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For release 10:00 a.m. (ET) Thursday, May 28, 2026 USDL-26-0773
Technical information: (202) 691-5606 • productivity@bls.gov • www.bls.gov/productivity
Media contact: (202) 691-5902 • PressOffice@bls.gov
PRODUCTIVITY BY STATE - 2025
Labor productivity in the private nonfarm sector increased in 42 states and the District of Columbia,
the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics reported today. Output increased in all 50 states and the District of
Columbia. Hours worked increased in 33 states. The District of Columbia experienced the highest
growth in labor productivity, an increase of 5.2 percent. (See table 1.)
Labor Productivity Trends in U.S. States, 2025
• In 2025, 3 areas experienced productivity growth of more than 4.0 percent: the District of
Columbia (+5.2 percent), Arizona (+4.4 percent), and California (+4.2 percent).
• Alaska saw the highest growth in output (+3.8 percent), followed by Florida (+3.7 percent), South
Carolina (+3.6 percent), and Utah (+3.5 percent).
• Two states had gains in hours worked exceeding 5.0 percent: Alaska (+6.2 percent) and Idaho
(+5.4 percent).
• Labor productivity declined in eight states -- Idaho, Alaska, Mississippi, Wyoming, West Virginia,
Oklahoma, Nevada, and Nebraska -- as hours worked increased at a faster rate than output.
Contributions to national labor productivity, 2025
Each state’s annual contribution to national productivity growth is calculated by multiplying the state’s
productivity growth rate by its average share of total current dollar national output. The economic size of
each state influences its contribution to national and regional estimates. Representing about 14 percent of
national output, California had the largest influence on national productivity growth. The state’s 4.2-
percent increase in labor productivity in 2025 contributed to nearly one-third of the 1.8-percent increase
at the national level. (See table 5.)
2019-25 Trends
Labor productivity and output increased in all 50 states and the District of Columbia from 2019 to 2025.
Note that the annual percent changes for periods of more than 1 year are annualized average rates of
change over the entire period, or a compound annual growth rate. (See table 3.)
• Two states had labor productivity growth exceeding 3.0 percent: New Mexico (+3.6 percent) and
Washington (+3.5 percent).
• Twenty-two states and the District of Columbia had productivity growth that outpaced the 2.0-
percent growth of the nation.
• Output growth was highest in Florida (+4.4 percent).
• Idaho had the largest increase in hours worked (+3.4 percent).
• Hours worked declined for 14 states and the District of Columbia. Hours worked increased at the national level.
Long-term Trends
• From 2007 to 2025, labor productivity rose in all 50 states and the District of Columbia. (See table 2.)
• Washington experienced the highest rate of labor productivity growth of 3.0 percent per year.
• Output grew in 49 states and the District of Columbia while hours worked grew in 43 states and
the District of Columbia.
• Output in Wyoming decreased 0.1 percent per year from 2007 to 2025.
Contributions to national labor productivity, annual percent change, 2007-25
California, Texas, and New York, which have the largest economies, contributed the most
to national productivity growth, nearly 40 percent of the 1.6-percent increase. (See table 4.)
Additional Information
Output and compensation measures for 2024 and earlier years reflect revisions to Gross Domestic Product
by state and industry data published by the Bureau of Economic Analysis. Hours and employment data
through 2024 have been revised to incorporate the BLS 2025 Current Employment Statistics benchmark.
Access www.bls.gov/productivity/tables/labor-productivity-by-state-and-region.xlsx for the following
data:
• Detailed data series: indexes of productivity and related measures; rates of change; and levels of state
employment, hours worked, value-added output, and labor compensation
• Additional years and long-term data
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Technical Note
Labor Productivity: Labor productivity describes the relationship between real output and the labor
hours involved in its production. These measures show the changes from period to period in the amount
of goods and services produced per hour worked. Although the labor productivity measures relate output
in a state to hours worked of all persons in that state, they do not measure the specific contribution of labor
to growth in output. Rather, they reflect the joint effects of many influences, including: changes in
technology; capital investment; utilization of capacity, energy, and materials; the use of purchased services
inputs, including contract employment services; the organization of production; the characteristics and
effort of the workforce; and managerial skill.
Output: Measures of real value-added output for the private nonfarm sector are created using GDP by
state and industry data published by the Bureau of Economic Analysis (BEA). BEA does not produce a
private nonfarm sector measure of real output by state. To create the necessary output series, several
industry components are subtracted -- the farm sector, private households, and owner-occupied housing
-- from GDP by state using a Fisher ideal index formula.
Labor Hours: Labor hours are measured as annual hours worked by all workers in the private nonfarm
sector of each state. All workers include the sum of BLS Current Employment Statistics (CES) data on the
number of jobs held by wage and salary workers in nonfarm establishments and Current Population Survey
(CPS) data on the number of self-employed and unpaid family workers. Labor hours worked for wage and
salary workers are estimated using CES data on hours paid of all employees. Paid hours are adjusted to an
hours worked concept using ratios of hours worked to hours paid based on data from the National
Compensation Survey (NCS) and off-the-clock hours incorporated from CPS data. Hours worked of self-
employed and unpaid family workers are directly from the CPS. Hours worked are estimated separately for
different types of workers and then are directly aggregated; no adjustments for labor composition are
made.
Unit Labor Costs: Unit labor costs represent the cost of labor required to produce one unit of output. The
unit labor cost indexes are computed by dividing an index of nominal industry labor compensation by an
index of real industry output. Unit labor costs also describe the relationship between compensation per
hour worked (hourly compensation) and real output per hour worked (labor productivity). When hourly
compensation growth outpaces productivity, unit labor costs increase. Alternatively, when productivity
growth exceeds hourly compensation, unit labor costs decrease.
Labor Compensation: Labor compensation, defined as payroll plus supplemental payments, is a
measure of the cost to the employer of securing the services of labor. Labor compensation measures are
constructed using BEA nonfarm compensation less private household compensation. Compensation for
self-employed and unpaid family workers are imputed by assuming that hourly compensation for these
workers is the same as the average wage and salary worker in each state.
Contributions to Labor Productivity: Each state’s contribution to national productivity growth is
calculated by multiplying the state’s productivity growth rate by its average share of total current dollar
national output. Adding up these contributions will approximate, but may not exactly equal, growth rates
of national productivity. Contributions measures used in this release capture the effects of within-state
productivity changes but do not include the effects of shifting shares of output and labor among states.
Annual Percent Change: The annual percent change is the change in a series from one year to the next
as a percent of the series value in the previous year. Over a period of more than one year, the annual
percent change is the compound annual growth rate in an index series, or an annualized average growth
rate. Because the change of an index series varies from year to year, the annual percent change for a long
time period reflects the constant rate that can be applied to each year in a period, from the start to the end,
that would give the same total result. It is calculated as (Ending Value/Starting Value)^(1/Number of
Years) - 1.
Table 1. Recent labor productivity and related data, private nonfarm sector
Area Name
2025 Employment (thousands)
Percent change, 2024-25
Labor productivity
Output
Hours worked
Unit labor costs
Labor compensation
Hourly compensation
States
Alabama
1,911.379
1.5
2.5
0.9
0.9
3.4
2.4
Alaska
287.122
-2.3
3.8
6.2
3.4
7.3
1.0
Arizona
3,113.714
4.4
2.5
-1.8
0.2
2.7
4.7
Arkansas
1,205.271
1.8
2.7
0.9
3.0
5.8
4.8
California
17,086.804
4.2
2.9
-1.2
3.5
6.6
7.8
Colorado
2,670.599
3.2
2.4
-0.8
1.9
4.4
5.2
Connecticut
1,623.718
3.0
2.7
-0.3
0.5
3.3
3.6
Delaware
444.841
3.0
3.1
0.0
0.1
3.2
3.2
District of Columbia
544.274
5.2
3.3
-1.7
0.0
3.3
5.2
Florida
9,692.299
1.1
3.7
2.6
3.2
7.1
4.4
Georgia
4,653.988
0.4
2.1
1.8
2.5
4.7
2.8
Hawaii
577.946
2.3
2.9
0.5
1.5
4.4
3.8
Idaho
830.208
-2.5
2.8
5.4
5.9
8.9
3.3
Illinois
5,652.778
0.9
1.8
1.0
2.6
4.5
3.5
Indiana
3,011.970
1.1
2.9
1.8
1.7
4.6
2.8
Iowa
1,433.611
2.4
1.2
-1.1
0.9
2.1
3.3
Kansas
1,306.964
0.1
1.6
1.6
3.0
4.7
3.1
Kentucky
1,844.123
2.8
1.0
-1.7
1.4
2.4
4.2
Louisiana
1,800.941
3.1
1.4
-1.7
1.9
3.3
5.1
Maine
626.268
0.9
0.8
-0.1
2.4
3.2
3.3
Maryland
2,498.254
1.3
1.6
0.3
2.8
4.5
4.2
Massachusetts
3,474.609
3.7
2.8
-0.8
1.1
4.0
4.9
Michigan
4,142.741
0.6
1.1
0.5
3.5
4.7
4.1
Minnesota
2,755.027
3.5
1.7
-1.7
0.7
2.5
4.3
Mississippi
1,044.211
-1.3
1.9
3.3
4.6
6.6
3.3
Missouri
2,720.367
0.9
1.5
0.6
3.4
5.0
4.4
Montana
479.805
3.0
2.7
-0.2
-0.3
2.4
2.7
Nebraska
948.056
-0.3
0.5
0.8
2.1
2.6
1.8
Nevada
1,521.062
-0.3
1.8
2.1
3.8
5.6
3.5
New Hampshire
659.236
3.6
2.4
-1.1
2.7
5.1
6.3
New Jersey
4,027.645
0.4
2.1
1.7
2.8
4.9
3.2
New Mexico
763.391
1.1
2.5
1.4
1.8
4.3
2.9
New York
9,083.717
2.5
3.4
0.9
2.1
5.5
4.6
North Carolina
4,612.746
1.7
3.1
1.4
2.4
5.6
4.1
North Dakota
387.892
0.4
0.8
0.3
3.1
3.8
3.5
Ohio
5,172.985
1.8
1.9
0.1
1.9
3.9
3.8
Oklahoma
1,553.438
-0.4
1.7
2.1
3.5
5.3
3.1
Oregon
1,854.172
3.7
1.2
-2.4
1.1
2.3
4.8
Pennsylvania
5,856.142
0.1
2.2
2.1
3.0
5.3
3.1
Rhode Island
480.712
1.1
1.5
0.5
3.4
5.0
4.5
South Carolina
2,171.103
3.0
3.6
0.6
1.8
5.5
4.8
South Dakota
419.749
2.7
1.4
-1.2
3.2
4.6
5.9
Tennessee
3,179.360
2.7
2.1
-0.6
0.9
3.1
3.7
Texas
13,320.933
0.6
2.6
2.0
2.0
4.6
2.6
Utah
1,579.820
1.6
3.5
1.9
1.4
5.0
3.1
Vermont
284.192
3.4
2.2
-1.1
0.7
2.9
4.1
Virginia
3,739.901
1.8
2.1
0.3
1.6
3.7
3.4
Washington
3,267.996
0.8
2.5
1.7
3.7
6.3
4.5
West Virginia
608.717
-0.4
0.5
0.9
3.4
4.0
3.0
Wisconsin
2,839.463
1.5
2.0
0.5
1.8
3.8
3.3
Wyoming
245.551
-0.7
1.4
2.1
2.0
3.4
1.3
Regions
Midwest
30,791.604
1.3
1.7
0.4
2.3
4.1
3.6
Northeast
26,116.239
1.9
2.8
0.9
2.1
4.9
4.0
South
54,825.779
1.3
2.6
1.3
2.3
4.9
3.6
West
34,278.191
3.1
2.7
-0.4
2.9
5.7
6.1
Table 2. Long run labor productivity and related data, private nonfarm sector
Area Name
2025 Employment (thousands)
Annual percent change, 2007-25
Labor productivity
Output
Hours worked
Unit labor costs
Labor compensation
Hourly compensation
States
Alabama
1,911.379
1.5
1.6
0.1
1.8
3.5
3.4
Alaska
287.122
0.8
0.9
0.1
2.3
3.2
3.1
Arizona
3,113.714
1.5
2.5
1.1
1.9
4.5
3.4
Arkansas
1,205.271
1.4
1.9
0.5
2.0
3.9
3.4
California
17,086.804
2.4
2.9
0.4
1.5
4.4
4.0
Colorado
2,670.599
2.3
3.1
0.7
1.5
4.6
3.8
Connecticut
1,623.718
0.5
0.4
-0.1
2.1
2.5
2.6
Delaware
444.841
1.2
1.5
0.3
1.7
3.2
2.9
District of Columbia
544.274
1.4
1.9
0.5
2.0
3.9
3.4
Florida
9,692.299
1.4
2.7
1.2
2.2
5.0
3.7
Georgia
4,653.988
1.4
2.4
1.0
2.0
4.4
3.4
Hawaii
577.946
1.2
1.4
0.2
2.2
3.6
3.4
Idaho
830.208
1.5
3.2
1.7
1.8
5.1
3.3
Illinois
5,652.778
1.2
1.2
0.0
1.9
3.1
3.1
Indiana
3,011.970
1.4
1.7
0.3
1.8
3.6
3.2
Iowa
1,433.611
1.3
1.4
0.1
2.0
3.4
3.3
Kansas
1,306.964
1.6
1.7
0.1
1.6
3.3
3.3
Kentucky
1,844.123
1.4
1.6
0.1
2.0
3.6
3.4
Louisiana
1,800.941
0.5
0.6
0.2
2.4
3.0
2.8
Maine
626.268
1.7
1.8
0.1
2.0
3.8
3.7
Maryland
2,498.254
1.7
1.8
0.1
1.6
3.4
3.3
Massachusetts
3,474.609
2.0
2.4
0.4
1.4
3.9
3.5
Michigan
4,142.741
1.1
1.2
0.1
1.8
3.0
2.9
Minnesota
2,755.027
1.7
1.8
0.2
1.6
3.5
3.3
Mississippi
1,044.211
0.9
1.1
0.1
1.9
3.0
2.9
Missouri
2,720.367
1.4
1.4
0.0
1.9
3.3
3.4
Montana
479.805
1.9
2.4
0.5
2.3
4.8
4.3
Nebraska
948.056
2.2
2.6
0.3
1.0
3.6
3.3
Nevada
1,521.062
0.9
1.7
0.8
2.4
4.1
3.3
New Hampshire
659.236
1.8
2.1
0.3
1.7
3.8
3.6
New Jersey
4,027.645
1.1
1.5
0.4
1.8
3.3
2.9
New Mexico
763.391
2.3
2.2
-0.1
0.9
3.2
3.3
New York
9,083.717
1.6
2.1
0.6
1.4
3.5
3.0
North Carolina
4,612.746
1.3
2.2
0.9
2.2
4.5
3.6
North Dakota
387.892
2.9
4.5
1.5
0.9
5.4
3.8
Ohio
5,172.985
1.3
1.5
0.2
1.6
3.2
2.9
Oklahoma
1,553.438
1.5
2.1
0.7
1.6
3.7
3.0
Oregon
1,854.172
2.1
2.4
0.4
1.5
3.9
3.6
Pennsylvania
5,856.142
1.2
1.6
0.4
1.8
3.4
3.0
Rhode Island
480.712
1.0
1.0
0.1
2.0
3.1
3.0
South Carolina
2,171.103
1.5
2.4
0.9
2.0
4.5
3.6
South Dakota
419.749
1.2
1.9
0.7
2.7
4.6
3.9
Tennessee
3,179.360
1.8
2.6
0.8
1.5
4.1
3.3
Texas
13,320.933
1.7
3.5
1.8
1.5
5.0
3.2
Utah
1,579.820
2.1
3.7
1.5
1.7
5.4
3.8
Vermont
284.192
1.9
1.6
-0.2
1.5
3.1
3.4
Virginia
3,739.901
1.8
2.1
0.3
1.5
3.6
3.4
Washington
3,267.996
3.0
3.9
0.9
1.5
5.4
4.5
West Virginia
608.717
1.6
1.3
-0.3
1.6
2.9
3.2
Wisconsin
2,839.463
1.1
1.5
0.3
1.9
3.4
3.1
Wyoming
245.551
0.1
-0.1
-0.2
2.7
2.6
2.8
Regions
Midwest
30,791.604
1.3
1.5
0.2
1.8
3.3
3.1
Northeast
26,116.239
1.4
1.8
0.4
1.6
3.5
3.1
South
54,825.779
1.6
2.5
0.9
1.8
4.3
3.4
West
34,278.191
2.2
2.9
0.6
1.6
4.5
3.8
Table 3. Labor productivity in selected periods, private nonfarm sector
Area Name
Annual percent change
2007-19
2019-25
2007-25
States
Alabama
1.4
1.7
1.5
Alaska
0.2
2.2
0.8
Arizona
0.9
2.6
1.5
Arkansas
1.0
2.0
1.4
California
2.3
2.7
2.4
Colorado
2.1
2.8
2.3
Connecticut
0.2
1.1
0.5
Delaware
0.7
2.2
1.2
District of Columbia
0.6
2.9
1.4
Florida
1.0
2.1
1.4
Georgia
1.6
0.9
1.4
Hawaii
1.2
1.2
1.2
Idaho
1.9
0.8
1.5
Illinois
1.1
1.4
1.2
Indiana
0.9
2.3
1.4
Iowa
0.9
2.0
1.3
Kansas
1.7
1.4
1.6
Kentucky
1.5
1.3
1.4
Louisiana
0.0
1.4
0.5
Maine
1.1
2.8
1.7
Maryland
1.6
1.9
1.7
Massachusetts
1.6
2.7
2.0
Michigan
0.7
1.8
1.1
Minnesota
1.3
2.3
1.7
Mississippi
0.7
1.5
0.9
Missouri
1.2
2.0
1.4
Montana
1.6
2.5
1.9
Nebraska
1.9
3.0
2.2
Nevada
0.7
1.3
0.9
New Hampshire
1.4
2.7
1.8
New Jersey
0.9
1.5
1.1
New Mexico
1.7
3.6
2.3
New York
1.4
1.9
1.6
North Carolina
0.9
2.1
1.3
North Dakota
3.9
1.0
2.9
Ohio
1.2
1.5
1.3
Oklahoma
1.9
0.6
1.5
Oregon
2.0
2.3
2.1
Pennsylvania
1.3
1.0
1.2
Rhode Island
1.0
1.0
1.0
South Carolina
1.3
1.9
1.5
South Dakota
1.3
0.9
1.2
Tennessee
1.5
2.5
1.8
Texas
1.4
2.2
1.7
Utah
1.9
2.5
2.1
Vermont
1.5
2.7
1.9
Virginia
1.6
2.3
1.8
Washington
2.7
3.5
3.0
West Virginia
1.6
1.5
1.6
Wisconsin
1.0
1.4
1.1
Wyoming
-0.2
0.8
0.1
Regions
Midwest
1.1
1.7
1.3
Northeast
1.3
1.8
1.4
South
1.3
2.0
1.6
West
2.1
2.6
2.2
Table 4. Contributions to national labor productivity, private nonfarm sector
Area Name
Share Weight (percent)
Annual percent change, 2007-25
Labor Productivity
Contribution to National
National
1.6
Alabama
1.1
1.5
0.016
Alaska
0.3
0.8
0.002
Arizona
1.7
1.5
0.026
Arkansas
0.6
1.4
0.009
California
13.7
2.4
0.329
Colorado
1.8
2.3
0.041
Connecticut
1.5
0.5
0.007
Delaware
0.4
1.2
0.005
District of Columbia
0.5
1.4
0.008
Florida
5.1
1.4
0.072
Georgia
2.9
1.4
0.041
Hawaii
0.4
1.2
0.005
Idaho
0.4
1.5
0.005
Illinois
4.4
1.2
0.053
Indiana
1.9
1.4
0.027
Iowa
0.9
1.3
0.012
Kansas
0.8
1.6
0.013
Kentucky
1.0
1.4
0.015
Louisiana
1.3
0.5
0.007
Maine
0.3
1.7
0.005
Maryland
1.8
1.7
0.030
Massachusetts
2.8
2.0
0.056
Michigan
2.6
1.1
0.028
Minnesota
1.8
1.7
0.031
Mississippi
0.5
0.9
0.005
Missouri
1.6
1.4
0.023
Montana
0.2
1.9
0.005
Nebraska
0.6
2.2
0.013
Nevada
0.9
0.9
0.008
New Hampshire
0.4
1.8
0.008
New Jersey
3.1
1.1
0.034
New Mexico
0.4
2.3
0.010
New York
8.5
1.6
0.136
North Carolina
2.8
1.3
0.036
North Dakota
0.3
2.9
0.008
Ohio
3.4
1.3
0.044
Oklahoma
1.0
1.5
0.014
Oregon
1.1
2.1
0.023
Pennsylvania
3.9
1.2
0.047
Rhode Island
0.3
1.0
0.003
South Carolina
1.1
1.5
0.016
South Dakota
0.2
1.2
0.003
Tennessee
1.8
1.8
0.033
Texas
9.2
1.7
0.157
Utah
0.9
2.1
0.019
Vermont
0.2
1.9
0.003
Virginia
2.5
1.8
0.045
Washington
2.6
3.0
0.079
West Virginia
0.4
1.6
0.006
Wisconsin
1.7
1.1
0.018
Wyoming
0.2
0.1
0.000
Table 5. Contributions to national labor productivity in selected periods, private nonfarm sector
Area Name
Annual percent change
2007-19
2019-25
2007-25
2024-25
National
1.5
2.0
1.6
1.8
Alabama
0.015
0.018
0.016
0.016
Alaska
0.001
0.005
0.002
-0.005
Arizona
0.015
0.048
0.026
0.085
Arkansas
0.006
0.013
0.009
0.011
California
0.310
0.384
0.329
0.585
Colorado
0.036
0.052
0.041
0.060
Connecticut
0.003
0.014
0.007
0.038
Delaware
0.003
0.008
0.005
0.012
District of Columbia
0.003
0.015
0.008
0.027
Florida
0.049
0.117
0.072
0.064
Georgia
0.046
0.028
0.041
0.012
Hawaii
0.005
0.004
0.005
0.008
Idaho
0.007
0.003
0.005
-0.010
Illinois
0.050
0.058
0.053
0.036
Indiana
0.017
0.042
0.027
0.020
Iowa
0.008
0.018
0.012
0.021
Kansas
0.014
0.011
0.013
0.001
Kentucky
0.016
0.013
0.015
0.028
Louisiana
0.000
0.016
0.007
0.035
Maine
0.003
0.009
0.005
0.003
Maryland
0.029
0.031
0.030
0.021
Massachusetts
0.045
0.076
0.056
0.103
Michigan
0.018
0.044
0.028
0.014
Minnesota
0.024
0.041
0.031
0.061
Mississippi
0.004
0.008
0.005
-0.006
Missouri
0.020
0.031
0.023
0.014
Montana
0.004
0.006
0.005
0.008
Nebraska
0.011
0.019
0.013
-0.002
Nevada
0.006
0.012
0.008
-0.003
New Hampshire
0.006
0.011
0.008
0.015
New Jersey
0.029
0.045
0.034
0.012
New Mexico
0.008
0.015
0.010
0.005
New York
0.119
0.161
0.136
0.210
North Carolina
0.025
0.059
0.036
0.049
North Dakota
0.011
0.003
0.008
0.001
Ohio
0.041
0.049
0.044
0.058
Oklahoma
0.019
0.005
0.014
-0.003
Oregon
0.022
0.026
0.023
0.040
Pennsylvania
0.053
0.037
0.047
0.004
Rhode Island
0.003
0.003
0.003
0.003
South Carolina
0.014
0.021
0.016
0.035
South Dakota
0.003
0.002
0.003
0.007
Tennessee
0.027
0.048
0.033
0.053
Texas
0.127
0.209
0.157
0.059
Utah
0.016
0.025
0.019
0.017
Vermont
0.002
0.004
0.003
0.005
Virginia
0.040
0.056
0.045
0.044
Washington
0.068
0.101
0.079
0.024
West Virginia
0.006
0.005
0.006
-0.001
Wisconsin
0.017
0.022
0.018
0.023
Wyoming
0.000
0.001
0.000
-0.001
Table 6. Contributions to regional labor productivity, private nonfarm sector
United States Department of Labor
