For release 10:00 a.m. (ET) Friday, March 21, 2025 USDL-25-0380
Technical information: (202) 691-5606 • Productivity@bls.gov
• www.bls.gov/productivity
Media contact: (202) 691-5902 • PressOffice@bls.gov
TOTAL FACTOR PRODUCTIVITY – 2024
Total factor productivity (TFP) in the private nonfarm business sector increased
1.3 percent in 2024, the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics reported today.
(See table A.) The 2024 increase in TFP reflects a 2.9-percent increase
in output and a 1.6-percent increase in the combined inputs of capital and
labor. Capital input grew 2.9 percent and labor input–which is
the combined effect of hours worked and labor composition–increased
0.7 percent. The 2024 growth in TFP, output, and combined inputs shows
a similar pattern as 2023 and represents 2 years of growth consistent with the
pre-COVID-19 year of 2019.
Total factor productivity is calculated by dividing an index of real output by
an index of combined units of labor input and capital input. Total factor productivity
annual measures differ from BLS quarterly labor productivity (output per hour worked)
measures because TFP includes the influences of capital input and shifts in the composition of workers.
Measures for the most recent year of this release are preliminary estimates.See the
Technical Notes for additional information.
Private business sector total factor productivity also increased 1.3 percent in 2024,
as output increased 2.9 percent and combined inputs increased 1.6 percent. (See table A.)
Combined Inputs: 2019-24
Combined input growth is made up of growth in three components: capital input,
hours worked, and labor composition. The growth of capital input, which includes
equipment, structures, and intellectual property products, decelerated from 3.0 percent
in 2019 to 2.3 percent in 2021. Over the past 3 years, capital input has remained
relatively consistent, with growth ranging from 2.7 percent to 2.9 percent.
Hours worked has been more volatile over the period, declining 7.8 percent in 2020
and rebounding with 5.6-percent growth in 2021. However, hours growth over the last
3 years has decelerated each year and grew 0.2 percent in 2024.
Labor composition, which estimates the effect of shifts in the age, education, and
sex of the workforce, tends to be a relatively stable measure with average annual
growth of 0.5 percent over the 1987-2024 period. However, the measure was
uncharacteristically volatile during the pandemic and subsequent recovery. Labor
composition grew 2.8 percent in 2020 as businesses shed less skilled workers but
then declined 0.8 percent the following year as the economy reopened. Over the
last 3 years, growth in labor composition has stabilized and grew 0.5 percent in 2024.
(See table A.)
Total Factor Productivity Trends – 1990-2024
Productivity is often viewed as a long-run measure as changes in the production process
that lead to productivity growth take time to implement. TFP grew 0.9 percent per year
in the private nonfarm business sector in the current 2019-24 business cycle. This growth
outpaced the 0.6-percent TFP growth in the previous business cycle which spanned from 2007-19.
The growth in output and combined inputs in the 2019-24 period are also higher than the previous
business cycle. (See table A). Although TFP growth in the 1990-2000 period is the same as the current
period, output and combined inputs grew significantly faster in the earlier period. TFP grew the
fastest during the 2000-07 business cycle, as a 2.8-percent growth in output outpaced a
1.5-percent growth in combined inputs.
Labor Productivity Trends
Changes in the use of capital and worker skills impact output per hour worked, also known as
labor productivity. Labor productivity growth can be approximated as the sum of three
components: the contribution of capital intensity, the contribution of labor composition,
and the remaining gains that are attributed to total factor productivity. In 2024, private
nonfarm business labor productivity increased 2.7 percent, the largest annual growth since
2004 that did not immediately follow an economic recession. (See table B.)
The 2024 private nonfarm business sector growth of labor productivity was a result of positive
contributions from all 3 components, led by the 1.3-percent increase in total factor productivity.
The contribution of capital intensity grew 1.1 percent in 2024, the largest growth in the last
15 years outside the COVID-19 year of 2020. Capital intensity is the ratio of capital input
growth to labor hours growth. The 2024 increase in capital intensity was driven by the growth
in capital input of 2.9 percent outpacing hours worked growth of 0.2 percent. (See tables A and B.)
The contribution of labor composition to labor productivity for private nonfarm business increased
0.3 percent in 2024 and represents a shift toward hours worked of higher skill labor compared to
the previous year.
Detailed Capital Input Trends 2019-23
Capital input in the private nonfarm business sector increased at an annual rate of 2.7
percent in 2023, the latest year of detailed capital data, and is consistent with the
2.8-percent growth of 2022. The capital input growth of 2.6 percent in the 2019-23
business cycle is 0.2-percentage point higher than the previous 2007-19 period. (See table C.)
Capital input is made up of different types of capital assets, including equipment,
structures, and intellectual property products. In 2023, intellectual property products
contributed 1.7 percentage points to the 2.7 percent growth in capital input in the private
nonfarm business sector. This asset category’s influence on capital input growth has increased
since 2019 when its 1.4-percentage-point contribution represented nearly half of the 3.0
percent growth in capital input. In 2023, the 1.7-percent growth in intellectual property
products accounted for almost two-thirds of the 2.7-percent capital input growth. Equipment’s
contribution, however, has declined since 2019, when its 1.1-percentage-point contribution
was over a third of private nonfarm business capital input growth. By 2023, this asset
category’s contribution was less than half its 2019 value at 0.5 percentage point and
accounted for less than a fifth of capital input growth.
Underlying assets within intellectual property products and equipment capital allow
for examination of intellectual property products’ strong contribution to capital growth
and the decline in equipment’s contribution over the 2019-23 period. Within intellectual
property products, research and development (R&D) was the main contributing asset for all
years in the period, closely followed by pre-packaged software. A year-by-year increase of
0.1-percentage-point contribution from 2021 to 2023 shows steady growth within research
and development.
The equipment asset type can be further broken down into information processing equipment;
motor vehicles including autos, light trucks and other vehicles; and all other equipment.
Information processing equipment is the main driver of equipment capital, as it contributed
0.4 or 0.5 percentage point each year from 2019 to 2023. The other detailed assets within
equipment saw declines in contributions, with autos, light trucks, and other vehicles having
partially offsetting contributions to private nonfarm business capital growth in 2021, 2022,
and 2023.
Technical Notes
Capital Input
Capital input is the services derived from the stock of physical assets
and intellectual property assets. There are 90 asset types for fixed
business equipment, structures, inventories, land, and intellectual
property products. Data on investment for fixed assets are obtained
from the Bureau of Economic Analysis (BEA). Data on inventories are
estimated using information from BEA and the Internal Revenue Service (IRS)
Corporation Income Returns. Data for land in the farm sector are obtained
from the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA). Nonfarm industry detail for
land is based on IRS book value data. Current-dollar value-added data, obtained
from BEA, are used in estimating capital rental prices.
Additional detail on information processing equipment and intellectual
property products are available in table C. Information processing
equipment is composed of three broad classes of assets: computers and
related equipment, communications equipment, and other information
processing equipment. Computers and related equipment include mainframe
computers, personal computers, printers, terminals, tape drives, storage
devices, and integrated systems. Communications equipment is not further
differentiated. Other information processing equipment includes medical
equipment and related instruments, electromedical instruments, nonmedical
instruments, photocopying and related equipment, and office and accounting
machinery. Intellectual property products are composed of three broad
classes of assets: software, research and development, and artistic originals.
Software is comprised of pre-packaged and custom. Research and development is
creative work undertaken to increase the stock of knowledge for the purpose
of discovering or developing new products or improving existing ones.
Research and Development also includes own-account R&D for software which
had previously been classified in software. Artistic originals include
theatrical movies, long-lived television programs, books, music, and other
forms of entertainment. Structures include nonresidential structures and
residential capital that are rented out by profit-making firms or persons.
Financial assets are excluded from capital input measures, as are owner-occupied
residential structures. The aggregate capital input measures are obtained by
Tornqvist aggregation of the capital stocks for each asset type within each of
61 NAICS industry groupings using estimated rental prices for each asset type.
Each rental price reflects the nominal rate of return to all assets within the
industry and rates of economic depreciation and revaluation for the specific asset;
rental prices are adjusted for the effects of taxes. Current-dollar capital costs
can be defined as each asset’s rental price multiplied by its constant-dollar
stock, adjusting for capital composition effects.
Capital input measures constructed for the most recent year are preliminary and
are based on less detail than the rest of the series. These measures consist of
6 asset types as opposed to the 90 asset types for fixed business equipment,
structures, inventories, land, and intellectual property products included
in estimates for all previous years. The assets included in the most recent
year are structures, fixed business equipment, intellectual property products,
inventories, rental residences, and land. Investments, depreciation, and capital
income are estimated for each of these six aggregates. Capital input is calculated
by a chained superlative Tornqvist index combining stocks of the six asset
categories, weighted by capital income shares. See the June 2005 Monthly Labor
Review article, “Preliminary estimates of multifactor productivity growth”
located at www.bls.gov/opub/mlr/2005/06/art3full.pdf.
Labor Input
Labor input in private business and private nonfarm business is obtained
by a chained superlative Tornqvist aggregation of the hours worked,
classified by age, education, and sex with weights determined by each
group’s share of the total wage bill. Hours worked data for the measures
this news release include hours worked for all persons working in the
sector—wage and salary workers, the self-employed and unpaid family workers.
The primary source of hours data is the BLS Current Employment Statistics (CES)
program, which provides monthly survey data on the number of jobs held by
and hours paid to wage and salary workers in nonfarm establishments,
counting a person who is employed by two or more establishments at each
place of employment. Hours of paid time off are excluded from hours paid
using data from the National Compensation Survey (NCS) for 1996 forward
and data from the BLS Hours at Work survey, conducted for this purpose,
prior to 1990. Between 1990 and 1995, hours of paid time off are excluded
using a combination of NCS and Hours at Work survey data. Off-the-clock
hours are added, yielding hours worked, using data from the Current Population
Survey (CPS). To estimate the hours of farm labor, nonfarm proprietors,
and nonfarm unpaid family workers the CPS data are used. The hours worked
of proprietors, unpaid family workers, and farm employees are derived from
the CPS. Hours worked data reflect estimates in the March 6, 2025 “Productivity
and Costs” news release (www.bls.gov/news.release/archives/prod2_03062025.pdf).
The estimates of 2024 hours worked for the private nonfarm business
and private business sectors are extrapolated from the hours worked
reported in the nonfarm business and business sectors, respectively,
in the March 6, 2025 “Productivity and Costs” news release
(www.bls.gov/news.release/archives/prod2_03062025.pdf).
The growth rate of labor composition is defined as the difference
between the growth rate of weighted labor input and the growth rate
of the hours of all persons. The index of hours worked of all persons
including employees, proprietors, and unpaid family workers, classified
by age, education, and sex are weighted together using median wages to
compute the labor composition estimates reflecting the different skillset
of the work force. These cell estimates are smoothed using a three-year
moving average to address missing observations and reduce volatility.
Combined Inputs
Labor input and capital input are combined using chained superlative
Tornqvist aggregation, applying weights that represent each component's
average share of total costs. The chained superlative Tornqvist index uses
changing weights; the share in each year is averaged with the preceding year's
share. Total costs are defined as the value of output less a portion of taxes
on production and imports. Most taxes on production and imports, such as excise
taxes, are excluded from costs; however, property and motor vehicle taxes remain
in total costs.
Capital Intensity
Capital intensity is the ratio of capital input to hours worked in the
production process. The higher the capital to hours ratio, the more
capital intensive the production process becomes.
In a production process, profit-maximizing/cost-minimizing firms
adjust the factor proportions of capital and labor when the price
of one factor is less than the other factor; there is a tendency
for the firms to substitute the less expensive factor for the more
expensive one. In the short run, changes in hours worked are more
variable than changes in capital input. Changes in hours worked in
business cycles can result in volatility of the capital intensity
ratio over short periods of time. In the long run an increase in wages
relative to the price of capital will induce the firm to substitute
capital for labor, resulting in an increase in capital intensity.
Rising labor costs are, in fact, an incentive for firms to introduce
automated production processes. Industry estimates of capital to hours
ratios can be obtained at www.bls.gov/productivity/tables/.
Value-Added Output
Private business sector output is a chain-type, current-weighted index
constructed after excluding from gross domestic product (GDP) the
following outputs: general government, nonprofit institutions, private
households (including owner-occupied housing), and government enterprises.
This release presents data for the private business and private nonfarm
business sectors. Additionally, the private nonfarm business sector
excludes farms from the private business sector but includes agricultural
services. Total factor productivity measures exclude government enterprises,
while the BLS quarterly Productivity and Costs series include them.
The output measures are based on the National Income and Product Accounts
(NIPA) data released by BEA on February 27, 2025. The estimates of 2024
output for the private nonfarm business and private business sectors are
extrapolated from the output reported in the nonfarm business and business
sectors, respectively, in the March 6, 2025 “Productivity and Costs” news
release (www.bls.gov/news.release/archives/prod2_03062025.pdf).
Total Factor Productivity
Total factor productivity measures describe the relationship between
output in real terms and the inputs involved in its production. They
do not measure the specific contributions of labor or capital, or any
other factor of production. Rather, total factor productivity is
designed to measure the joint influences of technological change,
efficiency improvements, returns to scale, reallocation of resources,
and other factors on economic growth, allowing for the effects of
capital and labor.
The total factor productivity indexes for private business and private
nonfarm business are derived by dividing an output index by an index of
combined inputs of capital input and labor input. The output indexes are
computed as chained superlative indexes (Fisher Ideal indexes) of
components of real output.
Research and Development
The stock of research and development in private nonfarm business is
derived by aggregating different vintages of constant dollar measures
of research and development expenditures and allowing for depreciation.
Current dollar expenditures for privately financed research and development
are obtained from annual issues of Research and Development in Industry
published by the National Science Foundation. BLS develops price deflators
and estimates of the rate of depreciation.
The research and development data in the private nonfarm business sector
presented here show the effect of spillovers from economic units that conduct
research and development. BEA publishes measures of research and development
investments in each industry that include estimates of the direct returns to
firms conducting such research and development activities. By combining the
direct returns to firms conducting research and development with the spillover
effect of other firms, a picture of the total overall effects of research and
development can be drawn.
Further description of these data and methods can be found in BLS Bulletin
2331 (September 1989), "The Impact of Research and Development on Productivity
Growth" at
www.bls.gov/productivity/technical-notes/impact-of-research-and-development-on-productivity-growth-1989.pdf.
BLS measures of year-to-year contributions of research and development to the private
nonfarm business sector and measures of the stock of research and development are available at
www.bls.gov/productivity/highlights/research-and-development-contribution-to-total-factor-productivity.htm.
Other Information
Detailed information on methods used in this release can be found in the BLS Handbook of
Methods. Productivity Measures: Business Sector and Major Sector section at
www.bls.gov/opub/hom/msp/home.htm.
Comprehensive tables containing more detailed data than are published in this news
release are available upon request at 202-691-5606 or at www.bls.gov/productivity/tables.
Industry specific contributions to output are available at
www.bls.gov/productivity/highlights/contributions-of-total-factor-productivity-major-industry-to-output.htm.
If you are deaf, hard of hearing, or have a speech disability,
please dial 7-1-1 to access telecommunications relay services.
Table A. Productivity, output, and inputs in the private nonfarm business and private business sectors for selected periods, 1987-2024 | Average annual growth rates | 1987-2024 | 1990-2000 | 2000-07 | 2007-19 | 2019-24 | 2023 | 2024 |
|---|
Private nonfarm business | | | | | | | |
|---|
Productivity | | | | | | | |
|---|
Total factor productivity | 0.8 | 0.9 | 1.3 | 0.6 | 0.9 | 1.4 | 1.3 |
|---|
Labor productivity | 2.0 | 2.2 | 2.7 | 1.5 | 2.1 | 2.0 | 2.7 |
|---|
Capital productivity | -0.5 | -0.7 | -0.7 | -0.3 | -0.1 | 0.4 | 0.0 |
|---|
Output | 2.9 | 4.0 | 2.8 | 2.1 | 2.6 | 3.1 | 2.9 |
|---|
Combined inputs | 2.1 | 3.1 | 1.5 | 1.6 | 1.7 | 1.7 | 1.6 |
|---|
Labor input | 1.4 | 2.2 | 0.5 | 1.1 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 0.7 |
|---|
Hours worked | 0.9 | 1.7 | 0.1 | 0.6 | 0.5 | 1.0 | 0.2 |
|---|
Labor composition | 0.5 | 0.5 | 0.4 | 0.5 | 0.5 | 0.0 | 0.5 |
|---|
Capital input | 3.4 | 4.7 | 3.5 | 2.4 | 2.7 | 2.7 | 2.9 |
|---|
Analytic Ratio | | | | | | | |
|---|
Capital intensity | 2.5 | 2.9 | 3.4 | 1.8 | 2.2 | 1.7 | 2.7 |
|---|
Private business | | | | | | | |
|---|
Productivity | | | | | | | |
|---|
Total factor productivity | 0.9 | 1.0 | 1.3 | 0.6 | 1.0 | 1.4 | 1.3 |
|---|
Labor productivity | 2.0 | 2.3 | 2.7 | 1.5 | 2.1 | 2.1 | 2.8 |
|---|
Capital productivity | -0.4 | -0.5 | -0.6 | -0.2 | -0.1 | 0.5 | 0.0 |
|---|
Output | 2.9 | 4.0 | 2.8 | 2.1 | 2.6 | 3.1 | 2.9 |
|---|
Combined inputs | 2.0 | 3.0 | 1.5 | 1.6 | 1.7 | 1.7 | 1.6 |
|---|
Labor input | 1.3 | 2.2 | 0.5 | 1.1 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 0.7 |
|---|
Hours worked | 0.9 | 1.7 | 0.1 | 0.6 | 0.5 | 1.0 | 0.2 |
|---|
Labor composition | 0.5 | 0.5 | 0.4 | 0.5 | 0.5 | 0.0 | 0.5 |
|---|
Capital input | 3.3 | 4.5 | 3.4 | 2.4 | 2.7 | 2.6 | 2.9 |
|---|
Analytic Ratio | | | | | | | |
|---|
Capital intensity | 2.4 | 2.8 | 3.4 | 1.8 | 2.2 | 1.6 | 2.8 |
|---|
Table B. Labor productivity growth and the contributions of capital intensity, labor composition, and total factor productivity to labor productivity growth, private nonfarm business and private business sectors | Average annual growth rates/percentage point contributions | 1987-2023 | 1987-2024 | 1990-2000 | 2000-07 | 2007-19 | 2019-24 | 2023 | 2024 |
|---|
Private nonfarm business | | | | | | | | |
|---|
Labor productivity growth | 2.0 | 2.0 | 2.2 | 2.7 | 1.5 | 2.1 | 2.0 | 2.7 |
|---|
Contribution of capital intensity | 0.9 | 0.9 | 1.0 | 1.1 | 0.7 | 0.8 | 0.7 | 1.1 |
|---|
Contribution of information processing equipment (IPE) | 0.3 | - | 0.5 | 0.4 | 0.2 | - | 0.1 | - |
|---|
Contribution of research and development (R&D) | 0.1 | - | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | - | 0.3 | - |
|---|
Contribution of intellectual property products (IPP) excluding R&D | 0.2 | - | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.2 | - | 0.4 | - |
|---|
Contribution of capital input excluding IPP & IPE | 0.2 | - | 0.2 | 0.4 | 0.2 | - | -0.1 | - |
|---|
Contribution of labor composition | 0.3 | 0.3 | 0.3 | 0.3 | 0.3 | 0.3 | 0.0 | 0.3 |
|---|
Total factor productivity growth | 0.8 | 0.8 | 0.9 | 1.3 | 0.6 | 0.9 | 1.4 | 1.3 |
|---|
Contribution of R&D to total factor productivity | 0.2 | - | 0.3 | 0.3 | 0.2 | - | 0.3 | - |
|---|
Private business | | | | | | | | |
|---|
Labor productivity growth | 2.0 | 2.0 | 2.3 | 2.7 | 1.5 | 2.1 | 2.1 | 2.8 |
|---|
Contribution of capital intensity | 0.8 | 0.9 | 0.9 | 1.1 | 0.7 | 0.9 | 0.7 | 1.1 |
|---|
Contribution of information processing equipment (IPE) | 0.3 | - | 0.5 | 0.4 | 0.2 | - | 0.1 | - |
|---|
Contribution of research and development (R&D) | 0.1 | - | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | - | 0.3 | - |
|---|
Contribution of intellectual property products (IPP) excluding R&D | 0.2 | - | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.2 | - | 0.4 | - |
|---|
Contribution of capital input excluding IPP & IPE | 0.2 | - | 0.2 | 0.4 | 0.1 | - | -0.1 | - |
|---|
Contribution of labor composition | 0.3 | 0.3 | 0.3 | 0.3 | 0.3 | 0.3 | 0.0 | 0.3 |
|---|
Total factor productivity growth | 0.9 | 0.9 | 1.0 | 1.3 | 0.6 | 1.0 | 1.4 | 1.3 |
|---|
Table C. Real capital input growth by asset type, private nonfarm business and private business sectors | Average annual growth rates | 1987-2023 | 1990-2000 | 2000-07 | 2007-19 | 2019-23 | 2023 |
|---|
Private nonfarm business | | | | | | |
|---|
All assets | 3.4 | 4.7 | 3.5 | 2.4 | 2.6 | 2.7 |
|---|
Equipment | 4.4 | 6.7 | 5.0 | 3.3 | 1.7 | 1.6 |
|---|
Information processing equipment (IPE) | 9.3 | 13.6 | 9.6 | 6.9 | 6.1 | 5.5 |
|---|
Computers & related equipment | 14.6 | 28.6 | 14.4 | 5.8 | 6.5 | 5.4 |
|---|
Communication equipment | 9.2 | 7.9 | 9.8 | 10.9 | 8.4 | 7.8 |
|---|
Other IPE | 3.1 | 3.5 | 3.3 | 2.8 | 3.1 | 3.1 |
|---|
All other equipment | 2.3 | 3.5 | 2.9 | 1.8 | 0.3 | 0.4 |
|---|
Structures | 1.5 | 2.1 | 1.3 | 0.9 | 0.9 | 0.9 |
|---|
Intellectual property products (IPP) | 6.1 | 7.4 | 5.4 | 4.8 | 7.2 | 7.6 |
|---|
Research and development | 4.7 | 5.5 | 4.1 | 3.7 | 5.7 | 6.4 |
|---|
Software | 10.5 | 14.0 | 8.2 | 7.3 | 11.0 | 11.4 |
|---|
Artistic originals | 2.8 | 3.7 | 3.6 | 2.0 | 1.1 | 1.1 |
|---|
Rental residential capital | 1.2 | 1.4 | 2.2 | 0.2 | 1.1 | 0.9 |
|---|
Inventories | 2.7 | 3.5 | 2.2 | 2.4 | 2.2 | 2.8 |
|---|
Land | 0.8 | 0.9 | 0.7 | 0.6 | 1.0 | 0.5 |
|---|
Private business | | | | | | |
|---|
All assets | 3.3 | 4.5 | 3.4 | 2.4 | 2.6 | 2.6 |
|---|
Equipment | 4.3 | 6.5 | 4.9 | 3.3 | 1.7 | 1.6 |
|---|
Information processing equipment (IPE) | 9.3 | 13.6 | 9.6 | 6.9 | 6.0 | 5.4 |
|---|
Computers & related equipment | 14.6 | 28.6 | 14.4 | 5.8 | 6.5 | 5.4 |
|---|
Communication equipment | 9.2 | 7.9 | 9.8 | 10.9 | 8.4 | 7.8 |
|---|
Other IPE | 3.2 | 3.6 | 3.4 | 3.0 | 3.1 | 3.0 |
|---|
All other equipment | 2.2 | 3.3 | 2.8 | 1.8 | 0.3 | 0.3 |
|---|
Structures | 1.4 | 2.0 | 1.2 | 0.9 | 0.9 | 0.9 |
|---|
Intellectual property products (IPP) | 6.1 | 7.4 | 5.4 | 4.8 | 7.2 | 7.6 |
|---|
Research and development | 4.7 | 5.5 | 4.1 | 3.7 | 5.7 | 6.4 |
|---|
Software | 10.5 | 14.0 | 8.2 | 7.3 | 11.0 | 11.4 |
|---|
Artistic originals | 2.8 | 3.7 | 3.6 | 2.0 | 1.1 | 1.1 |
|---|
Rental residential capital | 1.2 | 1.4 | 2.2 | 0.2 | 1.1 | 0.9 |
|---|
Inventories | 2.6 | 3.4 | 2.1 | 2.2 | 2.1 | 2.7 |
|---|
Land | 0.7 | 0.5 | 0.6 | 0.3 | 1.4 | 0.2 |
|---|
United States Department of Labor
