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Table 3. Labor productivity, unit labor costs, and related data, 2019-2025



Table 3.  Labor productivity, unit labor costs, and related data, 2019-2025


	Industry
	2017 NAICS code
	2025
Employment
(thousands)
	Annual percent change, 2019-2025


	Labor productivity
	Unit labor costs
	Output
	Hours
worked
	Labor compen-
sation
	Hourly compen-
sation




	
		
			Wholesale trade
			42
			6,169.3
			1.3
			3.6
			1.5
			0.1
			5.1
			5.0
		
		

	

		
			Merchant wholesalers, durable goods
			423
			3,457.1
			1.1
			3.8
			1.9
			0.8
			5.8
			5.0
		
		
			Motor vehicles and parts
			4231
			379.1
			1.5
			3.0
			2.1
			0.6
			5.2
			4.5
		
		
			Furniture and furnishings
			4232
			105.8
			1.4
			3.3
			-1.0
			-2.4
			2.3
			4.8
		
		
			Lumber and construction supplies
			4233
			265.1
			-2.0
			6.6
			-1.2
			0.9
			5.3
			4.4
		
		
			Commercial equipment
			4234
			745.2
			0.8
			5.0
			1.7
			0.9
			6.8
			5.9
		
		
			Metals and minerals
			4235
			137.7
			-1.2
			5.9
			-2.2
			-1.0
			3.6
			4.6
		
		
			Appliances and electric goods
			4236
			378.7
			6.6
			-2.0
			7.4
			0.7
			5.2
			4.5
		
		
			Hardware and plumbing
			4237
			322.3
			-0.8
			6.5
			0.5
			1.3
			7.1
			5.6
		
		
			Machinery and supplies
			4238
			790.9
			-0.9
			5.5
			0.4
			1.2
			5.9
			4.6
		
		
			Miscellaneous durable goods
			4239
			332.3
			0.0
			4.4
			1.0
			0.9
			5.4
			4.4
		
		

	

		
			Merchant wholesalers, nondurable goods
			424
			2,255.2
			1.3
			3.7
			1.0
			-0.2
			4.7
			5.0
		
		
			Paper and paper products
			4241
			112.8
			1.0
			5.4
			-3.6
			-4.6
			1.6
			6.5
		
		
			Druggists' goods
			4242
			267.8
			5.4
			0.2
			6.7
			1.2
			7.0
			5.7
		
		
			Apparel and piece goods
			4243
			146.2
			-0.2
			3.4
			-0.6
			-0.3
			2.8
			3.2
		
		
			Grocery and related products
			4244
			846.3
			0.4
			4.9
			0.7
			0.3
			5.6
			5.3
		
		
			Farm product raw materials
			4245
			78.1
			-0.9
			4.6
			1.3
			2.2
			6.0
			3.7
		
		
			Chemicals
			4246
			154.0
			-0.1
			4.3
			-0.8
			-0.7
			3.5
			4.2
		
		
			Petroleum
			4247
			102.0
			1.1
			2.7
			0.2
			-0.9
			2.9
			3.9
		
		
			Alcoholic beverages
			4248
			216.0
			0.9
			2.6
			1.0
			0.0
			3.5
			3.5
		
		
			Miscellaneous nondurable goods
			4249
			332.0
			-1.4
			6.5
			-2.6
			-1.2
			3.7
			5.0
		
		

	

		
			Electronic markets and agents and brokers
			425
			457.0
			3.8
			0.9
			1.0
			-2.7
			1.9
			4.7
		
		
			Electronic markets and agents and brokers
			4251
			457.0
			3.8
			0.9
			1.0
			-2.7
			1.9
			4.7
		
		

	

		
			Retail trade
			44-45
			16,114.1
			3.7
			1.1
			2.9
			-0.8
			4.0
			4.8
		
		

	

		
			Motor vehicle and parts dealers
			441
			2,095.0
			1.4
			3.7
			1.1
			-0.3
			4.8
			5.1
		
		
			Automobile dealers
			4411
			1,331.3
			1.3
			4.4
			1.0
			-0.3
			5.5
			5.8
		
		
			Other motor vehicle dealers
			4412
			162.2
			1.3
			2.4
			0.0
			-1.2
			2.4
			3.7
		
		
			Auto parts, accessories, and tire stores
			4413
			601.5
			2.8
			0.4
			2.8
			0.0
			3.3
			3.3
		
		

	

		
			Furniture and home furnishings stores
			442
			402.0
			3.9
			1.5
			-0.2
			-4.0
			1.3
			5.5
		
		
			Furniture stores
			4421
			193.2
			3.7
			0.9
			-0.3
			-3.9
			0.6
			4.7
		
		
			Home furnishings stores
			4422
			208.8
			4.2
			2.2
			-0.1
			-4.2
			2.0
			6.5
		
		

	

		
			Electronics and appliance stores
			443
			375.1
			9.0
			-4.7
			4.7
			-4.0
			-0.3
			3.9
		
		
			Electronics and appliance stores
			4431
			375.1
			9.0
			-4.7
			4.7
			-4.0
			-0.3
			3.9
		
		

	

		
			Building material and garden supply stores
			444
			1,407.1
			-0.3
			4.3
			-0.3
			0.0
			4.0
			4.0
		
		
			Building material and supplies dealers
			4441
			1,216.4
			-0.5
			4.7
			-0.8
			-0.3
			3.9
			4.2
		
		
			Lawn and garden equipment and supplies stores
			4442
			190.7
			1.2
			1.9
			2.7
			1.4
			4.7
			3.2
		
		

	

		
			Food and beverage stores
			445
			3,271.9
			0.8
			4.2
			0.8
			0.1
			5.1
			5.0
		
		
			Grocery stores
			4451
			2,851.5
			0.5
			4.6
			0.7
			0.3
			5.3
			5.1
		
		
			Specialty food stores
			4452
			232.4
			2.4
			3.1
			0.5
			-1.8
			3.7
			5.5
		
		
			Beer, wine and liquor stores
			4453
			188.0
			2.6
			0.7
			2.0
			-0.6
			2.7
			3.3
		
		

	

		
			Health and personal care stores
			446
			1,049.0
			5.2
			-2.0
			4.1
			-1.1
			2.0
			3.1
		
		
			Health and personal care stores
			4461
			1,049.0
			5.2
			-2.0
			4.1
			-1.1
			2.0
			3.1
		
		

	

		
			Gasoline stations
			447
			993.2
			-0.9
			6.2
			-0.3
			0.6
			5.8
			5.2
		
		
			Gasoline stations
			4471
			993.2
			-0.9
			6.2
			-0.3
			0.6
			5.8
			5.2
		
		

	

		
			Clothing and clothing accessories stores
			448
			1,174.7
			6.8
			-0.2
			2.4
			-4.2
			2.2
			6.6
		
		
			Clothing stores
			4481
			842.5
			6.7
			-0.4
			2.4
			-4.0
			2.0
			6.3
		
		
			Shoe stores
			4482
			170.9
			6.5
			1.0
			-0.3
			-6.3
			0.7
			7.6
		
		
			Jewelry, luggage, and leather goods stores
			4483
			161.3
			7.6
			-0.9
			4.6
			-2.7
			3.7
			6.6
		
		

	

		
			Sports, hobby, music instruments, book stores
			451
			574.4
			4.2
			0.1
			3.3
			-0.9
			3.4
			4.4
		
		
			Sporting goods and musical instrument stores
			4511
			514.0
			4.6
			0.0
			3.9
			-0.8
			3.9
			4.7
		
		
			Book stores and news dealers
			4512
			60.4
			0.8
			1.2
			-1.6
			-2.3
			-0.4
			1.9
		
		

	

		
			General merchandise stores
			452
			3,174.5
			1.7
			2.4
			1.7
			-0.1
			4.1
			4.2
		
		
			Department stores
			4522
			927.9
			-3.5
			7.0
			-6.4
			-3.0
			0.2
			3.2
		
		
			Other general merchandise stores
			4523
			2,246.6
			0.9
			3.5
			2.2
			1.3
			5.8
			4.4
		
		

	

		
			Miscellaneous store retailers
			453
			947.9
			4.7
			0.5
			3.3
			-1.3
			3.8
			5.1
		
		
			Florists
			4531
			70.9
			3.6
			2.6
			1.6
			-1.9
			4.3
			6.3
		
		
			Office supplies, stationery and gift stores
			4532
			205.3
			3.1
			0.5
			-2.0
			-4.9
			-1.5
			3.6
		
		
			Used merchandise stores
			4533
			264.0
			2.2
			1.9
			5.4
			3.1
			7.4
			4.2
		
		
			Other miscellaneous store retailers
			4539
			407.7
			6.5
			0.0
			4.6
			-1.8
			4.6
			6.5
		
		

	

		
			Nonstore retailers
			454
			649.3
			13.0
			-5.4
			11.3
			-1.5
			5.3
			6.9
		
		
			Electronic shopping and mail-order houses
			4541
			440.7
			12.6
			-5.3
			12.4
			-0.2
			6.5
			6.7
		
		
			Vending machine operators
			4542
			42.6
			0.2
			5.0
			-2.9
			-3.1
			2.0
			5.3
		
		
			Direct selling establishments
			4543
			166.0
			6.0
			-0.6
			1.6
			-4.1
			1.0
			5.3

Table 3. Labor productivity, unit labor costs, and related data, 2019-2025
Industry	2017 NAICS code	2025 Employment (thousands)	Annual percent change, 2019-2025
Wholesale trade	42	6,169.3	1.3	3.6	1.5	0.1	5.1	5.0

Merchant wholesalers, durable goods	423	3,457.1	1.1	3.8	1.9	0.8	5.8	5.0
Motor vehicles and parts	4231	379.1	1.5	3.0	2.1	0.6	5.2	4.5
Furniture and furnishings	4232	105.8	1.4	3.3	-1.0	-2.4	2.3	4.8
Lumber and construction supplies	4233	265.1	-2.0	6.6	-1.2	0.9	5.3	4.4
Commercial equipment	4234	745.2	0.8	5.0	1.7	0.9	6.8	5.9
Metals and minerals	4235	137.7	-1.2	5.9	-2.2	-1.0	3.6	4.6
Appliances and electric goods	4236	378.7	6.6	-2.0	7.4	0.7	5.2	4.5
Hardware and plumbing	4237	322.3	-0.8	6.5	0.5	1.3	7.1	5.6
Machinery and supplies	4238	790.9	-0.9	5.5	0.4	1.2	5.9	4.6
Miscellaneous durable goods	4239	332.3	0.0	4.4	1.0	0.9	5.4	4.4

Merchant wholesalers, nondurable goods	424	2,255.2	1.3	3.7	1.0	-0.2	4.7	5.0
Paper and paper products	4241	112.8	1.0	5.4	-3.6	-4.6	1.6	6.5
Druggists' goods	4242	267.8	5.4	0.2	6.7	1.2	7.0	5.7
Apparel and piece goods	4243	146.2	-0.2	3.4	-0.6	-0.3	2.8	3.2
Grocery and related products	4244	846.3	0.4	4.9	0.7	0.3	5.6	5.3
Farm product raw materials	4245	78.1	-0.9	4.6	1.3	2.2	6.0	3.7
Chemicals	4246	154.0	-0.1	4.3	-0.8	-0.7	3.5	4.2
Petroleum	4247	102.0	1.1	2.7	0.2	-0.9	2.9	3.9
Alcoholic beverages	4248	216.0	0.9	2.6	1.0	0.0	3.5	3.5
Miscellaneous nondurable goods	4249	332.0	-1.4	6.5	-2.6	-1.2	3.7	5.0

Electronic markets and agents and brokers	425	457.0	3.8	0.9	1.0	-2.7	1.9	4.7
Electronic markets and agents and brokers	4251	457.0	3.8	0.9	1.0	-2.7	1.9	4.7

Retail trade	44-45	16,114.1	3.7	1.1	2.9	-0.8	4.0	4.8

Motor vehicle and parts dealers	441	2,095.0	1.4	3.7	1.1	-0.3	4.8	5.1
Automobile dealers	4411	1,331.3	1.3	4.4	1.0	-0.3	5.5	5.8
Other motor vehicle dealers	4412	162.2	1.3	2.4	0.0	-1.2	2.4	3.7
Auto parts, accessories, and tire stores	4413	601.5	2.8	0.4	2.8	0.0	3.3	3.3

Furniture and home furnishings stores	442	402.0	3.9	1.5	-0.2	-4.0	1.3	5.5
Furniture stores	4421	193.2	3.7	0.9	-0.3	-3.9	0.6	4.7
Home furnishings stores	4422	208.8	4.2	2.2	-0.1	-4.2	2.0	6.5

Electronics and appliance stores	443	375.1	9.0	-4.7	4.7	-4.0	-0.3	3.9
Electronics and appliance stores	4431	375.1	9.0	-4.7	4.7	-4.0	-0.3	3.9

Building material and garden supply stores	444	1,407.1	-0.3	4.3	-0.3	0.0	4.0	4.0
Building material and supplies dealers	4441	1,216.4	-0.5	4.7	-0.8	-0.3	3.9	4.2
Lawn and garden equipment and supplies stores	4442	190.7	1.2	1.9	2.7	1.4	4.7	3.2

Food and beverage stores	445	3,271.9	0.8	4.2	0.8	0.1	5.1	5.0
Grocery stores	4451	2,851.5	0.5	4.6	0.7	0.3	5.3	5.1
Specialty food stores	4452	232.4	2.4	3.1	0.5	-1.8	3.7	5.5
Beer, wine and liquor stores	4453	188.0	2.6	0.7	2.0	-0.6	2.7	3.3

Health and personal care stores	446	1,049.0	5.2	-2.0	4.1	-1.1	2.0	3.1
Health and personal care stores	4461	1,049.0	5.2	-2.0	4.1	-1.1	2.0	3.1

Gasoline stations	447	993.2	-0.9	6.2	-0.3	0.6	5.8	5.2
Gasoline stations	4471	993.2	-0.9	6.2	-0.3	0.6	5.8	5.2

Clothing and clothing accessories stores	448	1,174.7	6.8	-0.2	2.4	-4.2	2.2	6.6
Clothing stores	4481	842.5	6.7	-0.4	2.4	-4.0	2.0	6.3
Shoe stores	4482	170.9	6.5	1.0	-0.3	-6.3	0.7	7.6
Jewelry, luggage, and leather goods stores	4483	161.3	7.6	-0.9	4.6	-2.7	3.7	6.6

Sports, hobby, music instruments, book stores	451	574.4	4.2	0.1	3.3	-0.9	3.4	4.4
Sporting goods and musical instrument stores	4511	514.0	4.6	0.0	3.9	-0.8	3.9	4.7
Book stores and news dealers	4512	60.4	0.8	1.2	-1.6	-2.3	-0.4	1.9

General merchandise stores	452	3,174.5	1.7	2.4	1.7	-0.1	4.1	4.2
Department stores	4522	927.9	-3.5	7.0	-6.4	-3.0	0.2	3.2
Other general merchandise stores	4523	2,246.6	0.9	3.5	2.2	1.3	5.8	4.4

Miscellaneous store retailers	453	947.9	4.7	0.5	3.3	-1.3	3.8	5.1
Florists	4531	70.9	3.6	2.6	1.6	-1.9	4.3	6.3
Office supplies, stationery and gift stores	4532	205.3	3.1	0.5	-2.0	-4.9	-1.5	3.6
Used merchandise stores	4533	264.0	2.2	1.9	5.4	3.1	7.4	4.2
Other miscellaneous store retailers	4539	407.7	6.5	0.0	4.6	-1.8	4.6	6.5

Nonstore retailers	454	649.3	13.0	-5.4	11.3	-1.5	5.3	6.9
Electronic shopping and mail-order houses	4541	440.7	12.6	-5.3	12.4	-0.2	6.5	6.7
Vending machine operators	4542	42.6	0.2	5.0	-2.9	-3.1	2.0	5.3
Direct selling establishments	4543	166.0	6.0	-0.6	1.6	-4.1	1.0	5.3

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Last Modified Date: May 28, 2026