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Impact of coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic on Job Openings and Labor Turnover data for April 2020

The Job Openings and Labor Turnover Survey (JOLTS) national estimates of job openings, hires, and separations have been affected by the coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic. This page provides further information on the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic for the April 2020 JOLTS News Release.

Although the impact cannot be precisely quantified for April, it is clear that decreasing job openings, hires, and quits, and continuing high levels of layoffs and discharges can be attributed to the effect of the pandemic. More information on the JOLTS methodology can be found in the JOLTS Handbook of Methods chapter.

Collection mode

Data collection for JOLTS was affected by the COVID-19 pandemic. Prior to the pandemic, JOLTS collected 42 percent of data by phone at the JOLTS data collection center on average. Most phone respondents were asked to report electronically through our data collection website. However, data collection was adversely impacted by the inability to reach some respondents that normally respond by phone.

Table 1. Percent of establishments responding by collection mode for Job Openings and Labor Turnover Survey
Collection mode 12-month average through February 2020 March 2020 April 2020

Phone

42% 19% 25%

Web

52% 75% 69%

Other

6% 6% 6%

Response rates

The preliminary JOLTS response rate for April 2020 was 44 percent. In March, the final response rate was 51 percent. In the year prior to the pandemic, the preliminary response rate averaged 54 percent, and the final response rate averaged 58 percent.

In April, JOLTS response rates declined in all industries and size classes. The industry most impacted was mining and logging. The industries least affected were retail trade and finance and insurance.

Table 2. Response rates for the Job Openings and Labor Turnover Survey
Time period Preliminary Rate Final Rate

12-month average through February 2020

54% 58%

March 2020

46% 51%

April 2020

44% Not available

Imputation

JOLTS imputation for April resulted in very few cells with more imputation relative to the previous year. The two industries which generally experienced more imputation were retail trade and professional and business services.

Cell, series, index, or observation suppression

JOLTS did not suppress publication cells for April 2020.

Measures of error

Since the JOLTS program uses the median standard error over 5 years, the observed effect of April 2020 on the 5-year median is not likely to be large. JOLTS will not have error measures that include data from the current year until annual processing in March 2021.

Changes to methods

In anticipation of issues due to the pandemic, the JOLTS program reviewed all estimation and methodological procedures. An adjustment has been made to the JOLTS estimation methodology in order to more accurately reflect the effects of the coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic. Adjustments were also made to the seasonal adjustment process.

Estimation

BLS modified the JOLTS estimates for April to better reflect the impact of the coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic. The estimation process usually includes an alignment of monthly hires minus separations to the over-the-month change in the Current Employment Statistics (CES) employment estimates. For April estimates, however, BLS suspended the alignment process because the differing reference periods for the CES employment estimates (pay period including the 12th of the month) and the JOLTS hires and separations estimates (the entire reference month) led to substantially different measurement outcomes. Hires and separations during the latter half of April were not included in the CES employment change for April, but were included in the JOLTS data for the month.

The alignment portion of the JOLTS estimation process was designed to correct a long-term divergence between the JOLTS implied employment change and the CES employment change. JOLTS hires minus separations and CES employment change generally approximate one another. Alignment was developed to correct small monthly discrepancies between the two series that build up over time; it was not designed to address a substantial one-month divergence between the two series. The alignment process was suppressed in order to produce the highest quality JOLTS estimates possible in this unique situation.

Seasonal Adjustment

Seasonal adjustment factors can be either multiplicative or additive. A multiplicative seasonal effect is assumed to be proportional to the level of the series. A sudden large increase in the level of the series will be accompanied by a proportionally large seasonal effect. In contrast, an additive seasonal effect is assumed to be unaffected by the level of the series. In times of relative economic stability, the multiplicative option is generally preferred over the additive option. However, in the presence of a large level shift in a time series, multiplicative seasonal adjustment factors can result in systematic over- or under-adjustment of the series; in such cases, additive seasonal adjustment factors are preferred since they tend to more accurately track seasonal fluctuations in the series and have smaller revisions.

In April, most of the JOLTS series will retain the additive designation. In accordance with the survey’s usual practice, the seasonal adjustment models and factors will be reviewed at the end of the calendar year, when 5 years of seasonally adjusted estimates will be subject to revision.

Questions and answers specific to April

  1. How are people who were laid off counted by JOLTS? The reference periods of the Job Openings and Labor Turnover Survey (JOLTS) are the pay period that includes the 12th of the month for employment, the last business day of the month for job openings, and the entire calendar month for hires and separations. The JOLTS program does not estimate employment, but does collect employment during the collection process to validate reported job openings, hires, and separations. Employees who are laid off from their job at any time during the month are reported in the layoff and discharges measure, and in total separations. See the JOLTS frequently asked questions for detailed information on the data definitions.
  2. How did the April estimates compare with the monthly estimates for past JOLTS data? While April estimates still reflected the impact of the pandemic, the March over-the-month declines were the largest in the series for all JOLTS data elements.
Table 3a. Job openings by industry and region, April 2020 compared with historical levels and changes (numbers in thousands), seasonally adjusted
Industry and region April 2020 Last time level was lower/higher Last time monthly change was smaller/larger (or next closest change) Last time monthly percent change was smaller/larger (or next closest change)
Level Monthly Change Monthly percent change Date Level Date Monthly Change Date Monthly percent change

Industry

Total nonfarm

5,046 -965 -16.1 Dec 2014 4,981 Mar 2020 -993 Nov 2004 -15.4

Total private

4,401 -883 -16.7 Nov 2014 4,270 Mar 2020 -952 Nov 2004 -16.1

Mining and logging

10 -2 -16.7 Mar 2016 8 Mar 2020 -14 Mar 2020 -53.8

Construction

256 16 6.7 Feb 2020 296 Feb 2020 29 Feb 2020 10.9

Manufacturing

311 1 0.3 Mar 2020 310 Feb 2020 14 Feb 2020 3.4

Durable goods

161 -17 -9.6 Feb 2016 160 Mar 2020 -91 Mar 2020 -33.8

Nondurable goods

150 18 13.6 Feb 2020 153 Sep 2019 20 Feb 2019 18.7

Trade, transportation, and utilities

882 -187 -17.5 Dec 2014 870 Nov 2019 -201 Aug 2015 -17.6

Wholesale trade

150 -6 -3.8 Oct 2017 146 Mar 2020 -27 Mar 2020 -14.8

Retail trade

513 -113 -18.1 Nov 2014 508 Nov 2019 -125 Aug 2015 -19.7

Transportation, warehousing, and utilities

219 -67 -23.4 Dec 2017 218 Dec 2019 -87 Dec 2019 -26.3

Information

122 3 2.5 Mar 2020 119 Jan 2020 6 Jan 2020 4.1

Financial activities

252 -84 -25 Feb 2014 251 Apr 2018 -93 Nov 2014 -26.3

Finance and insurance

185 -77 -29.4 Jan 2014 164 Apr 2018 -104 Apr 2018 -32.3

Real estate and rental and leasing

67 -8 -10.7 Dec 2018 61 Mar 2020 -19 Mar 2020 -20.2

Professional and business services

883 -309 -25.9 May 2014 857 Apr 2016 -415 Apr 2016 -27.9

Education and health services

1,076 -117 -9.8 Aug 2016 1,053 Feb 2019 -174 Feb 2019 -12.6

Educational services

104 -2 -1.9 Dec 2018 92 Mar 2020 -15 Mar 2020 -12.4

Health care and social assistance

972 -115 -10.6 Aug 2016 966 Feb 2019 -149 Feb 2019 -11.9

Leisure and hospitality

454 -210 -31.6 Sep 2012 422 Mar 2020 -286 Jan 2009 -30.7

Arts, entertainment, and recreation

27 -103 -79.2 Jan 2010 22 Apr 2001 -77 Apr 2001 -61.1

Accommodation and food services

427 -107 -20 May 2013 422 Mar 2020 -281 Mar 2020 -34.5

Other services

156 9 6.1 Mar 2020 147 Jan 2020 14 Dec 2019 35.1

Government

645 -82 -11.3 Dec 2018 616 Sep 2018 -123 Sep 2018 -16.8

Federal

114 -17 -13 Jan 2020 113 Dec 2019 -29 Dec 2019 -24.8

State and local

531 -65 -10.9 Dec 2018 518 Sep 2018 -80 Sep 2018 -13.2

State and local government education

192 -23 -10.7 Jul 2018 190 Mar 2020 -37 Mar 2020 -14.7

State and local government, excluding education

339 -42 -11 Dec 2018 293 Sep 2018 -66 Sep 2018 -17.1

Region

Northeast

968 -134 -12.2 Apr 2016 964 Mar 2020 -135 Jul 2009 -20.5

South

1,816 -435 -19.3 Nov 2014 1,814 Mar 2020 -338 Nov 2004 -17.5

Midwest

1,078 -208 -16.2 Nov 2014 1,054 Mar 2020 -270 Mar 2020 -17.4

West

1,183 -190 -13.8 Jun 2015 1,167 Mar 2020 -248 Mar 2020 -15.3
Table 3b. Hires by industry and region, April 2020 compared with historical levels and changes (numbers in thousands), seasonally adjusted
Industry and region April 2020 Last time level was lower/higher Last time monthly change was smaller/larger (or next closest change) Last time monthly percent change was smaller/larger (or next closest change)
Level Monthly Change Monthly percent change Date Level Date Monthly Change Date Monthly percent change

Industry

Total nonfarm

3,524 -1,587 -31.1 Jun 2009 3,639 Mar 2020 -753 Mar 2020 -12.8

Total private

3,305 -1,439 -30.3 Jun 2009 3,375 Mar 2020 -745 Mar 2020 -13.6

Mining and logging

11 -8 -42.1 May 2009 11 Jun 2012 -9 May 2006 -45.7

Construction

193 -196 -50.4 Aug 2009 264 Feb 2007 -117 Feb 2007 -26.5

Manufacturing

305 6 2.0 Feb 2020 334 Feb 2020 23 Feb 2020 7.4

Durable goods

144 -15 -9.4 Aug 2016 142 Mar 2020 -37 Mar 2020 -18.9

Nondurable goods

161 21 15.0 Mar 2019 165 Sep 2014 24 Sep 2014 23.3

Trade, transportation, and utilities

993 -144 -12.7 Jan 2014 945 Jun 2001 -202 Mar 2013 -14.3

Wholesale trade

124 -12 -8.8 Dec 2016 122 Mar 2020 -17 Mar 2020 -11.1

Retail trade

688 -76 -9.9 Sep 2017 667 Jul 2017 -84 Jul 2017 -11.1

Transportation, warehousing, and utilities

181 -56 -23.6 Jan 2016 161 Jan 2011 -52 Jan 2011 -32.1

Information

34 -40 -54.1 Jul 2011 46 Feb 2001 -36 Mar 2013 -41.2

Financial activities

136 -82 -37.6 Apr 2011 126 Oct 2008 -54 Apr 2009 -27.0

Finance and insurance

104 -47 -31.1 Feb 2015 101 Sep 2001 -56 Apr 2009 -40.4

Real estate and rental and leasing

33 -34 -50.7 Apr 2011 43 Dec 2014 -24 Apr 2011 -31.7

Professional and business services

681 -422 -38.3 Aug 2009 665 Feb 2001 -201 Jan 2009 -21.0

Education and health services

519 -144 -21.7 Aug 2014 515 Jun 2013 -101 Jun 2013 -17.4

Educational services

67 -25 -27.2 Jun 2013 60 Jan 2016 -26 Sep 2013 -32.1

Health care and social assistance

452 -119 -20.8 Aug 2014 435 Mar 2020 -96 Jan 2011 -15.7

Leisure and hospitality

321 -352 -52.3 Feb 2010 613 Mar 2020 -418 Mar 2020 -38.3

Arts, entertainment, and recreation

22 -105 -82.7 Mar 2009 73 Sep 2008 -46 Sep 2008 -29.1

Accommodation and food services

299 -247 -45.2 Jun 2010 508 Mar 2020 -377 Mar 2020 -40.8

Other services

112 -56 -33.3 Nov 2008 107 Nov 2008 -74 Nov 2008 -40.9

Government

219 -148 -40.3 Feb 2011 227 Jun 2010 -457 Jun 2010 -62.2

Federal

45 -13 -22.4 Dec 2019 43 Sep 2019 -27 Sep 2019 -39.1

State and local

174 -135 -43.7 Feb 2011 199 Oct 2006 -79 Aug 2003 -25.0

State and local government education

97 -56 -36.6 Jul 2011 83 Oct 2016 -61 Jul 2011 -50.3

State and local government, excluding education

77 -79 -50.6 Jun 2010 86 Sep 2001 -51 Sep 2001 -28.5

Region

Northeast

479 -390 -44.9 Nov 2008 622 Nov 2017 -153 Nov 2008 -16.3

South

1,368 -630 -31.5 Jun 2009 1,318 Mar 2020 -323 Mar 2020 -13.9

Midwest

894 -203 -18.5 Feb 2013 892 Feb 2001 -211 Feb 2003 -15.5

West

783 -364 -31.7 Jun 2009 814 Mar 2020 -205 Mar 2020 -15.2
Table 3c. Total separations by industry and region, April 2020 compared with historical levels and changes (numbers in thousands), seasonally adjusted
Industry and region April 2020 Last time level was lower/higher Last time monthly change was smaller/larger (or next closest change) Last time monthly percent change was smaller/larger (or next closest change)
Level Monthly Change Monthly percent change Date Level Date Monthly Change Date Monthly percent change

Industry

Total nonfarm

9,888 -4,755 -32.5 Feb 2020 5,595 Feb 2001 -747 Feb 2001 -12.6

Total private

9,467 -4,776 -33.5 Feb 2020 5,244 Feb 2001 -757 Feb 2001 -13.5

Mining and logging

69 27 64.3 Mar 2016 45 Mar 2020 22 Mar 2020 110.0

Construction

791 35 4.6 Mar 2020 756 Mar 2020 397 Mar 2020 110.6

Manufacturing

706 -98 -12.2 Feb 2020 318 Apr 2006 -67 Nov 2014 -15.5

Durable goods

477 3 0.6 Mar 2020 474 Mar 2020 291 Mar 2020 159.0

Nondurable goods

229 -100 -30.4 Feb 2020 135 Jul 2008 -38 Jul 2008 -23.6

Trade, transportation, and utilities

1,838 -570 -23.7 Feb 2020 1,221 Feb 2001 -225 Feb 2001 -17.1

Wholesale trade

261 9 3.6 Mar 2020 252 Mar 2020 97 Mar 2020 62.6

Retail trade

1,194 -460 -27.8 Feb 2020 812 Feb 2001 -194 Feb 2001 -20.3

Transportation, warehousing, and utilities

383 -119 -23.7 Feb 2020 254 Jan 2010 -64 Jan 2010 -35.6

Information

149 42 39.3 Jul 2001 152 Apr 2001 65 Aug 2013 39.3

Financial activities

339 -11 -3.1 Feb 2020 210 Oct 2019 -16 Feb 2020 -3.2

Finance and insurance

111 -58 -34.3 Jul 2016 108 Sep 2007 -45 Aug 2011 -29.2

Real estate and rental and leasing

228 47 26.0 Mar 2020 181 Mar 2020 121 Mar 2020 201.7

Professional and business services

1,241 -473 -27.6 Feb 2020 1,073 Feb 2001 -241 Feb 2001 -20.3

Education and health services

1,423 -324 -18.5 Feb 2020 699 May 2009 -80 May 2009 -16.5

Educational services

290 -37 -11.3 Feb 2020 93 Feb 2012 -35 Jan 2020 -14.4

Health care and social assistance

1,133 -287 -20.2 Feb 2020 606 May 2009 -76 May 2009 -18.6

Leisure and hospitality

2,033 -3,312 -62.0 Feb 2020 1,036 Feb 2001 -190 Feb 2001 -19.3

Arts, entertainment, and recreation

288 -311 -51.9 Feb 2020 157 Aug 2010 -64 Aug 2010 -36.2

Accommodation and food services

1,745 -3,001 -63.2 Feb 2020 880 Feb 2001 -185 Feb 2001 -21.6

Other services

879 -90 -9.3 Feb 2020 220 Jun 2005 -79 Jan 2020 -22.7

Government

421 21 5.3 Aug 2010 425 Mar 2020 49 Mar 2020 14.0

Federal

36 -3 -7.7 Jun 2019 33 Jan 2020 -7 Jan 2020 -15.6

State and local

384 23 6.4 Mar 2020 361 Mar 2020 50 Mar 2020 16.1

State and local government education

158 -22 -12.2 Feb 2020 155 Dec 2018 -23 Dec 2018 -12.5

State and local government, excluding education

227 46 25.4 May 2017 184 Aug 2001 56 Dec 2011 31.6

Region

Northeast

1,897 -910 -32.4 Feb 2020 888 Nov 2006 -180 Apr 2010 -20.0

South

3,325 -1,653 -33.2 Feb 2020 2,097 Oct 2019 -220 May 2009 -10.4

Midwest

2,212 -1,423 -39.1 Feb 2020 1,293 Feb 2001 -175 Feb 2011 -14.9

West

2,454 -768 -23.8 Feb 2020 1,317 Feb 2001 -302 May 2009 -23.9
Table 3d. Layoffs and discharges by industry and region, April 2020 compared with historical levels and changes (numbers in thousands), seasonally adjusted
Industry and region April 2020 Last time level was lower/higher Last time monthly change was smaller/larger (or next closest change) Last time monthly percent change was smaller/larger (or next closest change)
Level Monthly Change Monthly percent change Date Level Date Monthly Change Date Monthly percent change

Industry

Total nonfarm

7,716 -3,773 -32.8 Feb 2020 1,846 May 2009 -423 Feb 2001 -17.2

Total private

7,500 -3,816 -33.7 Feb 2020 1,752 May 2009 -473 May 2009 -18.7

Mining and logging

61 29 90.6 Mar 2020 32 Mar 2020 26 Mar 2020 433.3

Construction

689 85 14.1 Mar 2020 604 Mar 2020 402 Mar 2020 199.0

Manufacturing

587 -45 -7.1 Feb 2020 113 May 2009 -45 Nov 2019 -16.7

Durable goods

420 46 12.3 Mar 2020 374 Mar 2020 311 Mar 2020 493.7

Nondurable goods

167 -90 -35.0 Feb 2020 49 Mar 2002 -37 Feb 2017 -35.4

Trade, transportation, and utilities

1,372 -358 -20.7 Feb 2020 363 Feb 2001 -222 Jul 2017 -20.8

Wholesale trade

204 50 32.5 Mar 2020 154 Mar 2020 107 Mar 2020 227.7

Retail trade

888 -338 -27.6 Feb 2020 224 Feb 2001 -206 Dec 2011 -29.5

Transportation, warehousing, and utilities

281 -69 -19.7 Feb 2020 91 Jan 2010 -64 Feb 2018 -22.2

Information

117 53 82.8 Mar 2020 64 Mar 2020 32 Mar 2020 100.0

Financial activities

257 29 12.7 Mar 2020 228 Mar 2020 161 Mar 2020 240.3

Finance and insurance

57 -20 -26.0 Feb 2020 42 Jan 2015 -27 Oct 2019 -28.0

Real estate and rental and leasing

200 49 32.5 Mar 2020 151 Mar 2020 126 Mar 2020 504.0

Professional and business services

800 -286 -26.3 Feb 2020 392 Apr 2001 -168 May 2009 -26.4

Education and health services

1,036 -238 -18.7 Feb 2020 167 May 2009 -74 Apr 2018 -22.1

Educational services

246 -26 -9.6 Feb 2020 30 Feb 2012 -32 Jan 2020 -15.4

Health care and social assistance

790 -211 -21.1 Feb 2020 136 Sep 2017 -73 Aug 2019 -27.9

Leisure and hospitality

1,759 -3,024 -63.2 Feb 2020 318 Jun 2003 -147 Oct 2013 -40.4

Arts, entertainment, and recreation

259 -286 -52.5 Feb 2020 77 Aug 2010 -69 May 2002 -53.3

Accommodation and food services

1,500 -2,738 -64.6 Feb 2020 240 Oct 2013 -121 Oct 2013 -45.7

Other services

822 -62 -7.0 Feb 2020 93 May 2006 -72 Jan 2020 -7.7

Government

216 43 24.9 Aug 2010 240 Mar 2020 78 Mar 2020 82.1

Federal

11 2 22.2 Nov 2019 12 Oct 2019 16 Oct 2019 160.0

State and local

205 41 25.0 Mar 2020 164 Mar 2020 78 Mar 2020 90.7

State and local government education

69 -10 -12.7 Feb 2020 42 Mar 2019 -13 Aug 2019 -14.9

State and local government, excluding education

136 51 60.0 Mar 2020 85 Jul 2002 42 Mar 2020 93.2

Region

Northeast

1,554 -794 -33.8 Feb 2020 348 Nov 2006 -181 Apr 2010 -37.1

South

2,466 -1,281 -34.2 Feb 2020 624 Oct 2007 -196 Oct 2019 -22.2

Midwest

1,713 -1,185 -40.9 Feb 2020 440 Apr 2016 -145 Apr 2016 -29.4

West

1,982 -514 -20.6 Feb 2020 435 May 2009 -201 Jun 2019 -26.9
Table 3e. Quits by industry and region, April 2020 compared with historical levels and changes (numbers in thousands), seasonally adjusted
Industry and region April 2020 Last time level was lower/higher Last time monthly change was smaller/larger (or next closest change) Last time monthly percent change was smaller/larger (or next closest change)
Level Monthly Change Monthly percent change Date Level Date Monthly Change Date Monthly percent change

Industry

Total nonfarm

1,786 -1,003 -36.0 Jan 2010 1,744 Mar 2020 -647 Mar 2020 -18.8

Total private

1,643 -976 -37.3 Jan 2010 1,640 Mar 2020 -626 Mar 2020 -19.3

Mining and logging

6 -3 -33.3 Sep 2009 5 May 2019 -4 Feb 2016 -38.1

Construction

80 -50 -38.5 Dec 2013 78 Mar 2019 -48 Aug 2009 -39.1

Manufacturing

98 -52 -34.7 Mar 2013 97 Feb 2001 -42 Mar 2010 -18.1

Durable goods

43 -43 -50.0 May 2010 41 Aug 2013 -29 Aug 2013 -36.7

Nondurable goods

54 -10 -15.6 Jul 2015 52 Mar 2020 -11 Feb 2019 -17.3

Trade, transportation, and utilities

413 -194 -32.0 Nov 2011 398 Mar 2020 -187 Mar 2020 -23.6

Wholesale trade

46 -47 -50.5 Dec 2013 44 May 2016 -29 Dec 2009 -37.3

Retail trade

282 -104 -26.9 Jan 2011 248 Mar 2020 -160 Mar 2020 -29.3

Transportation, warehousing, and utilities

85 -44 -34.1 Aug 2016 81 Feb 2005 -48 Feb 2005 -45.7

Information

27 -8 -22.9 Oct 2013 20 Mar 2020 -15 Mar 2020 -30.0

Financial activities

59 -34 -36.6 Jun 2009 55 Mar 2016 -35 May 2003 -36.6

Finance and insurance

41 -29 -41.4 Jan 2014 37 Mar 2016 -44 Mar 2016 -45.8

Real estate and rental and leasing

17 -6 -26.1 Dec 2016 16 Mar 2020 -12 Mar 2020 -34.3

Professional and business services

345 -216 -38.5 Oct 2012 319 Feb 2002 -132 Dec 2011 -27.4

Education and health services

319 -107 -25.1 Aug 2014 297 May 2008 -74 May 2008 -22.1

Educational services

38 -12 -24.0 Jun 2018 36 Jun 2018 -19 Jun 2018 -34.5

Health care and social assistance

281 -95 -25.3 Aug 2014 258 May 2008 -83 May 2008 -27.0

Leisure and hospitality

259 -275 -51.5 Sep 2009 300 Mar 2020 -165 Sep 2007 -25.8

Arts, entertainment, and recreation

26 -26 -50.0 Sep 2009 15 Nov 2005 -28 Sep 2009 -53.1

Accommodation and food services

234 -249 -51.6 Sep 2009 285 Sep 2007 -147 Sep 2007 -27.2

Other services

37 -37 -50.0 Aug 2009 61 Mar 2020 -51 Apr 2006 -45.7

Government

143 -27 -15.9 Dec 2014 141 Jul 2016 -32 Jul 2016 -16.7

Federal

15 -2 -11.8 Jun 2019 14 Jan 2020 -4 Jan 2020 -17.4

State and local

128 -24 -15.8 Nov 2014 125 Jul 2016 -32 Jul 2016 -17.9

State and local government education

66 -13 -16.5 Jul 2016 59 Jan 2020 -15 Jul 2016 -36.6

State and local government, excluding education

62 -11 -15.1 Sep 2015 57 Jul 2018 -14 Jul 2018 -15.6

Region

Northeast

269 -135 -33.4 Jan 2011 264 Feb 2002 -99 Aug 2008 -21.7

South

732 -366 -33.3 Jan 2011 696 Mar 2020 -249 Mar 2020 -18.5

Midwest

399 -255 -39.0 Feb 2010 398 Mar 2020 -129 Mar 2020 -16.5

West

386 -247 -39.0 Dec 2010 375 Mar 2020 -179 Mar 2020 -22.0

Last Modified Date: June 9, 2020