Job Openings and Labor Turnover Survey News Release

For release 10:00 a.m. (ET) Tuesday, July 2, 2024       USDL-24-1268
Technical information:	(202) 691-5870  •  JoltsInfo@bls.gov  •  www.bls.gov/jlt
Media contact:	        (202) 691-5902  •  PressOffice@bls.gov

                               JOB OPENINGS AND LABOR TURNOVER – MAY 2024

The number of job openings changed little at 8.1 million on the last business day of May, the U.S. 
Bureau of Labor Statistics reported today. Over the month, both the number of hires and total 
separations were little changed at 5.8 million and 5.4 million, respectively. Within separations, quits 
(3.5 million) and layoffs and discharges (1.7 million) changed little. This release includes estimates of 
the number and rate of job openings, hires, and separations for the total nonfarm sector, by industry, and 
by establishment size class. 
        
Job Openings

On the last business day of May, the number of job openings changed little at 8.1 million. This measure 
was down by 1.2 million over the year. The job openings rate was little changed at 4.9 percent in May. 
Job openings decreased in accommodation and food services (-147,000) and in private educational 
services (-34,000). The number of job openings increased in state and local government, excluding 
education (+117,000), durable goods manufacturing (+97,000), and federal government (+37,000). 
(See table 1.)

Hires

In May, the number of hires was little changed at 5.8 million. Over the year, hires were down by 
415,000. The hires rate was little changed at 3.6 percent in May. (See table 2.)

Separations

Total separations include quits, layoffs and discharges, and other separations. Quits are generally 
voluntary separations initiated by the employee. Therefore, the quits rate can serve as a measure of 
workers’ willingness or ability to leave jobs. Layoffs and discharges are involuntary separations initiated 
by the employer. Other separations include separations due to retirement, death, disability, and transfers 
to other locations of the same firm.

The number of total separations in May changed little at 5.4 million. This measure was down by 
424,000 over the year. The total separations rate remained unchanged at 3.4 percent in May. 
(See table 3.)

In May, the number of quits was little changed at 3.5 million. Over the year, quits were down by 
550,000. The quits rate was 2.2 percent in May, the seventh month in a row. (See table 4.)

In May, the number of layoffs and discharges changed little at 1.7 million, and the rate remained 
unchanged at 1.0 percent. (See table 5.)

The number of other separations was little changed in May at 309,000. (See table 6.)

Establishment Size Class

In May, for establishments with 1 to 9 employees, the job openings rate, hires rate, and total separations 
rate changed little. For establishments with 5,000 or more employees, the layoffs and discharges rate 
increased while the job openings rate, hires rate, and total separations rate changed little. (See table 7.)

April 2024 Revisions

The number of job openings for April was revised down by 140,000 to 7.9 million, the number of hires 
was revised down by 25,000 to 5.6 million, and the number of total separations was revised down by 
35,000 to 5.3 million. Within separations, the number of quits was revised down by 55,000 to 3.5 
million and the number of layoffs and discharges was revised up by 27,000 to 1.5 million. (Monthly 
revisions result from additional reports received from businesses and government agencies since the last 
published estimates and from the recalculation of seasonal factors.)
____________
The Job Openings and Labor Turnover Survey estimates for June 2024 are scheduled to be 
released on Tuesday, July 30, 2024, at 10:00 a.m. (ET).

     

Table A. Job openings, hires, and total separations by industry, seasonally adjusted

Category	Job openings			Hires			Total separations
	May 2023	Apr. 2024	May 2024(p)	May 2023	Apr. 2024	May 2024(p)	May 2023	Apr. 2024	May 2024(p)
LEVELS BY INDUSTRY (in thousands)
Total	9,311	7,919	8,140	6,171	5,615	5,756	5,846	5,337	5,422
Total private	8,240	7,013	7,055	5,766	5,245	5,379	5,496	4,985	5,076
Mining and logging	30	24	27	28	15	19	23	20	21
Construction	377	337	339	373	341	383	358	355	360
Manufacturing	592	488	603	442	383	367	436	383	357
Durable goods	365	331	428	245	232	224	227	230	214
Nondurable goods	228	157	174	197	152	143	208	154	142
Trade, transportation, and utilities	1,536	1,016	1,016	1,310	1,135	1,088	1,301	1,039	1,060
Wholesale trade	267	189	188	180	156	159	162	146	156
Retail trade	752	494	478	805	693	647	844	632	630
Transportation, warehousing, and utilities	517	334	350	325	286	282	296	262	274
Information	162	110	134	68	80	78	74	72	77
Financial activities	421	464	438	219	197	231	202	198	213
Finance and insurance	300	320	325	156	123	145	135	122	129
Real estate and rental and leasing	121	144	112	62	73	85	66	76	84
Professional and business services	1,597	1,441	1,485	1,066	1,001	1,114	972	920	1,030
Private education and health services	1,863	1,770	1,814	954	897	895	887	816	818
Private educational services	190	218	184	94	94	94	86	88	99
Health care and social assistance	1,673	1,552	1,630	860	804	801	800	728	720
Leisure and hospitality	1,301	1,068	922	1,097	996	985	1,045	985	931
Arts, entertainment, and recreation	156	151	151	165	153	171	147	158	152
Accommodation and food services	1,145	918	771	932	843	815	898	827	779
Other services	361	293	277	209	200	219	199	195	209
Government	1,070	906	1,085	405	370	376	350	353	346
Federal	174	139	176	48	37	35	41	35	32
State and local	896	767	909	356	333	341	309	318	315
State and local education	342	269	295	186	181	177	160	169	177
State and local, excluding education	554	498	615	170	152	164	149	149	137
RATES BY INDUSTRY (percent)
Total	5.6	4.8	4.9	4.0	3.5	3.6	3.8	3.4	3.4
Total private	5.8	4.9	5.0	4.3	3.9	4.0	4.1	3.7	3.8
Mining and logging	4.5	3.7	4.2	4.3	2.3	3.0	3.6	3.2	3.3
Construction	4.5	3.9	4.0	4.7	4.2	4.7	4.5	4.3	4.4
Manufacturing	4.4	3.6	4.4	3.4	3.0	2.8	3.4	3.0	2.8
Durable goods	4.3	3.9	5.0	3.0	2.8	2.7	2.8	2.8	2.6
Nondurable goods	4.5	3.2	3.5	4.1	3.2	3.0	4.3	3.2	3.0
Trade, transportation, and utilities	5.1	3.4	3.4	4.5	3.9	3.7	4.5	3.6	3.7
Wholesale trade	4.2	3.0	3.0	2.9	2.5	2.6	2.6	2.4	2.5
Retail trade	4.6	3.1	3.0	5.2	4.4	4.1	5.4	4.0	4.0
Transportation, warehousing, and utilities	6.7	4.5	4.7	4.5	4.0	3.9	4.1	3.7	3.8
Information	5.0	3.5	4.2	2.2	2.7	2.6	2.4	2.4	2.5
Financial activities	4.4	4.8	4.5	2.4	2.1	2.5	2.2	2.1	2.3
Finance and insurance	4.3	4.5	4.6	2.3	1.8	2.2	2.0	1.8	1.9
Real estate and rental and leasing	4.7	5.5	4.3	2.5	2.9	3.4	2.7	3.1	3.4
Professional and business services	6.5	5.9	6.1	4.7	4.4	4.8	4.2	4.0	4.5
Private education and health services	6.9	6.3	6.5	3.8	3.4	3.4	3.5	3.1	3.1
Private educational services	4.7	5.3	4.5	2.5	2.4	2.4	2.3	2.3	2.6
Health care and social assistance	7.3	6.5	6.8	4.0	3.6	3.6	3.7	3.3	3.2
Leisure and hospitality	7.3	5.9	5.2	6.6	5.9	5.8	6.3	5.8	5.5
Arts, entertainment, and recreation	5.9	5.4	5.4	6.6	5.8	6.4	5.9	6.0	5.7
Accommodation and food services	7.6	6.0	5.1	6.6	5.9	5.7	6.4	5.8	5.5
Other services	5.8	4.7	4.5	3.6	3.4	3.7	3.4	3.3	3.5
Government	4.5	3.7	4.4	1.8	1.6	1.6	1.5	1.5	1.5
Federal	5.6	4.4	5.5	1.7	1.2	1.2	1.4	1.2	1.1
State and local	4.3	3.6	4.3	1.8	1.6	1.7	1.6	1.6	1.5
State and local education	3.1	2.4	2.7	1.8	1.7	1.6	1.5	1.6	1.6
State and local, excluding education	5.6	5.0	6.0	1.8	1.6	1.7	1.6	1.6	1.4
Footnotes (p) Preliminary
NOTE: Data are revised with the release of January data to incorporate the annual updates to the Current Employment Statistics employment estimates and the JOLTS seasonal adjustment factors.

Technical Note

This news release presents statistics from the Job Openings and Labor Turnover Survey (JOLTS). The JOLTS 
program provides information on labor demand and turnover. Additional information about the JOLTS program can 
be found at www.bls.gov/jlt/. Estimates are published for job openings, hires, quits, layoffs and discharges, other 
separations, and total separations. The JOLTS program covers all private nonfarm establishments, as well as civilian 
federal, state, and local government entities in the 50 states and the District of Columbia. Starting with data for 
January 2023, industries are classified in accordance with the 2022 North American Industry Classification System.

Definitions

Employment. Employment includes persons on the payroll who worked or received pay for the pay period that 
includes the 12th day of the reference month. Full-time, part-time, permanent, short-term, seasonal, salaried, and 
hourly employees are included, as are employees on paid vacation or other paid leave. Proprietors or partners of 
unincorporated businesses, unpaid family workers, employees on strike for the entire pay period, and employees on 
leave without pay for the entire pay period are not counted as employed. Employees of temporary help agencies, 
employee leasing companies, outside contractors, and consultants are counted by their employer of record, not by 
the establishment where they are working. JOLTS does not publish employment estimates but uses the reported 
employment for validation of the other reported data elements.

Job Openings. Job openings include all positions that are open on the last business day of the reference month.

A job is open only if it meets all three of these conditions:
* A specific position exists, and there is work available for that position. The position can be full-time or 
part-time, and it can be permanent, short-term, or seasonal.
* The job could start within 30 days, whether or not the employer can find a suitable candidate during that 
time.
* The employer is actively recruiting workers from outside the establishment to fill the position. Active 
recruiting means that the establishment is taking steps to fill a position. It may include advertising in 
newspapers, on television, or on the radio; posting internet notices, posting “help wanted” signs, 
networking or making “word-of-mouth” announcements; accepting applications; interviewing candidates; 
contacting employment agencies; or soliciting employees at job fairs, state or local employment offices, or 
similar sources.

Excluded are positions open only to internal transfers, promotions or demotions, or recall from layoffs. Also 
excluded are openings for positions with start dates more than 30 days in the future; positions for which employees 
have been hired but have not yet reported for work; and positions to be filled by employees of temporary help 
agencies, employee leasing companies, outside contractors, or consultants. The job openings rate is computed by 
dividing the number of job openings by the sum of employment and job openings—that is, all filled and unfilled 
jobs—and multiplying that quotient by 100.

Hires. Hires include all additions to the payroll during the entire reference month, including newly hired and 
rehired employees; full-time and part-time employees; permanent, short-term, and seasonal employees; employees 
who were recalled to a job at the location following a layoff (formal suspension from pay status) lasting more than 7 
days; on-call or intermittent employees who returned to work after having been formally separated; workers who 
were hired and separated during the month, and transfers from other locations. Excluded are transfers or promotions 
within the reporting location, employees returning from strike, employees of temporary help agencies, employee 
leasing companies, outside contractors, or consultants. The hires rate is computed by dividing the number of hires by 
employment and multiplying that quotient by 100.

Separations. Separations include all separations from the payroll during the entire reference month and is 
reported by type of separation: quits, layoffs and discharges, and other separations. Quits include employees who 
left voluntarily, with the exception of retirements or transfers to other locations. Layoffs and discharges includes 
involuntary separations initiated by the employer, including layoffs with no intent to rehire; layoffs (formal 
suspensions from pay status) lasting or expected to last more than 7 days; discharges resulting from mergers, 
downsizing, or closings; firings or other discharges for cause; terminations of permanent or short-term employees; 
and terminations of seasonal employees (whether or not they are expected to return the next season). Other 
separations include retirements, transfers to other locations, separations due to employee disability, and deaths.
Excluded from separations measures are transfers within the same location; employees on strike; and employees of 
temporary help agencies, employee leasing companies, outside contractors, or consultants. The separations rate is 
computed by dividing the number of separations by employment and multiplying that quotient by 100. The quits, 
layoffs and discharges, and other separations rates are computed similarly.

Estimation Method

The JOLTS survey design is a stratified random sample of approximately 21,000 nonfarm business and 
government establishments. The sample is stratified by ownership, region, industry sector, and establishment size 
class.

The sampling frame is made up of establishments from two sources: the Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) 
Quarterly Census of Employment and Wages program (QCEW) and the Federal Railroad Administration (FRA). 
The QCEW database contains establishments that cover approximately 95 percent of nonfarm payroll jobs in the 
United States. This database is a compilation of administrative data from state unemployment insurance (UI) 
programs and federal government establishments covered by the Unemployment Compensation for Federal 
Employees (UCFE) program. A frame of railroad establishments is provided by the FRA. This is added to the 
QCEW database to complete the JOLTS sampling frame. 

The JOLTS estimation method involves the following processes: unit nonresponse adjustment, item 
nonresponse adjustment, monthly benchmarking and estimation, automatic outlier detection, birth and death model 
estimation, estimates review and outlier selection, alignment, seasonal adjustment, and variance estimates. 
Establishment size class levels are also produced. Detailed information about the estimation method can be found in 
the Handbook of Methods at https://www.bls.gov/opub/hom/jlt/home.htm.

Monthly benchmarking is the process through which the JOLTS weighted employment for each estimation cell 
is adjusted. JOLTS estimation cells are benchmarked monthly to the current employment level from the BLS 
Current Employment Statistics (CES) program. The sampled weight is benchmarked to ensure that JOLTS weighted 
employment is equal to CES employment.

Birth/death model. The time lag from the start up, or birth, of an establishment until its appearance on the 
sampling frame is approximately one year. In addition, many new establishments fail within the first year, referred 
to as a death. Because new and short-lived universe establishments cannot be reflected in the sampling frame 
immediately, the JOLTS sample cannot capture job openings, hires, and separations from these establishments 
during their early existence. BLS has developed a birth/death model that uses establishment birth and death activity 
from previous years as collected by the QCEW and projects forward to the present using over-the-year change in the 
CES. The birth/death model also uses historical JOLTS data to calculate the amount of churn (meaning the rates of 
hires and separations) that exists in establishments of various sizes. The model then combines the calculated churn 
with the projected employment change to estimate the number of hires and separations that take place in these 
establishments that cannot be measured through sampling. The estimates of job openings, hires, and separations 
produced by the birth/death model are added to the sample-based estimates produced from the survey to arrive at the 
estimates for job openings, hires, and separations.

Alignment. The JOLTS figure for hires minus separations can be used to derive a measure of net employment 
change. This change should be comparable to the net employment change from the much larger CES survey. 
However, definitional differences between the two surveys, as well as sampling and nonsampling errors, historically 
caused JOLTS to diverge from CES over time. To limit the divergence and improve the quality of the JOLTS hires 
and separations series, BLS implemented the monthly alignment method. There are four steps to this method: 
seasonally adjust, align, back out the seasonal adjustment factors, and seasonally adjust again.

Seasonal adjustment. After alignment, the seasonal adjustment program (X-13ARIMA-SEATS) is used to 
seasonally adjust the JOLTS series. Each month, a concurrent seasonal adjustment methodology uses all relevant 
data, up to and including the current month, to calculate new seasonal adjustment factors. Moving averages are used 
as seasonal filters in seasonal adjustment. JOLTS seasonal adjustment includes both additive and multiplicative 
models, as well as regression with autocorrelated errors (REGARIMA) modeling, to improve the seasonal 
adjustment factors at the beginning and end of the series and to detect and adjust for outliers in the series. 

Annual estimates and benchmarking. The JOLTS estimates are revised annually with the issuance of data for 
January. Five years of data are subject to revision. The revised estimates incorporate: 1) benchmarks based on CES 
employment estimates newly benchmarked to QCEW, 2) revised seasonal adjustment factors, and 3) any needed 
special adjustments.

The JOLTS employment levels are ratio-adjusted to the CES employment levels, and the resulting ratios are 
applied to all JOLTS data elements.

The seasonally adjusted estimates are recalculated for the most recent 5 years to reflect updated seasonal 
adjustment factors. These annual updates result in revisions to both the seasonally adjusted and not seasonally 
adjusted JOLTS data series for the period since the last benchmark was established.

Annual levels for hires, quits, layoffs and discharges, other separations, and total separations are the sum of the 
12 published monthly levels.

Annual average levels for job openings are calculated by dividing the sum of the 12 published monthly levels 
by 12. 

Annual average rates for hires, quits, layoffs and discharges, other separations, and total separations are 
calculated by dividing the sum of the 12 monthly JOLTS published levels for each data element by the sum of the 12 
monthly CES published employment levels, and multiplying that quotient by 100.

Annual average rates for job openings are calculated by dividing the sum of the 12 monthly JOLTS published 
levels by the sum of the 12 monthly CES published employment levels plus the sum of the 12 monthly job openings 
levels, and multiplying that quotient by 100.

Reliability of the estimates

JOLTS estimates are subject to two types of error: sampling error and nonsampling error.

Sampling error can result when a sample, rather than an entire population, is surveyed. There is a chance that 
the sample estimates may differ from the true population values they represent. The exact difference, or sampling 
error, varies with the sample selected, and this variability is measured by the standard error of the estimate. BLS 
analyses are generally conducted at the 90-percent level of confidence. This means that there is a 90-percent chance 
that the true population mean will fall into the interval created by the sample mean plus or minus 1.65 standard 
errors. Estimates of median standard errors are released monthly as part of the significant change tables on the 
JOLTS webpage. Standard errors are updated annually with the most recent 5 years of data. Sampling error 
estimates are available at www.bls.gov/jlt/jolts_median_standard_errors.htm.

Nonsampling error can occur for many reasons, including the failure to include a segment of the population, the 
inability to obtain data from all units in the sample, the inability or unwillingness of respondents to provide data on a 
timely basis, mistakes made by respondents, errors made in the collection or processing of the data, and errors from 
the employment benchmark data used in estimation. The JOLTS program uses quality control procedures to reduce 
nonsampling error in the survey’s design.

Other information

If you are deaf, hard of hearing, or have a speech disability, please dial 7-1-1 to access telecommunications 
relay services.

Table 1. Job openings levels and rates by industry and region, seasonally adjusted(1)

Industry and region	Levels (in thousands)						Rates(2)
	May 2023	Feb. 2024	Mar. 2024	Apr. 2024	May 2024(p)	Change from: Apr. 2024 - May 2024(p)	May 2023	Feb. 2024	Mar. 2024	Apr. 2024	May 2024(p)	Change from: Apr. 2024 - May 2024(p)
Total	9,311	8,813	8,355	7,919	8,140	221	5.6	5.3	5.0	4.8	4.9	0.1
INDUSTRY
Total private	8,240	7,894	7,397	7,013	7,055	42	5.8	5.5	5.2	4.9	5.0	0.1
Mining and logging	30	33	30	24	27	3	4.5	4.9	4.5	3.7	4.2	0.5
Construction	377	456	346	337	339	2	4.5	5.3	4.0	3.9	4.0	0.1
Manufacturing	592	587	546	488	603	115	4.4	4.3	4.0	3.6	4.4	0.8
Durable goods	365	379	355	331	428	97	4.3	4.5	4.2	3.9	5.0	1.1
Nondurable goods	228	208	191	157	174	17	4.5	4.1	3.8	3.2	3.5	0.3
Trade, transportation, and utilities	1,536	1,072	1,039	1,016	1,016	0	5.1	3.6	3.5	3.4	3.4	0.0
Wholesale trade	267	166	197	189	188	-1	4.2	2.6	3.1	3.0	3.0	0.0
Retail trade	752	604	507	494	478	-16	4.6	3.7	3.1	3.1	3.0	-0.1
Transportation, warehousing, and utilities	517	301	335	334	350	16	6.7	4.1	4.5	4.5	4.7	0.2
Information	162	126	152	110	134	24	5.0	4.0	4.8	3.5	4.2	0.7
Financial activities	421	677	494	464	438	-26	4.4	6.8	5.1	4.8	4.5	-0.3
Finance and insurance	300	515	321	320	325	5	4.3	7.1	4.6	4.5	4.6	0.1
Real estate and rental and leasing	121	162	173	144	112	-32	4.7	6.1	6.5	5.5	4.3	-1.2
Professional and business services	1,597	1,526	1,390	1,441	1,485	44	6.5	6.2	5.7	5.9	6.1	0.2
Private education and health services	1,863	1,952	1,908	1,770	1,814	44	6.9	7.0	6.8	6.3	6.5	0.2
Private educational services	190	141	163	218	184	-34	4.7	3.5	4.1	5.3	4.5	-0.8
Health care and social assistance	1,673	1,811	1,745	1,552	1,630	78	7.3	7.6	7.3	6.5	6.8	0.3
Leisure and hospitality	1,301	1,143	1,193	1,068	922	-146	7.3	6.4	6.6	5.9	5.2	-0.7
Arts, entertainment, and recreation	156	168	159	151	151	0	5.9	6.0	5.7	5.4	5.4	0.0
Accommodation and food services	1,145	975	1,034	918	771	-147	7.6	6.4	6.8	6.0	5.1	-0.9
Other services	361	322	299	293	277	-16	5.8	5.2	4.8	4.7	4.5	-0.2
Government	1,070	919	957	906	1,085	179	4.5	3.8	4.0	3.7	4.4	0.7
Federal	174	150	144	139	176	37	5.6	4.8	4.6	4.4	5.5	1.1
State and local	896	769	813	767	909	142	4.3	3.7	3.9	3.6	4.3	0.7
State and local education	342	255	325	269	295	26	3.1	2.3	2.9	2.4	2.7	0.3
State and local, excluding education	554	515	487	498	615	117	5.6	5.1	4.9	5.0	6.0	1.0
REGION(3)
Northeast	1,460	1,514	1,512	1,383	1,461	78	5.0	5.1	5.1	4.7	4.9	0.2
South	3,849	3,448	3,313	3,354	3,296	-58	6.2	5.5	5.3	5.3	5.3	0.0
Midwest	2,071	1,920	1,826	1,604	1,720	116	5.9	5.4	5.2	4.5	4.9	0.4
West	1,930	1,931	1,703	1,577	1,662	85	5.0	5.0	4.4	4.1	4.3	0.2
Footnotes (1) The job openings level is the number of job openings on the last business day of the month. (2) The job openings rate is the number of job openings on the last business day of the month as a percent of employment plus job openings. (3) The states (including the District of Columbia) that comprise the regions are: Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont; South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia; Midwest: Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin; West: Alaska, Arizona, California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming. (p) Preliminary
NOTE: Data are revised with the release of January data to incorporate the annual updates to the Current Employment Statistics employment estimates and the JOLTS seasonal adjustment factors.

Table 2. Hires levels and rates by industry and region, seasonally adjusted(1)

Industry and region	Levels (in thousands)						Rates(2)
	May 2023	Feb. 2024	Mar. 2024	Apr. 2024	May 2024(p)	Change from: Apr. 2024 - May 2024(p)	May 2023	Feb. 2024	Mar. 2024	Apr. 2024	May 2024(p)	Change from: Apr. 2024 - May 2024(p)
Total	6,171	5,781	5,617	5,615	5,756	141	4.0	3.7	3.6	3.5	3.6	0.1
INDUSTRY
Total private	5,766	5,382	5,232	5,245	5,379	134	4.3	4.0	3.9	3.9	4.0	0.1
Mining and logging	28	20	20	15	19	4	4.3	3.2	3.1	2.3	3.0	0.7
Construction	373	400	374	341	383	42	4.7	4.9	4.6	4.2	4.7	0.5
Manufacturing	442	324	319	383	367	-16	3.4	2.5	2.5	3.0	2.8	-0.2
Durable goods	245	176	182	232	224	-8	3.0	2.2	2.2	2.8	2.7	-0.1
Nondurable goods	197	148	137	152	143	-9	4.1	3.1	2.9	3.2	3.0	-0.2
Trade, transportation, and utilities	1,310	1,130	1,032	1,135	1,088	-47	4.5	3.9	3.6	3.9	3.7	-0.2
Wholesale trade	180	163	134	156	159	3	2.9	2.6	2.2	2.5	2.6	0.1
Retail trade	805	676	654	693	647	-46	5.2	4.3	4.2	4.4	4.1	-0.3
Transportation, warehousing, and utilities	325	292	244	286	282	-4	4.5	4.1	3.4	4.0	3.9	-0.1
Information	68	89	86	80	78	-2	2.2	3.0	2.9	2.7	2.6	-0.1
Financial activities	219	193	194	197	231	34	2.4	2.1	2.1	2.1	2.5	0.4
Finance and insurance	156	115	115	123	145	22	2.3	1.7	1.7	1.8	2.2	0.4
Real estate and rental and leasing	62	79	79	73	85	12	2.5	3.2	3.2	2.9	3.4	0.5
Professional and business services	1,066	1,092	1,113	1,001	1,114	113	4.7	4.8	4.9	4.4	4.8	0.4
Private education and health services	954	860	876	897	895	-2	3.8	3.3	3.4	3.4	3.4	0.0
Private educational services	94	82	91	94	94	0	2.5	2.1	2.3	2.4	2.4	0.0
Health care and social assistance	860	778	786	804	801	-3	4.0	3.5	3.5	3.6	3.6	0.0
Leisure and hospitality	1,097	1,060	1,038	996	985	-11	6.6	6.3	6.1	5.9	5.8	-0.1
Arts, entertainment, and recreation	165	207	193	153	171	18	6.6	7.9	7.3	5.8	6.4	0.6
Accommodation and food services	932	852	845	843	815	-28	6.6	6.0	5.9	5.9	5.7	-0.2
Other services	209	214	180	200	219	19	3.6	3.6	3.1	3.4	3.7	0.3
Government	405	399	385	370	376	6	1.8	1.7	1.7	1.6	1.6	0.0
Federal	48	45	44	37	35	-2	1.7	1.5	1.5	1.2	1.2	0.0
State and local	356	354	341	333	341	8	1.8	1.8	1.7	1.6	1.7	0.1
State and local education	186	160	167	181	177	-4	1.8	1.5	1.6	1.7	1.6	-0.1
State and local, excluding education	170	194	174	152	164	12	1.8	2.0	1.8	1.6	1.7	0.1
REGION(3)
Northeast	914	848	890	778	829	51	3.3	3.0	3.2	2.8	2.9	0.1
South	2,598	2,574	2,303	2,364	2,411	47	4.4	4.3	3.9	4.0	4.1	0.1
Midwest	1,341	1,137	1,160	1,220	1,265	45	4.0	3.4	3.4	3.6	3.8	0.2
West	1,318	1,222	1,265	1,253	1,251	-2	3.6	3.3	3.4	3.4	3.4	0.0
Footnotes (1) The hires level is the number of hires during the entire month. (2) The hires rate is the number of hires during the entire month as a percent of employment. (3) The states (including the District of Columbia) that comprise the regions are: Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont; South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia; Midwest: Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin; West: Alaska, Arizona, California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming. (p) Preliminary
NOTE: Data are revised with the release of January data to incorporate the annual updates to the Current Employment Statistics employment estimates and the JOLTS seasonal adjustment factors.

Table 3. Total separations levels and rates by industry and region, seasonally adjusted(1)

Industry and region	Levels (in thousands)						Rates(2)
	May 2023	Feb. 2024	Mar. 2024	Apr. 2024	May 2024(p)	Change from: Apr. 2024 - May 2024(p)	May 2023	Feb. 2024	Mar. 2024	Apr. 2024	May 2024(p)	Change from: Apr. 2024 - May 2024(p)
Total	5,846	5,539	5,330	5,337	5,422	85	3.8	3.5	3.4	3.4	3.4	0.0
INDUSTRY
Total private	5,496	5,203	5,000	4,985	5,076	91	4.1	3.9	3.7	3.7	3.8	0.1
Mining and logging	23	18	21	20	21	1	3.6	2.9	3.2	3.2	3.3	0.1
Construction	358	370	352	355	360	5	4.5	4.5	4.3	4.3	4.4	0.1
Manufacturing	436	338	332	383	357	-26	3.4	2.6	2.6	3.0	2.8	-0.2
Durable goods	227	183	185	230	214	-16	2.8	2.2	2.3	2.8	2.6	-0.2
Nondurable goods	208	155	147	154	142	-12	4.3	3.2	3.0	3.2	3.0	-0.2
Trade, transportation, and utilities	1,301	1,097	999	1,039	1,060	21	4.5	3.8	3.4	3.6	3.7	0.1
Wholesale trade	162	156	130	146	156	10	2.6	2.5	2.1	2.4	2.5	0.1
Retail trade	844	677	636	632	630	-2	5.4	4.3	4.1	4.0	4.0	0.0
Transportation, warehousing, and utilities	296	264	232	262	274	12	4.1	3.7	3.3	3.7	3.8	0.1
Information	74	85	77	72	77	5	2.4	2.8	2.5	2.4	2.5	0.1
Financial activities	202	200	184	198	213	15	2.2	2.2	2.0	2.1	2.3	0.2
Finance and insurance	135	122	117	122	129	7	2.0	1.8	1.7	1.8	1.9	0.1
Real estate and rental and leasing	66	78	67	76	84	8	2.7	3.1	2.7	3.1	3.4	0.3
Professional and business services	972	1,073	1,097	920	1,030	110	4.2	4.7	4.8	4.0	4.5	0.5
Private education and health services	887	762	772	816	818	2	3.5	2.9	3.0	3.1	3.1	0.0
Private educational services	86	69	92	88	99	11	2.3	1.8	2.4	2.3	2.6	0.3
Health care and social assistance	800	693	680	728	720	-8	3.7	3.1	3.1	3.3	3.2	-0.1
Leisure and hospitality	1,045	1,059	1,018	985	931	-54	6.3	6.3	6.0	5.8	5.5	-0.3
Arts, entertainment, and recreation	147	211	183	158	152	-6	5.9	8.0	6.9	6.0	5.7	-0.3
Accommodation and food services	898	848	834	827	779	-48	6.4	6.0	5.9	5.8	5.5	-0.3
Other services	199	202	150	195	209	14	3.4	3.4	2.5	3.3	3.5	0.2
Government	350	336	330	353	346	-7	1.5	1.4	1.4	1.5	1.5	0.0
Federal	41	33	35	35	32	-3	1.4	1.1	1.2	1.2	1.1	-0.1
State and local	309	303	295	318	315	-3	1.6	1.5	1.5	1.6	1.5	-0.1
State and local education	160	143	154	169	177	8	1.5	1.3	1.4	1.6	1.6	0.0
State and local, excluding education	149	160	141	149	137	-12	1.6	1.7	1.5	1.6	1.4	-0.2
REGION(3)
Northeast	842	841	880	835	867	32	3.0	3.0	3.1	3.0	3.1	0.1
South	2,583	2,294	2,119	2,089	2,142	53	4.4	3.9	3.6	3.5	3.6	0.1
Midwest	1,211	1,154	1,188	1,167	1,121	-46	3.7	3.4	3.5	3.5	3.3	-0.2
West	1,210	1,250	1,143	1,246	1,293	47	3.3	3.4	3.1	3.4	3.5	0.1
Footnotes (1) The total separations level is the number of total separations during the entire month. (2) The total separations rate is the number of total separations during the entire month as a percent of employment. (3) The states (including the District of Columbia) that comprise the regions are: Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont; South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia; Midwest: Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin; West: Alaska, Arizona, California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming. (p) Preliminary
NOTE: Data are revised with the release of January data to incorporate the annual updates to the Current Employment Statistics employment estimates and the JOLTS seasonal adjustment factors.

Table 4. Quits levels and rates by industry and region, seasonally adjusted(1)

Industry and region	Levels (in thousands)						Rates(2)
	May 2023	Feb. 2024	Mar. 2024	Apr. 2024	May 2024(p)	Change from: Apr. 2024 - May 2024(p)	May 2023	Feb. 2024	Mar. 2024	Apr. 2024	May 2024(p)	Change from: Apr. 2024 - May 2024(p)
Total	4,009	3,527	3,409	3,452	3,459	7	2.6	2.2	2.2	2.2	2.2	0.0
INDUSTRY
Total private	3,807	3,330	3,231	3,239	3,251	12	2.9	2.5	2.4	2.4	2.4	0.0
Mining and logging	16	12	12	13	14	1	2.5	1.8	1.9	2.1	2.2	0.1
Construction	215	152	156	191	199	8	2.7	1.9	1.9	2.3	2.4	0.1
Manufacturing	278	201	186	223	217	-6	2.2	1.6	1.4	1.7	1.7	0.0
Durable goods	137	109	98	132	131	-1	1.7	1.3	1.2	1.6	1.6	0.0
Nondurable goods	141	92	87	90	87	-3	2.9	1.9	1.8	1.9	1.8	-0.1
Trade, transportation, and utilities	887	733	663	697	738	41	3.1	2.5	2.3	2.4	2.5	0.1
Wholesale trade	106	96	84	90	109	19	1.7	1.6	1.4	1.5	1.8	0.3
Retail trade	598	481	440	463	480	17	3.8	3.1	2.8	2.9	3.1	0.2
Transportation, warehousing, and utilities	183	156	138	145	149	4	2.6	2.2	1.9	2.0	2.1	0.1
Information	31	50	40	39	38	-1	1.0	1.7	1.3	1.3	1.3	0.0
Financial activities	132	132	115	99	122	23	1.4	1.4	1.2	1.1	1.3	0.2
Finance and insurance	89	86	81	60	76	16	1.3	1.3	1.2	0.9	1.1	0.2
Real estate and rental and leasing	44	46	33	39	46	7	1.8	1.8	1.3	1.6	1.8	0.2
Professional and business services	621	617	691	509	541	32	2.7	2.7	3.0	2.2	2.4	0.2
Private education and health services	670	554	563	597	597	0	2.7	2.1	2.2	2.3	2.3	0.0
Private educational services	59	53	55	54	59	5	1.5	1.4	1.4	1.4	1.5	0.1
Health care and social assistance	611	501	509	543	538	-5	2.9	2.3	2.3	2.4	2.4	0.0
Leisure and hospitality	800	736	721	726	655	-71	4.8	4.4	4.3	4.3	3.9	-0.4
Arts, entertainment, and recreation	84	76	78	86	75	-11	3.3	2.9	2.9	3.3	2.8	-0.5
Accommodation and food services	716	659	643	640	579	-61	5.1	4.6	4.5	4.5	4.1	-0.4
Other services	156	143	84	144	131	-13	2.7	2.4	1.4	2.4	2.2	-0.2
Government	202	197	178	214	208	-6	0.9	0.8	0.8	0.9	0.9	0.0
Federal	19	15	15	16	15	-1	0.7	0.5	0.5	0.5	0.5	0.0
State and local	183	182	163	197	193	-4	0.9	0.9	0.8	1.0	0.9	-0.1
State and local education	101	92	79	110	115	5	1.0	0.9	0.7	1.0	1.1	0.1
State and local, excluding education	82	89	83	87	78	-9	0.9	0.9	0.9	0.9	0.8	-0.1
REGION(3)
Northeast	545	477	536	495	522	27	2.0	1.7	1.9	1.8	1.9	0.1
South	1,847	1,522	1,460	1,443	1,418	-25	3.2	2.6	2.5	2.4	2.4	0.0
Midwest	795	716	735	781	730	-51	2.4	2.1	2.2	2.3	2.2	-0.1
West	822	811	678	734	789	55	2.3	2.2	1.8	2.0	2.1	0.1
Footnotes (1) The quits level is the number of quits during the entire month. (2) The quits rate is the number of quits during the entire month as a percent of employment. (3) The states (including the District of Columbia) that comprise the regions are: Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont; South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia; Midwest: Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin; West: Alaska, Arizona, California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming. (p) Preliminary
NOTE: Data are revised with the release of January data to incorporate the annual updates to the Current Employment Statistics employment estimates and the JOLTS seasonal adjustment factors.

Table 5. Layoffs and discharges levels and rates by industry and region, seasonally adjusted(1)

Industry and region	Levels (in thousands)						Rates(2)
	May 2023	Feb. 2024	Mar. 2024	Apr. 2024	May 2024(p)	Change from: Apr. 2024 - May 2024(p)	May 2023	Feb. 2024	Mar. 2024	Apr. 2024	May 2024(p)	Change from: Apr. 2024 - May 2024(p)
Total	1,531	1,681	1,601	1,542	1,654	112	1.0	1.1	1.0	1.0	1.0	0.0
INDUSTRY
Total private	1,442	1,592	1,511	1,461	1,571	110	1.1	1.2	1.1	1.1	1.2	0.1
Mining and logging	6	6	7	5	5	0	1.0	1.0	1.1	0.8	0.9	0.1
Construction	133	208	178	152	147	-5	1.7	2.5	2.2	1.9	1.8	-0.1
Manufacturing	139	117	124	136	120	-16	1.1	0.9	1.0	1.1	0.9	-0.2
Durable goods	79	62	73	84	71	-13	1.0	0.8	0.9	1.0	0.9	-0.1
Nondurable goods	60	55	50	52	49	-3	1.2	1.1	1.0	1.1	1.0	-0.1
Trade, transportation, and utilities	367	286	268	277	275	-2	1.3	1.0	0.9	1.0	0.9	-0.1
Wholesale trade	51	50	42	47	40	-7	0.8	0.8	0.7	0.8	0.6	-0.2
Retail trade	223	139	151	128	122	-6	1.4	0.9	1.0	0.8	0.8	0.0
Transportation, warehousing, and utilities	93	97	76	102	113	11	1.3	1.4	1.1	1.4	1.6	0.2
Information	36	27	34	28	36	8	1.2	0.9	1.1	0.9	1.2	0.3
Financial activities	50	46	51	70	76	6	0.5	0.5	0.5	0.8	0.8	0.0
Finance and insurance	34	24	25	41	42	1	0.5	0.4	0.4	0.6	0.6	0.0
Real estate and rental and leasing	16	22	26	29	33	4	0.7	0.9	1.0	1.2	1.3	0.1
Professional and business services	287	398	358	354	425	71	1.3	1.7	1.6	1.5	1.8	0.3
Private education and health services	155	162	172	178	174	-4	0.6	0.6	0.7	0.7	0.7	0.0
Private educational services	21	10	32	31	30	-1	0.6	0.3	0.8	0.8	0.8	0.0
Health care and social assistance	134	151	140	147	144	-3	0.6	0.7	0.6	0.7	0.6	-0.1
Leisure and hospitality	229	301	269	230	251	21	1.4	1.8	1.6	1.4	1.5	0.1
Arts, entertainment, and recreation	60	132	104	68	73	5	2.4	5.0	3.9	2.6	2.7	0.1
Accommodation and food services	169	169	165	162	179	17	1.2	1.2	1.2	1.1	1.3	0.2
Other services	39	41	51	30	62	32	0.7	0.7	0.9	0.5	1.0	0.5
Government	89	88	91	81	83	2	0.4	0.4	0.4	0.3	0.4	0.1
Federal	8	6	7	7	7	0	0.3	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.0
State and local	81	82	84	74	77	3	0.4	0.4	0.4	0.4	0.4	0.0
State and local education	38	35	54	38	41	3	0.4	0.3	0.5	0.4	0.4	0.0
State and local, excluding education	43	47	30	36	36	0	0.5	0.5	0.3	0.4	0.4	0.0
REGION(3)
Northeast	241	290	284	281	290	9	0.9	1.0	1.0	1.0	1.0	0.0
South	617	672	539	517	621	104	1.1	1.1	0.9	0.9	1.0	0.1
Midwest	351	360	384	314	308	-6	1.1	1.1	1.1	0.9	0.9	0.0
West	323	359	394	429	434	5	0.9	1.0	1.1	1.2	1.2	0.0
Footnotes (1) The layoffs and discharges level is the number of layoffs and discharges during the entire month. (2) The layoffs and discharges rate is the number of layoffs and discharges during the entire month as a percent of employment. (3) The states (including the District of Columbia) that comprise the regions are: Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont; South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia; Midwest: Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin; West: Alaska, Arizona, California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming. (p) Preliminary
NOTE: Data are revised with the release of January data to incorporate the annual updates to the Current Employment Statistics employment estimates and the JOLTS seasonal adjustment factors.

Table 6. Other separations levels and rates by industry and region, seasonally adjusted(1)

Industry and region	Levels (in thousands)						Rates(2)
	May 2023	Feb. 2024	Mar. 2024	Apr. 2024	May 2024(p)	Change from: Apr. 2024 - May 2024(p)	May 2023	Feb. 2024	Mar. 2024	Apr. 2024	May 2024(p)	Change from: Apr. 2024 - May 2024(p)
Total	307	332	320	343	309	-34	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.0
INDUSTRY
Total private	247	281	258	284	254	-30	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.0
Mining and logging	0	1	1	2	2	0	0.1	0.1	0.2	0.3	0.3	0.0
Construction	9	10	19	11	14	3	0.1	0.1	0.2	0.1	0.2	0.1
Manufacturing	19	20	22	25	19	-6	0.1	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.1	-0.1
Durable goods	11	12	13	14	13	-1	0.1	0.1	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.0
Nondurable goods	7	8	9	11	6	-5	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.1	-0.1
Trade, transportation, and utilities	47	78	67	65	48	-17	0.2	0.3	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.0
Wholesale trade	4	10	4	9	7	-2	0.1	0.2	0.1	0.1	0.1	0.0
Retail trade	23	57	45	42	29	-13	0.1	0.4	0.3	0.3	0.2	-0.1
Transportation, warehousing, and utilities	19	10	18	15	12	-3	0.3	0.1	0.3	0.2	0.2	0.0
Information	7	8	3	5	3	-2	0.2	0.3	0.1	0.2	0.1	-0.1
Financial activities	19	22	19	29	15	-14	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.3	0.2	-0.1
Finance and insurance	13	11	11	21	10	-11	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.3	0.1	-0.2
Real estate and rental and leasing	6	11	8	8	5	-3	0.3	0.4	0.3	0.3	0.2	-0.1
Professional and business services	64	58	48	57	65	8	0.3	0.3	0.2	0.2	0.3	0.1
Private education and health services	61	46	37	41	47	6	0.2	0.2	0.1	0.2	0.2	0.0
Private educational services	6	6	5	3	9	6	0.2	0.2	0.1	0.1	0.2	0.1
Health care and social assistance	55	40	31	38	38	0	0.3	0.2	0.1	0.2	0.2	0.0
Leisure and hospitality	16	23	28	29	25	-4	0.1	0.1	0.2	0.2	0.1	-0.1
Arts, entertainment, and recreation	3	3	2	4	4	0	0.1	0.1	0.1	0.1	0.2	0.1
Accommodation and food services	13	20	26	25	21	-4	0.1	0.1	0.2	0.2	0.1	-0.1
Other services	5	18	15	21	16	-5	0.1	0.3	0.2	0.4	0.3	-0.1
Government	59	51	61	58	56	-2	0.3	0.2	0.3	0.3	0.2	-0.1
Federal	14	12	12	12	10	-2	0.5	0.4	0.4	0.4	0.3	-0.1
State and local	45	39	49	47	45	-2	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.0
State and local education	21	15	21	21	21	0	0.2	0.1	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.0
State and local, excluding education	24	24	28	26	24	-2	0.3	0.3	0.3	0.3	0.3	0.0
REGION(3)
Northeast	57	74	60	59	55	-4	0.2	0.3	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.0
South	119	100	120	129	103	-26	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.0
Midwest	65	77	69	72	83	11	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.0
West	65	80	71	83	69	-14	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.0
Footnotes (1) The other separations level is the number of other separations during the entire month. (2) The other separations rate is the number of other separations during the entire month as a percent of employment. (3) The states (including the District of Columbia) that comprise the regions are: Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont; South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia; Midwest: Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin; West: Alaska, Arizona, California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming. (p) Preliminary
NOTE: Levels are rounded to the nearest thousand and rates are rounded to the nearest tenth. Levels and rates may round down to zero. NOTE: Data are revised with the release of January data to incorporate the annual updates to the Current Employment Statistics employment estimates and the JOLTS seasonal adjustment factors.

Table 7. Job openings, hires, and separations levels and rates by establishment size class, seasonally adjusted

Establishment size class	Levels (in thousands)						Rates
	May 2023	Feb. 2024	Mar. 2024	Apr. 2024	May 2024(p)	Change from: Apr. 2024 - May 2024(p)	May 2023	Feb. 2024	Mar. 2024	Apr. 2024	May 2024(p)	Change from: Apr. 2024 - May 2024(p)
JOB OPENINGS
Total private	8,240	7,894	7,397	7,013	7,055	42	5.8	5.5	5.2	4.9	5.0	0.1
1 to 9 employees	1,426	1,828	1,516	1,562	1,443	-119	5.9	7.9	6.7	6.5	6.2	-0.3
10 to 49 employees	2,412	2,035	2,144	2,082	2,169	87	5.4	4.9	4.9	4.6	4.6	0.0
50 to 249 employees	2,402	2,241	2,002	1,822	1,854	32	5.8	5.3	4.9	4.5	4.5	0.0
250 to 999 employees	1,091	983	920	840	814	-26	6.0	4.7	4.5	4.5	4.7	0.2
1,000 to 4,999 employees	639	551	562	465	513	48	7.8	5.7	6.0	5.7	6.2	0.5
5,000 or more employees	271	258	253	243	261	18	6.5	4.9	5.0	5.0	5.3	0.3
HIRES
Total private	5,766	5,382	5,232	5,245	5,379	134	4.3	4.0	3.9	3.9	4.0	0.1
1 to 9 employees	963	810	886	768	801	33	4.3	3.8	4.2	3.4	3.7	0.3
10 to 49 employees	1,753	1,781	1,741	1,762	1,905	143	4.1	4.5	4.2	4.1	4.3	0.2
50 to 249 employees	1,816	1,664	1,539	1,594	1,594	0	4.6	4.2	4.0	4.1	4.0	-0.1
250 to 999 employees	830	714	669	702	643	-59	4.8	3.6	3.4	3.9	3.9	0.0
1,000 to 4,999 employees	313	331	319	323	343	20	4.1	3.6	3.6	4.2	4.4	0.2
5,000 or more employees	92	81	79	97	95	-2	2.3	1.6	1.6	2.1	2.0	-0.1
TOTAL SEPARATIONS
Total private	5,496	5,203	5,000	4,985	5,076	91	4.1	3.9	3.7	3.7	3.8	0.1
1 to 9 employees	792	735	737	684	807	123	3.5	3.5	3.5	3.1	3.7	0.6
10 to 49 employees	1,853	1,691	1,742	1,665	1,592	-73	4.4	4.3	4.2	3.8	3.6	-0.2
50 to 249 employees	1,739	1,738	1,528	1,588	1,591	3	4.4	4.4	3.9	4.1	4.0	-0.1
250 to 999 employees	749	689	650	691	704	13	4.4	3.5	3.4	3.9	4.2	0.3
1,000 to 4,999 employees	298	280	271	273	294	21	3.9	3.1	3.1	3.6	3.8	0.2
5,000 or more employees	65	70	72	83	88	5	1.7	1.4	1.5	1.8	1.9	0.1
QUITS
Total private	3,807	3,330	3,231	3,239	3,251	12	2.9	2.5	2.4	2.4	2.4	0.0
1 to 9 employees	611	477	485	426	465	39	2.7	2.2	2.3	1.9	2.1	0.2
10 to 49 employees	1,341	1,157	1,172	1,163	1,163	0	3.2	2.9	2.8	2.7	2.6	-0.1
50 to 249 employees	1,176	1,077	993	1,038	1,026	-12	3.0	2.7	2.6	2.7	2.6	-0.1
250 to 999 employees	465	417	391	405	384	-21	2.7	2.1	2.0	2.3	2.3	0.0
1,000 to 4,999 employees	175	161	148	158	168	10	2.3	1.8	1.7	2.1	2.2	0.1
5,000 or more employees	38	41	42	49	45	-4	1.0	0.8	0.9	1.1	1.0	-0.1
LAYOFFS AND DISCHARGES
Total private	1,442	1,592	1,511	1,461	1,571	110	1.1	1.2	1.1	1.1	1.2	0.1
1 to 9 employees	160	209	214	217	279	62	0.7	1.0	1.0	1.0	1.3	0.3
10 to 49 employees	427	444	493	383	362	-21	1.0	1.1	1.2	0.9	0.8	-0.1
50 to 249 employees	493	588	450	482	492	10	1.3	1.5	1.2	1.2	1.2	0.0
250 to 999 employees	246	234	231	257	297	40	1.4	1.2	1.2	1.4	1.8	0.4
1,000 to 4,999 employees	99	99	103	100	108	8	1.3	1.1	1.2	1.3	1.4	0.1
5,000 or more employees	16	18	18	24	32	8	0.4	0.3	0.4	0.5	0.7	0.2
OTHER SEPARATIONS
Total private	247	281	258	284	254	-30	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.0
1 to 9 employees	20	49	37	42	63	21	0.1	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.3	0.1
10 to 49 employees	84	89	77	118	67	-51	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.3	0.1	-0.2
50 to 249 employees	70	73	85	68	73	5	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.0
250 to 999 employees	38	39	28	29	23	-6	0.2	0.2	0.1	0.2	0.1	-0.1
1,000 to 4,999 employees	24	20	19	16	17	1	0.3	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.0
5,000 or more employees	10	11	11	10	10	0	0.3	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.0
Footnotes (p) Preliminary
NOTE: Establishment size class data are produced for the total private sector only. NOTE: The job openings level is the number of job openings on the last business day of the month. The levels for hires, total separations, quits, layoffs and discharges, and other separations are the number of each during the entire month. The job openings rate is the number of job openings on the last business day of the month as a percent of employment plus job openings. The rates for hires, total separations, quits, layoffs and discharges, and other separations are the number of each during the entire month as percent of employment. NOTE: Data are revised with the release of January data to incorporate the annual updates to the Current Employment Statistics employment estimates and the JOLTS seasonal adjustment factors.

Table 8. Job openings levels and rates by industry and region, not seasonally adjusted(1)

Industry and region	Levels (in thousands)			Rates(2)
	May 2023	Apr. 2024	May 2024(p)	May 2023	Apr. 2024	May 2024(p)
Total	9,093	8,453	7,846	5.5	5.1	4.7
INDUSTRY
Total private	8,009	7,557	6,739	5.7	5.3	4.7
Mining and logging	28	24	25	4.1	3.7	3.8
Construction	409	355	353	4.8	4.2	4.1
Manufacturing	582	490	586	4.3	3.7	4.3
Durable goods	352	327	412	4.2	3.9	4.8
Nondurable goods	230	162	174	4.5	3.3	3.5
Trade, transportation, and utilities	1,556	1,044	1,046	5.1	3.5	3.5
Wholesale trade	283	204	194	4.4	3.2	3.0
Retail trade	774	500	507	4.8	3.1	3.1
Transportation, warehousing, and utilities	499	340	345	6.6	4.6	4.6
Information	155	116	127	4.8	3.7	4.1
Financial activities	372	503	375	3.9	5.2	3.9
Finance and insurance	258	344	274	3.7	4.9	3.9
Real estate and rental and leasing	114	159	100	4.4	6.0	3.9
Professional and business services	1,448	1,498	1,337	6.0	6.1	5.5
Private education and health services	1,764	1,914	1,693	6.5	6.8	6.1
Private educational services	192	226	191	4.7	5.3	4.7
Health care and social assistance	1,572	1,688	1,502	6.9	7.0	6.3
Leisure and hospitality	1,347	1,285	933	7.4	7.1	5.1
Arts, entertainment, and recreation	174	189	155	6.3	6.8	5.4
Accommodation and food services	1,173	1,096	778	7.6	7.2	5.1
Other services	349	328	263	5.7	5.3	4.2
Government	1,084	896	1,107	4.5	3.7	4.5
Federal	173	150	180	5.6	4.8	5.7
State and local	911	747	927	4.3	3.5	4.3
State and local education	350	254	307	3.1	2.2	2.7
State and local, excluding education	561	493	620	5.7	5.0	6.1
REGION(3)
Northeast	1,436	1,391	1,434	4.9	4.7	4.8
South	3,748	3,617	3,163	6.0	5.8	5.0
Midwest	2,086	1,777	1,711	5.9	5.0	4.8
West	1,823	1,668	1,538	4.7	4.3	4.0
Footnotes (1) The job openings level is the number of job openings on the last business day of the month. (2) The job openings rate is the number of job openings on the last business day of the month as a percent of employment plus job openings. (3) The states (including the District of Columbia) that comprise the regions are: Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont; South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia; Midwest: Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin; West: Alaska, Arizona, California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming. (p) Preliminary
NOTE: Data are revised with the release of January data to incorporate the annual updates to the Current Employment Statistics employment estimates.

Table 9. Hires levels and rates by industry and region, not seasonally adjusted(1)

Industry and region	Levels (in thousands)			Rates(2)
	May 2023	Apr. 2024	May 2024(p)	May 2023	Apr. 2024	May 2024(p)
Total	6,825	5,876	6,426	4.4	3.7	4.0
INDUSTRY
Total private	6,387	5,599	6,021	4.8	4.2	4.4
Mining and logging	30	16	21	4.6	2.6	3.3
Construction	449	415	461	5.6	5.1	5.6
Manufacturing	497	387	418	3.8	3.0	3.2
Durable goods	270	233	255	3.3	2.9	3.1
Nondurable goods	226	154	163	4.7	3.2	3.4
Trade, transportation, and utilities	1,391	1,092	1,154	4.8	3.8	4.0
Wholesale trade	193	177	174	3.2	2.9	2.8
Retail trade	899	686	717	5.8	4.4	4.6
Transportation, warehousing, and utilities	299	229	263	4.2	3.2	3.7
Information	70	76	78	2.3	2.5	2.6
Financial activities	237	230	269	2.6	2.5	2.9
Finance and insurance	160	144	158	2.4	2.1	2.4
Real estate and rental and leasing	77	86	110	3.1	3.5	4.4
Professional and business services	1,098	1,072	1,159	4.8	4.7	5.0
Private education and health services	973	942	923	3.9	3.6	3.5
Private educational services	86	70	87	2.2	1.7	2.2
Health care and social assistance	887	872	836	4.2	3.9	3.7
Leisure and hospitality	1,383	1,159	1,262	8.2	6.9	7.3
Arts, entertainment, and recreation	296	225	304	11.5	8.7	11.2
Accommodation and food services	1,087	935	958	7.6	6.6	6.6
Other services	261	210	275	4.5	3.6	4.6
Government	438	276	405	1.9	1.2	1.7
Federal	57	34	38	1.9	1.1	1.3
State and local	381	243	366	1.9	1.2	1.8
State and local education	124	91	120	1.1	0.8	1.1
State and local, excluding education	258	152	246	2.8	1.6	2.6
REGION(3)
Northeast	1,058	864	959	3.8	3.1	3.4
South	2,824	2,423	2,628	4.8	4.1	4.4
Midwest	1,555	1,266	1,509	4.7	3.8	4.5
West	1,388	1,323	1,330	3.8	3.6	3.6
Footnotes (1) The hires level is the number of hires during the entire month. (2) The hires rate is the number of hires during the entire month as a percent of employment. (3) The states (including the District of Columbia) that comprise the regions are: Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont; South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia; Midwest: Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin; West: Alaska, Arizona, California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming. (p) Preliminary
NOTE: Data are revised with the release of January data to incorporate the annual updates to the Current Employment Statistics employment estimates.

Table 10. Total separations levels and rates by industry and region, not seasonally adjusted(1)

Industry and region	Levels (in thousands)			Rates(2)
	May 2023	Apr. 2024	May 2024(p)	May 2023	Apr. 2024	May 2024(p)
Total	5,761	5,314	5,411	3.7	3.4	3.4
INDUSTRY
Total private	5,362	5,052	5,004	4.0	3.8	3.7
Mining and logging	24	20	23	3.7	3.2	3.6
Construction	310	321	309	3.9	4.0	3.7
Manufacturing	446	425	366	3.5	3.3	2.8
Durable goods	235	261	227	2.9	3.2	2.8
Nondurable goods	211	164	139	4.4	3.4	2.9
Trade, transportation, and utilities	1,209	1,061	1,003	4.2	3.7	3.5
Wholesale trade	166	181	164	2.7	3.0	2.7
Retail trade	813	649	625	5.2	4.2	4.0
Transportation, warehousing, and utilities	230	230	213	3.3	3.3	3.0
Information	71	76	75	2.4	2.5	2.5
Financial activities	194	218	211	2.1	2.4	2.3
Finance and insurance	135	139	131	2.0	2.1	2.0
Real estate and rental and leasing	59	79	79	2.4	3.2	3.2
Professional and business services	975	985	1,042	4.3	4.3	4.5
Private education and health services	896	822	854	3.6	3.1	3.2
Private educational services	108	72	130	2.8	1.8	3.3
Health care and social assistance	788	751	724	3.7	3.4	3.2
Leisure and hospitality	1,029	932	899	6.1	5.6	5.2
Arts, entertainment, and recreation	103	122	104	4.0	4.7	3.8
Accommodation and food services	926	810	795	6.5	5.7	5.5
Other services	209	192	223	3.6	3.3	3.8
Government	398	262	407	1.7	1.1	1.7
Federal	41	32	30	1.4	1.1	1.0
State and local	357	230	377	1.8	1.1	1.8
State and local education	232	103	264	2.2	0.9	2.4
State and local, excluding education	125	127	113	1.3	1.3	1.2
REGION(3)
Northeast	752	816	799	2.7	2.9	2.8
South	2,652	2,106	2,205	4.5	3.6	3.7
Midwest	1,207	1,108	1,127	3.6	3.3	3.3
West	1,149	1,285	1,280	3.1	3.5	3.4
Footnotes (1) The total separations level is the number of total separations during the entire month. (2) The total separations rate is the number of total separations during the entire month as a percent of employment. (3) The states (including the District of Columbia) that comprise the regions are: Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont; South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia; Midwest: Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin; West: Alaska, Arizona, California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming. (p) Preliminary
NOTE: Data are revised with the release of January data to incorporate the annual updates to the Current Employment Statistics employment estimates.

Table 11. Quits levels and rates by industry and region, not seasonally adjusted(1)

Industry and region	Levels (in thousands)			Rates(2)
	May 2023	Apr. 2024	May 2024(p)	May 2023	Apr. 2024	May 2024(p)
Total	4,095	3,575	3,583	2.6	2.3	2.3
INDUSTRY
Total private	3,855	3,408	3,330	2.9	2.5	2.5
Mining and logging	17	14	15	2.6	2.2	2.4
Construction	207	194	203	2.6	2.4	2.5
Manufacturing	291	249	230	2.3	1.9	1.8
Durable goods	144	155	141	1.8	1.9	1.7
Nondurable goods	147	94	89	3.0	2.0	1.9
Trade, transportation, and utilities	872	759	746	3.0	2.6	2.6
Wholesale trade	107	120	116	1.8	2.0	1.9
Retail trade	603	488	501	3.9	3.1	3.2
Transportation, warehousing, and utilities	163	151	129	2.3	2.1	1.8
Information	30	40	34	1.0	1.3	1.1
Financial activities	135	120	124	1.5	1.3	1.3
Finance and insurance	95	77	80	1.4	1.1	1.2
Real estate and rental and leasing	41	43	44	1.7	1.8	1.8
Professional and business services	626	577	533	2.7	2.5	2.3
Private education and health services	658	603	606	2.6	2.3	2.3
Private educational services	69	46	73	1.8	1.1	1.9
Health care and social assistance	589	557	533	2.8	2.5	2.4
Leisure and hospitality	847	707	690	5.0	4.2	4.0
Arts, entertainment, and recreation	68	67	61	2.7	2.6	2.2
Accommodation and food services	779	640	629	5.5	4.5	4.3
Other services	171	145	149	2.9	2.5	2.5
Government	240	167	252	1.0	0.7	1.1
Federal	19	16	14	0.7	0.5	0.5
State and local	221	151	238	1.1	0.7	1.2
State and local education	140	70	165	1.3	0.6	1.5
State and local, excluding education	81	81	73	0.9	0.9	0.8
REGION(3)
Northeast	531	517	528	1.9	1.8	1.9
South	1,910	1,516	1,462	3.3	2.6	2.5
Midwest	836	779	781	2.5	2.3	2.3
West	818	763	812	2.2	2.1	2.2
Footnotes (1) The quits level is the number of quits during the entire month. (2) The quits rate is the number of quits during the entire month as a percent of employment. (3) The states (including the District of Columbia) that comprise the regions are: Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont; South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia; Midwest: Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin; West: Alaska, Arizona, California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming. (p) Preliminary
NOTE: Data are revised with the release of January data to incorporate the annual updates to the Current Employment Statistics employment estimates.

Table 12. Layoffs and discharges levels and rates by industry and region, not seasonally adjusted(1)

Industry and region	Levels (in thousands)			Rates(2)
	May 2023	Apr. 2024	May 2024(p)	May 2023	Apr. 2024	May 2024(p)
Total	1,380	1,415	1,547	0.9	0.9	1.0
INDUSTRY
Total private	1,282	1,364	1,448	1.0	1.0	1.1
Mining and logging	6	4	5	1.0	0.7	0.8
Construction	97	117	95	1.2	1.4	1.1
Manufacturing	137	150	118	1.1	1.2	0.9
Durable goods	79	92	73	1.0	1.1	0.9
Nondurable goods	58	58	45	1.2	1.2	0.9
Trade, transportation, and utilities	293	240	215	1.0	0.8	0.7
Wholesale trade	56	53	42	0.9	0.9	0.7
Retail trade	188	123	99	1.2	0.8	0.6
Transportation, warehousing, and utilities	49	64	74	0.7	0.9	1.0
Information	36	30	40	1.2	1.0	1.3
Financial activities	35	70	71	0.4	0.8	0.8
Finance and insurance	25	43	41	0.4	0.6	0.6
Real estate and rental and leasing	10	27	30	0.4	1.1	1.2
Professional and business services	298	355	456	1.3	1.5	2.0
Private education and health services	175	174	196	0.7	0.7	0.7
Private educational services	31	23	45	0.8	0.6	1.1
Health care and social assistance	144	151	151	0.7	0.7	0.7
Leisure and hospitality	171	200	193	1.0	1.2	1.1
Arts, entertainment, and recreation	32	51	38	1.2	2.0	1.4
Accommodation and food services	139	148	155	1.0	1.0	1.1
Other services	33	25	59	0.6	0.4	1.0
Government	97	51	99	0.4	0.2	0.4
Federal	7	5	6	0.3	0.2	0.2
State and local	90	46	93	0.4	0.2	0.5
State and local education	67	21	74	0.6	0.2	0.7
State and local, excluding education	23	24	19	0.3	0.3	0.2
REGION(3)
Northeast	170	251	230	0.6	0.9	0.8
South	631	467	652	1.1	0.8	1.1
Midwest	305	261	258	0.9	0.8	0.8
West	273	437	407	0.7	1.2	1.1
Footnotes (1) The layoffs and discharges level is the number of layoffs and discharges during the entire month. (2) The layoffs and discharges rate is the number of layoffs and discharges during the entire month as a percent of employment. (3) The states (including the District of Columbia) that comprise the regions are: Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont; South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia; Midwest: Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin; West: Alaska, Arizona, California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming. (p) Preliminary
NOTE: Data are revised with the release of January data to incorporate the annual updates to the Current Employment Statistics employment estimates.

Table 13. Other separations levels and rates by industry and region, not seasonally adjusted(1)

Industry and region	Levels (in thousands)			Rates(2)
	May 2023	Apr. 2024	May 2024(p)	May 2023	Apr. 2024	May 2024(p)
Total	286	324	281	0.2	0.2	0.2
INDUSTRY
Total private	225	280	226	0.2	0.2	0.2
Mining and logging	1	2	2	0.1	0.2	0.4
Construction	5	11	11	0.1	0.1	0.1
Manufacturing	18	27	18	0.1	0.2	0.1
Durable goods	11	14	12	0.1	0.2	0.2
Nondurable goods	7	13	5	0.1	0.3	0.1
Trade, transportation, and utilities	44	62	41	0.2	0.2	0.1
Wholesale trade	3	8	5	0.1	0.1	0.1
Retail trade	22	38	25	0.1	0.2	0.2
Transportation, warehousing, and utilities	18	16	10	0.3	0.2	0.1
Information	6	5	2	0.2	0.2	0.1
Financial activities	23	28	16	0.3	0.3	0.2
Finance and insurance	15	20	10	0.2	0.3	0.1
Real estate and rental and leasing	9	8	6	0.3	0.3	0.2
Professional and business services	51	53	53	0.2	0.2	0.2
Private education and health services	63	46	51	0.2	0.2	0.2
Private educational services	8	2	12	0.2	0.1	0.3
Health care and social assistance	55	44	39	0.3	0.2	0.2
Leisure and hospitality	11	25	16	0.1	0.2	0.1
Arts, entertainment, and recreation	3	3	5	0.1	0.1	0.2
Accommodation and food services	8	22	12	0.1	0.2	0.1
Other services	4	22	15	0.1	0.4	0.3
Government	61	44	55	0.3	0.2	0.2
Federal	14	11	9	0.5	0.4	0.3
State and local	47	34	46	0.2	0.2	0.2
State and local education	26	11	25	0.2	0.1	0.2
State and local, excluding education	21	23	20	0.2	0.2	0.2
REGION(3)
Northeast	51	48	41	0.2	0.2	0.1
South	110	122	91	0.2	0.2	0.2
Midwest	66	68	88	0.2	0.2	0.3
West	58	86	61	0.2	0.2	0.2
Footnotes (1) The other separations level is the number of other separations during the entire month. (2) The other separations rate is the number of other separations during the entire month as a percent of employment. (3) The states (including the District of Columbia) that comprise the regions are: Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont; South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia; Midwest: Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin; West: Alaska, Arizona, California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming. (p) Preliminary
NOTE: Levels are rounded to the nearest thousand and rates are rounded to the nearest tenth. Levels and rates may round down to zero. NOTE: Data are revised with the release of January data to incorporate the annual updates to the Current Employment Statistics employment estimates.

Table 14. Job openings, hires, and separations levels and rates by establishment size class, not seasonally adjusted

Establishment size class	Levels (in thousands)			Rates
	May 2023	Apr. 2024	May 2024(p)	May 2023	Apr. 2024	May 2024(p)
JOB OPENINGS
Total private	8,009	7,557	6,739	5.7	5.3	4.7
1 to 9 employees	1,248	1,800	1,207	5.2	7.5	5.2
10 to 49 employees	2,407	2,296	2,174	5.4	5.0	4.6
50 to 249 employees	2,429	1,949	1,857	5.8	4.8	4.5
250 to 999 employees	1,102	850	799	6.0	4.5	4.6
1,000 to 4,999 employees	579	433	465	7.1	5.4	5.6
5,000 or more employees	245	229	237	5.9	4.7	4.8
HIRES
Total private	6,387	5,599	6,021	4.8	4.2	4.4
1 to 9 employees	991	950	801	4.4	4.3	3.7
10 to 49 employees	2,065	2,047	2,313	4.9	4.7	5.2
50 to 249 employees	2,090	1,614	1,828	5.3	4.2	4.6
250 to 999 employees	874	646	662	5.1	3.6	4.0
1,000 to 4,999 employees	284	265	323	3.7	3.5	4.1
5,000 or more employees	83	78	93	2.1	1.7	2.0
TOTAL SEPARATIONS
Total private	5,362	5,052	5,004	4.0	3.8	3.7
1 to 9 employees	750	699	772	3.3	3.1	3.5
10 to 49 employees	1,868	1,824	1,628	4.4	4.2	3.6
50 to 249 employees	1,697	1,573	1,578	4.3	4.1	4.0
250 to 999 employees	734	652	686	4.3	3.7	4.1
1,000 to 4,999 employees	253	231	255	3.3	3.0	3.3
5,000 or more employees	61	73	85	1.6	1.6	1.8
QUITS
Total private	3,855	3,408	3,330	2.9	2.5	2.5
1 to 9 employees	586	433	441	2.6	1.9	2.0
10 to 49 employees	1,408	1,347	1,247	3.3	3.1	2.8
50 to 249 employees	1,201	1,052	1,063	3.1	2.7	2.7
250 to 999 employees	470	388	383	2.7	2.2	2.3
1,000 to 4,999 employees	151	140	151	2.0	1.8	1.9
5,000 or more employees	38	47	46	1.0	1.0	1.0
LAYOFFS AND DISCHARGES
Total private	1,282	1,364	1,448	1.0	1.0	1.1
1 to 9 employees	150	225	282	0.7	1.0	1.3
10 to 49 employees	387	356	324	0.9	0.8	0.7
50 to 249 employees	429	451	442	1.1	1.2	1.1
250 to 999 employees	226	235	282	1.3	1.3	1.7
1,000 to 4,999 employees	80	79	89	1.1	1.0	1.1
5,000 or more employees	12	17	28	0.3	0.4	0.6
OTHER SEPARATIONS
Total private	225	280	226	0.2	0.2	0.2
1 to 9 employees	15	41	49	0.1	0.2	0.2
10 to 49 employees	73	121	57	0.2	0.3	0.1
50 to 249 employees	67	69	73	0.2	0.2	0.2
250 to 999 employees	38	28	21	0.2	0.2	0.1
1,000 to 4,999 employees	22	12	16	0.3	0.2	0.2
5,000 or more employees	10	9	11	0.3	0.2	0.2
Footnotes (p) Preliminary
NOTE: Establishment size class data are produced for the total private sector only. NOTE: The job openings level is the number of job openings on the last business day of the month. The levels for hires, total separations, quits, layoffs and discharges, and other separations are the number of each during the entire month. The job openings rate is the number of job openings on the last business day of the month as a percent of employment plus job openings. The rates for hires, total separations, quits, layoffs and discharges, and other separations are the number of each during the entire month as percent of employment. NOTE: Data are revised with the release of January data to incorporate the annual updates to the Current Employment Statistics employment estimates.