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Table 2. Long run labor productivity, unit labor costs, and related data

Table 2. Long run labor productivity, unit labor costs, and related data
Industry	2017 NAICS code	2025 Employment (thousands)	Annual percent change, 1987-2025
Industry	2017 NAICS code	2025 Employment (thousands)	Labor productivity	Unit labor costs	Output	Hours worked	Labor compen- sation	Hourly compen- sation
Wholesale trade	42	6,169.3	2.4	1.5	2.7	0.3	4.2	3.9

Merchant wholesalers, durable goods	423	3,457.1	3.6	0.4	3.9	0.3	4.3	4.0
Motor vehicles and parts	4231	379.1	2.9	0.9	2.9	0.0	3.9	3.9
Furniture and furnishings	4232	105.8	1.7	2.3	1.3	-0.4	3.7	4.1
Lumber and construction supplies	4233	265.1	0.3	2.6	1.1	0.8	3.7	2.9
Commercial equipment	4234	745.2	9.3	-4.6	9.7	0.3	4.7	4.3
Metals and minerals	4235	137.7	-0.5	4.1	-0.4	0.1	3.7	3.6
Appliances and electric goods	4236	378.7	6.8	-2.2	6.6	-0.2	4.2	4.4
Hardware and plumbing	4237	322.3	1.1	2.7	2.1	1.0	4.9	3.8
Machinery and supplies	4238	790.9	1.3	2.6	1.6	0.3	4.3	4.0
Miscellaneous durable goods	4239	332.3	0.8	2.9	1.4	0.6	4.3	3.7

Merchant wholesalers, nondurable goods	424	2,255.2	1.1	2.9	1.2	0.1	4.2	4.0
Paper and paper products	4241	112.8	1.2	2.8	-0.3	-1.5	2.5	4.0
Druggists' goods	4242	267.8	2.3	3.4	3.6	1.2	7.1	5.9
Apparel and piece goods	4243	146.2	1.4	2.0	1.0	-0.4	3.0	3.5
Grocery and related products	4244	846.3	0.8	2.8	1.5	0.6	4.3	3.6
Farm product raw materials	4245	78.1	1.1	3.7	-0.2	-1.3	3.5	4.9
Chemicals	4246	154.0	0.2	3.5	0.5	0.3	4.0	3.6
Petroleum	4247	102.0	2.1	2.4	0.9	-1.2	3.3	4.5
Alcoholic beverages	4248	216.0	0.5	2.7	1.9	1.4	4.7	3.2
Miscellaneous nondurable goods	4249	332.0	0.0	3.5	-0.5	-0.4	3.0	3.4

Electronic markets and agents and brokers	425	457.0	2.2	0.6	2.9	0.7	3.5	2.8
Electronic markets and agents and brokers	4251	457.0	2.2	0.6	2.9	0.7	3.5	2.8

Retail trade	44-45	16,114.1	3.2	0.1	3.2	0.1	3.4	3.3

Motor vehicle and parts dealers	441	2,095.0	2.1	1.1	2.7	0.6	3.8	3.2
Automobile dealers	4411	1,331.3	2.1	1.2	2.7	0.6	3.9	3.3
Other motor vehicle dealers	4412	162.2	2.0	1.4	2.9	0.9	4.4	3.4
Auto parts, accessories, and tire stores	4413	601.5	1.5	1.1	2.0	0.5	3.2	2.6

Furniture and home furnishings stores	442	402.0	3.9	-0.6	3.0	-0.8	2.4	3.3
Furniture stores	4421	193.2	3.5	-0.5	2.6	-0.8	2.1	3.0
Home furnishings stores	4422	208.8	4.4	-0.8	3.6	-0.8	2.7	3.6

Electronics and appliance stores	443	375.1	10.4	-6.6	9.7	-0.7	2.5	3.2
Electronics and appliance stores	4431	375.1	10.4	-6.6	9.7	-0.7	2.5	3.2

Building material and garden supply stores	444	1,407.1	2.1	0.8	2.5	0.4	3.3	2.9
Building material and supplies dealers	4441	1,216.4	2.0	0.9	2.5	0.5	3.4	2.9
Lawn and garden equipment and supplies stores	4442	190.7	2.9	-0.1	2.9	0.0	2.8	2.8

Food and beverage stores	445	3,271.9	0.8	2.4	0.7	-0.1	3.2	3.2
Grocery stores	4451	2,851.5	0.6	2.7	0.7	0.0	3.4	3.3
Specialty food stores	4452	232.4	0.8	1.9	-0.1	-0.9	1.8	2.7
Beer, wine and liquor stores	4453	188.0	2.1	0.8	1.5	-0.6	2.3	2.9

Health and personal care stores	446	1,049.0	2.4	1.0	2.9	0.5	3.9	3.4
Health and personal care stores	4461	1,049.0	2.4	1.0	2.9	0.5	3.9	3.4

Gasoline stations	447	993.2	1.0	2.3	0.9	-0.1	3.2	3.3
Gasoline stations	4471	993.2	1.0	2.3	0.9	-0.1	3.2	3.3

Clothing and clothing accessories stores	448	1,174.7	4.4	-0.9	3.4	-1.0	2.5	3.5
Clothing stores	4481	842.5	4.7	-1.2	3.8	-0.9	2.6	3.5
Shoe stores	4482	170.9	3.4	-0.3	2.0	-1.3	1.7	3.1
Jewelry, luggage, and leather goods stores	4483	161.3	3.9	-0.1	2.8	-1.1	2.7	3.7

Sports, hobby, music instruments, book stores	451	574.4	3.7	-0.5	3.5	-0.2	3.0	3.2
Sporting goods and musical instrument stores	4511	514.0	4.4	-0.9	4.4	0.0	3.4	3.4
Book stores and news dealers	4512	60.4	0.9	1.5	-0.5	-1.4	1.0	2.4

General merchandise stores	452	3,174.5	3.2	-0.3	3.7	0.5	3.5	2.9
Department stores	4522	927.9	-2.0	4.3	-3.1	-1.2	1.0	2.2
Other general merchandise stores	4523	2,246.6	5.0	-1.3	6.8	1.7	5.3	3.6

Miscellaneous store retailers	453	947.9	3.4	-0.5	3.1	-0.3	2.6	2.9
Florists	4531	70.9	2.9	0.5	0.0	-2.7	0.6	3.4
Office supplies, stationery and gift stores	4532	205.3	4.9	-1.9	2.7	-2.1	0.8	3.0
Used merchandise stores	4533	264.0	4.1	-1.3	5.7	1.5	4.3	2.8
Other miscellaneous store retailers	4539	407.7	1.9	0.6	2.7	0.8	3.4	2.5

Nonstore retailers	454	649.3	9.1	-4.1	9.3	0.2	4.8	4.7
Electronic shopping and mail-order houses	4541	440.7	10.6	-4.9	13.7	2.7	8.1	5.2
Vending machine operators	4542	42.6	0.5	3.3	-1.8	-2.3	1.4	3.8
Direct selling establishments	4543	166.0	3.4	-0.1	1.4	-1.9	1.3	3.2

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Last Modified Date: May 28, 2026