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Economic News Release
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JOLTS JLT Program Links

Job Openings and Labor Turnover Survey News Release

For release 10:00 a.m. (ET) Wednesday, March 6, 2024    USDL-24-0449
Technical information:	(202) 691-5870  •  JoltsInfo@bls.gov  •  www.bls.gov/jlt
Media contact:	        (202) 691-5902  •  PressOffice@bls.gov

                               JOB OPENINGS AND LABOR TURNOVER – JANUARY 2024

The number of job openings changed little at 8.9 million on the last business day of January, the U.S. 
Bureau of Labor Statistics reported today. Over the month, the number of hires and total separations 
were little changed at 5.7 million and 5.3 million, respectively. Within separations, quits (3.4 million) 
and layoffs and discharges (1.6 million) changed little. This release includes estimates of the number 
and rate of job openings, hires, and separations for the total nonfarm sector, by industry, and by 
establishment size class. This release also includes 2023 annual estimates for job openings, hires, and 
separations. 
        
Job Openings

On the last business day of January, the number of job openings changed little at 8.9 million; this 
measure is down from a series high of 12.2 million in March 2022. Over the month, the rate was 
unchanged at 5.3 percent. In January, job openings increased in nondurable goods manufacturing 
(+82,000) but decreased in private educational services (-41,000). (See table 1.)
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________
|                   Changes to the Job Openings and Labor Turnover Survey Data                            |
|                                                                                                         |
|Effective with this release, the Job Openings and Labor Turnover Survey (JOLTS) estimates will           | 
|incorporate the annual updates to the Current Employment Statistics employment data and the JOLTS        | 
|seasonal adjustment factors. Not seasonally adjusted data and seasonally adjusted data from January      | 
|2019 forward are subject to revision.                                                                    |
|                                                                                                         |
|Also, with this release, the “education and health services” industry will be renamed “private education | 
|and health services.” In addition, “educational services” will be renamed “private educational services.”| 
|This change is being made to align the industry titles with those used in the Current Employment         |
|Statistics program.                                                                                      |
|_________________________________________________________________________________________________________|

Hires

In January, the number and rate of hires were little changed at 5.7 million and 3.6 percent, respectively. 
Hires decreased in state and local government education (-37,000). (See table 2.)

Separations

Total separations include quits, layoffs and discharges, and other separations. Quits are generally 
voluntary separations initiated by the employee. Therefore, the quits rate can serve as a measure of 
workers’ willingness or ability to leave jobs. Layoffs and discharges are involuntary separations initiated 
by the employer. Other separations include separations due to retirement, death, disability, and transfers 
to other locations of the same firm.

The number of total separations in January changed little at 5.3 million, and the rate was 3.4 percent 
for the third month in a row. Over the month, the number of total separations decreased in health care 
and social assistance (-86,000) and in federal government (-8,000). (See table 3.)

In January, the number and rate of quits were little changed at 3.4 million and 2.1 percent, respectively. 
The number of quits increased in information (+23,000) but decreased in real estate and rental and 
leasing (-16,000). (See table 4.)

In January, the number of layoffs and discharges changed little at 1.6 million, and the rate was 1.0 
percent for the third month in a row. The number of layoffs and discharges decreased in state and local 
government education (-19,000) but increased in mining and logging (+7,000). (See table 5.)

The number of other separations was little changed in January at 384,000. (See table 6.)

Establishment Size Class

In January, establishments with 1 to 9 employees saw little change in their job openings rate, hires rate, 
and total separations rate. The job openings rate decreased for establishments with 5,000 or more 
employees. (See table 7.)

December 2023 Revisions

The number of job openings for December was revised down by 137,000 to 8.9 million, the number of 
hires was revised up by 166,000 to 5.8 million, and the number of total separations was revised up by 
54,000 to 5.4 million. Within separations, the number of quits was revised up by 47,000 to 3.4 million 
and the number of layoffs and discharges was revised down by 9,000 to 1.6 million. (Monthly revisions 
result from additional reports received from businesses and government agencies since the last published 
estimates and from the recalculation of seasonal factors. The annual benchmark process also contributes 
to the December revisions.)

Annual Levels and Rates

Consistent with BLS practice, annual estimates are published for not seasonally adjusted data each year 
with the January news release. For details about how these estimates are calculated, see the technical 
note.

In 2023, the annual average job openings level was 9.4 million, a decrease of 1.8 million from 2022. The 
annual average job openings rate was 5.7 percent in 2023, compared to 6.8 percent in 2022. 
(See tables 15 and 16.)

In 2023, the annual hires level was 71.0 million, a decrease of 5.8 million from 2022. Annual total 
separations decreased by 4.2 million in 2023 to 68.1 million. Annual quits decreased by 6.1 million in 
2023 to 44.4 million and accounted for 65.2 percent of total separations. Annual layoffs and discharges 
increased by 2.1 million in 2023 to 19.8 million and accounted for 29.0 percent of total separations. 
Annual other separations decreased by 176,000 in 2023 to 3.9 million and accounted for 5.8 percent of 
total separations. (See tables 17 through 26.)

The annual average hires rate for 2023 was 3.8 percent, down from 4.2 percent in 2022. The annual 
average total separations rate for 2023 was 3.6 percent, compared to 3.9 percent in 2022. The annual 
average rates for the components of total separations were 2.4 percent for quits, 1.1 percent for layoffs 
and discharges, and 0.2 percent for other separations. (See tables 17 through 26.)
____________
The Job Openings and Labor Turnover Survey estimates for February 2024 are scheduled to be 
released on Tuesday, April 2, 2024, at 10:00 a.m. (ET).


Table A.  Job openings, hires, and total separations by industry, seasonally adjusted
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                |      Job openings     |         Hires         |    Total separations	
                                |-----------------------------------------------------------------------
           Category             |Jan.	|Dec.	|Jan.	|Jan.	|Dec.	|Jan.	|Jan.	|Dec.	|Jan.	
                                |2023	|2023	|2024p	|2023	|2023	|2024p	|2023	|2023	|2024p	
--------------------------------|-----------------------------------------------------------------------
                                |	|	|	|	|	|	|	|	|	
      LEVELS BY INDUSTRY        |	|	|	|	|	|	|	|	|	
        (in thousands)          |	|	|	|	|	|	|	|	|	
                                |-----------------------------------------------------------------------
Total...........................|10,425	|8,889	|8,863	|6,374	|5,787	|5,687	|6,017	|5,419	|5,341	
                                |	|	|	|	|	|	|	|	|	
 Total private..................|9,348	|7,884	|7,963	|5,932	|5,384	|5,323	|5,671	|5,060	|5,020	
  Mining and logging............|33	|32	|29	|26	|18	|23	|23	|19	|24	
  Construction..................|293	|434	|413	|386	|357	|380	|349	|335	|372	
  Manufacturing.................|719	|586	|622	|429	|371	|394	|421	|364	|363	
   Durable goods................|468	|408	|360	|226	|199	|222	|219	|192	|206	
   Nondurable goods.............|251	|179	|261	|203	|172	|172	|202	|172	|158	
  Trade, transportation,        |	|	|	|	|	|	|	|	|	
   and utilities................|1,794	|1,318	|1,051	|1,393	|1,110	|1,068	|1,451	|1,058	|1,024	
   Wholesale trade..............|311	|230	|199	|176	|180	|170	|161	|173	|167	
   Retail trade.................|869	|710	|540	|829	|628	|618	|797	|584	|547	
   Transportation, warehousing, |	|	|	|	|	|	|	|	|	
    and utilities...............|615	|378	|312	|388	|302	|280	|494	|300	|310	
  Information...................|109	|177	|211	|69	|83	|82	|103	|67	|75	
  Financial activities..........|434	|482	|539	|218	|209	|211	|208	|203	|191	
   Finance and insurance........|313	|317	|360	|126	|123	|127	|115	|124	|115	
   Real estate and              |	|	|	|	|	|	|	|	|	
    rental and leasing..........|121	|165	|178	|92	|86	|84	|93	|80	|75	
  Professional and business     |	|	|	|	|	|	|	|	|	
   services.....................|2,042	|1,579	|1,633	|1,083	|1,086	|1,101	|1,091	|1,054	|1,089	
  Private education and health	|	|	|	|	|	|	|	|	|	
   services.....................|2,009	|1,956	|1,986	|936	|872	|799	|769	|755	|667	
   Private educational services.|205	|173	|132	|114	|100	|85	|74	|86	|83	
   Health care and social       |	|	|	|	|	|	|	|	|	
    assistance..................|1,804	|1,783	|1,854	|822	|772	|714	|695	|669	|583	
  Leisure and hospitality.......|1,534	|1,003	|1,100	|1,178	|1,068	|1,046	|1,050	|1,003	|987	
   Arts, entertainment, and     |	|	|	|	|	|	|	|	|	
    recreation..................|200	|157	|159	|178	|185	|173	|158	|158	|145	
   Accommodation and food       |	|	|	|	|	|	|	|	|	
    services....................|1,334	|847	|941	|1,000	|883	|873	|892	|845	|843	
  Other services................|380	|316	|380	|214	|210	|219	|207	|202	|229	
 Government.....................|1,077	|1,005	|900	|442	|403	|364	|347	|360	|321	
  Federal.......................|176	|166	|148	|43	|43	|43	|36	|39	|31	
  State and local...............|901	|838	|752	|399	|361	|322	|311	|321	|290	
   State and local education....|323	|280	|250	|219	|180	|143	|157	|164	|139	
   State and local, excluding   |	|	|	|	|	|	|	|	|	
    education...................|578	|558	|502	|180	|181	|179	|154	|156	|151	
                                |-----------------------------------------------------------------------
                                |	|	|	|	|	|	|	|	|	
     RATES BY INDUSTRY          |	|	|	|	|	|	|	|	|	
         (percent)              |	|	|	|	|	|	|	|	|	
                                |-----------------------------------------------------------------------
Total...........................|6.3	|5.3	|5.3	|4.1	|3.7	|3.6	|3.9	|3.4	|3.4	
                                |	|	|	|	|	|	|	|	|	
 Total private..................|6.6	|5.5	|5.6	|4.5	|4.0	|4.0	|4.3	|3.8	|3.7	
  Mining and logging............|5.0	|4.7	|4.4	|4.1	|2.8	|3.6	|3.7	|2.9	|3.7	
  Construction..................|3.6	|5.1	|4.8	|4.9	|4.4	|4.7	|4.4	|4.1	|4.6	
  Manufacturing.................|5.3	|4.3	|4.6	|3.3	|2.9	|3.0	|3.3	|2.8	|2.8	
   Durable goods................|5.5	|4.8	|4.2	|2.8	|2.4	|2.7	|2.7	|2.4	|2.5	
   Nondurable goods.............|4.9	|3.6	|5.1	|4.2	|3.6	|3.6	|4.2	|3.6	|3.3	
  Trade, transportation,        |	|	|	|	|	|	|	|	|	
   and utilities................|5.9	|4.4	|3.5	|4.8	|3.8	|3.7	|5.0	|3.7	|3.5	
   Wholesale trade..............|4.9	|3.6	|3.1	|2.9	|2.9	|2.8	|2.6	|2.8	|2.7	
   Retail trade.................|5.3	|4.4	|3.3	|5.3	|4.0	|3.9	|5.1	|3.7	|3.5	
   Transportation, warehousing, |	|	|	|	|	|	|	|	|	
    and utilities...............|7.9	|5.0	|4.2	|5.4	|4.2	|3.9	|6.9	|4.2	|4.3	
  Information...................|3.4	|5.5	|6.5	|2.3	|2.8	|2.7	|3.3	|2.2	|2.5	
  Financial activities..........|4.5	|5.0	|5.5	|2.4	|2.3	|2.3	|2.3	|2.2	|2.1	
   Finance and insurance........|4.5	|4.5	|5.1	|1.9	|1.8	|1.9	|1.7	|1.8	|1.7	
   Real estate and rental       |	|	|	|	|	|	|	|	|	
    and leasing.................|4.7	|6.2	|6.6	|3.8	|3.4	|3.4	|3.8	|3.2	|3.0	
  Professional and business     |	|	|	|	|	|	|	|	|	
   services.....................|8.2	|6.5	|6.6	|4.8	|4.7	|4.8	|4.8	|4.6	|4.7	
  Private education and health  |	|	|	|	|	|	|	|	|	
   services.....................|7.5	|7.0	|7.1	|3.8	|3.4	|3.1	|3.1	|2.9	|2.6	
   Private educational services.|5.1	|4.3	|3.3	|3.0	|2.6	|2.2	|1.9	|2.2	|2.2	
   Health care and social       |	|	|	|	|	|	|	|	|	
    assistance..................|7.9	|7.5	|7.7	|3.9	|3.5	|3.2	|3.3	|3.0	|2.6	
   Leisure and hospitality......|8.6	|5.6	|6.1	|7.2	|6.4	|6.2	|6.4	|6.0	|5.9	
    Arts, entertainment, and    |	|	|	|	|	|	|	|	|	
     recreation.................|7.6	|5.7	|5.7	|7.4	|7.1	|6.6	|6.5	|6.1	|5.5	
    Accommodation and food      |	|	|	|	|	|	|	|	|	
     services...................|8.7	|5.6	|6.2	|7.2	|6.2	|6.1	|6.4	|5.9	|5.9	
   Other services...............|6.2	|5.1	|6.1	|3.7	|3.6	|3.7	|3.6	|3.4	|3.9	
 Government.....................|4.6	|4.2	|3.8	|2.0	|1.7	|1.6	|1.5	|1.6	|1.4	
  Federal.......................|5.8	|5.3	|4.7	|1.5	|1.4	|1.4	|1.2	|1.3	|1.0	
  State and local...............|4.4	|4.0	|3.6	|2.0	|1.8	|1.6	|1.6	|1.6	|1.4	
   State and local education....|3.0	|2.6	|2.3	|2.1	|1.7	|1.3	|1.5	|1.5	|1.3	
   State and local, excluding   |	|	|	|	|	|	|	|	|	
    education...................|5.9	|5.6	|5.0	|2.0	|1.9	|1.9	|1.7	|1.7	|1.6	
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
  (p) Preliminary
 NOTE: Data are revised with the release of January data to incorporate the annual updates to the Current 
 Employment Statistics employment estimates and the JOLTS seasonal adjustment factors.

                  Annual Revisions to Job Openings and Labor Turnover Data

The JOLTS data are revised annually to reflect updates to the Current Employment Statistics (CES) 
employment estimates. The JOLTS employment levels (not published) are ratio-adjusted to the CES 
employment levels, and the resulting ratios are applied to all JOLTS data elements. This annual 
benchmarking process results in revisions to both the seasonally adjusted and not seasonally adjusted 
JOLTS data series. The seasonally adjusted data are recalculated for the most recent 5 years to reflect 
updated seasonal adjustment factors. Further, the alignment methodology creates a dependency of the 
not seasonally adjusted estimates on the seasonal adjustment process. Therefore, the data series that are 
not seasonally adjusted are also recalculated for the most recent 5 years to reflect the effect of the 
updated seasonal adjustment factors on the alignment process.
Tables B through G below present revised total nonfarm data for January through December 2023. The 
December 2023 revisions also reflect the routine incorporation of additional sample receipts into the 
final December estimates. Tables presenting revisions to total nonfarm data for January 2019 through 
December 2023 will be available on the JOLTS website later in the day following the release. The 
website also contains all revised seasonally adjusted and not seasonally adjusted data. The revision 
tables and data can be accessed through the JOLTS homepage at www.bls.gov/jlt/.

Table B. Revisions in job openings data January 2023 - December 2023,
seasonally adjusted
_________________________________________________________________________________
          |                                   |
          |          Levels (in thousands)    |           Rates (percent)
   Year   |---------------------------------- |----------------------------------
   and    |     As     |    As   |            |     As     |    As   |
   month  | previously | revised | Difference | previously | revised | Difference
          | published  |         |            | published  |         |
_________________________________________________________________________________
   2023   |            |         |            |            |         |
January...|   10,563   | 10,425  |   -138     |     6.4    |  6.3    |   -0.1
February..|    9,974   |  9,849  |   -125     |     6.0    |  6.0    |     .0
March.....|    9,745   |  9,623  |   -122     |     5.9    |  5.8    |    -.1
April.....|   10,320   |  9,904  |   -416     |     6.2    |  6.0    |    -.2
May.......|    9,616   |  9,311  |   -305     |     5.8    |  5.6    |    -.2
June......|    9,165   |  9,125  |    -40     |     5.5    |  5.5    |     .0
July......|    8,920   |  8,805  |   -115     |     5.4    |  5.3    |    -.1
August....|    9,497   |  9,358  |   -139     |     5.7    |  5.6    |    -.1
September.|    9,350   |  9,307  |    -43     |     5.6    |  5.6    |     .0
October...|    8,852   |  8,685  |   -167     |     5.3    |  5.2    |    -.1
November..|    8,925   |  8,931  |      6     |     5.4    |  5.4    |     .0
December..|    9,026   |  8,889  |   -137     |     5.4    |  5.3    |    -.1
__________|____________|_________|____________|____________|_________|___________

Table C. Revisions in hires data January 2023 - December 2023,
seasonally adjusted
_________________________________________________________________________________
          |                                   |
          |          Levels (in thousands)    |           Rates (percent)
   Year   |---------------------------------- |----------------------------------
   and    |     As     |    As   |            |     As     |    As   |
   month  | previously | revised | Difference | previously | revised | Difference
          | published  |         |            | published  |         |
_________________________________________________________________________________
   2023   |            |         |            |            |         |
January...|    6,327   |  6,374  |     47     |     4.1    |  4.1    |    0.0
February..|    6,150   |  6,058  |    -92     |     4.0    |  3.9    |    -.1
March.....|    6,066   |  5,955  |   -111     |     3.9    |  3.8    |    -.1
April.....|    6,101   |  5,951  |   -150     |     3.9    |  3.8    |    -.1
May.......|    6,231   |  6,171  |    -60     |     4.0    |  4.0    |     .0
June......|    5,940   |  5,895  |    -45     |     3.8    |  3.8    |     .0
July......|    5,822   |  5,733  |    -89     |     3.7    |  3.7    |     .0
August....|    5,850   |  5,888  |     38     |     3.7    |  3.8    |     .1
September.|    5,904   |  5,851  |    -53     |     3.8    |  3.7    |    -.1
October...|    5,828   |  5,814  |    -14     |     3.7    |  3.7    |     .0
November..|    5,554   |  5,569  |     15     |     3.5    |  3.5    |     .0
December..|    5,621   |  5,787  |    166     |     3.6    |  3.7    |     .1
__________|____________|_________|____________|____________|_________|___________

Table D. Revisions in total separations data January 2023 - December 2023,
seasonally adjusted
_________________________________________________________________________________
          |                                   |
          |          Levels (in thousands)    |           Rates (percent)
   Year   |---------------------------------- |----------------------------------
   and    |     As     |    As   |            |     As     |    As   |
   month  | previously | revised | Difference | previously | revised | Difference
          | published  |         |            | published  |         |
_________________________________________________________________________________
   2023   |            |         |            |            |         |
January...|    5,900   |  6,017  |    117     |     3.8    |  3.9    |    0.1
February..|    5,841   |  5,833  |     -8     |     3.8    |  3.8    |     .0
March.....|    5,994   |  5,917  |    -77     |     3.9    |  3.8    |    -.1
April.....|    5,660   |  5,569  |    -91     |     3.6    |  3.6    |     .0
May.......|    5,925   |  5,846  |    -79     |     3.8    |  3.8    |     .0
June......|    5,691   |  5,639  |    -52     |     3.6    |  3.6    |     .0
July......|    5,638   |  5,646  |      8     |     3.6    |  3.6    |     .0
August....|    5,687   |  5,609  |    -78     |     3.6    |  3.6    |     .0
September.|    5,595   |  5,522  |    -73     |     3.6    |  3.5    |    -.1
October...|    5,632   |  5,630  |     -2     |     3.6    |  3.6    |     .0
November..|    5,401   |  5,413  |     12     |     3.4    |  3.4    |     .0
December..|    5,365   |  5,419  |     54     |     3.4    |  3.4    |     .0
__________|____________|_________|____________|____________|_________|___________

Table E. Revisions in quits data January 2023 - December 2023,
seasonally adjusted
_________________________________________________________________________________
          |                                   |
          |          Levels (in thousands)    |           Rates (percent)
   Year   |---------------------------------- |----------------------------------
   and    |     As     |    As   |            |     As     |    As   |
   month  | previously | revised | Difference | previously | revised | Difference
          | published  |         |            | published  |         |
_________________________________________________________________________________
   2023   |            |         |            |            |         |
January...|    3,878   |  3,882  |      4     |     2.5    |  2.5    |    0.0
February..|    3,980   |  3,964  |    -16     |     2.6    |  2.6    |     .0
March.....|    3,842   |  3,809  |    -33     |     2.5    |  2.5    |     .0
April.....|    3,765   |  3,611  |   -154     |     2.4    |  2.3    |    -.1
May.......|    4,067   |  4,009  |    -58     |     2.6    |  2.6    |     .0
June......|    3,802   |  3,716  |    -86     |     2.4    |  2.4    |     .0
July......|    3,619   |  3,615  |     -4     |     2.3    |  2.3    |     .0
August....|    3,663   |  3,595  |    -68     |     2.3    |  2.3    |     .0
September.|    3,646   |  3,596  |    -50     |     2.3    |  2.3    |     .0
October...|    3,628   |  3,634  |      6     |     2.3    |  2.3    |     .0
November..|    3,524   |  3,516  |     -8     |     2.2    |  2.2    |     .0
December..|    3,392   |  3,439  |     47     |     2.2    |  2.2    |     .0
__________|____________|_________|____________|____________|_________|___________

Table F. Revisions in layoffs and discharges data January 2023 - December 2023,
seasonally adjusted
_________________________________________________________________________________
          |                                   |
          |          Levels (in thousands)    |           Rates (percent)
   Year   |---------------------------------- |----------------------------------
   and    |     As     |    As   |            |     As     |    As   |
   month  | previously | revised | Difference | previously | revised | Difference
          | published  |         |            | published  |         |
_________________________________________________________________________________
   2023   |            |         |            |            |         |
January...|    1,719   |  1,868  |    149     |     1.1    |  1.2    |    0.1
February..|    1,557   |  1,571  |     14     |     1.0    |  1.0    |     .0
March.....|    1,845   |  1,825  |    -20     |     1.2    |  1.2    |     .0
April.....|    1,590   |  1,636  |     46     |     1.0    |  1.1    |     .1
May.......|    1,546   |  1,531  |    -15     |     1.0    |  1.0    |     .0
June......|    1,551   |  1,589  |     38     |     1.0    |  1.0    |     .0
July......|    1,681   |  1,698  |     17     |     1.1    |  1.1    |     .0
August....|    1,682   |  1,664  |    -18     |     1.1    |  1.1    |     .0
September.|    1,610   |  1,595  |    -15     |     1.0    |  1.0    |     .0
October...|    1,643   |  1,653  |     10     |     1.0    |  1.1    |     .1
November..|    1,531   |  1,546  |     15     |     1.0    |  1.0    |     .0
December..|    1,616   |  1,607  |     -9     |     1.0    |  1.0    |     .0
__________|____________|_________|____________|____________|_________|___________

Table G. Revisions in other separations data January 2023 - December 2023,
seasonally adjusted
_________________________________________________________________________________
          |                                   |
          |          Levels (in thousands)    |           Rates (percent)
   Year   |---------------------------------- |----------------------------------
   and    |     As     |    As   |            |     As     |    As   |
   month  | previously | revised | Difference | previously | revised | Difference
          | published  |         |            | published  |         |
_________________________________________________________________________________
   2023   |            |         |            |            |         |
January...|      303   |    268  |    -35     |     0.2    |  0.2    |    0.0
February..|      304   |    299  |     -5     |      .2    |   .2    |     .0
March.....|      306   |    283  |    -23     |      .2    |   .2    |     .0
April.....|      305   |    322  |     17     |      .2    |   .2    |     .0
May.......|      313   |    307  |     -6     |      .2    |   .2    |     .0
June......|      339   |    334  |     -5     |      .2    |   .2    |     .0
July......|      338   |    333  |     -5     |      .2    |   .2    |     .0
August....|      342   |    349  |      7     |      .2    |   .2    |     .0
September.|      339   |    331  |     -8     |      .2    |   .2    |     .0
October...|      361   |    344  |    -17     |      .2    |   .2    |     .0
November..|      346   |    351  |      5     |      .2    |   .2    |     .0
December..|      358   |    373  |     15     |      .2    |   .2    |     .0
__________|____________|_________|____________|____________|_________|___________

Technical Note

This news release presents statistics from the Job Openings and Labor Turnover Survey (JOLTS). The JOLTS 
program provides information on labor demand and turnover. Additional information about the JOLTS program can 
be found at www.bls.gov/jlt/. Estimates are published for job openings, hires, quits, layoffs and discharges, other 
separations, and total separations. The JOLTS program covers all private nonfarm establishments, as well as civilian 
federal, state, and local government entities in the 50 states and the District of Columbia. Starting with data for 
January 2023, industries are classified in accordance with the 2022 North American Industry Classification System.

Definitions

Employment. Employment includes persons on the payroll who worked or received pay for the pay period that 
includes the 12th day of the reference month. Full-time, part-time, permanent, short-term, seasonal, salaried, and 
hourly employees are included, as are employees on paid vacation or other paid leave. Proprietors or partners of 
unincorporated businesses, unpaid family workers, employees on strike for the entire pay period, and employees on 
leave without pay for the entire pay period are not counted as employed. Employees of temporary help agencies, 
employee leasing companies, outside contractors, and consultants are counted by their employer of record, not by 
the establishment where they are working. JOLTS does not publish employment estimates but uses the reported 
employment for validation of the other reported data elements.

Job Openings. Job openings include all positions that are open on the last business day of the reference month.

A job is open only if it meets all three of these conditions:
* A specific position exists, and there is work available for that position. The position can be full-time or 
part-time, and it can be permanent, short-term, or seasonal.
* The job could start within 30 days, whether or not the employer can find a suitable candidate during that 
time.
* The employer is actively recruiting workers from outside the establishment to fill the position. Active 
recruiting means that the establishment is taking steps to fill a position. It may include advertising in 
newspapers, on television, or on the radio; posting internet notices, posting “help wanted” signs, 
networking or making “word-of-mouth” announcements; accepting applications; interviewing candidates; 
contacting employment agencies; or soliciting employees at job fairs, state or local employment offices, or 
similar sources.

Excluded are positions open only to internal transfers, promotions or demotions, or recall from layoffs. Also 
excluded are openings for positions with start dates more than 30 days in the future; positions for which employees 
have been hired but have not yet reported for work; and positions to be filled by employees of temporary help 
agencies, employee leasing companies, outside contractors, or consultants. The job openings rate is computed by 
dividing the number of job openings by the sum of employment and job openings—that is, all filled and unfilled 
jobs—and multiplying that quotient by 100.

Hires. Hires include all additions to the payroll during the entire reference month, including newly hired and 
rehired employees; full-time and part-time employees; permanent, short-term, and seasonal employees; employees 
who were recalled to a job at the location following a layoff (formal suspension from pay status) lasting more than 7 
days; on-call or intermittent employees who returned to work after having been formally separated; workers who 
were hired and separated during the month, and transfers from other locations. Excluded are transfers or promotions 
within the reporting location, employees returning from strike, employees of temporary help agencies, employee 
leasing companies, outside contractors, or consultants. The hires rate is computed by dividing the number of hires by 
employment and multiplying that quotient by 100.

Separations. Separations include all separations from the payroll during the entire reference month and is 
reported by type of separation: quits, layoffs and discharges, and other separations. Quits include employees who 
left voluntarily, with the exception of retirements or transfers to other locations. Layoffs and discharges includes 
involuntary separations initiated by the employer, including layoffs with no intent to rehire; layoffs (formal 
suspensions from pay status) lasting or expected to last more than 7 days; discharges resulting from mergers, 
downsizing, or closings; firings or other discharges for cause; terminations of permanent or short-term employees; 
and terminations of seasonal employees (whether or not they are expected to return the next season). Other 
separations include retirements, transfers to other locations, separations due to employee disability, and deaths.
Excluded from separations measures are transfers within the same location; employees on strike; and employees of 
temporary help agencies, employee leasing companies, outside contractors, or consultants. The separations rate is 
computed by dividing the number of separations by employment and multiplying that quotient by 100. The quits, 
layoffs and discharges, and other separations rates are computed similarly.

Estimation Method

The JOLTS survey design is a stratified random sample of approximately 21,000 nonfarm business and 
government establishments. The sample is stratified by ownership, region, industry sector, and establishment size 
class.

The sampling frame is made up of establishments from two sources: the Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) 
Quarterly Census of Employment and Wages program (QCEW) and the Federal Railroad Administration (FRA). 
The QCEW database contains establishments that cover approximately 95 percent of nonfarm payroll jobs in the 
United States. This database is a compilation of administrative data from state unemployment insurance (UI) 
programs and federal government establishments covered by the Unemployment Compensation for Federal 
Employees (UCFE) program. A frame of railroad establishments is provided by the FRA. This is added to the 
QCEW database to complete the JOLTS sampling frame. 

The JOLTS estimation method involves the following processes: unit nonresponse adjustment, item 
nonresponse adjustment, monthly benchmarking and estimation, automatic outlier detection, birth and death model 
estimation, estimates review and outlier selection, alignment, seasonal adjustment, and variance estimates. 
Establishment size class levels are also produced. Detailed information about the estimation method can be found in 
the Handbook of Methods at https://www.bls.gov/opub/hom/jlt/home.htm.

Monthly benchmarking is the process through which the JOLTS weighted employment for each estimation cell 
is adjusted. JOLTS estimation cells are benchmarked monthly to the current employment level from the BLS 
Current Employment Statistics (CES) program. The sampled weight is benchmarked to ensure that JOLTS weighted 
employment is equal to CES employment.

Birth/death model. The time lag from the start up, or birth, of an establishment until its appearance on the 
sampling frame is approximately one year. In addition, many new establishments fail within the first year, referred 
to as a death. Because new and short-lived universe establishments cannot be reflected in the sampling frame 
immediately, the JOLTS sample cannot capture job openings, hires, and separations from these establishments 
during their early existence. BLS has developed a birth/death model that uses establishment birth and death activity 
from previous years as collected by the QCEW and projects forward to the present using over-the-year change in the 
CES. The birth/death model also uses historical JOLTS data to calculate the amount of churn (meaning the rates of 
hires and separations) that exists in establishments of various sizes. The model then combines the calculated churn 
with the projected employment change to estimate the number of hires and separations that take place in these 
establishments that cannot be measured through sampling. The estimates of job openings, hires, and separations 
produced by the birth/death model are added to the sample-based estimates produced from the survey to arrive at the 
estimates for job openings, hires, and separations.

Alignment. The JOLTS figure for hires minus separations can be used to derive a measure of net employment 
change. This change should be comparable to the net employment change from the much larger CES survey. 
However, definitional differences between the two surveys, as well as sampling and nonsampling errors, historically 
caused JOLTS to diverge from CES over time. To limit the divergence and improve the quality of the JOLTS hires 
and separations series, BLS implemented the monthly alignment method. There are four steps to this method: 
seasonally adjust, align, back out the seasonal adjustment factors, and seasonally adjust again.

Seasonal adjustment. After alignment, the seasonal adjustment program (X-13ARIMA-SEATS) is used to 
seasonally adjust the JOLTS series. Each month, a concurrent seasonal adjustment methodology uses all relevant 
data, up to and including the current month, to calculate new seasonal adjustment factors. Moving averages are used 
as seasonal filters in seasonal adjustment. JOLTS seasonal adjustment includes both additive and multiplicative 
models, as well as regression with autocorrelated errors (REGARIMA) modeling, to improve the seasonal 
adjustment factors at the beginning and end of the series and to detect and adjust for outliers in the series. 

Annual estimates and benchmarking. The JOLTS estimates are revised annually with the issuance of data for 
January. Five years of data are subject to revision. The revised estimates incorporate: 1) benchmarks based on CES 
employment estimates newly benchmarked to QCEW, 2) revised seasonal adjustment factors, and 3) any needed 
special adjustments.

The JOLTS employment levels are ratio-adjusted to the CES employment levels, and the resulting ratios are 
applied to all JOLTS data elements.

The seasonally adjusted estimates are recalculated for the most recent 5 years to reflect updated seasonal 
adjustment factors. These annual updates result in revisions to both the seasonally adjusted and not seasonally 
adjusted JOLTS data series for the period since the last benchmark was established.

Annual levels for hires, quits, layoffs and discharges, other separations, and total separations are the sum of the 
12 published monthly levels.

Annual average levels for job openings are calculated by dividing the sum of the 12 published monthly levels 
by 12. 

Annual average rates for hires, quits, layoffs and discharges, other separations, and total separations are 
calculated by dividing the sum of the 12 monthly JOLTS published levels for each data element by the sum of the 12 
monthly CES published employment levels, and multiplying that quotient by 100.

Annual average rates for job openings are calculated by dividing the sum of the 12 monthly JOLTS published 
levels by the sum of the 12 monthly CES published employment levels plus the sum of the 12 monthly job openings 
levels, and multiplying that quotient by 100.

Reliability of the estimates

JOLTS estimates are subject to two types of error: sampling error and nonsampling error.

Sampling error can result when a sample, rather than an entire population, is surveyed. There is a chance that 
the sample estimates may differ from the true population values they represent. The exact difference, or sampling 
error, varies with the sample selected, and this variability is measured by the standard error of the estimate. BLS 
analyses are generally conducted at the 90-percent level of confidence. This means that there is a 90-percent chance 
that the true population mean will fall into the interval created by the sample mean plus or minus 1.65 standard 
errors. Estimates of median standard errors are released monthly as part of the significant change tables on the 
JOLTS webpage. Standard errors are updated annually with the most recent 5 years of data. Sampling error 
estimates are available at www.bls.gov/jlt/jolts_median_standard_errors.htm.

Nonsampling error can occur for many reasons, including the failure to include a segment of the population, the 
inability to obtain data from all units in the sample, the inability or unwillingness of respondents to provide data on a 
timely basis, mistakes made by respondents, errors made in the collection or processing of the data, and errors from 
the employment benchmark data used in estimation. The JOLTS program uses quality control procedures to reduce 
nonsampling error in the survey’s design.

Other information

If you are deaf, hard of hearing, or have a speech disability, please dial 7-1-1 to access telecommunications 
relay services.


Table 1. Job openings levels and rates by industry and region, seasonally adjusted(1)
Industry and region Levels (in thousands) Rates(2)
Jan.
2023
Oct.
2023
Nov.
2023
Dec.
2023
Jan.
2024(p)
Change from:
Dec. 2023 -
Jan. 2024(p)
Jan.
2023
Oct.
2023
Nov.
2023
Dec.
2023
Jan.
2024(p)
Change from:
Dec. 2023 -
Jan. 2024(p)

Total

10,425 8,685 8,931 8,889 8,863 -26 6.3 5.2 5.4 5.3 5.3 0.0

INDUSTRY

Total private

9,348 7,718 7,932 7,884 7,963 79 6.6 5.4 5.6 5.5 5.6 0.1

Mining and logging

33 24 31 32 29 -3 5.0 3.6 4.6 4.7 4.4 -0.3

Construction

293 413 454 434 413 -21 3.6 4.9 5.3 5.1 4.8 -0.3

Manufacturing

719 576 553 586 622 36 5.3 4.3 4.1 4.3 4.6 0.3

Durable goods

468 364 377 408 360 -48 5.5 4.3 4.4 4.8 4.2 -0.6

Nondurable goods

251 213 176 179 261 82 4.9 4.2 3.5 3.6 5.1 1.5

Trade, transportation, and utilities

1,794 1,306 1,336 1,318 1,051 -267 5.9 4.3 4.4 4.4 3.5 -0.9

Wholesale trade

311 206 296 230 199 -31 4.9 3.2 4.6 3.6 3.1 -0.5

Retail trade

869 581 596 710 540 -170 5.3 3.6 3.7 4.4 3.3 -1.1

Transportation, warehousing, and utilities

615 520 443 378 312 -66 7.9 6.8 5.9 5.0 4.2 -0.8

Information

109 113 154 177 211 34 3.4 3.6 4.9 5.5 6.5 1.0

Financial activities

434 410 427 482 539 57 4.5 4.3 4.4 5.0 5.5 0.5

Finance and insurance

313 287 288 317 360 43 4.5 4.1 4.1 4.5 5.1 0.6

Real estate and rental and leasing

121 124 138 165 178 13 4.7 4.7 5.3 6.2 6.6 0.4

Professional and business services

2,042 1,585 1,536 1,579 1,633 54 8.2 6.5 6.3 6.5 6.6 0.1

Private education and health services

2,009 1,778 1,939 1,956 1,986 30 7.5 6.5 7.0 7.0 7.1 0.1

Private educational services

205 156 161 173 132 -41 5.1 3.9 4.0 4.3 3.3 -1.0

Health care and social assistance

1,804 1,622 1,778 1,783 1,854 71 7.9 6.9 7.5 7.5 7.7 0.2

Leisure and hospitality

1,534 1,201 1,153 1,003 1,100 97 8.6 6.7 6.4 5.6 6.1 0.5

Arts, entertainment, and recreation

200 207 170 157 159 2 7.6 7.4 6.2 5.7 5.7 0.0

Accommodation and food services

1,334 994 983 847 941 94 8.7 6.5 6.5 5.6 6.2 0.6

Other services

380 313 349 316 380 64 6.2 5.1 5.6 5.1 6.1 1.0

Government

1,077 967 999 1,005 900 -105 4.6 4.0 4.2 4.2 3.8 -0.4

Federal

176 188 161 166 148 -18 5.8 6.0 5.2 5.3 4.7 -0.6

State and local

901 779 838 838 752 -86 4.4 3.7 4.0 4.0 3.6 -0.4

State and local education

323 288 289 280 250 -30 3.0 2.6 2.6 2.6 2.3 -0.3

State and local, excluding education

578 491 549 558 502 -56 5.9 5.0 5.5 5.6 5.0 -0.6

REGION(3)

Northeast

1,629 1,490 1,489 1,512 1,570 58 5.6 5.1 5.1 5.1 5.3 0.2

South

4,241 3,526 3,501 3,504 3,492 -12 6.8 5.7 5.6 5.6 5.6 0.0

Midwest

2,244 1,861 2,048 1,963 1,944 -19 6.4 5.3 5.8 5.5 5.5 0.0

West

2,313 1,808 1,893 1,909 1,857 -52 6.0 4.7 4.9 4.9 4.8 -0.1

Footnotes
(1) The job openings level is the number of job openings on the last business day of the month.
(2) The job openings rate is the number of job openings on the last business day of the month as a percent of employment plus job openings.
(3) The states (including the District of Columbia) that comprise the regions are: Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont; South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia; Midwest: Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin; West: Alaska, Arizona, California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming.
(p) Preliminary

NOTE: Data are revised with the release of January data to incorporate the annual updates to the Current Employment Statistics employment estimates and the JOLTS seasonal adjustment factors.


Table 2. Hires levels and rates by industry and region, seasonally adjusted(1)
Industry and region Levels (in thousands) Rates(2)
Jan.
2023
Oct.
2023
Nov.
2023
Dec.
2023
Jan.
2024(p)
Change from:
Dec. 2023 -
Jan. 2024(p)
Jan.
2023
Oct.
2023
Nov.
2023
Dec.
2023
Jan.
2024(p)
Change from:
Dec. 2023 -
Jan. 2024(p)

Total

6,374 5,814 5,569 5,787 5,687 -100 4.1 3.7 3.5 3.7 3.6 -0.1

INDUSTRY

Total private

5,932 5,429 5,205 5,384 5,323 -61 4.5 4.1 3.9 4.0 4.0 0.0

Mining and logging

26 21 19 18 23 5 4.1 3.3 3.0 2.8 3.6 0.8

Construction

386 381 367 357 380 23 4.9 4.7 4.5 4.4 4.7 0.3

Manufacturing

429 377 352 371 394 23 3.3 2.9 2.7 2.9 3.0 0.1

Durable goods

226 205 199 199 222 23 2.8 2.5 2.4 2.4 2.7 0.3

Nondurable goods

203 172 153 172 172 0 4.2 3.6 3.2 3.6 3.6 0.0

Trade, transportation, and utilities

1,393 1,137 1,090 1,110 1,068 -42 4.8 3.9 3.8 3.8 3.7 -0.1

Wholesale trade

176 158 153 180 170 -10 2.9 2.6 2.5 2.9 2.8 -0.1

Retail trade

829 671 638 628 618 -10 5.3 4.3 4.1 4.0 3.9 -0.1

Transportation, warehousing, and utilities

388 308 300 302 280 -22 5.4 4.3 4.2 4.2 3.9 -0.3

Information

69 50 70 83 82 -1 2.3 1.7 2.4 2.8 2.7 -0.1

Financial activities

218 206 201 209 211 2 2.4 2.2 2.2 2.3 2.3 0.0

Finance and insurance

126 128 125 123 127 4 1.9 1.9 1.9 1.8 1.9 0.1

Real estate and rental and leasing

92 78 76 86 84 -2 3.8 3.1 3.1 3.4 3.4 0.0

Professional and business services

1,083 1,116 964 1,086 1,101 15 4.8 4.9 4.2 4.7 4.8 0.1

Private education and health services

936 894 934 872 799 -73 3.8 3.5 3.6 3.4 3.1 -0.3

Private educational services

114 98 94 100 85 -15 3.0 2.6 2.4 2.6 2.2 -0.4

Health care and social assistance

822 796 840 772 714 -58 3.9 3.7 3.8 3.5 3.2 -0.3

Leisure and hospitality

1,178 1,047 993 1,068 1,046 -22 7.2 6.2 5.9 6.4 6.2 -0.2

Arts, entertainment, and recreation

178 165 150 185 173 -12 7.4 6.4 5.8 7.1 6.6 -0.5

Accommodation and food services

1,000 882 844 883 873 -10 7.2 6.2 5.9 6.2 6.1 -0.1

Other services

214 200 214 210 219 9 3.7 3.4 3.6 3.6 3.7 0.1

Government

442 385 364 403 364 -39 2.0 1.7 1.6 1.7 1.6 -0.1

Federal

43 42 37 43 43 0 1.5 1.4 1.3 1.4 1.4 0.0

State and local

399 343 327 361 322 -39 2.0 1.7 1.6 1.8 1.6 -0.2

State and local education

219 179 165 180 143 -37 2.1 1.7 1.5 1.7 1.3 -0.4

State and local, excluding education

180 164 162 181 179 -2 2.0 1.7 1.7 1.9 1.9 0.0

REGION(3)

Northeast

934 886 892 852 906 54 3.4 3.2 3.2 3.0 3.2 0.2

South

2,604 2,391 2,368 2,557 2,400 -157 4.5 4.1 4.0 4.3 4.1 -0.2

Midwest

1,353 1,244 1,173 1,127 1,167 40 4.1 3.7 3.5 3.4 3.5 0.1

West

1,482 1,293 1,137 1,251 1,215 -36 4.1 3.5 3.1 3.4 3.3 -0.1

Footnotes
(1) The hires level is the number of hires during the entire month.
(2) The hires rate is the number of hires during the entire month as a percent of employment.
(3) The states (including the District of Columbia) that comprise the regions are: Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont; South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia; Midwest: Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin; West: Alaska, Arizona, California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming.
(p) Preliminary

NOTE: Data are revised with the release of January data to incorporate the annual updates to the Current Employment Statistics employment estimates and the JOLTS seasonal adjustment factors.


Table 3. Total separations levels and rates by industry and region, seasonally adjusted(1)
Industry and region Levels (in thousands) Rates(2)
Jan.
2023
Oct.
2023
Nov.
2023
Dec.
2023
Jan.
2024(p)
Change from:
Dec. 2023 -
Jan. 2024(p)
Jan.
2023
Oct.
2023
Nov.
2023
Dec.
2023
Jan.
2024(p)
Change from:
Dec. 2023 -
Jan. 2024(p)

Total

6,017 5,630 5,413 5,419 5,341 -78 3.9 3.6 3.4 3.4 3.4 0.0

INDUSTRY

Total private

5,671 5,325 5,075 5,060 5,020 -40 4.3 4.0 3.8 3.8 3.7 -0.1

Mining and logging

23 23 24 19 24 5 3.7 3.6 3.7 2.9 3.7 0.8

Construction

349 349 342 335 372 37 4.4 4.3 4.2 4.1 4.6 0.5

Manufacturing

421 371 352 364 363 -1 3.3 2.9 2.7 2.8 2.8 0.0

Durable goods

219 206 194 192 206 14 2.7 2.5 2.4 2.4 2.5 0.1

Nondurable goods

202 165 157 172 158 -14 4.2 3.4 3.3 3.6 3.3 -0.3

Trade, transportation, and utilities

1,451 1,108 1,122 1,058 1,024 -34 5.0 3.8 3.9 3.7 3.5 -0.2

Wholesale trade

161 148 141 173 167 -6 2.6 2.4 2.3 2.8 2.7 -0.1

Retail trade

797 655 648 584 547 -37 5.1 4.2 4.2 3.7 3.5 -0.2

Transportation, warehousing, and utilities

494 305 333 300 310 10 6.9 4.3 4.7 4.2 4.3 0.1

Information

103 68 76 67 75 8 3.3 2.3 2.5 2.2 2.5 0.3

Financial activities

208 217 217 203 191 -12 2.3 2.4 2.3 2.2 2.1 -0.1

Finance and insurance

115 143 145 124 115 -9 1.7 2.1 2.2 1.8 1.7 -0.1

Real estate and rental and leasing

93 74 71 80 75 -5 3.8 3.0 2.9 3.2 3.0 -0.2

Professional and business services

1,091 1,148 981 1,054 1,089 35 4.8 5.0 4.3 4.6 4.7 0.1

Private education and health services

769 827 796 755 667 -88 3.1 3.2 3.1 2.9 2.6 -0.3

Private educational services

74 105 86 86 83 -3 1.9 2.7 2.2 2.2 2.2 0.0

Health care and social assistance

695 722 711 669 583 -86 3.3 3.3 3.2 3.0 2.6 -0.4

Leisure and hospitality

1,050 1,014 982 1,003 987 -16 6.4 6.1 5.9 6.0 5.9 -0.1

Arts, entertainment, and recreation

158 131 138 158 145 -13 6.5 5.1 5.4 6.1 5.5 -0.6

Accommodation and food services

892 883 844 845 843 -2 6.4 6.2 5.9 5.9 5.9 0.0

Other services

207 202 183 202 229 27 3.6 3.4 3.1 3.4 3.9 0.5

Government

347 305 338 360 321 -39 1.5 1.3 1.5 1.6 1.4 -0.2

Federal

36 36 38 39 31 -8 1.2 1.2 1.3 1.3 1.0 -0.3

State and local

311 269 301 321 290 -31 1.6 1.3 1.5 1.6 1.4 -0.2

State and local education

157 134 159 164 139 -25 1.5 1.3 1.5 1.5 1.3 -0.2

State and local, excluding education

154 136 141 156 151 -5 1.7 1.4 1.5 1.7 1.6 -0.1

REGION(3)

Northeast

903 1,010 864 830 835 5 3.3 3.6 3.1 3.0 3.0 0.0

South

2,533 2,340 2,138 2,215 2,201 -14 4.4 4.0 3.6 3.8 3.7 -0.1

Midwest

1,227 1,095 1,160 1,132 1,098 -34 3.7 3.3 3.5 3.4 3.3 -0.1

West

1,354 1,186 1,252 1,243 1,206 -37 3.7 3.2 3.4 3.4 3.3 -0.1

Footnotes
(1) The total separations level is the number of total separations during the entire month.
(2) The total separations rate is the number of total separations during the entire month as a percent of employment.
(3) The states (including the District of Columbia) that comprise the regions are: Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont; South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia; Midwest: Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin; West: Alaska, Arizona, California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming.
(p) Preliminary

NOTE: Data are revised with the release of January data to incorporate the annual updates to the Current Employment Statistics employment estimates and the JOLTS seasonal adjustment factors.


Table 4. Quits levels and rates by industry and region, seasonally adjusted(1)
Industry and region Levels (in thousands) Rates(2)
Jan.
2023
Oct.
2023
Nov.
2023
Dec.
2023
Jan.
2024(p)
Change from:
Dec. 2023 -
Jan. 2024(p)
Jan.
2023
Oct.
2023
Nov.
2023
Dec.
2023
Jan.
2024(p)
Change from:
Dec. 2023 -
Jan. 2024(p)

Total

3,882 3,634 3,516 3,439 3,385 -54 2.5 2.3 2.2 2.2 2.1 -0.1

INDUSTRY

Total private

3,684 3,453 3,319 3,237 3,189 -48 2.8 2.6 2.5 2.4 2.4 0.0

Mining and logging

16 14 15 11 10 -1 2.6 2.1 2.3 1.8 1.6 -0.2

Construction

184 171 162 149 148 -1 2.3 2.1 2.0 1.8 1.8 0.0

Manufacturing

284 225 220 233 224 -9 2.2 1.7 1.7 1.8 1.7 -0.1

Durable goods

148 126 126 123 131 8 1.8 1.6 1.6 1.5 1.6 0.1

Nondurable goods

136 98 94 110 93 -17 2.8 2.0 2.0 2.3 1.9 -0.4

Trade, transportation, and utilities

949 750 739 684 637 -47 3.3 2.6 2.6 2.4 2.2 -0.2

Wholesale trade

101 88 73 122 100 -22 1.7 1.4 1.2 2.0 1.6 -0.4

Retail trade

616 478 461 408 363 -45 4.0 3.1 3.0 2.6 2.3 -0.3

Transportation, warehousing, and utilities

233 184 205 154 173 19 3.2 2.6 2.9 2.2 2.4 0.2

Information

44 41 42 28 51 23 1.4 1.4 1.4 0.9 1.7 0.8

Financial activities

142 129 126 134 119 -15 1.6 1.4 1.4 1.5 1.3 -0.2

Finance and insurance

94 91 85 83 82 -1 1.4 1.4 1.3 1.2 1.2 0.0

Real estate and rental and leasing

48 38 41 52 36 -16 2.0 1.5 1.6 2.1 1.4 -0.7

Professional and business services

536 677 594 594 570 -24 2.4 3.0 2.6 2.6 2.5 -0.1

Private education and health services

595 594 572 540 492 -48 2.4 2.3 2.2 2.1 1.9 -0.2

Private educational services

39 72 58 62 59 -3 1.0 1.9 1.5 1.6 1.5 -0.1

Health care and social assistance

556 522 514 478 433 -45 2.6 2.4 2.3 2.2 2.0 -0.2

Leisure and hospitality

807 742 739 738 781 43 4.9 4.4 4.4 4.4 4.6 0.2

Arts, entertainment, and recreation

91 63 69 77 70 -7 3.8 2.5 2.7 3.0 2.7 -0.3

Accommodation and food services

716 679 670 660 711 51 5.1 4.8 4.7 4.6 5.0 0.4

Other services

126 111 110 125 158 33 2.2 1.9 1.9 2.1 2.7 0.6

Government

198 181 197 203 195 -8 0.9 0.8 0.9 0.9 0.8 -0.1

Federal

18 16 17 18 15 -3 0.6 0.5 0.6 0.6 0.5 -0.1

State and local

180 165 180 185 180 -5 0.9 0.8 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.0

State and local education

96 78 97 101 93 -8 0.9 0.7 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.0

State and local, excluding education

84 87 83 84 88 4 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.0

REGION(3)

Northeast

506 523 510 510 519 9 1.8 1.9 1.8 1.8 1.9 0.1

South

1,648 1,606 1,448 1,493 1,467 -26 2.8 2.7 2.5 2.5 2.5 0.0

Midwest

801 748 793 698 663 -35 2.4 2.2 2.4 2.1 2.0 -0.1

West

927 757 765 738 736 -2 2.6 2.1 2.1 2.0 2.0 0.0

Footnotes
(1) The quits level is the number of quits during the entire month.
(2) The quits rate is the number of quits during the entire month as a percent of employment.
(3) The states (including the District of Columbia) that comprise the regions are: Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont; South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia; Midwest: Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin; West: Alaska, Arizona, California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming.
(p) Preliminary

NOTE: Data are revised with the release of January data to incorporate the annual updates to the Current Employment Statistics employment estimates and the JOLTS seasonal adjustment factors.


Table 5. Layoffs and discharges levels and rates by industry and region, seasonally adjusted(1)
Industry and region Levels (in thousands) Rates(2)
Jan.
2023
Oct.
2023
Nov.
2023
Dec.
2023
Jan.
2024(p)
Change from:
Dec. 2023 -
Jan. 2024(p)
Jan.
2023
Oct.
2023
Nov.
2023
Dec.
2023
Jan.
2024(p)
Change from:
Dec. 2023 -
Jan. 2024(p)

Total

1,868 1,653 1,546 1,607 1,572 -35 1.2 1.1 1.0 1.0 1.0 0.0

INDUSTRY

Total private

1,774 1,570 1,462 1,508 1,507 -1 1.3 1.2 1.1 1.1 1.1 0.0

Mining and logging

5 7 8 5 12 7 0.8 1.1 1.2 0.8 1.9 1.1

Construction

151 167 171 173 210 37 1.9 2.1 2.1 2.1 2.6 0.5

Manufacturing

115 128 109 110 117 7 0.9 1.0 0.8 0.8 0.9 0.1

Durable goods

56 67 53 56 63 7 0.7 0.8 0.7 0.7 0.8 0.1

Nondurable goods

59 62 55 54 54 0 1.2 1.3 1.1 1.1 1.1 0.0

Trade, transportation, and utilities

452 286 317 318 297 -21 1.6 1.0 1.1 1.1 1.0 -0.1

Wholesale trade

56 53 59 43 48 5 0.9 0.9 1.0 0.7 0.8 0.1

Retail trade

151 130 145 142 136 -6 1.0 0.8 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.0

Transportation, warehousing, and utilities

244 102 112 133 113 -20 3.4 1.4 1.6 1.9 1.6 -0.3

Information

46 15 24 32 17 -15 1.5 0.5 0.8 1.1 0.6 -0.5

Financial activities

56 63 71 48 65 17 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.5 0.7 0.2

Finance and insurance

19 34 46 27 28 1 0.3 0.5 0.7 0.4 0.4 0.0

Real estate and rental and leasing

37 29 26 22 37 15 1.5 1.2 1.0 0.9 1.5 0.6

Professional and business services

509 397 325 361 446 85 2.2 1.7 1.4 1.6 1.9 0.3

Private education and health services

154 189 166 161 121 -40 0.6 0.7 0.6 0.6 0.5 -0.1

Private educational services

28 28 23 20 21 1 0.7 0.7 0.6 0.5 0.5 0.0

Health care and social assistance

126 161 144 141 99 -42 0.6 0.7 0.7 0.6 0.5 -0.1

Leisure and hospitality

222 247 212 239 177 -62 1.4 1.5 1.3 1.4 1.1 -0.3

Arts, entertainment, and recreation

62 65 66 75 72 -3 2.6 2.5 2.5 2.9 2.8 -0.1

Accommodation and food services

160 182 146 163 104 -59 1.1 1.3 1.0 1.1 0.7 -0.4

Other services

65 72 60 61 45 -16 1.1 1.2 1.0 1.0 0.8 -0.2

Government

93 83 84 99 65 -34 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.3 -0.1

Federal

5 9 8 8 5 -3 0.2 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.2 -0.1

State and local

88 74 76 90 61 -29 0.5 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.3 -0.1

State and local education

42 45 42 44 25 -19 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.2 -0.2

State and local, excluding education

46 28 34 46 35 -11 0.5 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.4 -0.1

REGION(3)

Northeast

345 411 264 245 267 22 1.3 1.5 0.9 0.9 1.0 0.1

South

786 578 568 589 592 3 1.4 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 0.0

Midwest

376 297 304 358 328 -30 1.1 0.9 0.9 1.1 1.0 -0.1

West

361 367 411 415 384 -31 1.0 1.0 1.1 1.1 1.0 -0.1

Footnotes
(1) The layoffs and discharges level is the number of layoffs and discharges during the entire month.
(2) The layoffs and discharges rate is the number of layoffs and discharges during the entire month as a percent of employment.
(3) The states (including the District of Columbia) that comprise the regions are: Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont; South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia; Midwest: Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin; West: Alaska, Arizona, California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming.
(p) Preliminary

NOTE: Data are revised with the release of January data to incorporate the annual updates to the Current Employment Statistics employment estimates and the JOLTS seasonal adjustment factors.


Table 6. Other separations levels and rates by industry and region, seasonally adjusted(1)
Industry and region Levels (in thousands) Rates(2)
Jan.
2023
Oct.
2023
Nov.
2023
Dec.
2023
Jan.
2024(p)
Change from:
Dec. 2023 -
Jan. 2024(p)
Jan.
2023
Oct.
2023
Nov.
2023
Dec.
2023
Jan.
2024(p)
Change from:
Dec. 2023 -
Jan. 2024(p)

Total

268 344 351 373 384 11 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.0

INDUSTRY

Total private

212 302 294 315 324 9 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.0

Mining and logging

2 3 1 2 1 -1 0.3 0.4 0.2 0.3 0.2 -0.1

Construction

14 10 9 13 13 0 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.0

Manufacturing

22 18 23 21 23 2 0.2 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.0

Durable goods

15 13 15 12 12 0 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.0

Nondurable goods

7 5 8 9 10 1 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.0

Trade, transportation, and utilities

50 72 67 55 90 35 0.2 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.1

Wholesale trade

5 7 9 8 19 11 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.1 0.3 0.2

Retail trade

29 47 41 35 47 12 0.2 0.3 0.3 0.2 0.3 0.1

Transportation, warehousing, and utilities

17 19 16 13 24 11 0.2 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.1

Information

13 12 9 6 6 0 0.4 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.0

Financial activities

9 25 19 21 7 -14 0.1 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.1 -0.1

Finance and insurance

2 18 14 14 5 -9 0.0 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.1 -0.1

Real estate and rental and leasing

7 8 5 7 2 -5 0.3 0.3 0.2 0.3 0.1 -0.2

Professional and business services

45 73 63 99 74 -25 0.2 0.3 0.3 0.4 0.3 -0.1

Private education and health services

20 44 58 54 54 0 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.0

Private educational services

7 4 6 3 3 0 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.0

Health care and social assistance

13 40 53 50 51 1 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.0

Leisure and hospitality

22 25 31 27 30 3 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.0

Arts, entertainment, and recreation

4 3 3 5 2 -3 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.1 -0.1

Accommodation and food services

17 22 28 21 27 6 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.0

Other services

16 19 13 17 26 9 0.3 0.3 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.1

Government

55 41 57 58 60 2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.3 0.0

Federal

13 11 13 12 11 -1 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.0

State and local

42 30 44 46 49 3 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.0

State and local education

19 10 20 19 21 2 0.2 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.0

State and local, excluding education

24 21 24 27 28 1 0.3 0.2 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.0

REGION(3)

Northeast

52 76 90 76 49 -27 0.2 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.2 -0.1

South

99 156 123 133 142 9 0.2 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.0

Midwest

50 50 63 75 107 32 0.2 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.1

West

67 62 75 89 86 -3 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.0

Footnotes
(1) The other separations level is the number of other separations during the entire month.
(2) The other separations rate is the number of other separations during the entire month as a percent of employment.
(3) The states (including the District of Columbia) that comprise the regions are: Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont; South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia; Midwest: Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin; West: Alaska, Arizona, California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming.
(p) Preliminary

NOTE: Levels are rounded to the nearest thousand and rates are rounded to the nearest tenth. Levels and rates may round down to zero.
NOTE: Data are revised with the release of January data to incorporate the annual updates to the Current Employment Statistics employment estimates and the JOLTS seasonal adjustment factors.


Table 7. Job openings, hires, and separations levels and rates by establishment size class, seasonally adjusted
Establishment size class Levels (in thousands) Rates
Jan.
2023
Oct.
2023
Nov.
2023
Dec.
2023
Jan.
2024(p)
Change from:
Dec. 2023 -
Jan. 2024(p)
Jan.
2023
Oct.
2023
Nov.
2023
Dec.
2023
Jan.
2024(p)
Change from:
Dec. 2023 -
Jan. 2024(p)

JOB OPENINGS

Total private

9,348 7,718 7,932 7,884 7,963 79 6.6 5.4 5.6 5.5 5.6 0.1

1 to 9 employees

1,810 1,681 1,734 1,885 1,966 81 7.7 7.3 7.5 7.7 8.0 0.3

10 to 49 employees

2,883 2,182 2,352 2,070 2,206 136 6.2 5.0 5.3 4.8 5.1 0.3

50 to 249 employees

2,679 2,061 1,935 2,068 1,973 -95 6.6 5.0 4.8 5.1 5.0 -0.1

250 to 999 employees

1,020 1,002 1,083 1,018 1,021 3 5.8 5.1 5.4 5.1 4.9 -0.2

1,000 to 4,999 employees

649 566 589 577 549 -28 7.0 5.9 6.4 6.1 6.1 0.0

5,000 or more employees

307 226 240 266 247 -19 7.0 5.0 4.9 5.6 4.9 -0.7

HIRES

Total private

5,932 5,429 5,205 5,384 5,323 -61 4.5 4.1 3.9 4.0 4.0 0.0

1 to 9 employees

841 857 947 981 886 -95 3.9 4.0 4.4 4.3 3.9 -0.4

10 to 49 employees

1,919 1,604 1,516 1,600 1,660 60 4.4 3.9 3.6 3.9 4.0 0.1

50 to 249 employees

1,965 1,767 1,531 1,681 1,627 -54 5.2 4.5 4.0 4.4 4.3 -0.1

250 to 999 employees

812 795 803 735 748 13 4.9 4.3 4.3 3.9 3.8 -0.1

1,000 to 4,999 employees

320 326 329 306 321 15 3.7 3.6 3.8 3.5 3.8 0.3

5,000 or more employees

74 79 79 82 80 -2 1.8 1.8 1.7 1.8 1.7 -0.1

TOTAL SEPARATIONS

Total private

5,671 5,325 5,075 5,060 5,020 -40 4.3 4.0 3.8 3.8 3.7 -0.1

1 to 9 employees

726 800 725 745 815 70 3.3 3.7 3.4 3.3 3.6 0.3

10 to 49 employees

2,026 1,577 1,595 1,622 1,584 -38 4.7 3.8 3.8 4.0 3.9 -0.1

50 to 249 employees

1,780 1,759 1,584 1,596 1,520 -76 4.7 4.5 4.1 4.2 4.0 -0.2

250 to 999 employees

717 777 787 728 773 45 4.3 4.2 4.2 3.8 3.9 0.1

1,000 to 4,999 employees

359 358 317 308 263 -45 4.1 4.0 3.7 3.5 3.1 -0.4

5,000 or more employees

63 54 67 60 65 5 1.5 1.2 1.4 1.3 1.4 0.1

QUITS

Total private

3,684 3,453 3,319 3,237 3,189 -48 2.8 2.6 2.5 2.4 2.4 0.0

1 to 9 employees

371 502 453 483 516 33 1.7 2.3 2.1 2.1 2.3 0.2

10 to 49 employees

1,393 1,070 1,118 1,076 1,096 20 3.2 2.6 2.6 2.6 2.7 0.1

50 to 249 employees

1,223 1,113 1,049 1,051 929 -122 3.2 2.8 2.7 2.8 2.5 -0.3

250 to 999 employees

452 511 477 424 454 30 2.7 2.7 2.5 2.2 2.3 0.1

1,000 to 4,999 employees

203 225 179 164 153 -11 2.3 2.5 2.1 1.9 1.8 -0.1

5,000 or more employees

41 32 44 40 40 0 1.0 0.7 0.9 0.9 0.8 -0.1

LAYOFFS AND DISCHARGES

Total private

1,774 1,570 1,462 1,508 1,507 -1 1.3 1.2 1.1 1.1 1.1 0.0

1 to 9 employees

309 226 240 179 231 52 1.4 1.1 1.1 0.8 1.0 0.2

10 to 49 employees

581 409 348 445 353 -92 1.3 1.0 0.8 1.1 0.9 -0.2

50 to 249 employees

507 572 466 480 528 48 1.3 1.5 1.2 1.3 1.4 0.1

250 to 999 employees

228 240 271 268 287 19 1.4 1.3 1.4 1.4 1.4 0.0

1,000 to 4,999 employees

136 110 121 123 91 -32 1.6 1.2 1.4 1.4 1.1 -0.3

5,000 or more employees

14 13 16 14 16 2 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.0

OTHER SEPARATIONS

Total private

212 302 294 315 324 9 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.0

1 to 9 employees

46 73 31 83 67 -16 0.2 0.3 0.1 0.4 0.3 -0.1

10 to 49 employees

52 98 129 101 134 33 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.2 0.3 0.1

50 to 249 employees

50 75 70 65 64 -1 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.0

250 to 999 employees

36 26 39 37 32 -5 0.2 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.0

1,000 to 4,999 employees

19 24 17 22 19 -3 0.2 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.0

5,000 or more employees

8 8 8 7 9 2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.0

Footnotes
(p) Preliminary

NOTE: Establishment size class data are produced for the total private sector only.
NOTE: The job openings level is the number of job openings on the last business day of the month. The levels for hires, total separations, quits, layoffs and discharges, and other separations are the number of each during the entire month. The job openings rate is the number of job openings on the last business day of the month as a percent of employment plus job openings. The rates for hires, total separations, quits, layoffs and discharges, and other separations are the number of each during the entire month as percent of employment.
NOTE: Data are revised with the release of January data to incorporate the annual updates to the Current Employment Statistics employment estimates and the JOLTS seasonal adjustment factors.


Table 8. Job openings levels and rates by industry and region, not seasonally adjusted(1)
Industry and region Levels (in thousands) Rates(2)
Jan.
2023
Dec.
2023
Jan.
2024(p)
Jan.
2023
Dec.
2023
Jan.
2024(p)

Total

10,502 8,344 8,943 6.4 5.0 5.4

INDUSTRY

Total private

9,470 7,364 8,086 6.8 5.2 5.7

Mining and logging

32 33 28 4.8 4.9 4.3

Construction

292 384 407 3.7 4.6 5.0

Manufacturing

712 570 608 5.2 4.2 4.5

Durable goods

474 404 362 5.6 4.7 4.3

Nondurable goods

238 166 246 4.7 3.3 4.9

Trade, transportation, and utilities

1,660 1,260 928 5.5 4.1 3.1

Wholesale trade

315 203 200 5.0 3.2 3.2

Retail trade

735 682 416 4.5 4.1 2.6

Transportation, warehousing, and utilities

610 375 312 7.8 4.8 4.2

Information

111 179 214 3.5 5.6 6.7

Financial activities

488 457 603 5.1 4.7 6.2

Finance and insurance

350 304 403 5.0 4.3 5.6

Real estate and rental and leasing

138 153 201 5.4 5.8 7.5

Professional and business services

2,223 1,493 1,785 9.0 6.1 7.3

Private education and health services

2,149 1,895 2,130 8.0 6.8 7.6

Private educational services

217 144 138 5.6 3.5 3.6

Health care and social assistance

1,933 1,752 1,992 8.4 7.4 8.3

Leisure and hospitality

1,386 829 964 8.2 4.8 5.7

Arts, entertainment, and recreation

168 106 133 7.2 4.2 5.3

Accommodation and food services

1,218 723 830 8.3 4.9 5.7

Other services

416 263 418 6.8 4.3 6.7

Government

1,032 980 858 4.4 4.0 3.6

Federal

173 155 142 5.7 5.0 4.6

State and local

858 825 716 4.2 3.9 3.5

State and local education

290 259 224 2.7 2.3 2.0

State and local, excluding education

568 566 492 5.9 5.7 5.0

REGION(3)

Northeast

1,654 1,435 1,591 5.7 4.9 5.4

South

4,267 3,314 3,513 6.9 5.3 5.7

Midwest

2,198 1,754 1,909 6.3 5.0 5.5

West

2,383 1,840 1,930 6.2 4.7 5.0

Footnotes
(1) The job openings level is the number of job openings on the last business day of the month.
(2) The job openings rate is the number of job openings on the last business day of the month as a percent of employment plus job openings.
(3) The states (including the District of Columbia) that comprise the regions are: Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont; South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia; Midwest: Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin; West: Alaska, Arizona, California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming.
(p) Preliminary

NOTE: Data are revised with the release of January data to incorporate the annual updates to the Current Employment Statistics employment estimates.


Table 9. Hires levels and rates by industry and region, not seasonally adjusted(1)
Industry and region Levels (in thousands) Rates(2)
Jan.
2023
Dec.
2023
Jan.
2024(p)
Jan.
2023
Dec.
2023
Jan.
2024(p)

Total

6,156 4,301 5,529 4.0 2.7 3.6

INDUSTRY

Total private

5,748 4,048 5,197 4.4 3.0 3.9

Mining and logging

26 13 23 4.2 2.0 3.7

Construction

357 215 352 4.7 2.7 4.5

Manufacturing

439 257 408 3.4 2.0 3.2

Durable goods

240 138 238 3.0 1.7 2.9

Nondurable goods

200 119 170 4.1 2.5 3.5

Trade, transportation, and utilities

1,211 933 935 4.2 3.1 3.2

Wholesale trade

188 133 184 3.1 2.2 3.0

Retail trade

683 491 507 4.4 3.1 3.2

Transportation, warehousing, and utilities

340 308 245 4.7 4.1 3.4

Information

80 56 97 2.7 1.8 3.2

Financial activities

243 148 238 2.7 1.6 2.6

Finance and insurance

146 84 147 2.2 1.2 2.2

Real estate and rental and leasing

98 63 91 4.1 2.5 3.7

Professional and business services

1,152 864 1,167 5.1 3.8 5.2

Private education and health services

1,004 636 861 4.1 2.4 3.3

Private educational services

132 45 103 3.6 1.1 2.8

Health care and social assistance

872 591 758 4.1 2.7 3.4

Leisure and hospitality

1,028 769 902 6.6 4.7 5.6

Arts, entertainment, and recreation

124 122 122 5.7 5.0 5.2

Accommodation and food services

904 647 780 6.7 4.6 5.7

Other services

209 158 215 3.7 2.7 3.7

Government

407 253 332 1.8 1.1 1.4

Federal

38 40 37 1.3 1.4 1.3

State and local

369 213 294 1.9 1.0 1.5

State and local education

218 89 143 2.1 0.8 1.3

State and local, excluding education

151 123 151 1.7 1.3 1.6

REGION(3)

Northeast

846 593 826 3.1 2.1 3.0

South

2,615 1,932 2,414 4.6 3.3 4.1

Midwest

1,243 856 1,080 3.8 2.5 3.3

West

1,453 920 1,209 4.1 2.5 3.3

Footnotes
(1) The hires level is the number of hires during the entire month.
(2) The hires rate is the number of hires during the entire month as a percent of employment.
(3) The states (including the District of Columbia) that comprise the regions are: Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont; South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia; Midwest: Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin; West: Alaska, Arizona, California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming.
(p) Preliminary

NOTE: Data are revised with the release of January data to incorporate the annual updates to the Current Employment Statistics employment estimates.


Table 10. Total separations levels and rates by industry and region, not seasonally adjusted(1)
Industry and region Levels (in thousands) Rates(2)
Jan.
2023
Dec.
2023
Jan.
2024(p)
Jan.
2023
Dec.
2023
Jan.
2024(p)

Total

6,404 5,165 5,692 4.2 3.3 3.7

INDUSTRY

Total private

6,101 4,843 5,413 4.7 3.6 4.1

Mining and logging

26 16 31 4.2 2.5 4.9

Construction

380 374 402 5.0 4.6 5.2

Manufacturing

413 289 360 3.2 2.2 2.8

Durable goods

221 146 210 2.7 1.8 2.6

Nondurable goods

192 142 151 4.0 2.9 3.2

Trade, transportation, and utilities

1,715 1,107 1,286 6.0 3.7 4.4

Wholesale trade

176 151 180 2.9 2.4 2.9

Retail trade

909 601 650 5.9 3.7 4.2

Transportation, warehousing, and utilities

630 355 456 8.7 4.8 6.4

Information

120 66 83 4.0 2.2 2.8

Financial activities

259 175 239 2.9 1.9 2.6

Finance and insurance

145 105 145 2.2 1.6 2.2

Real estate and rental and leasing

115 70 94 4.8 2.8 3.8

Professional and business services

1,142 1,071 1,129 5.1 4.7 5.0

Private education and health services

830 673 709 3.4 2.6 2.8

Private educational services

63 71 70 1.7 1.8 1.9

Health care and social assistance

767 602 639 3.6 2.7 2.9

Leisure and hospitality

1,009 889 950 6.5 5.4 5.9

Arts, entertainment, and recreation

147 160 133 6.8 6.6 5.6

Accommodation and food services

862 728 817 6.4 5.2 6.0

Other services

205 184 223 3.6 3.1 3.8

Government

303 322 279 1.4 1.4 1.2

Federal

38 46 32 1.3 1.6 1.1

State and local

264 276 248 1.4 1.4 1.2

State and local education

125 129 110 1.2 1.2 1.0

State and local, excluding education

139 147 138 1.5 1.6 1.5

REGION(3)

Northeast

992 810 926 3.7 2.9 3.3

South

2,680 2,018 2,302 4.7 3.4 3.9

Midwest

1,301 1,105 1,176 4.0 3.3 3.6

West

1,431 1,233 1,288 4.0 3.3 3.5

Footnotes
(1) The total separations level is the number of total separations during the entire month.
(2) The total separations rate is the number of total separations during the entire month as a percent of employment.
(3) The states (including the District of Columbia) that comprise the regions are: Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont; South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia; Midwest: Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin; West: Alaska, Arizona, California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming.
(p) Preliminary

NOTE: Data are revised with the release of January data to incorporate the annual updates to the Current Employment Statistics employment estimates.


Table 11. Quits levels and rates by industry and region, not seasonally adjusted(1)
Industry and region Levels (in thousands) Rates(2)
Jan.
2023
Dec.
2023
Jan.
2024(p)
Jan.
2023
Dec.
2023
Jan.
2024(p)

Total

3,743 2,933 3,242 2.5 1.9 2.1

INDUSTRY

Total private

3,578 2,776 3,079 2.7 2.1 2.3

Mining and logging

16 8 10 2.6 1.3 1.6

Construction

168 124 131 2.2 1.5 1.7

Manufacturing

266 164 212 2.1 1.3 1.6

Durable goods

142 84 127 1.8 1.0 1.6

Nondurable goods

124 80 85 2.6 1.7 1.8

Trade, transportation, and utilities

909 665 604 3.2 2.2 2.1

Wholesale trade

92 101 92 1.5 1.6 1.5

Retail trade

611 395 359 3.9 2.5 2.3

Transportation, warehousing, and utilities

206 168 154 2.9 2.3 2.1

Information

43 20 52 1.4 0.7 1.7

Financial activities

165 107 142 1.8 1.2 1.5

Finance and insurance

114 66 103 1.7 1.0 1.5

Real estate and rental and leasing

51 41 39 2.1 1.6 1.6

Professional and business services

511 509 533 2.3 2.2 2.4

Private education and health services

620 478 510 2.5 1.8 2.0

Private educational services

35 51 51 0.9 1.3 1.4

Health care and social assistance

585 427 459 2.8 1.9 2.1

Leisure and hospitality

762 600 736 4.9 3.6 4.6

Arts, entertainment, and recreation

81 61 59 3.7 2.5 2.5

Accommodation and food services

681 540 677 5.1 3.8 4.9

Other services

118 100 148 2.1 1.7 2.6

Government

165 156 163 0.7 0.7 0.7

Federal

17 18 14 0.6 0.6 0.5

State and local

148 138 149 0.8 0.7 0.7

State and local education

77 67 73 0.7 0.6 0.7

State and local, excluding education

72 71 75 0.8 0.8 0.8

REGION(3)

Northeast

499 425 512 1.8 1.5 1.8

South

1,588 1,265 1,398 2.8 2.1 2.4

Midwest

751 588 611 2.3 1.7 1.8

West

906 655 720 2.5 1.8 2.0

Footnotes
(1) The quits level is the number of quits during the entire month.
(2) The quits rate is the number of quits during the entire month as a percent of employment.
(3) The states (including the District of Columbia) that comprise the regions are: Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont; South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia; Midwest: Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin; West: Alaska, Arizona, California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming.
(p) Preliminary

NOTE: Data are revised with the release of January data to incorporate the annual updates to the Current Employment Statistics employment estimates.


Table 12. Layoffs and discharges levels and rates by industry and region, not seasonally adjusted(1)
Industry and region Levels (in thousands) Rates(2)
Jan.
2023
Dec.
2023
Jan.
2024(p)
Jan.
2023
Dec.
2023
Jan.
2024(p)

Total

2,329 1,829 2,003 1.5 1.2 1.3

INDUSTRY

Total private

2,247 1,730 1,946 1.7 1.3 1.5

Mining and logging

8 6 19 1.3 1.0 3.1

Construction

199 237 259 2.6 2.9 3.3

Manufacturing

116 102 117 0.9 0.8 0.9

Durable goods

57 49 64 0.7 0.6 0.8

Nondurable goods

59 54 53 1.2 1.1 1.1

Trade, transportation, and utilities

747 390 578 2.6 1.3 2.0

Wholesale trade

79 41 68 1.3 0.7 1.1

Retail trade

262 175 236 1.7 1.1 1.5

Transportation, warehousing, and utilities

405 174 275 5.6 2.4 3.8

Information

58 41 22 1.9 1.3 0.7

Financial activities

72 45 83 0.8 0.5 0.9

Finance and insurance

22 25 32 0.3 0.4 0.5

Real estate and rental and leasing

50 20 52 2.1 0.8 2.1

Professional and business services

583 446 516 2.6 1.9 2.3

Private education and health services

173 140 127 0.7 0.5 0.5

Private educational services

22 18 16 0.6 0.5 0.4

Health care and social assistance

151 122 111 0.7 0.6 0.5

Leisure and hospitality

221 256 177 1.4 1.6 1.1

Arts, entertainment, and recreation

62 94 71 2.8 3.9 3.0

Accommodation and food services

160 162 105 1.2 1.2 0.8

Other services

71 67 47 1.2 1.2 0.8

Government

82 99 57 0.4 0.4 0.2

Federal

6 11 5 0.2 0.4 0.2

State and local

75 88 52 0.4 0.4 0.3

State and local education

34 45 20 0.3 0.4 0.2

State and local, excluding education

41 43 32 0.5 0.5 0.3

REGION(3)

Northeast

431 302 358 1.6 1.1 1.3

South

959 625 727 1.7 1.1 1.2

Midwest

492 429 444 1.5 1.3 1.3

West

447 473 474 1.2 1.3 1.3

Footnotes
(1) The layoffs and discharges level is the number of layoffs and discharges during the entire month.
(2) The layoffs and discharges rate is the number of layoffs and discharges during the entire month as a percent of employment.
(3) The states (including the District of Columbia) that comprise the regions are: Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont; South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia; Midwest: Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin; West: Alaska, Arizona, California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming.
(p) Preliminary

NOTE: Data are revised with the release of January data to incorporate the annual updates to the Current Employment Statistics employment estimates.


Table 13. Other separations levels and rates by industry and region, not seasonally adjusted(1)
Industry and region Levels (in thousands) Rates(2)
Jan.
2023
Dec.
2023
Jan.
2024(p)
Jan.
2023
Dec.
2023
Jan.
2024(p)

Total

331 404 447 0.2 0.3 0.3

INDUSTRY

Total private

276 336 388 0.2 0.2 0.3

Mining and logging

2 2 1 0.4 0.3 0.2

Construction

13 14 13 0.2 0.2 0.2

Manufacturing

31 22 31 0.2 0.2 0.2

Durable goods

22 14 19 0.3 0.2 0.2

Nondurable goods

9 8 12 0.2 0.2 0.2

Trade, transportation, and utilities

59 52 103 0.2 0.2 0.4

Wholesale trade

5 9 21 0.1 0.1 0.3

Retail trade

35 31 55 0.2 0.2 0.4

Transportation, warehousing, and utilities

19 12 28 0.3 0.2 0.4

Information

19 5 9 0.6 0.2 0.3

Financial activities

22 23 14 0.2 0.3 0.2

Finance and insurance

9 15 10 0.1 0.2 0.1

Real estate and rental and leasing

13 9 4 0.6 0.3 0.2

Professional and business services

49 115 80 0.2 0.5 0.4

Private education and health services

38 54 72 0.2 0.2 0.3

Private educational services

7 2 3 0.2 0.1 0.1

Health care and social assistance

31 52 69 0.1 0.2 0.3

Leisure and hospitality

25 32 37 0.2 0.2 0.2

Arts, entertainment, and recreation

4 5 2 0.2 0.2 0.1

Accommodation and food services

21 27 35 0.2 0.2 0.3

Other services

17 16 27 0.3 0.3 0.5

Government

56 67 60 0.3 0.3 0.3

Federal

15 17 12 0.5 0.6 0.4

State and local

41 50 48 0.2 0.2 0.2

State and local education

15 17 16 0.1 0.2 0.1

State and local, excluding education

26 33 32 0.3 0.4 0.3

REGION(3)

Northeast

61 82 56 0.2 0.3 0.2

South

133 130 177 0.2 0.2 0.3

Midwest

58 87 120 0.2 0.3 0.4

West

79 104 94 0.2 0.3 0.3

Footnotes
(1) The other separations level is the number of other separations during the entire month.
(2) The other separations rate is the number of other separations during the entire month as a percent of employment.
(3) The states (including the District of Columbia) that comprise the regions are: Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont; South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia; Midwest: Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin; West: Alaska, Arizona, California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming.
(p) Preliminary

NOTE: Levels are rounded to the nearest thousand and rates are rounded to the nearest tenth. Levels and rates may round down to zero.
NOTE: Data are revised with the release of January data to incorporate the annual updates to the Current Employment Statistics employment estimates.


Table 14. Job openings, hires, and separations levels and rates by establishment size class, not seasonally adjusted
Establishment size class Levels (in thousands) Rates
Jan.
2023
Dec.
2023
Jan.
2024(p)
Jan.
2023
Dec.
2023
Jan.
2024(p)

JOB OPENINGS

Total private

9,470 7,364 8,086 6.8 5.2 5.7

1 to 9 employees

2,152 1,695 2,314 9.1 6.9 9.4

10 to 49 employees

2,841 1,827 2,163 6.2 4.2 5.1

50 to 249 employees

2,535 1,975 1,844 6.4 4.9 4.7

250 to 999 employees

986 996 978 5.7 4.9 4.8

1,000 to 4,999 employees

653 595 545 7.1 6.3 6.1

5,000 or more employees

303 276 242 7.0 5.8 4.9

HIRES

Total private

5,748 4,048 5,197 4.4 3.0 3.9

1 to 9 employees

1,015 718 1,080 4.7 3.1 4.8

10 to 49 employees

1,826 1,124 1,575 4.3 2.7 3.9

50 to 249 employees

1,751 1,277 1,443 4.7 3.3 3.9

250 to 999 employees

762 591 697 4.7 3.1 3.6

1,000 to 4,999 employees

315 278 317 3.7 3.1 3.8

5,000 or more employees

81 60 85 2.0 1.3 1.8

TOTAL SEPARATIONS

Total private

6,101 4,843 5,413 4.7 3.6 4.1

1 to 9 employees

928 677 990 4.3 3.0 4.4

10 to 49 employees

2,053 1,555 1,604 4.8 3.8 4.0

50 to 249 employees

1,864 1,454 1,618 5.0 3.8 4.3

250 to 999 employees

734 736 807 4.5 3.8 4.1

1,000 to 4,999 employees

452 361 323 5.3 4.1 3.9

5,000 or more employees

69 60 72 1.7 1.3 1.5

QUITS

Total private

3,578 2,776 3,079 2.7 2.1 2.3

1 to 9 employees

419 399 559 2.0 1.8 2.5

10 to 49 employees

1,324 897 1,030 3.1 2.2 2.5

50 to 249 employees

1,190 882 894 3.2 2.3 2.4

250 to 999 employees

415 385 417 2.5 2.0 2.1

1,000 to 4,999 employees

191 177 141 2.2 2.0 1.7

5,000 or more employees

40 36 39 1.0 0.8 0.8

LAYOFFS AND DISCHARGES

Total private

2,247 1,730 1,946 1.7 1.3 1.5

1 to 9 employees

439 204 341 2.0 0.9 1.5

10 to 49 employees

657 555 406 1.5 1.3 1.0

50 to 249 employees

616 494 658 1.7 1.3 1.8

250 to 999 employees

277 306 355 1.7 1.6 1.8

1,000 to 4,999 employees

241 156 165 2.8 1.8 2.0

5,000 or more employees

18 15 21 0.4 0.3 0.5

OTHER SEPARATIONS

Total private

276 336 388 0.2 0.2 0.3

1 to 9 employees

71 74 89 0.3 0.3 0.4

10 to 49 employees

73 103 168 0.2 0.2 0.4

50 to 249 employees

57 78 66 0.2 0.2 0.2

250 to 999 employees

43 45 35 0.3 0.2 0.2

1,000 to 4,999 employees

20 28 18 0.2 0.3 0.2

5,000 or more employees

12 8 12 0.3 0.2 0.2

Footnotes
(p) Preliminary

NOTE: Establishment size class data are produced for the total private sector only.
NOTE: The job openings level is the number of job openings on the last business day of the month. The levels for hires, total separations, quits, layoffs and discharges, and other separations are the number of each during the entire month. The job openings rate is the number of job openings on the last business day of the month as a percent of employment plus job openings. The rates for hires, total separations, quits, layoffs and discharges, and other separations are the number of each during the entire month as percent of employment.
NOTE: Data are revised with the release of January data to incorporate the annual updates to the Current Employment Statistics employment estimates.


Table 15. Annual average job openings levels by industry and region, not seasonally adjusted(1) [in thousands]
Industry and region 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023

Total

7,157 6,361 9,985 11,181 9,352

INDUSTRY

Total private

6,433 5,644 9,073 10,136 8,324

Mining and logging

27 14 27 36 31

Construction

319 256 345 399 384

Manufacturing

437 410 822 845 613

Durable goods

273 227 466 527 392

Nondurable goods

164 183 355 319 222

Trade, transportation, and utilities

1,316 1,158 1,798 1,792 1,464

Wholesale trade

212 171 284 308 267

Retail trade

782 680 991 964 722

Transportation, warehousing, and utilities

322 306 523 520 475

Information

141 111 177 224 144

Financial activities

372 324 432 558 481

Finance and insurance

269 246 313 394 346

Real estate and rental and leasing

104 79 119 164 135

Professional and business services

1,271 1,180 1,866 2,149 1,647

Private education and health services

1,306 1,198 1,788 2,172 1,925

Private educational services

120 103 167 167 170

Health care and social assistance

1,186 1,095 1,621 2,005 1,755

Leisure and hospitality

996 776 1,426 1,594 1,282

Arts, entertainment, and recreation

121 103 172 183 187

Accommodation and food services

875 673 1,254 1,410 1,096

Other services

246 216 392 367 353

Government

724 718 912 1,045 1,029

Federal

121 124 132 137 162

State and local

603 593 780 908 866

State and local education

223 212 305 333 304

State and local, excluding education

380 381 475 575 562

REGION(2)

Northeast

1,185 1,067 1,726 1,835 1,531

South

2,692 2,468 3,879 4,372 3,775

Midwest

1,611 1,379 2,139 2,388 2,008

West

1,669 1,448 2,240 2,586 2,039

Footnotes
(1) The annual average job openings level is equal to the sum of the 12 monthly job openings levels divided by 12.
(2) The states (including the District of Columbia) that comprise the regions are: Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont; South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia; Midwest: Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin; West: Alaska, Arizona, California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming.

NOTE: Data have been revised to incorporate the annual updates to the Current Employment Statistics employment estimates.


Table 16. Annual average job openings rates by industry and region, not seasonally adjusted(1) [percent]
Industry and region 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023

Total

4.5 4.3 6.4 6.8 5.7

INDUSTRY

Total private

4.8 4.5 6.8 7.2 5.9

Mining and logging

3.6 2.2 4.6 5.7 4.6

Construction

4.1 3.4 4.4 4.9 4.6

Manufacturing

3.3 3.3 6.2 6.2 4.5

Durable goods

3.3 2.9 5.7 6.2 4.6

Nondurable goods

3.3 3.8 7.1 6.2 4.4

Trade, transportation, and utilities

4.5 4.2 6.1 5.9 4.8

Wholesale trade

3.5 2.9 4.7 4.9 4.2

Retail trade

4.8 4.4 6.1 5.9 4.4

Transportation, warehousing, and utilities

4.9 4.7 7.2 6.8 6.2

Information

4.7 3.9 5.8 6.8 4.5

Financial activities

4.1 3.6 4.7 5.8 5.0

Finance and insurance

4.0 3.6 4.6 5.6 4.9

Real estate and rental and leasing

4.3 3.4 5.0 6.5 5.2

Professional and business services

5.6 5.5 8.0 8.7 6.7

Private education and health services

5.1 4.9 7.0 8.2 7.1

Private educational services

3.1 2.9 4.5 4.3 4.3

Health care and social assistance

5.5 5.2 7.5 8.9 7.5

Leisure and hospitality

5.7 5.6 9.2 9.1 7.2

Arts, entertainment, and recreation

4.7 5.5 8.0 7.3 6.9

Accommodation and food services

5.8 5.6 9.3 9.5 7.2

Other services

4.0 3.9 6.7 6.1 5.7

Government

3.1 3.2 4.0 4.5 4.3

Federal

4.1 4.1 4.4 4.5 5.3

State and local

3.0 3.0 3.9 4.5 4.2

State and local education

2.1 2.1 2.9 3.1 2.8

State and local, excluding education

3.9 4.0 5.0 6.0 5.7

REGION(2)

Northeast

4.1 4.0 6.2 6.3 5.2

South

4.6 4.5 6.7 7.1 6.1

Midwest

4.7 4.3 6.4 6.9 5.7

West

4.5 4.2 6.1 6.7 5.3

Footnotes
(1) The annual average job openings rate is equal to the sum of the 12 monthly job openings levels as a percent of the sum of the 12 monthly CES employment levels and the sum of the 12 monthly job openings levels.
(2) The states (including the District of Columbia) that comprise the regions are: Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont; South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia; Midwest: Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin; West: Alaska, Arizona, California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming.

NOTE: Data have been revised to incorporate the annual updates to the Current Employment Statistics employment estimates.


Table 17. Annual hires levels by industry and region, not seasonally adjusted(1) [in thousands]
Industry and region 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023

Total

69,959 72,555 76,170 76,816 71,024

INDUSTRY

Total private

65,537 68,372 71,765 71,986 66,353

Mining and logging

304 198 229 275 290

Construction

4,986 4,970 4,361 4,422 4,459

Manufacturing

4,051 4,815 5,351 5,508 4,770

Durable goods

2,272 2,750 2,959 3,024 2,574

Nondurable goods

1,780 2,064 2,394 2,484 2,197

Trade, transportation, and utilities

13,905 15,445 16,187 15,576 14,234

Wholesale trade

1,777 1,812 2,130 2,200 1,952

Retail trade

9,026 9,825 10,223 9,304 8,550

Transportation, warehousing, and utilities

3,101 3,809 3,834 4,072 3,731

Information

1,135 983 1,337 1,273 905

Financial activities

2,653 2,656 2,744 2,904 2,462

Finance and insurance

1,681 1,667 1,822 1,908 1,522

Real estate and rental and leasing

974 988 920 997 941

Professional and business services

13,778 13,434 15,097 14,946 12,906

Private education and health services

8,646 9,347 9,344 10,275 10,693

Private educational services

1,160 1,128 1,244 1,177 1,153

Health care and social assistance

7,489 8,219 8,101 9,099 9,541

Leisure and hospitality

13,466 13,483 14,350 14,123 13,091

Arts, entertainment, and recreation

1,999 1,634 1,979 2,011 2,072

Accommodation and food services

11,467 11,849 12,370 12,111 11,017

Other services

2,612 3,042 2,763 2,690 2,547

Government

4,421 4,183 4,405 4,828 4,671

Federal

502 886 524 501 533

State and local

3,921 3,297 3,883 4,330 4,139

State and local education

2,029 1,643 2,080 2,136 2,131

State and local, excluding education

1,889 1,653 1,801 2,194 2,008

REGION(2)

Northeast

10,861 11,641 11,528 11,329 10,800

South

28,269 27,969 30,746 32,195 30,160

Midwest

14,891 15,793 16,371 15,815 14,693

West

15,941 17,149 17,522 17,478 15,371

Footnotes
(1) The annual hires level is the sum of the 12 monthly hires levels.
(2) The states (including the District of Columbia) that comprise the regions are: Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont; South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia; Midwest: Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin; West: Alaska, Arizona, California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming.

NOTE: Data have been revised to incorporate the annual updates to the Current Employment Statistics employment estimates.


Table 18. Annual average hires rates by industry and region, not seasonally adjusted(1) [percent]
Industry and region 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023

Total

3.9 4.3 4.3 4.2 3.8

INDUSTRY

Total private

4.3 4.7 4.8 4.6 4.1

Mining and logging

3.5 2.8 3.4 3.8 3.8

Construction

5.5 5.7 4.9 4.7 4.6

Manufacturing

2.6 3.3 3.6 3.6 3.1

Durable goods

2.4 3.0 3.2 3.2 2.6

Nondurable goods

3.1 3.7 4.3 4.3 3.8

Trade, transportation, and utilities

4.2 4.8 4.9 4.5 4.1

Wholesale trade

2.5 2.7 3.1 3.1 2.7

Retail trade

4.8 5.5 5.6 5.0 4.6

Transportation, warehousing, and utilities

4.2 5.1 4.8 4.7 4.4

Information

3.3 3.0 3.9 3.5 2.5

Financial activities

2.5 2.5 2.6 2.7 2.2

Finance and insurance

2.2 2.1 2.3 2.4 1.9

Real estate and rental and leasing

3.5 3.7 3.4 3.5 3.2

Professional and business services

5.4 5.5 5.9 5.5 4.7

Private education and health services

3.0 3.3 3.3 3.5 3.5

Private educational services

2.6 2.7 2.9 2.6 2.5

Health care and social assistance

3.1 3.5 3.4 3.7 3.7

Leisure and hospitality

6.8 8.5 8.5 7.4 6.6

Arts, entertainment, and recreation

6.8 7.7 8.3 7.2 6.9

Accommodation and food services

6.8 8.7 8.5 7.5 6.5

Other services

3.7 4.8 4.2 3.9 3.6

Government

1.6 1.6 1.7 1.8 1.7

Federal

1.5 2.5 1.5 1.5 1.5

State and local

1.7 1.4 1.7 1.9 1.7

State and local education

1.6 1.4 1.7 1.7 1.7

State and local, excluding education

1.7 1.5 1.7 2.0 1.8

REGION(2)

Northeast

3.3 3.8 3.7 3.5 3.2

South

4.3 4.4 4.7 4.7 4.3

Midwest

3.8 4.3 4.4 4.1 3.7

West

3.8 4.3 4.2 4.1 3.5

Footnotes
(1) The annual average hires rate is equal to the sum of the 12 monthly hires levels as a percent of the sum of the 12 monthly CES employment levels.
(2) The states (including the District of Columbia) that comprise the regions are: Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont; South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia; Midwest: Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin; West: Alaska, Arizona, California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming.

NOTE: Data have been revised to incorporate the annual updates to the Current Employment Statistics employment estimates.


Table 19. Annual total separations levels by industry and region, not seasonally adjusted(1) [in thousands]
Industry and region 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023

Total

68,039 80,898 68,886 72,231 68,062

INDUSTRY

Total private

63,803 75,760 64,901 67,737 64,038

Mining and logging

351 334 209 228 276

Construction

4,873 4,988 4,162 4,133 4,207

Manufacturing

4,043 5,373 4,979 5,144 4,740

Durable goods

2,296 3,157 2,724 2,765 2,502

Nondurable goods

1,747 2,215 2,253 2,377 2,239

Trade, transportation, and utilities

13,702 16,126 15,045 15,101 14,120

Wholesale trade

1,740 2,109 1,901 1,959 1,860

Retail trade

9,114 10,357 9,900 9,250 8,439

Transportation, warehousing, and utilities

2,847 3,658 3,243 3,891 3,821

Information

1,104 1,166 1,075 1,151 992

Financial activities

2,491 2,731 2,518 2,713 2,379

Finance and insurance

1,583 1,635 1,719 1,812 1,494

Real estate and rental and leasing

909 1,095 799 903 889

Professional and business services

13,518 13,923 13,743 14,261 12,727

Private education and health services

8,071 10,384 8,824 9,402 9,625

Private educational services

1,118 1,473 906 1,123 1,064

Health care and social assistance

6,955 8,909 7,920 8,279 8,563

Leisure and hospitality

13,114 17,150 11,919 13,067 12,523

Arts, entertainment, and recreation

1,966 2,265 1,561 1,764 1,888

Accommodation and food services

11,153 14,887 10,356 11,304 10,634

Other services

2,533 3,582 2,429 2,538 2,445

Government

4,234 5,140 3,988 4,489 4,024

Federal

470 826 542 511 451

State and local

3,765 4,310 3,445 3,982 3,572

State and local education

1,945 2,438 1,616 1,951 1,838

State and local, excluding education

1,822 1,876 1,828 2,033 1,734

REGION(2)

Northeast

10,394 13,514 10,090 10,443 10,067

South

27,024 30,246 28,255 30,252 28,626

Midwest

14,408 17,983 14,858 14,769 14,258

West

16,211 19,159 15,684 16,766 15,111

Footnotes
(1) The annual total separations level is the sum of the 12 monthly total separations levels.
(2) The states (including the District of Columbia) that comprise the regions are: Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont; South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia; Midwest: Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin; West: Alaska, Arizona, California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming.

NOTE: Data have been revised to incorporate the annual updates to the Current Employment Statistics employment estimates.


Table 20. Annual average total separations rates by industry and region, not seasonally adjusted(1) [percent]
Industry and region 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023

Total

3.8 4.7 3.9 3.9 3.6

INDUSTRY

Total private

4.1 5.3 4.4 4.3 4.0

Mining and logging

4.0 4.6 3.1 3.1 3.6

Construction

5.4 5.7 4.7 4.4 4.4

Manufacturing

2.6 3.7 3.4 3.3 3.1

Durable goods

2.4 3.5 3.0 2.9 2.6

Nondurable goods

3.0 4.0 4.0 4.1 3.9

Trade, transportation, and utilities

4.1 5.0 4.5 4.4 4.1

Wholesale trade

2.5 3.1 2.8 2.7 2.5

Retail trade

4.9 5.8 5.4 5.0 4.5

Transportation, warehousing, and utilities

3.8 4.9 4.0 4.5 4.5

Information

3.2 3.6 3.1 3.1 2.7

Financial activities

2.4 2.6 2.4 2.5 2.2

Finance and insurance

2.1 2.1 2.2 2.3 1.8

Real estate and rental and leasing

3.3 4.1 2.9 3.2 3.0

Professional and business services

5.3 5.7 5.4 5.3 4.6

Private education and health services

2.8 3.7 3.1 3.2 3.2

Private educational services

2.5 3.5 2.1 2.5 2.3

Health care and social assistance

2.8 3.8 3.3 3.4 3.3

Leisure and hospitality

6.6 10.9 7.0 6.9 6.3

Arts, entertainment, and recreation

6.7 10.6 6.6 6.4 6.3

Accommodation and food services

6.6 10.9 7.1 7.0 6.3

Other services

3.6 5.6 3.7 3.7 3.5

Government

1.6 1.9 1.5 1.7 1.5

Federal

1.4 2.3 1.6 1.5 1.3

State and local

1.6 1.9 1.5 1.7 1.5

State and local education

1.5 2.0 1.3 1.6 1.5

State and local, excluding education

1.6 1.7 1.7 1.9 1.6

REGION(2)

Northeast

3.2 4.4 3.2 3.2 3.0

South

4.1 4.8 4.3 4.4 4.1

Midwest

3.7 4.9 3.9 3.8 3.6

West

3.8 4.8 3.8 3.9 3.4

Footnotes
(1) The annual average total separations rate is equal to the sum of the 12 monthly total separations levels as a percent of the sum of the 12 monthly CES employment levels.
(2) The states (including the District of Columbia) that comprise the regions are: Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont; South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia; Midwest: Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin; West: Alaska, Arizona, California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming.

NOTE: Data have been revised to incorporate the annual updates to the Current Employment Statistics employment estimates.


Table 21. Annual quits levels by industry and region, not seasonally adjusted(1) [in thousands]
Industry and region 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023

Total

42,159 35,941 47,566 50,507 44,379

INDUSTRY

Total private

39,919 33,603 45,201 47,785 42,015

Mining and logging

180 106 118 154 175

Construction

2,082 1,602 2,124 2,215 1,979

Manufacturing

2,488 2,345 3,487 3,559 3,006

Durable goods

1,396 1,274 1,895 1,896 1,560

Nondurable goods

1,091 1,068 1,594 1,662 1,446

Trade, transportation, and utilities

8,906 8,323 11,119 11,207 9,592

Wholesale trade

1,030 1,003 1,321 1,252 1,178

Retail trade

6,229 5,657 7,745 7,338 6,179

Transportation, warehousing, and utilities

1,647 1,663 2,054 2,618 2,235

Information

553 442 614 612 476

Financial activities

1,549 1,316 1,581 1,815 1,554

Finance and insurance

1,003 903 1,046 1,187 998

Real estate and rental and leasing

545 412 535 627 559

Professional and business services

7,768 6,632 8,595 9,022 7,266

Private education and health services

5,540 5,380 6,719 7,147 7,018

Private educational services

650 491 603 732 672

Health care and social assistance

4,891 4,891 6,114 6,414 6,348

Leisure and hospitality

9,222 6,414 9,309 10,340 9,444

Arts, entertainment, and recreation

942 543 839 903 997

Accommodation and food services

8,279 5,872 8,469 9,436 8,447

Other services

1,628 1,044 1,531 1,716 1,503

Government

2,240 2,338 2,366 2,721 2,364

Federal

210 238 258 254 212

State and local

2,029 2,102 2,106 2,466 2,151

State and local education

1,099 1,194 1,002 1,238 1,144

State and local, excluding education

930 907 1,103 1,228 1,010

REGION(2)

Northeast

5,700 4,804 6,378 6,871 5,956

South

17,261 15,245 19,996 21,858 19,669

Midwest

9,193 8,022 10,355 10,179 9,140

West

10,005 7,872 10,839 11,597 9,617

Footnotes
(1) The annual quits level is the sum of the 12 monthly quits levels.
(2) The states (including the District of Columbia) that comprise the regions are: Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont; South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia; Midwest: Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin; West: Alaska, Arizona, California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming.

NOTE: Data have been revised to incorporate the annual updates to the Current Employment Statistics employment estimates.


Table 22. Annual average quits rates by industry and region, not seasonally adjusted(1) [percent]
Industry and region 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023

Total

2.3 2.1 2.7 2.8 2.4

INDUSTRY

Total private

2.6 2.3 3.0 3.1 2.6

Mining and logging

2.1 1.5 1.8 2.1 2.3

Construction

2.3 1.8 2.4 2.4 2.1

Manufacturing

1.6 1.6 2.4 2.3 1.9

Durable goods

1.4 1.4 2.1 2.0 1.6

Nondurable goods

1.9 1.9 2.8 2.9 2.5

Trade, transportation, and utilities

2.7 2.6 3.3 3.3 2.8

Wholesale trade

1.5 1.5 1.9 1.7 1.6

Retail trade

3.3 3.2 4.2 3.9 3.3

Transportation, warehousing, and utilities

2.2 2.2 2.6 3.0 2.6

Information

1.6 1.4 1.8 1.7 1.3

Financial activities

1.5 1.3 1.5 1.7 1.4

Finance and insurance

1.3 1.2 1.3 1.5 1.2

Real estate and rental and leasing

2.0 1.6 2.0 2.2 1.9

Professional and business services

3.0 2.7 3.4 3.3 2.7

Private education and health services

1.9 1.9 2.4 2.4 2.3

Private educational services

1.4 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.5

Health care and social assistance

2.0 2.1 2.5 2.6 2.5

Leisure and hospitality

4.6 4.1 5.5 5.4 4.7

Arts, entertainment, and recreation

3.2 2.6 3.5 3.3 3.3

Accommodation and food services

4.9 4.3 5.8 5.8 5.0

Other services

2.3 1.6 2.3 2.5 2.1

Government

0.8 0.9 0.9 1.0 0.9

Federal

0.6 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.6

State and local

0.9 0.9 0.9 1.1 0.9

State and local education

0.9 1.0 0.8 1.0 0.9

State and local, excluding education

0.8 0.8 1.0 1.1 0.9

REGION(2)

Northeast

1.7 1.6 2.0 2.1 1.8

South

2.6 2.4 3.1 3.2 2.8

Midwest

2.3 2.2 2.8 2.6 2.3

West

2.4 2.0 2.6 2.7 2.2

Footnotes
(1) The annual average quits rate is equal to the sum of the 12 monthly quits levels as a percent of the sum of the 12 monthly CES employment levels.
(2) The states (including the District of Columbia) that comprise the regions are: Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont; South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia; Midwest: Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin; West: Alaska, Arizona, California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming.

NOTE: Data have been revised to incorporate the annual updates to the Current Employment Statistics employment estimates.


Table 23. Annual layoffs and discharges levels by industry and region, not seasonally adjusted(1) [in thousands]
Industry and region 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023

Total

21,878 40,847 17,082 17,622 19,759

INDUSTRY

Total private

20,622 38,957 16,189 16,644 18,743

Mining and logging

151 207 73 59 82

Construction

2,591 3,232 1,867 1,737 2,075

Manufacturing

1,312 2,754 1,205 1,247 1,480

Durable goods

749 1,720 650 644 786

Nondurable goods

564 1,031 555 603 696

Trade, transportation, and utilities

4,050 7,169 3,258 3,235 3,826

Wholesale trade

609 1,030 477 570 575

Retail trade

2,419 4,373 1,781 1,618 1,874

Transportation, warehousing, and utilities

1,022 1,763 999 1,048 1,375

Information

465 660 358 450 390

Financial activities

637 1,109 525 589 599

Finance and insurance

321 493 316 372 333

Real estate and rental and leasing

317 615 209 216 266

Professional and business services

5,049 6,464 4,251 4,374 4,662

Private education and health services

2,039 4,479 1,621 1,796 2,065

Private educational services

403 927 247 316 331

Health care and social assistance

1,637 3,551 1,373 1,481 1,731

Leisure and hospitality

3,564 10,439 2,270 2,458 2,799

Arts, entertainment, and recreation

983 1,694 684 835 844

Accommodation and food services

2,577 8,746 1,587 1,624 1,954

Other services

763 2,442 765 696 764

Government

1,256 1,890 892 975 1,012

Federal

121 438 121 94 86

State and local

1,135 1,455 772 883 925

State and local education

554 821 377 400 466

State and local, excluding education

583 631 394 483 460

REGION(2)

Northeast

3,973 8,053 3,011 2,913 3,353

South

8,256 13,485 6,587 6,776 7,481

Midwest

4,423 9,100 3,620 3,813 4,341

West

5,226 10,207 3,859 4,120 4,582

Footnotes
(1) The annual layoffs and discharges level is the sum of the 12 monthly layoffs and discharges levels.
(2) The states (including the District of Columbia) that comprise the regions are: Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont; South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia; Midwest: Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin; West: Alaska, Arizona, California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming.

NOTE: Data have been revised to incorporate the annual updates to the Current Employment Statistics employment estimates.


Table 24. Annual average layoffs and discharges rates by industry and region, not seasonally adjusted(1) [percent]
Industry and region 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023

Total

1.2 2.4 1.0 1.0 1.1

INDUSTRY

Total private

1.3 2.7 1.1 1.1 1.2

Mining and logging

1.7 2.9 1.1 0.8 1.1

Construction

2.9 3.7 2.1 1.9 2.2

Manufacturing

0.9 1.9 0.8 0.8 1.0

Durable goods

0.8 1.9 0.7 0.7 0.8

Nondurable goods

1.0 1.9 1.0 1.0 1.2

Trade, transportation, and utilities

1.2 2.2 1.0 0.9 1.1

Wholesale trade

0.9 1.5 0.7 0.8 0.8

Retail trade

1.3 2.5 1.0 0.9 1.0

Transportation, warehousing, and utilities

1.4 2.4 1.2 1.2 1.6

Information

1.4 2.0 1.0 1.2 1.1

Financial activities

0.6 1.1 0.5 0.5 0.5

Finance and insurance

0.4 0.6 0.4 0.5 0.4

Real estate and rental and leasing

1.1 2.3 0.8 0.8 0.9

Professional and business services

2.0 2.7 1.7 1.6 1.7

Private education and health services

0.7 1.6 0.6 0.6 0.7

Private educational services

0.9 2.2 0.6 0.7 0.7

Health care and social assistance

0.7 1.5 0.6 0.6 0.7

Leisure and hospitality

1.8 6.6 1.3 1.3 1.4

Arts, entertainment, and recreation

3.4 8.0 2.9 3.0 2.8

Accommodation and food services

1.5 6.4 1.1 1.0 1.2

Other services

1.1 3.8 1.2 1.0 1.1

Government

0.5 0.7 0.3 0.4 0.4

Federal

0.4 1.2 0.3 0.3 0.2

State and local

0.5 0.6 0.3 0.4 0.4

State and local education

0.4 0.7 0.3 0.3 0.4

State and local, excluding education

0.5 0.6 0.4 0.4 0.4

REGION(2)

Northeast

1.2 2.6 1.0 0.9 1.0

South

1.2 2.1 1.0 1.0 1.1

Midwest

1.1 2.5 1.0 1.0 1.1

West

1.2 2.6 0.9 1.0 1.0

Footnotes
(1) The annual average layoffs and discharges rate is equal to the sum of the 12 monthly layoffs and discharges levels as a percent of the sum of the 12 monthly CES employment levels.
(2) The states (including the District of Columbia) that comprise the regions are: Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont; South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia; Midwest: Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin; West: Alaska, Arizona, California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming.

NOTE: Data have been revised to incorporate the annual updates to the Current Employment Statistics employment estimates.


Table 25. Annual other separations levels by industry and region, not seasonally adjusted(1) [in thousands]
Industry and region 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023

Total

3,999 4,109 4,239 4,103 3,927

INDUSTRY

Total private

3,262 3,200 3,511 3,308 3,280

Mining and logging

17 19 17 16 19

Construction

202 154 170 179 154

Manufacturing

243 279 284 339 252

Durable goods

152 165 179 226 155

Nondurable goods

90 113 104 111 96

Trade, transportation, and utilities

746 632 669 654 702

Wholesale trade

100 78 101 135 105

Retail trade

466 325 376 294 387

Transportation, warehousing, and utilities

177 232 190 227 207

Information

86 64 102 90 126

Financial activities

304 309 411 309 225

Finance and insurance

258 242 356 249 167

Real estate and rental and leasing

45 68 57 58 62

Professional and business services

701 827 896 866 799

Private education and health services

494 523 488 460 543

Private educational services

64 55 56 76 60

Health care and social assistance

429 467 431 384 481

Leisure and hospitality

331 298 340 270 278

Arts, entertainment, and recreation

36 28 39 26 48

Accommodation and food services

296 266 300 245 233

Other services

141 98 135 125 178

Government

740 910 728 795 648

Federal

140 152 161 164 153

State and local

599 755 568 633 493

State and local education

291 420 235 314 229

State and local, excluding education

310 336 332 319 263

REGION(2)

Northeast

722 645 694 656 755

South

1,504 1,527 1,677 1,620 1,483

Midwest

796 862 885 781 774

West

980 1,073 985 1,048 911

Footnotes
(1) The annual other separations level is the sum of the 12 monthly other separations levels.
(2) The states (including the District of Columbia) that comprise the regions are: Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont; South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia; Midwest: Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin; West: Alaska, Arizona, California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming.

NOTE: Data have been revised to incorporate the annual updates to the Current Employment Statistics employment estimates.


Table 26. Annual average other separations rates by industry and region, not seasonally adjusted(1) [percent]
Industry and region 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023

Total

0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2

INDUSTRY

Total private

0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2

Mining and logging

0.2 0.3 0.3 0.2 0.2

Construction

0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2

Manufacturing

0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2

Durable goods

0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2

Nondurable goods

0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2

Trade, transportation, and utilities

0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2

Wholesale trade

0.1 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.1

Retail trade

0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2

Transportation, warehousing, and utilities

0.2 0.3 0.2 0.3 0.2

Information

0.3 0.2 0.3 0.2 0.3

Financial activities

0.3 0.3 0.4 0.3 0.2

Finance and insurance

0.3 0.3 0.5 0.3 0.2

Real estate and rental and leasing

0.2 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.2

Professional and business services

0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3

Private education and health services

0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2

Private educational services

0.1 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.1

Health care and social assistance

0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2

Leisure and hospitality

0.2 0.2 0.2 0.1 0.1

Arts, entertainment, and recreation

0.1 0.1 0.2 0.1 0.2

Accommodation and food services

0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.1

Other services

0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.3

Government

0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.2

Federal

0.4 0.4 0.5 0.5 0.4

State and local

0.3 0.3 0.2 0.3 0.2

State and local education

0.2 0.3 0.2 0.3 0.2

State and local, excluding education

0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.2

REGION(2)

Northeast

0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2

South

0.2 0.2 0.3 0.2 0.2

Midwest

0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2

West

0.2 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.2

Footnotes
(1) The annual average other separations rate is equal to the sum of the 12 monthly other separations levels as a percent of the sum of the 12 monthly CES employment levels.
(2) The states (including the District of Columbia) that comprise the regions are: Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont; South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia; Midwest: Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin; West: Alaska, Arizona, California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming.

NOTE: Data have been revised to incorporate the annual updates to the Current Employment Statistics employment estimates.


Last Modified Date: March 06, 2024