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Table 2. Long run labor productivity, unit labor costs, and related data

Table 2. Long run labor productivity, unit labor costs, and related data
Industry	2017 NAICS code	2023 Employment (thousands)	Annual percent change, 1987-2023
Industry	2017 NAICS code	2023 Employment (thousands)	Labor productivity	Unit labor costs	Output	Hours worked	Labor compen- sation	Hourly compen- sation
Wholesale trade	42	6,222.4	2.4	1.5	2.7	0.3	4.3	3.9

Merchant wholesalers, durable goods	423	3,450.3	3.7	0.3	4.0	0.3	4.3	4.0
Motor vehicles and parts	4231	387.3	3.2	0.8	3.2	0.0	4.0	4.0
Furniture and furnishings	4232	116.9	1.6	2.4	1.4	-0.2	3.9	4.1
Lumber and construction supplies	4233	265.6	0.6	2.4	1.4	0.8	3.8	3.0
Commercial equipment	4234	754.7	9.7	-5.1	10.2	0.4	4.6	4.2
Metals and minerals	4235	135.5	-0.3	4.1	-0.2	0.0	3.9	3.8
Appliances and electric goods	4236	375.3	6.4	-1.8	6.1	-0.3	4.2	4.5
Hardware and plumbing	4237	315.8	1.3	2.5	2.4	1.0	4.9	3.9
Machinery and supplies	4238	764.9	1.5	2.5	1.7	0.2	4.3	4.0
Miscellaneous durable goods	4239	334.3	1.0	2.8	1.6	0.6	4.4	3.8

Merchant wholesalers, nondurable goods	424	2,253.4	1.0	3.0	1.2	0.2	4.2	4.1
Paper and paper products	4241	116.7	1.2	2.8	-0.1	-1.3	2.7	4.1
Druggists' goods	4242	262.3	2.1	3.7	3.4	1.3	7.3	5.9
Apparel and piece goods	4243	159.0	1.0	2.5	0.7	-0.3	3.2	3.5
Grocery and related products	4244	829.2	0.8	2.8	1.5	0.6	4.3	3.6
Farm product raw materials	4245	74.2	1.2	3.8	-0.4	-1.6	3.3	5.0
Chemicals	4246	154.2	0.3	3.5	0.6	0.3	4.2	3.8
Petroleum	4247	106.2	1.8	2.6	0.8	-1.0	3.5	4.5
Alcoholic beverages	4248	216.7	0.6	2.7	2.1	1.5	4.8	3.3
Miscellaneous nondurable goods	4249	334.9	0.1	3.4	-0.2	-0.3	3.2	3.5

Electronic markets and agents and brokers	425	518.7	1.3	1.4	2.5	1.2	3.9	2.7
Electronic markets and agents and brokers	4251	518.7	1.3	1.4	2.5	1.2	3.9	2.7

Retail trade	44-45	16,391.5	3.1	0.2	3.3	0.1	3.5	3.3

Motor vehicle and parts dealers	441	2,095.3	2.0	1.2	2.7	0.6	3.9	3.2
Automobile dealers	4411	1,313.2	2.1	1.3	2.7	0.6	4.0	3.4
Other motor vehicle dealers	4412	180.0	2.1	1.3	3.4	1.3	4.8	3.5
Auto parts, accessories, and tire stores	4413	602.1	1.4	1.3	1.9	0.6	3.2	2.6

Furniture and home furnishings stores	442	448.9	3.6	-0.4	3.1	-0.5	2.7	3.2
Furniture stores	4421	221.1	3.3	-0.3	2.8	-0.5	2.4	2.9
Home furnishings stores	4422	227.8	4.1	-0.5	3.5	-0.5	3.0	3.5

Electronics and appliance stores	443	428.2	10.3	-6.3	9.7	-0.5	2.9	3.4
Electronics and appliance stores	4431	428.2	10.3	-6.3	9.7	-0.5	2.9	3.4

Building material and garden supply stores	444	1,441.7	2.3	0.6	2.8	0.5	3.5	2.9
Building material and supplies dealers	4441	1,242.6	2.2	0.7	2.8	0.6	3.6	3.0
Lawn and garden equipment and supplies stores	4442	199.1	3.0	-0.2	3.0	0.0	2.9	2.8

Food and beverage stores	445	3,259.7	0.8	2.4	0.7	-0.1	3.1	3.2
Grocery stores	4451	2,810.4	0.7	2.6	0.7	0.0	3.3	3.3
Specialty food stores	4452	248.1	0.4	2.2	-0.2	-0.6	2.0	2.6
Beer, wine and liquor stores	4453	201.2	2.0	1.0	1.6	-0.4	2.6	3.1

Health and personal care stores	446	1,100.5	2.2	1.2	2.8	0.6	4.1	3.4
Health and personal care stores	4461	1,100.5	2.2	1.2	2.8	0.6	4.1	3.4

Gasoline stations	447	995.5	1.0	2.3	0.9	-0.1	3.2	3.3
Gasoline stations	4471	995.5	1.0	2.3	0.9	-0.1	3.2	3.3

Clothing and clothing accessories stores	448	1,173.8	4.4	-1.0	3.5	-0.9	2.4	3.3
Clothing stores	4481	859.6	4.7	-1.2	3.9	-0.8	2.6	3.4
Shoe stores	4482	175.2	3.0	-0.2	2.1	-0.8	1.9	2.7
Jewelry, luggage, and leather goods stores	4483	139.0	4.3	-0.6	2.8	-1.5	2.2	3.7

Sports, hobby, music instruments, book stores	451	611.1	3.9	-0.4	3.6	-0.2	3.2	3.4
Sporting goods and musical instrument stores	4511	540.1	4.6	-0.9	4.6	0.0	3.6	3.6
Book stores and news dealers	4512	71.0	0.7	1.8	-0.6	-1.3	1.2	2.6

General merchandise stores	452	3,164.5	3.3	-0.4	3.8	0.6	3.4	2.8
Department stores	4522	955.0	1.2	1.0	0.0	-1.1	1.1	2.2
Other general merchandise stores	4523	2,209.5	4.8	-1.2	6.7	1.8	5.3	3.5

Miscellaneous store retailers	453	956.4	3.6	-0.6	3.2	-0.3	2.6	2.9
Florists	4531	85.1	2.8	0.2	0.3	-2.4	0.5	3.0
Office supplies, stationery and gift stores	4532	220.3	5.0	-1.9	3.0	-2.0	1.1	3.1
Used merchandise stores	4533	244.3	4.4	-1.7	5.8	1.3	4.1	2.7
Other miscellaneous store retailers	4539	406.7	1.9	0.6	2.8	0.9	3.4	2.5

Nonstore retailers	454	715.9	9.1	-3.9	9.5	0.4	5.2	4.8
Electronic shopping and mail-order houses	4541	495.5	10.5	-4.7	14.1	3.2	8.7	5.3
Vending machine operators	4542	45.0	0.2	3.4	-2.1	-2.3	1.2	3.6
Direct selling establishments	4543	175.4	3.5	-0.1	1.4	-2.0	1.3	3.4

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Last Modified Date: May 30, 2024