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Table 2. Long run labor productivity, unit labor costs, and related data

Table 2. Long run labor productivity, unit labor costs, and related data
Industry 2017 NAICS code 2021
Employment
(thousands)
Annual percent change, 1987-2021
Labor productivity Unit labor costs Output Hours worked Labor compensation

Utilities

Utilities

22

545.0 2.0 1.5 1.3 -0.7 2.8

Utilities

221

545.0 2.0 1.5 1.3 -0.7 2.8

Power generation and supply

2211

380.7 2.7 0.8 1.8 -0.9 2.6

Natural gas distribution

2212

110.3 0.7 3.1 0.1 -0.6 3.3

Water, sewage and other systems

2213

54.0 -1.5 4.6 0.7 2.2 5.3

Transportation and Warehousing

Air transportation

481

450.4 1.8 1.7 1.5 -0.3 3.2

Line-haul railroads

482111

131.2 3.5 -0.4 1.3 -2.2 0.8

Truck transportation(1)

484

1,771.5 0.9 1.0 2.2 1.3 3.2

General freight trucking(1)

4841

1,295.8 1.2 1.1 2.5 1.3 3.6

General freight trucking, local(1)

48411

364.0 2.9 -0.1 4.3 1.4 4.1

General freight trucking, long-distance

48412

931.8 1.2 0.7 2.3 1.0 3.0

Specialized freight trucking(2)

4842

475.7 1.5 1.4 2.3 0.8 3.7

Used household and office goods moving

48421

103.8 -0.4 2.6 0.0 0.3 2.6

Other specialized trucking, local(2)

48422

237.8 1.3 1.4 2.4 1.1 3.9

Other specialized trucking, long-distance(2)

48423

134.1 2.2 1.0 3.3 1.1 4.4

Postal service(3)

491

606.0 -0.1 3.0 -0.7 -0.6 2.3

Postal service(3)

4911

606.0 -0.1 3.0 -0.7 -0.6 2.3

Couriers and messengers

492

1,235.6 -2.4 3.1 1.3 3.8 4.5

Warehousing and storage(1)

493

1,705.6 0.7 1.4 5.7 5.0 7.2

Warehousing and storage(1)

4931

1,705.6 0.7 1.4 5.7 5.0 7.2

General warehousing and storage(1)

49311

1,578.3 1.8 0.7 7.1 5.2 7.9

Refrigerated warehousing and storage(1)

49312

67.3 0.5 1.3 3.4 2.9 4.8

Information

Publishing

511

833.2 4.2 1.5 4.1 -0.1 5.7

Newspaper, book, and directory publishers

5111

274.0 0.6 3.4 -2.7 -3.3 0.6

Newspaper publishers

51111

113.2 -0.1 3.6 -4.5 -4.3 -1.0

Periodical publishers

51112

75.3 0.3 3.7 -1.7 -2.0 2.0

Book publishers

51113

55.7 0.4 4.1 -1.0 -1.4 3.0

Software publishers

5112

559.2 10.2 -4.5 17.0 6.2 11.7

Motion picture and video exhibition

51213

74.8 0.6 2.6 -0.6 -1.1 2.0

Broadcasting, except Internet

515

243.4 3.3 1.2 2.9 -0.4 4.2

Radio and television broadcasting

5151

194.8 2.9 0.7 2.2 -0.7 2.9

Radio broadcasting

51511

69.1 4.0 0.6 2.4 -1.5 3.0

Cable and other subscription programming

5152

48.6 5.0 3.0 5.7 0.7 8.9

Wired and wireless telecommunications carriers

5173

585.7 6.5 -2.5 5.4 -1.0 2.8

Wired telecommunications carriers

517311

487.2 3.7 -0.5 2.3 -1.4 1.8

Wireless telecommunications carriers

517312

98.5 11.5 -5.7 16.7 4.7 10.0

Finance and Insurance

Commercial banking

52211

1,366.3 2.8 2.3 2.7 -0.1 5.0

Real Estate and Rental and Leasing

Passenger car rental

532111

90.6 1.8 2.2 1.5 -0.3 3.7

Truck, trailer, and RV rental and leasing

53212

89.5 2.5 1.1 3.2 0.7 4.3

Video tape and disc rental

532282

3.8 5.1 2.5 -5.2 -9.8 -2.8

Professional and Technical Services

Accounting and bookkeeping services(4)

5412

1,190.9 2.1 1.6 2.7 0.5 4.4

Accounting and bookkeeping services(4)

54121

1,190.9 2.1 1.6 2.7 0.5 4.4

Offices of certified public accountants(4)

541211

520.2 2.2 1.9 3.1 0.9 5.1

Tax preparation services

541213

125.5 1.2 2.4 2.0 0.8 4.4

Other accounting services(4)

541219

359.9 3.2 -0.6 3.4 0.2 2.8

Architectural services

54131

204.4 1.8 1.4 2.7 0.9 4.2

Engineering services

54133

1,064.7 1.0 2.8 2.5 1.5 5.4

Advertising agencies

54181

220.3 2.3 1.5 2.8 0.5 4.4

Photography studios, portrait

541921

46.4 1.5 1.2 1.2 -0.3 2.4

Veterinary services(5)

54194

453.5 -0.7 3.8 2.5 3.2 6.4

Administrative and Waste Services

Employment placement and executive search(6)

56131

303.3 5.4 -0.9 6.4 1.0 5.5

Travel arrangement and reservation services(4)

5615

164.0 7.1 -1.9 3.5 -3.4 1.5

Travel agencies

56151

69.8 7.5 -2.1 4.9 -2.5 2.7

Janitorial services

56172

1,411.1 2.4 1.0 4.0 1.6 5.1

Health Care and Social Assistance

Medical and diagnostic laboratories(6)

6215

327.7 2.4 0.5 5.6 3.1 6.2

Medical laboratories(6)

621511

237.6 2.6 0.3 5.9 3.2 6.3

Diagnostic imaging centers(6)

621512

90.1 2.0 0.9 5.0 3.0 6.0

Hospitals, except psychiatric and substance abuse hospitals(7)

6221,3

5,005.7 0.0 3.4 1.5 1.4 5.0

Arts, Entertainment, and Recreation

Amusement parks and arcades(8)

7131

171.2 -0.5 3.7 -0.5 0.0 3.1

Amusement and theme parks

71311

145.4 -0.4 3.7 1.3 1.7 5.0

Gambling industries(4)

7132

103.3 2.7 1.3 1.7 -1.0 3.0

Golf courses and country clubs(2)

71391

378.0 -0.7 3.5 0.3 1.0 3.9

Fitness and recreational sports centers(2)

71394

536.5 3.8 -0.5 3.1 -0.7 2.5

Bowling centers

71395

58.6 0.7 2.9 -1.5 -2.1 1.5

Accommodation and Food Services

Accommodation and food services

72

12,392.2 1.1 2.5 2.1 1.1 4.6

Accommodation

721

1,512.6 2.4 1.5 2.2 -0.2 3.7

Traveler accommodation

7211

1,426.2 2.4 1.5 2.2 -0.2 3.7

Hotels and motels, except casino hotels

72111

1,189.7 1.9 1.9 1.6 -0.3 3.5

Food services and drinking places

722

10,879.6 0.8 2.8 2.1 1.3 4.9

Special food services

7223

660.5 0.7 2.0 1.3 0.6 3.3

Drinking places, alcoholic beverages

7224

338.1 0.1 3.0 -0.2 -0.4 2.8

Restaurants and other eating places

72251

9,881.0 0.9 2.9 2.3 1.5 5.3

Full-service restaurants

722511

4,644.4 1.1 3.0 2.3 1.2 5.3

Limited-service eating places

722513,4,5

5,236.6 0.6 2.8 2.3 1.8 5.2

Other Services

Automotive repair and maintenance

8111

1,178.6 1.1 2.2 1.5 0.5 3.8

Reupholstery and furniture repair

81142

20.1 -0.3 3.1 -2.9 -2.6 0.1

Personal care services

8121

1,208.2 2.3 1.6 3.1 0.8 4.8

Hair, nail, and skin care services

81211

988.7 2.2 1.7 2.7 0.6 4.5

Funeral homes and funeral services

81221

110.3 -0.3 3.7 -0.1 0.2 3.6

Drycleaning and laundry services

8123

243.5 2.1 1.4 0.6 -1.5 2.0

Coin-operated laundries and drycleaners

81231

39.1 2.4 1.7 0.2 -2.1 2.0

Drycleaning and laundry services (except coin-operated)

81232

89.9 1.2 2.0 -2.0 -3.1 -0.1

Linen and uniform supply

81233

114.5 2.1 0.9 2.6 0.5 3.6

Photofinishing

81292

6.8 2.0 2.0 -5.2 -7.1 -3.3

Footnotes
(1) For NAICS industries 484, 4841, 48411, 493, 4931, 49311, and 49312, annual percent changes are for 1992-2021.
(2) For NAICS industries 4842, 48422, 48423, 71391, and 71394, annual percent changes are for 2002-2021.
(3) For NAICS industries 491 and 4911, annual percent changes are for the fiscal year ending in September.
(4) For NAICS industries 5412, 54121, 541211, 541219, 5615, and 7132, annual percent changes are for 1997-2021.
(5) For NAICS industry 54194, annual percent changes are for 2004-2021.
(6) For NAICS industries 56131, 6215, 621511, and 621512, annual percent changes are for 1994-2021.
(7) For NAICS industry 6221,3, annual percent changes are for 1993-2020. Employment is for 2020.
(8) For NAICS industry 7131, annual percent changes are for 2007-2021.

Last Modified Date: June 29, 2023