a negligible impact on
unemployment rates and other ratios. The estimates of the population of
people with a disability are not controlled to independent population totals
of people with a disability because such data are not available. Without
independent population totals, sample-based estimates are more apt to vary
from one time period to the next. Information about population controls is
available at www.bls.gov/cps/documentation.htm#pop.
Disability questions and concepts
The CPS uses a set of six questions to identify people with disabilities.
In the CPS, people are classified as having a disability if there is a response
of "yes" to any of these questions. The disability questions appear in the CPS
in the following format:
This month we want to learn about people who have physical, mental, or emotional
conditions that cause serious difficulty with their daily activities. Please answer
for household members who are 15 years old or over.
--Is anyone deaf or does anyone have serious difficulty
hearing?
--Is anyone blind or does anyone have serious difficulty
seeing even when wearing glasses?
--Because of a physical, mental, or emotional condition, does
anyone have serious difficulty concentrating, remembering, or
making decisions?
--Does anyone have serious difficulty walking or climbing
stairs?
--Does anyone have difficulty dressing or bathing?
--Because of a physical, mental, or emotional condition, does
anyone have difficulty doing errands alone such as visiting a
doctor's office or shopping?
The CPS questions for identifying individuals with disabilities are only
asked of household members who are age 15 and over. Each of the questions ask
the respondent whether anyone in the household has the condition described, and
if the respondent replies "yes," they are then asked to identify everyone in
the household who has the condition. Labor force measures from the CPS are
tabulated for people age 16 and over. More information on the disability
questions and the limitations of the CPS disability data is available on the
BLS website at www.bls.gov/cps/cpsdisability_faq.htm.
Other definitions
Other definitions used in this release are described briefly below.
Additional information on the concepts and methodology of the CPS is available
at www.bls.gov/cps/documentation.htm.
Employed. Employed people are all those who, during the survey reference
week, (a) did any work at all as paid employees; (b) worked in their own
business, profession, or on their own farm; or (c) worked 15 hours or more as
unpaid workers in a family member's business. People who were temporarily
absent from their jobs because of illness, bad weather, vacation, labor
dispute, or another reason also are counted as employed.
Unemployed. Unemployed people are those who had no employment during the
reference week, were available for work at that time, and had made specific
efforts to find employment sometime during the 4-week period ending with the
reference week. People who were waiting to be recalled to a job from which they
had been laid off need not have been looking for work to be classified as
unemployed.
Civilian labor force. The civilian labor force comprises all people
classified as employed or unemployed.
Unemployment rate. The unemployment rate is the number unemployed as a
percent of the labor force.
Not in the labor force. People not in the labor force include all those who
are not classified as employed or unemployed. Information is collected on their
desire for and availability to take a job at the time of the CPS interview, job
search activity in the prior year, and reason for not looking in the 4-week
period ending with the reference week. This group includes individuals marginally
attached to the labor force, defined as people not in the labor force who want
and are available for a job and who have looked for work sometime in the past 12
months (or since the end of their last job if they held one within the past 12
months). They are not counted as unemployed because they had not actively searched
for work in the prior 4 weeks. Within the marginally attached group are discouraged
workers--people who are not currently looking for work because they believe there
are no jobs available or there are none for which they would qualify. The other
persons marginally attached to the labor force group includes people who want
a job but had not looked for work in the past 4 weeks for reasons such as family
responsibilities or transportation problems.
Part time for economic reasons. People classified as at work part time for
economic reasons, a measure sometimes referred to as involuntary part time, are
those who gave an economic reason for working 1 to 34 hours during the reference
week. Economic reasons include slack work or unfavorable business conditions,
inability to find full-time work, and seasonal declines in demand. Those who
usually work part time must also indicate that they want and are available for
full-time work to be classified as part time for economic reasons.
Occupation, industry, and class of worker. The occupation, industry, and
class of worker classifications for the employed relate to the job held in the
survey reference week. People with two or more jobs are classified in the job
at which they worked the greatest number of hours. People are classified using
the 2018 Census occupational and 2017 Census industry classification systems.
The class-of-worker breakdown assigns workers to the following categories:
private and government wage and salary workers, self-employed workers, and
unpaid family workers. Wage and salary workers receive wages, salary,
commissions, tips, or pay in kind from a private employer or from a government
unit. Self-employed people are those who work for profit or fees in their own
business, profession, trade, or farm. Only the unincorporated self-employed are
included in the self-employed category. Self-employed people who respond that
their businesses are incorporated are included among wage and salary workers.
Unpaid family workers are people working without pay for 15 hours a week or
more on a farm or in a business operated by a family member in their household.
United States Department of Labor
