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Table 2. Long run labor productivity, unit labor costs, and related data

Table 2. Long run labor productivity, unit labor costs, and related data
Industry	2017 NAICS code	2024 Employment (thousands)	Average annual percent change, 1987-2024
Industry	2017 NAICS code	2024 Employment (thousands)	Labor productivity	Unit labor costs	Output	Hours worked	Labor compen- sation	Hourly compen- sation
Mining

Mining	21	597.2	1.9	1.9	1.6	-0.3	3.5	3.8

Oil and gas extraction	211	123.2	3.3	1.5	2.0	-1.3	3.5	4.8
Oil and gas extraction	2111	123.2	3.3	1.5	2.0	-1.3	3.5	4.8

Mining, except oil and gas	212	193.5	0.8	2.3	-0.3	-1.1	2.0	3.1
Coal mining	2121	42.5	1.0	1.9	-2.2	-3.2	-0.4	2.9
Metal ore mining	2122	45.9	-0.5	3.9	0.2	0.7	4.2	3.4
Nonmetallic mineral mining and quarrying	2123	105.1	1.0	2.5	0.8	-0.2	3.4	3.6

Support activities for mining	213	280.5	1.6	2.7	2.7	1.0	5.5	4.4
Support activities for mining	2131	280.5	1.6	2.7	2.7	1.0	5.5	4.4

Nondurable Manufacturing

Food	311	1,826.6	0.4	2.5	1.0	0.6	3.5	2.9
Animal food	3111	76.2	1.0	2.7	1.4	0.4	4.1	3.7
Grain and oilseed milling	3112	67.6	1.4	1.5	1.0	-0.4	2.5	2.9
Sugar and confectionery products	3113	88.1	0.6	2.7	0.4	-0.2	3.1	3.3
Fruit and vegetable preserving and specialty	3114	174.1	0.7	2.2	0.7	0.0	2.9	2.9
Dairy products	3115	171.4	0.7	2.6	1.0	0.3	3.7	3.3
Animal slaughtering and processing	3116	562.6	0.4	2.4	1.4	1.0	3.9	2.8
Seafood product preparation and packaging	3117	32.8	0.9	3.0	-0.3	-1.3	2.7	4.0
Bakeries and tortilla products	3118	378.6	-0.1	2.5	0.2	0.3	2.6	2.4
Other food products	3119	275.2	-0.5	3.2	1.7	2.3	4.9	2.6

Beverages and tobacco products	312	352.9	-1.1	3.5	-0.5	0.6	3.0	2.4
Beverages	3121	340.6	-0.2	2.7	0.9	1.1	3.7	2.5
Tobacco	3122	12.3	1.1	2.3	-3.1	-4.2	-0.9	3.4

Textile mills	313	93.5	1.7	0.9	-3.0	-4.6	-2.1	2.7
Fiber, yarn, and thread mills	3131	20.8	1.5	0.7	-2.9	-4.3	-2.2	2.2
Fabric mills	3132	46.3	2.2	1.2	-3.0	-5.1	-1.9	3.4
Textile and fabric finishing mills	3133	26.4	0.3	1.5	-3.7	-4.0	-2.3	1.8

Textile product mills	314	108.3	0.2	2.9	-2.2	-2.4	0.7	3.1
Textile furnishings mills	3141	42.6	0.2	2.8	-2.8	-3.0	-0.1	2.9
Other textile product mills	3149	65.7	0.7	2.8	-1.2	-1.9	1.6	3.5

Apparel	315	102.7	0.0	1.9	-6.0	-6.0	-4.2	1.9
Apparel knitting mills	3151	6.1	0.9	1.6	-6.7	-7.5	-5.2	2.5
Cut and sew apparel	3152	81.0	0.3	1.8	-5.9	-6.2	-4.2	2.1
Accessories and other apparel	3159	15.6	-3.0	3.1	-5.5	-2.6	-2.6	0.0

Leather and allied products	316	28.1	1.2	1.9	-3.4	-4.5	-1.5	3.1
Leather and hide tanning and finishing	3161	3.8	1.4	1.1	-2.6	-3.9	-1.5	2.5
Footwear	3162	11.9	0.7	2.5	-4.7	-5.3	-2.3	3.2
Other leather products	3169	12.4	1.0	2.0	-2.5	-3.5	-0.5	3.1

Paper	322	355.7	0.9	2.1	-0.7	-1.5	1.4	3.0
Pulp, paper, and paperboard mills	3221	85.4	1.6	1.5	-1.1	-2.6	0.3	3.1
Converted paper products	3222	270.3	0.3	2.8	-0.7	-1.0	2.1	3.2

Printing and related support activities	323	377.6	0.9	1.7	-1.1	-2.1	0.5	2.6
Printing and related support activities	3231	377.6	0.9	1.7	-1.1	-2.1	0.5	2.6

Petroleum and coal products	324	110.0	1.9	2.7	0.9	-1.0	3.7	4.7
Petroleum and coal products	3241	110.0	1.9	2.7	0.9	-1.0	3.7	4.7

Chemicals	325	905.7	0.7	2.7	0.5	-0.2	3.2	3.4
Basic chemicals	3251	155.0	1.6	2.0	0.4	-1.2	2.5	3.7
Resin, rubber, and artificial fibers	3252	96.0	1.4	2.2	0.3	-1.1	2.4	3.6
Agricultural chemicals	3253	39.9	0.8	2.4	0.1	-0.7	2.6	3.3
Pharmaceuticals and medicines	3254	352.0	-0.9	4.4	0.9	1.8	5.3	3.4
Paints, coatings, and adhesives	3255	65.1	-0.1	3.4	-0.5	-0.5	2.8	3.3
Soaps, cleaning compounds, and toiletries	3256	116.7	0.6	2.1	0.5	-0.1	2.6	2.7
Other chemical products and preparations	3259	81.0	1.6	1.5	-0.1	-1.6	1.5	3.1

Plastics and rubber products	326	729.9	1.0	2.0	0.8	-0.2	2.9	3.1
Plastics products	3261	597.0	0.9	2.2	1.0	0.1	3.2	3.1
Rubber products	3262	132.9	1.5	1.7	0.1	-1.4	1.8	3.2

Durable Manufacturing

Wood products	321	446.6	0.7	2.5	-0.1	-0.8	2.4	3.3
Sawmills and wood preservation	3211	101.8	1.6	1.6	0.3	-1.3	2.0	3.3
Plywood and engineered wood products	3212	82.4	0.1	2.7	-0.5	-0.6	2.1	2.7
Other wood products	3219	262.4	0.5	2.9	-0.2	-0.7	2.7	3.4

Nonmetallic mineral products	327	440.2	0.4	2.5	-0.1	-0.5	2.4	2.9
Clay products and refractories	3271	43.3	0.5	2.4	-1.7	-2.2	0.6	2.9
Glass and glass products	3272	84.1	1.7	1.2	0.2	-1.5	1.4	2.9
Cement and concrete products	3273	210.0	-0.5	3.2	-0.2	0.3	3.1	2.7
Lime and gypsum products	3274	17.0	0.5	3.6	-0.3	-0.9	3.2	4.1
Other nonmetallic mineral products	3279	85.8	0.4	2.4	0.7	0.3	3.1	2.8

Primary metals	331	373.5	1.4	1.7	-0.3	-1.7	1.3	3.1
Iron and steel mills and ferroalloys	3311	85.7	1.8	1.0	-0.3	-2.0	0.7	2.8
Steel products from purchased steel	3312	60.1	0.6	2.7	0.2	-0.5	2.8	3.3
Alumina and aluminum production	3313	59.0	1.4	1.8	-0.3	-1.6	1.6	3.3
Other nonferrous metal production	3314	62.7	1.0	2.7	-0.5	-1.5	2.2	3.8
Foundries	3315	106.0	1.1	1.8	-0.9	-2.0	0.9	3.0

Fabricated metal products	332	1,458.0	0.7	2.3	0.4	-0.3	2.7	3.0
Forging and stamping	3321	90.8	1.1	1.6	-0.2	-1.3	1.4	2.7
Cutlery and handtools	3322	35.0	0.8	1.5	-1.1	-1.9	0.4	2.3
Architectural and structural metals	3323	416.6	0.5	2.8	1.0	0.5	3.8	3.4
Boilers, tanks, and shipping containers	3324	97.7	0.1	2.4	-0.3	-0.4	2.1	2.5
Hardware	3325	23.1	0.2	1.9	-2.2	-2.4	-0.3	2.2
Spring and wire products	3326	39.5	1.0	2.1	-0.8	-1.8	1.2	3.1
Machine shops and threaded products	3327	343.0	1.5	1.8	1.6	0.2	3.4	3.3
Coating, engraving, and heat treating metals	3328	129.6	1.5	1.7	1.2	-0.3	2.9	3.2
Other fabricated metal products	3329	282.7	0.1	2.4	-0.2	-0.4	2.2	2.6

Machinery	333	1,131.5	1.1	1.9	0.5	-0.6	2.4	3.0
Agriculture, construction, and mining machinery	3331	218.3	1.1	1.7	1.1	0.0	2.8	2.8
Industrial machinery	3332	136.0	0.4	2.2	0.2	-0.2	2.4	2.6
Commercial and service industry machinery	3333	89.4	1.4	1.4	0.0	-1.4	1.5	2.9
HVAC and commercial refrigeration equipment	3334	147.6	0.4	2.3	0.3	-0.2	2.6	2.7
Metalworking machinery	3335	157.1	1.4	1.4	-0.1	-1.6	1.3	2.9
Turbine and power transmission equipment	3336	92.9	1.1	1.6	0.7	-0.5	2.3	2.7
Other general purpose machinery	3339	290.2	1.1	2.5	0.7	-0.4	3.2	3.6

Computer and electronic products	334	1,034.4	7.4	-3.7	5.3	-1.9	1.4	3.4
Computer and peripheral equipment	3341	110.7	12.9	-10.1	8.4	-4.0	-2.5	1.6
Communications equipment	3342	83.0	5.0	-1.6	2.1	-2.8	0.4	3.3
Audio and video equipment	3343	19.3	2.9	0.5	0.2	-2.6	0.7	3.4
Semiconductors and electronic components	3344	395.1	10.4	-6.3	9.2	-1.1	2.4	3.5
Electronic instruments	3345	415.4	2.4	1.1	1.0	-1.4	2.1	3.5
Magnetic media manufacturing and reproducing	3346	10.9	-0.2	-0.2	-3.3	-3.1	-3.5	-0.5

Electrical equipment and appliances	335	415.1	1.5	2.0	0.1	-1.4	2.0	3.5
Electric lighting equipment	3351	34.9	1.7	2.1	-0.9	-2.5	1.2	3.8
Household appliances	3352	60.1	2.5	0.3	0.1	-2.4	0.3	2.8
Electrical equipment	3353	153.6	0.9	2.4	-0.5	-1.3	1.9	3.3
Other electrical equipment and components	3359	166.5	1.1	2.4	0.5	-0.7	2.9	3.6

Transportation equipment	336	1,809.6	1.9	0.7	1.4	-0.4	2.1	2.6
Motor vehicles	3361	302.6	1.8	0.5	1.9	0.1	2.4	2.3
Motor vehicle bodies and trailers	3362	165.8	1.0	2.9	1.4	0.4	4.3	3.9
Motor vehicle parts	3363	558.8	2.5	-0.6	2.3	-0.3	1.7	1.9
Aerospace products and parts	3364	563.0	0.7	2.3	-0.3	-1.1	1.9	3.0
Railroad rolling stock	3365	23.6	1.9	1.9	1.8	0.0	3.7	3.8
Ship and boat building	3366	152.7	1.5	1.9	0.9	-0.6	2.9	3.4
Other transportation equipment	3369	43.1	2.2	0.3	2.7	0.5	3.1	2.5

Furniture and related products	337	365.8	0.9	2.5	-0.8	-1.7	1.7	3.4
Household and institutional furniture	3371	235.7	0.9	2.4	-0.9	-1.8	1.5	3.3
Office furniture and fixtures	3372	102.1	0.4	2.9	-0.9	-1.4	2.0	3.4
Other furniture related products	3379	28.0	1.9	1.4	0.2	-1.6	1.6	3.3

Miscellaneous manufacturing	339	661.7	1.1	2.0	1.0	-0.1	3.0	3.1
Medical equipment and supplies	3391	333.3	1.5	1.9	2.4	0.8	4.3	3.4
Other miscellaneous manufacturing	3399	328.4	0.6	2.1	-0.3	-0.9	1.7	2.7

Table of Contents

Last Modified Date: April 24, 2025