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Table 2. Long run labor productivity, unit labor costs, and related data

Table 2. Long run labor productivity, unit labor costs, and related data
Industry	2017 NAICS code	2024 Employment (thousands)	Annual percent change, 1987-2024
Industry	2017 NAICS code	2024 Employment (thousands)	Labor productivity	Unit labor costs	Output	Hours worked	Labor compen- sation	Hourly compen- sation
Wholesale trade	42	6,264.8	2.4	1.5	2.7	0.3	4.2	3.9

Merchant wholesalers, durable goods	423	3,484.0	3.6	0.4	3.9	0.3	4.3	4.0
Motor vehicles and parts	4231	387.6	3.1	0.8	3.2	0.1	4.0	3.9
Furniture and furnishings	4232	113.4	1.6	2.5	1.3	-0.3	3.8	4.1
Lumber and construction supplies	4233	268.9	0.3	2.6	1.2	0.8	3.8	3.0
Commercial equipment	4234	756.6	9.5	-4.9	9.9	0.4	4.6	4.1
Metals and minerals	4235	138.6	-0.7	4.3	-0.5	0.2	3.8	3.6
Appliances and electric goods	4236	383.3	6.5	-2.0	6.4	-0.1	4.2	4.4
Hardware and plumbing	4237	317.3	1.3	2.5	2.3	1.0	4.9	3.8
Machinery and supplies	4238	782.2	1.3	2.6	1.6	0.3	4.3	4.0
Miscellaneous durable goods	4239	336.1	0.8	3.0	1.4	0.6	4.4	3.7

Merchant wholesalers, nondurable goods	424	2,279.8	1.0	3.0	1.2	0.2	4.2	4.0
Paper and paper products	4241	115.1	1.3	2.8	-0.2	-1.4	2.6	4.1
Druggists' goods	4242	261.0	2.4	3.5	3.6	1.2	7.2	6.0
Apparel and piece goods	4243	149.2	1.3	2.2	0.9	-0.4	3.1	3.5
Grocery and related products	4244	854.7	0.7	2.8	1.4	0.7	4.3	3.5
Farm product raw materials	4245	78.3	1.1	3.7	-0.3	-1.4	3.4	4.8
Chemicals	4246	157.4	0.2	3.5	0.6	0.3	4.1	3.8
Petroleum	4247	102.9	2.0	2.5	0.8	-1.1	3.3	4.5
Alcoholic beverages	4248	220.1	0.5	2.8	2.0	1.5	4.8	3.3
Miscellaneous nondurable goods	4249	341.1	0.0	3.6	-0.4	-0.4	3.1	3.5

Electronic markets and agents and brokers	425	501.0	1.6	1.2	2.5	1.0	3.8	2.8
Electronic markets and agents and brokers	4251	501.0	1.6	1.2	2.5	1.0	3.8	2.8

Retail trade	44-45	16,312.8	3.2	0.1	3.3	0.1	3.4	3.3

Motor vehicle and parts dealers	441	2,104.4	2.1	1.0	2.7	0.6	3.8	3.2
Automobile dealers	4411	1,329.1	2.2	1.1	2.8	0.6	3.9	3.3
Other motor vehicle dealers	4412	170.5	2.0	1.5	3.0	1.0	4.5	3.5
Auto parts, accessories, and tire stores	4413	604.8	1.4	1.2	1.9	0.5	3.2	2.6

Furniture and home furnishings stores	442	419.7	3.8	-0.6	3.1	-0.7	2.5	3.2
Furniture stores	4421	207.0	3.4	-0.4	2.7	-0.7	2.2	2.9
Home furnishings stores	4422	212.7	4.4	-0.8	3.7	-0.7	2.8	3.6

Electronics and appliance stores	443	401.5	10.3	-6.4	9.6	-0.6	2.6	3.3
Electronics and appliance stores	4431	401.5	10.3	-6.4	9.6	-0.6	2.6	3.3

Building material and garden supply stores	444	1,444.3	2.2	0.7	2.7	0.5	3.4	2.9
Building material and supplies dealers	4441	1,238.6	2.2	0.8	2.7	0.5	3.5	2.9
Lawn and garden equipment and supplies stores	4442	205.7	2.6	0.2	2.8	0.2	3.0	2.8

Food and beverage stores	445	3,248.2	0.8	2.4	0.7	-0.1	3.1	3.3
Grocery stores	4451	2,809.9	0.7	2.6	0.7	-0.1	3.3	3.4
Specialty food stores	4452	242.4	0.7	2.0	0.0	-0.6	2.0	2.6
Beer, wine and liquor stores	4453	195.9	2.0	0.9	1.6	-0.4	2.5	3.0

Health and personal care stores	446	1,084.2	2.2	1.1	2.8	0.6	4.0	3.3
Health and personal care stores	4461	1,084.2	2.2	1.1	2.8	0.6	4.0	3.3

Gasoline stations	447	991.1	1.0	2.3	0.9	-0.1	3.2	3.3
Gasoline stations	4471	991.1	1.0	2.3	0.9	-0.1	3.2	3.3

Clothing and clothing accessories stores	448	1,163.3	4.4	-0.9	3.4	-1.0	2.4	3.4
Clothing stores	4481	845.7	4.7	-1.1	3.7	-0.9	2.6	3.5
Shoe stores	4482	170.2	3.1	-0.2	2.0	-1.1	1.8	2.9
Jewelry, luggage, and leather goods stores	4483	147.4	4.3	-0.5	2.9	-1.3	2.4	3.8

Sports, hobby, music instruments, book stores	451	620.7	3.6	-0.2	3.5	-0.1	3.3	3.4
Sporting goods and musical instrument stores	4511	552.4	4.3	-0.7	4.4	0.1	3.7	3.6
Book stores and news dealers	4512	68.3	0.7	1.8	-0.6	-1.3	1.2	2.5

General merchandise stores	452	3,208.9	3.3	-0.3	3.8	0.5	3.5	2.9
Department stores	4522	1,008.2	1.0	1.3	0.0	-1.0	1.3	2.3
Other general merchandise stores	4523	2,200.7	4.9	-1.2	6.6	1.7	5.3	3.6

Miscellaneous store retailers	453	962.0	3.4	-0.5	3.1	-0.3	2.6	2.9
Florists	4531	74.2	3.1	0.2	0.2	-2.8	0.4	3.4
Office supplies, stationery and gift stores	4532	208.6	5.1	-1.9	2.9	-2.1	0.9	3.1
Used merchandise stores	4533	272.5	3.9	-1.2	5.6	1.6	4.3	2.7
Other miscellaneous store retailers	4539	406.7	1.8	0.7	2.7	0.9	3.4	2.5

Nonstore retailers	454	664.5	9.1	-4.1	9.4	0.2	4.9	4.7
Electronic shopping and mail-order houses	4541	458.9	10.7	-4.9	13.9	2.9	8.3	5.2
Vending machine operators	4542	49.5	-0.5	4.3	-2.4	-2.0	1.8	3.8
Direct selling establishments	4543	156.1	3.3	0.0	1.1	-2.1	1.1	3.3

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Last Modified Date: May 29, 2025