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Economic News Release
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Quarterly Data Series on Business Employment Dynamics News Release

For release 10:00 a.m. (EST), Wednesday, January 29, 2020                                   	USDL-20-0137

Technical Information:	(202) 691-6553  *  BDMInfo@bls.gov  *  www.bls.gov/bdm
Media Contact:	        (202) 691-5902  *  PressOffice@bls.gov

BUSINESS EMPLOYMENT DYNAMICS – SECOND QUARTER 2019

From March 2019 to June 2019, gross job gains from opening and expanding private-sector
establishments were 7.6 million, an increase of 230,000 jobs from the previous quarter, the U.S. Bureau
of Labor Statistics reported today. Over this period, gross job losses from closing and contracting
private-sector establishments were 7.4 million, an increase of 573,000 jobs from the previous quarter.
The difference between the number of gross job gains and the number of gross job losses yielded a net
employment gain of 182,000 jobs in the private sector during the second quarter of 2019. (See tables A and
1.)

The change in the number of jobs over time is the net result of increases and decreases in employment
that occur at all private businesses in the economy. Business Employment Dynamics statistics track
these changes in employment at private-sector establishments from the third month of one quarter to the
third month of the next. The difference between the number of gross job gains and the number of gross
job losses is the net change in employment. (See Technical Note.) The BED data series include gross job
gains and gross job losses by industry subsector, for the 50 states, the District of Columbia, Puerto Rico,
and the Virgin Islands, as well as gross job gains and gross job losses at the firm level by employer size
class.

Gross Job Gains

In the second quarter of 2019, gross job gains represented 6.0 percent of private-sector employment. Gross
job gains are the sum of increases in employment due to expansions at existing establishments and the
addition of new jobs at opening establishments. Gross job gains at expanding establishments totaled 6.2
million in the second quarter of 2019, an increase of 191,000 jobs compared to the previous quarter.
Opening establishments accounted for 1.4 million of the jobs gained in the second quarter of 2019, an
increase of 39,000 jobs from the previous quarter. (See tables A, 1, 2, and 3.)

Gross Job Losses

In the second quarter of 2019, gross job losses represented 5.9 percent of private-sector employment.
Gross job losses are the result of contractions in employment at existing establishments and the loss of
jobs at closing establishments. Contracting establishments lost 6.1 million jobs in the second quarter of
2019, an increase of 429,000 jobs from the prior quarter. In the second quarter of 2019, closing
establishments lost 1.3 million jobs, an increase of 144,000 jobs from the previous quarter. (See tables A,
1, 2, and 3.)

Establishment Births and Deaths

In the second quarter of 2019, the number of establishment births (a subset of the openings data)
increased by 1,000, to a total of 257,000 establishments. These new establishments accounted for
848,000 jobs, an increase of 34,000 jobs from the previous quarter. Data for establishment deaths (a
subset of the closings data) are available through the third quarter of 2018, when 787,000 jobs were
lost at 231,000 establishments, an increase of 13,000 jobs from the second quarter of 2018. (See Technical
Note and table 8.)

Industries

Gross job gains exceeded gross job losses in 8 of 13 industries in the second quarter of 2019. The service-
providing industries experienced a net job increase of 161,000 jobs in the second quarter of 2019. Within
service-providing industries, professional and business services had the largest over-the-quarter net job
increase, with a gain of 108,000 jobs. This was the result of 1,474,000 gross job gains and 1,366,000 gross
job losses. The retail trade and leisure and hospitality sectors showed declines in the second quarter of
2019, with 101,000 and 55,000 net jobs losses respectively. The goods-producing industries experienced a
net job increase of 21,000 jobs in the second quarter of 2019. Of the goods-producing industries, natural
resources and mining experienced a net increase of 16,000 jobs, construction added 15,000 jobs, while the
manufacturing sector showed a net loss of 10,000 jobs. (See table 3.)

 Table A. Three-month private sector gross job gains and losses, seasonally adjusted

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                          |                  3 months ended                 
                 Category                 |    June |   Sept. |    Dec. |    Mar. |    June
                                          |    2018 |    2018 |    2018 |    2019 |    2019
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                          |              Levels (in thousands)              
                                          |--------------------------------------------------
 Gross job gains......................... |   7,655 |   7,499 |   7,768 |   7,375 |   7,605
        At expanding establishments...... |   6,257 |   6,122 |   6,318 |   6,038 |   6,229
        At opening establishments........ |   1,398 |   1,377 |   1,450 |   1,337 |   1,376
                                          |         |         |         |         |        
 Gross job losses........................ |   7,254 |   7,432 |   6,957 |   6,850 |   7,423
        At contracting establishments.... |   5,967 |   6,113 |   5,626 |   5,649 |   6,078
        At closing establishments........ |   1,287 |   1,319 |   1,331 |   1,201 |   1,345
                                          |         |         |         |         |        
 Net employment change (1)............... |     401 |      67 |     811 |     525 |     182
                                          |         |         |         |         |        
                                          |--------------------------------------------------
                                          |                 Rates (percent)                 
                                          |--------------------------------------------------
 Gross job gains......................... |     6.1 |     6.0 |     6.3 |     5.9 |     6.0
        At expanding establishments...... |     5.0 |     4.9 |     5.1 |     4.8 |     4.9
        At opening establishments........ |     1.1 |     1.1 |     1.2 |     1.1 |     1.1
                                          |         |         |         |         |        
 Gross job losses........................ |     5.8 |     6.0 |     5.6 |     5.5 |     5.9
        At contracting establishments.... |     4.8 |     4.9 |     4.5 |     4.5 |     4.8
        At closing establishments........ |     1.0 |     1.1 |     1.1 |     1.0 |     1.1
                                          |         |         |         |         |        
 Net employment change (1)............... |     0.3 |     0.0 |     0.7 |     0.4 |     0.1
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
(1) The net employment change is the difference between total gross job gains and total gross 
    job losses. See the Technical Note for further information.

Firm Size

In the second quarter of 2019, firms with 1-49 employees had a net employment gain of 55,000. Firms 
with 50-249 employees had a net employment gain of 93,000. Firms with 250 or more employees had a 
net employment gain of 39,000. (See tables 4 and 5.)

States

Gross job gains exceeded gross job losses in 26 states, the District of Columbia, Puerto Rico, and
the Virgin Islands in the second quarter of 2019. (See tables 6 and 7.)

For More Information

Additional information on gross job gains and gross job losses is available online at www.bls.gov/bdm. 
This information includes data on the levels and rates of gross job gains and gross job losses by firm 
size, not seasonally adjusted data and other seasonally adjusted time series not presented in this release, 
charts of gross job gains and gross job losses by industry and firm size, and answers to frequently asked  
questions. Additional information about the Business Employment Dynamics data can be found 
in the Technical Note of this release or can be obtained by emailing BDMinfo@bls.gov.

_____________
The Business Employment Dynamics for Third Quarter 2019 are scheduled to be released on 
Wednesday, April 29, 2020 at 10:00 a.m. (EDT).

Technical Note

The Business Employment Dynamics (BED) data are a product of a federal-state cooperative 
program known as Quarterly Census of Employment and Wages (QCEW). The BED data are 
compiled by the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) from existing QCEW records. Most 
employers in the U.S. are required to file quarterly reports on the employment and wages of 
workers covered by unemployment insurance (UI) laws and to pay quarterly UI taxes. The QCEW 
is based largely on quarterly UI reports which are sent by businesses to the State Workforce 
Agencies (SWAs). These UI reports are supplemented by two additional BLS data collections to 
render administrative data into economic statistics. Together these data comprise the QCEW and 
form the basis of the Bureau’s establishment universe sampling frame.

These reports are used to produce the quarterly QCEW data on total employment and wages and 
the longitudinal BED data on gross job gains and losses. The QCEW is also the employment 
benchmark for the Current Employment Statistics (CES), Occupational Employment Statistics 
(OES), and Job Openings and Labor Turnover Survey (JOLTS) programs and is a major input to 
the Bureau of Economic Analysis’s Personal Income Accounts.

In the BED program, the quarterly QCEW records are linked across quarters to provide a 
longitudinal history for each establishment. The linkage process allows the tracking of net 
employment changes at the establishment level, which in turn allows the estimation of jobs gained 
at opening and expanding units and jobs lost at closing and contracting units.

Differences between QCEW, BED, and CES employment measures

The Bureau publishes three different establishment-based employment measures for any given 
quarter. Each of these measures—Quarterly Census of Employment and Wages (QCEW), Business 
Employment Dynamics (BED), and Current Employment Statistics (CES)—makes use of the 
quarterly UI employment reports in producing data; however, each measure has a somewhat 
different universe coverage, estimation procedure, and publication product.

Differences in coverage and estimation methods can result in somewhat different measures of 
employment change over time. It is important to understand program differences and the intended 
uses of the program products. (See table.) Additional information on each program can be obtained 
from the program websites shown in the table.

Summary of Major Differences between QCEW, BED, and CES Employment Measures
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
           |         QCEW        |         BED          |         CES
-----------|---------------------|----------------------|------------------------
Source     |--Count of UI admini-|--Count of longitudi- |--Sample survey:
           |  strative records   |  nally-linked UI ad- |  689,000 establish-
           |  submitted by 10.1  |  ministrative records|  ments
           |  million establish- |  submitted by 8.2    |
           |  ments in first qu- |  million private-sec-|
           |  arter of 2019      |  tor establishments  |
-----------|---------------------|----------------------|------------------------
Coverage   |--UI and UCFE cover- |--UI Coverage, exclud-|Nonfarm wage and salary
           |  age, including all |  ing government, pri-|  jobs:
           |  employers subject  |  vate households, and|--UI Coverage, exclud-
           |  to state and feder-|  establishments with |  ing agriculture, pri-
           |  ral UI Laws        |  zero employment     |  vate households, and
           |                     |                      |  self-employed workers
           |                     |                      |--other employment, 
           |                     |                      |  including railroads,
           |                     |                      |  religious organiza-
           |                     |                      |  tions, and other non-
           |                     |                      |  UI-covered jobs
           |                     |                      |
-----------|---------------------|----------------------|------------------------
Publication|--Quarterly          |--Quarterly           |--Monthly 
frequency  |  -6 months after the|  -7 months after the |  -Usually the 3rd Fri-
           |   end of each quar- |   end of each quarter|   day after the end of
           |   ter               |                      |   the week including 
           |                     |                      |   the 12th of the month
-----------|---------------------|----------------------|------------------------
Use of UI  |--Directly summarizes|--Links each new UI   |--Uses UI file as a sam-
file       |  and publishes each |  quarter to longitu- |  pling frame and to ann-
           |  new quarter of UI  |  dinal database and  |  ually realign sample-
           |  data               |  directly summarizes |  based estimates to pop-
           |                     |  gross job gains and |  ulation counts (bench-
           |                     |  losses              |  marking)
-----------|---------------------|----------------------|------------------------
Principal  |--Provides a quarter-|--Provides quarterly  |--Provides current month-
products   |  ly and annual uni- |  employer dynamics   |  ly estimates of employ-
           |  verse count of es- |  data on establish-  |  ment, hours, and earn-
           |  tablishments, em-  |  ment openings, clos-|  ings at the MSA, state,
           |  ployment, and wages|  ings, expansions,   |  and national level by
           |  at the county, Met-|  and contractions at |  industry
           |  ropolitan statisti-|  the national level  |
           |  cal area (MSA), St-|  by NAICS super-     |
           |  ate, and national  |  sectors,3-digit     |
           |  levels by detailed |  NAICS, and by size  |
           |  industry           |  of firm, and at the |
           |                     |  state private-sector|
           |                     |  total level         |
           |                     |--Future expansions   |
           |                     |  will include        |
           |                     |  data with greater   |
           |                     |  industry detail and |
           |                     |  data at the county  |
           |                     |  and MSA level       |
-----------|---------------------|----------------------|------------------------
Principal  |--Major uses include:|--Major uses include: |--Major uses include:
uses       |  -Detailed locality |  -Business cycle     |  -Principal federal
           |   data              |   analysis           |   economic indicator
           |  -Periodic universe |  -Analysis of employ-|  -Official time series 
           |   counts for bench- |   er dynamics under- |   for employment change
           |   marking sample    |   lying economic ex- |   measures
           |   survey estimates  |   pansions and con-  |  -Input into other ma-
           |  -Sample frame for  |   tractions          |   jor economic indi-
           |   BLS establishment |  -Analysis of employ-|   cators
           |   surveys           |   ment expansion and |
           |                     |   contraction by size|
           |                     |   of firm            |
-----------|---------------------|----------------------|------------------------
Program    |--www.bls.gov/cew    |--www.bls.gov/bdm     |--www.bls.gov/ces 
Web sites  |                     |                      |
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Coverage

Employment and wage data for workers covered by state UI and Unemployment Compensation for 
Federal Employees (UCFE) laws are compiled from quarterly contribution reports submitted to the 
SWAs by employers. In addition to the quarterly contribution reports, employers who operate 
multiple establishments within a state complete a questionnaire, called the “Multiple Worksite 
Report,” which provides detailed information on the location of their establishments. These reports 
are based on place of employment rather than place of residence. UI and UCFE coverage is broad 
and basically comparable from state to state. 

Major exclusions from UI coverage are self-employed workers, religious organizations, most 
agricultural workers on small farms, all members of the Armed Forces, elected officials in most 
states, most employees of railroads, some domestic workers, most student workers at schools, and 
employees of certain small nonprofit organizations.

Gross job gains and gross job losses in this release are derived from longitudinal histories of 8.2 
million private sector employer reports out of 10.1 million total reports of employment and wages 
submitted by states to BLS in the first quarter of 2019. Gross job gains and gross job losses data in 
this release do not report estimates for government employees or private households (NAICS 
814110) and do not include establishments with zero employment in both previous and current 
quarters. Data from Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands are also excluded from the national data. 
The table below shows, in millions of establishments, the number of establishments excluded from 
the national gross job gains and gross job losses data in the first quarter 2019.

                         Number of active establishments included in                       
                   Business Employment Dynamics data at the national level                 

 Total establishments QCEW program....................................................10.1

   Excluded: Public sector............................................................ 0.3
           Private households......................................................... 0.2
           Zero employment............................................................ 1.4

 Total establishments included in Business
 Employment Dynamics data............................................................. 8.2

Unit of analysis

Establishments are used in the tabulation of the BED statistics by industry and firms are used in the 
tabulation of the BED size class statistics. An establishment is defined as an economic unit that 
produces goods or services, usually at a single physical location, and engages in one or 
predominantly one activity. A firm is a legal business, either corporate or otherwise, and may 
consist of several establishments. Firm-level data are compiled based on an aggregation of 
establishments under common ownership by a corporate parent using employer tax identification 
numbers. The firm level aggregation which is consistent with the role of corporations as the 
economic decision makers are used for the measurement of the BED data elements by size class.

Because of the difference in the unit of analysis, total gross job gains and gross job losses by size 
class are lower than total gross job gains and gross job losses by industry, as some establishment 
gains and losses within a firm are offset during the aggregation process. However, the total net 
changes in employment are the same for not seasonally adjusted data and are similar for seasonally 
adjusted data.

Concepts and methodology

The Business Employment Dynamics data measure the net change in employment at the 
establishment or firm level. These changes come about in one of four ways. A net increase in 
employment can come from either opening units or expanding units. A net decrease in 
employment can come from either closing units or contracting units. Gross job gains include the 
sum of all jobs added at either opening or expanding units. Gross job losses include the sum of all 
jobs lost in either closing or contracting units. The net change in employment is the difference 
between gross job gains and gross job losses.

The formal definitions of employment changes are as follows:

Openings. These are either units with positive third month employment for the first time in the 
current quarter, with no links to the prior quarter, or with positive third month employment in the 
current quarter following zero employment in the previous quarter.

Expansions. These are units with positive employment in the third month in both the previous and 
current quarters, with a net increase in employment over this period.

Closings. These are either units with positive third month employment in the previous quarter, with 
no employment or zero employment reported in the current quarter.

Contractions. These are units with positive employment in the third month in both the previous and 
current quarters, with a net decrease in employment over this period.

Births. These are units with positive third month employment for the first time in the current 
quarter with no links to the prior quarter, or units with positive third month employment in the 
current quarter and zero employment in the third month of the previous four quarters. Births are a 
subset of openings not including re-openings of seasonal businesses.

Deaths. These are units with no employment or zero employment reported in the third month of 
four consecutive quarters following the last quarter with positive employment. Deaths are a subset 
of closings not including temporary shutdowns of seasonal businesses. A unit that closes during the 
quarter may be a death, but we wait three quarters to determine whether it is a permanent closing 
or a temporary shutdown. Therefore, there is always a lag of three quarters for the publication of 
death statistics.

All employment changes are measured from the third month of the previous quarter to the third 
month of the current quarter. Not all establishments and firms change their employment levels. 
Units with no change in employment count towards estimates of total employment, but not for 
levels of gross job gains and gross job losses.

Gross job gains and gross job losses are expressed as rates by dividing their levels by the average 
of employment in the current and previous quarters. This provides a symmetric growth rate. The 
rates are calculated for the components of gross job gains and gross job losses and then summed to 
form their respective totals. These rates can be added and subtracted just as their levels can. For 
instance, the difference between the gross job gains rate and the gross job losses rate is the net 
growth rate.

Establishment Births and Deaths

For the purpose of BED statistics, births are defined as establishments that appear in the 
longitudinal database for the first time with positive employment in the third month of a quarter, or 
showed four consecutive quarters of zero employment in the third month followed by a quarter in 
which it shows positive employment in the third month. Similarly, deaths are defined as 
establishments that either drop out of the longitudinal database or an establishment that had 
positive employment in the third month of a given quarter followed by four consecutive quarters of 
showing zero employment in the third month. Although the data for establishment births and 
deaths are tabulated independently from the data for openings and closings, the concepts are not 
mutually exclusive. An establishment that is defined as a birth in a given quarter is necessarily an 
opening as well, and an establishment defined as a death in a quarter must also be a closing. Since 
openings include seasonal and other re-openings and closings include temporary shutdowns, the 
not seasonally adjusted values for births and deaths must be less than those for openings and 
closings. However, because some BED series do not have many re-openings or temporary 
shutdowns, as well as the fact that births and deaths are independently seasonally adjusted from 
openings and closings, there may be instances in which the seasonally adjusted value of the former 
is greater than the latter.

Linkage methodology

Prior to the measurement of gross job gains and gross job losses, QCEW records are linked across 
two quarters. The linkage process matches establishments' unique SWA identification numbers 
(SWA-ID). Between 95 and 97 percent of establishments identified as continuous from quarter to 
quarter are matched by SWA-ID. The rest are linked in one of three ways. The first method uses 
predecessor and successor information, identified by the states, which relates records with different 
SWA-IDs across quarters. Predecessor and successor relations can come about for a variety of 
reasons, including a change in ownership, a firm restructuring, or a UI account restructuring. If a 
match cannot be attained in this manner, a probability-based match is used. This match attempts to 
identify two establishments with different SWA-IDs as continuous. The match is based upon 
comparisons such as the same name, address, and phone number. Third, an analyst examines 
unmatched records individually and makes a possible match.

In order to ensure the highest possible quality of data, SWAs verify with employers and update, if 
necessary, the industry, location, and ownership classification of all establishments on a 3-year 
cycle. Changes in establishment classification codes resulting from the verification process are 
introduced with the data reported for the first quarter of the year. Changes resulting from improved 
employer reporting also are introduced in the first quarter.

Sizing methodology

The method of dynamic sizing is used in calculations for the BED size class data series. Dynamic 
sizing allocates each firm’s employment gain or loss during a quarter to each respective size class 
in which the change occurred. For example, if a firm grew from 2 employees in quarter 1 to 38 
employees in quarter 2, then, of the 36-employee increase, 2 would be allocated to the first size 
class, 5 to the size class 5 to 9, 10 to size class 10 to 19, and 19 to size class 20 to 49.

Dynamic sizing provides symmetrical firm-size estimates and eliminates any systematic effects 
which may be caused by the transitory and reverting changes in firms’ sizes over time. 
Additionally, it allocates each job gain or loss to the actual size class where it occurred.

Annual Data

The annual gross job gains and gross job losses measure the net change in employment at the 
establishment level from the third month of a quarter in the previous year to the third month of the 
same quarter in the current year. The BLS publishes annual BED data based on March-to-March 
changes once a year with the release of the first quarter BED data. The annual data based on over-
the-year changes for other quarters of the year are available upon request. The definitions and 
methodology in measuring annual gross job gains and gross job losses are similar to the quarterly 
measures. The linkage method considers all predecessor and successor relations that may come 
about due to changes in ownership and corporate restructuring over the entire year. At the 
establishment level, some of the quarterly job gains and job losses are offset during the estimation 
over the year. Therefore, the sum of four quarters of gross job gains and gross job losses are not 
equal to annual gross job gains and gross job losses. The net change in employment over the year, 
however, is equal to the sum of four quarterly net changes on a not seasonally adjusted basis.

Seasonal adjustment

Over the course of a year, the levels of employment and the associated job flows undergo sharp 
fluctuations due to such seasonal events as changes in the weather, reduced or expanded 
production, harvests, major holidays, and the opening and closing of schools. The effect of such 
seasonal variation can be very large.

Because these seasonal events follow a more or less regular pattern each year, their influence can 
be eliminated by adjusting these statistics from quarter to quarter. These adjustments make 
nonseasonal developments, such as declines in economic activity, easier to recognize. For 
example, the large number of youths taking summer jobs is likely to obscure other changes that 
have taken place in June relative to March, making it difficult to determine if the level of economic 
activity has risen or declined. However, because the effect of students finishing school in previous 
years is known, the statistics for the current year can be adjusted to allow for a comparable change. 
The adjusted figures provide a more useful tool with which to analyze changes in economic 
activity.

The employment data series for opening, expanding, closing, and contracting units are 
independently seasonally adjusted; net changes are calculated based on the difference between 
gross job gains and gross job losses. Similarly, for industry data, the establishment counts data 
series for opening, expanding, closing, and contracting establishments are independently adjusted, 
and the net changes are calculated based on the difference between the number of opening and 
closing establishments. Additionally establishment and employment levels are independently 
seasonally adjusted to calculate the seasonally adjusted rates. Concurrent seasonal adjustment is 
run using X-13 ARIMA-SEATS. Seasonally adjusted data series for total private are the sum of 
seasonally adjusted data of all sectors including the unclassified sector, which is not separately 
published.

The net over-the-quarter change derived by summing the BED component series will differ from 
the net employment change estimated from the seasonally adjusted total private employment series 
from the CES program. The intended use of BED statistics is to show the dynamic labor market 
changes that underlie the net employment change statistic. As such, data users interested 
particularly in the net employment change and not in the gross job flows underlying this change 
should refer to CES data for over-the-quarter net employment changes.

Reliability of the data

Since the data series on Business Employment Dynamics are based on administrative rather than 
sample data, there are no issues related to sampling error. Nonsampling error, however, still exists. 
Nonsampling errors can occur for many reasons, such as the employer submitting corrected 
employment data after the end of the quarter or typographical errors made by businesses when 
providing information. Such errors, however, are likely to be distributed randomly throughout the 
dataset.

Changes in administrative data sometimes create complications for the linkage process. This can 
result in overstating openings and closings while understating expansions and contractions. The 
BLS continues to refine methods for improving the linkage process to alleviate the effects of these 
complications.

The BED data series are subject to periodic minor changes based on corrections in QCEW records, 
updates on predecessors and successors information, and seasonal adjustment revisions.

Annual revisions are published each year with the release of the first quarter data. These revisions 
cover the last four quarters of not seasonally adjusted data and 5 years of seasonally adjusted data.

Additional statistics and other information

Several other programs within BLS produce closely related information. The QCEW program 
provides both quarterly and annual estimates of employment by state, county, and detailed 
industry. News releases on quarterly county employment and wages and the annual bulletin also 
are available upon request from the Division of Administrative Statistics and Labor Turnover 
(Quarterly Census of Employment and Wages), telephone (202) 691-6567; (www.bls.gov/cew/); 
(e-mail: QCEWInfo@bls.gov).

The Current Employment Statistics (CES) program produces monthly estimates of employment, its 
net change, hours, and earnings by detailed industry. These estimates are part of the Employment 
Situation report put out monthly by BLS.

The Job Openings and Labor Turnover Survey (JOLTS) program provides monthly measures of 
job openings, as well as employee hires and separations.

Information in this release will be made available to sensory impaired individuals upon request. 
Voice phone: (202) 691-5200; TDD message referral phone number: 1 (800) 877-8339.






Table 1. Private sector gross job gains and job losses, seasonally adjusted

Total private

(In thousands)

                                                     Gross job gains                          Gross job losses
Year  3 months ended  Net change(1)     Total     Expanding      Opening         Total     Contracting    Closing
                                               establishments establishments            establishments establishments

2009  March               -2,680        5,918         4,675        1,243         8,598          7,142       1,456
      June                -1,667        6,425         5,080        1,345         8,092          6,674       1,418
      September             -849        6,399         5,139        1,260         7,248          5,854       1,394
      December              -264        6,665         5,308        1,357         6,929          5,605       1,324
 
2010  March                 -247        6,325         5,108        1,217         6,572          5,324       1,248
      June                   698        6,995         5,674        1,321         6,297          5,090       1,207
      September              237        6,741         5,438        1,303         6,504          5,231       1,273
      December               566        7,052         5,639        1,413         6,486          5,219       1,267
 
2011  March                  334        6,540         5,322        1,218         6,206          5,025       1,181
      June                   582        6,966         5,625        1,341         6,384          5,115       1,269
      September              841        7,205         5,810        1,395         6,364          5,172       1,192
      December               335        6,865         5,503        1,362         6,530          5,273       1,257
 
2012  March                  948        7,080         5,746        1,334         6,132          5,005       1,127
      June                   616        7,051         5,724        1,327         6,435          5,266       1,169
      September              252        6,881         5,571        1,310         6,629          5,430       1,199
      December               695        7,110         5,753        1,357         6,415          5,225       1,190
 
2013  March                  558        6,941         5,705        1,236         6,383          5,201       1,182
      June                   674        7,152         5,830        1,322         6,478          5,271       1,207
      September              507        7,058         5,719        1,339         6,551          5,408       1,143
      December               700        7,255         5,926        1,329         6,555          5,353       1,202
 
2014  March                  419        6,953         5,687        1,266         6,534          5,380       1,154
      June                   895        7,454         6,114        1,340         6,559          5,342       1,217
      September              577        7,247         5,918        1,329         6,670          5,487       1,183
      December             1,038        7,617         6,248        1,369         6,579          5,346       1,233
 
2015  March                  216        7,040         5,727        1,313         6,824          5,622       1,202
      June                   838        7,580         6,236        1,344         6,742          5,550       1,192
      September              466        7,340         5,977        1,363         6,874          5,665       1,209
      December               968        7,827         6,367        1,460         6,859          5,594       1,265
 
2016  March                  242        7,144         5,860        1,284         6,902          5,699       1,203
      June                   305        7,448         6,077        1,371         7,143          5,836       1,307
      September              734        7,709         6,249        1,460         6,975          5,730       1,245
      December               351        7,436         6,021        1,415         7,085          5,784       1,301
 
2017  March                  649        7,420         6,086        1,334         6,771          5,588       1,183
      June                   473        7,623         6,255        1,368         7,150          5,878       1,272
      September              -68        7,317         5,964        1,353         7,385          6,088       1,297
      December               955        7,814         6,374        1,440         6,859          5,561       1,298
 
2018  March                  707        7,484         6,135        1,349         6,777          5,587       1,190
      June                   401        7,655         6,257        1,398         7,254          5,967       1,287
      September               67        7,499         6,122        1,377         7,432          6,113       1,319
      December               811        7,768         6,318        1,450         6,957          5,626       1,331
 
2019  March                  525        7,375         6,038        1,337         6,850          5,649       1,201
      June                   182        7,605         6,229        1,376         7,423          6,078       1,345
 
(1) Net change is the difference between total gross job gains and total gross job losses.

Table 2. Private sector gross job gains and losses, as a percent of employment(1), seasonally adjusted

Total private

(Percent)

                                                     Gross job gains                          Gross job losses
Year  3 months ended  Net change(2)     Total     Expanding      Opening         Total     Contracting    Closing
                                               establishments establishments            establishments establishments

2009  March                 -2.4          5.4           4.3          1.1           7.8            6.5         1.3
      June                  -1.5          6.0           4.7          1.3           7.5            6.2         1.3
      September             -0.8          6.0           4.8          1.2           6.8            5.5         1.3
      December              -0.3          6.3           5.0          1.3           6.6            5.3         1.3
 
2010  March                 -0.2          6.0           4.8          1.2           6.2            5.0         1.2
      June                   0.7          6.6           5.4          1.2           5.9            4.8         1.1
      September              0.2          6.3           5.1          1.2           6.1            4.9         1.2
      December               0.5          6.6           5.3          1.3           6.1            4.9         1.2
 
2011  March                  0.3          6.1           5.0          1.1           5.8            4.7         1.1
      June                   0.5          6.4           5.2          1.2           5.9            4.7         1.2
      September              0.8          6.7           5.4          1.3           5.9            4.8         1.1
      December               0.4          6.4           5.1          1.3           6.0            4.8         1.2
 
2012  March                  0.8          6.4           5.2          1.2           5.6            4.6         1.0
      June                   0.5          6.4           5.2          1.2           5.9            4.8         1.1
      September              0.2          6.2           5.0          1.2           6.0            4.9         1.1
      December               0.6          6.4           5.2          1.2           5.8            4.7         1.1
 
2013  March                  0.5          6.2           5.1          1.1           5.7            4.6         1.1
      June                   0.6          6.4           5.2          1.2           5.8            4.7         1.1
      September              0.5          6.3           5.1          1.2           5.8            4.8         1.0
      December               0.6          6.4           5.2          1.2           5.8            4.7         1.1
 
2014  March                  0.4          6.1           5.0          1.1           5.7            4.7         1.0
      June                   0.8          6.5           5.3          1.2           5.7            4.6         1.1
      September              0.5          6.2           5.1          1.1           5.7            4.7         1.0
      December               0.9          6.6           5.4          1.2           5.7            4.6         1.1
 
2015  March                  0.2          6.0           4.9          1.1           5.8            4.8         1.0
      June                   0.7          6.4           5.3          1.1           5.7            4.7         1.0
      September              0.5          6.3           5.1          1.2           5.8            4.8         1.0
      December               0.8          6.6           5.4          1.2           5.8            4.7         1.1
 
2016  March                  0.2          6.0           4.9          1.1           5.8            4.8         1.0
      June                   0.2          6.2           5.1          1.1           6.0            4.9         1.1
      September              0.6          6.4           5.2          1.2           5.8            4.8         1.0
      December               0.3          6.2           5.0          1.2           5.9            4.8         1.1
 
2017  March                  0.5          6.1           5.0          1.1           5.6            4.6         1.0
      June                   0.4          6.2           5.1          1.1           5.8            4.8         1.0
      September             -0.1          6.0           4.9          1.1           6.1            5.0         1.1
      December               0.8          6.4           5.2          1.2           5.6            4.5         1.1
 
2018  March                  0.6          6.1           5.0          1.1           5.5            4.5         1.0
      June                   0.3          6.1           5.0          1.1           5.8            4.8         1.0
      September              0.0          6.0           4.9          1.1           6.0            4.9         1.1
      December               0.7          6.3           5.1          1.2           5.6            4.5         1.1
 
2019  March                  0.4          5.9           4.8          1.1           5.5            4.5         1.0
      June                   0.1          6.0           4.9          1.1           5.9            4.8         1.1
 
(1) The rates measure gross job gains and job losses as a percentage of the average of the previous and current quarter
    employment levels.

(2) Net change is the difference between total gross job gains and total gross job losses.

Table 3. Private sector gross job gains and losses by industry, seasonally adjusted

                                   Gross job gains and job losses              Gross job gains and job losses
                                          (in thousands)                         as a percent of employment

    Category                              3 months ended                               3 months ended

                                   June     Sept.    Dec.     Mar.     June    June    Sept.   Dec.    Mar.    June
                                   2018     2018     2018     2019     2019    2018    2018    2018    2019    2019
Total private(1)

Gross job gains                   7,655    7,499    7,768    7,375    7,605     6.1     6.0     6.3     5.9     6.0
 At expanding establishments      6,257    6,122    6,318    6,038    6,229     5.0     4.9     5.1     4.8     4.9
 At opening establishments        1,398    1,377    1,450    1,337    1,376     1.1     1.1     1.2     1.1     1.1
Gross job losses                  7,254    7,432    6,957    6,850    7,423     5.8     6.0     5.6     5.5     5.9
 At contracting establishments    5,967    6,113    5,626    5,649    6,078     4.8     4.9     4.5     4.5     4.8
 At closing establishments        1,287    1,319    1,331    1,201    1,345     1.0     1.1     1.1     1.0     1.1
Net employment change               401       67      811      525      182     0.3     0.0     0.7     0.4     0.1
 
Goods-producing

Gross job gains                   1,410    1,314    1,406    1,343    1,363     6.5     6.0     6.4     6.1     6.2
 At expanding establishments      1,212    1,118    1,194    1,149    1,169     5.6     5.1     5.4     5.2     5.3
 At opening establishments          198      196      212      194      194     0.9     0.9     1.0     0.9     0.9
Gross job losses                  1,271    1,316    1,255    1,232    1,342     5.8     6.0     5.7     5.5     6.0
 At contracting establishments    1,066    1,116    1,052    1,049    1,135     4.9     5.1     4.8     4.7     5.1
 At closing establishments          205      200      203      183      207     0.9     0.9     0.9     0.8     0.9
Net employment change               139       -2      151      111       21     0.7     0.0     0.7     0.6     0.2
 
Natural resources and mining

Gross job gains                     275      240      246      243      265    14.2    12.5    12.6    12.4    13.6
 At expanding establishments        240      210      214      213      233    12.4    10.9    11.0    10.9    12.0
 At opening establishments           35       30       32       30       32     1.8     1.6     1.6     1.5     1.6
Gross job losses                    249      247      256      242      249    12.8    12.8    13.2    12.4    12.8
 At contracting establishments      214      218      227      213      218    11.0    11.3    11.7    10.9    11.2
 At closing establishments           35       29       29       29       31     1.8     1.5     1.5     1.5     1.6
Net employment change                26       -7      -10        1       16     1.4    -0.3    -0.6     0.0     0.8
 
Construction

Gross job gains                     695      651      695      698      683     9.6     9.0     9.6     9.3     9.1
 At expanding establishments        568      526      559      569      560     7.8     7.3     7.7     7.6     7.5
 At opening establishments          127      125      136      129      123     1.8     1.7     1.9     1.7     1.6
Gross job losses                    643      657      621      614      668     8.9     9.1     8.6     8.2     8.9
 At contracting establishments      520      535      499      500      540     7.2     7.4     6.9     6.7     7.2
 At closing establishments          123      122      122      114      128     1.7     1.7     1.7     1.5     1.7
Net employment change                52       -6       74       84       15     0.7    -0.1     1.0     1.1     0.2
 
Manufacturing

Gross job gains                     440      423      465      402      415     3.5     3.3     3.6     3.2     3.2
 At expanding establishments        404      382      421      367      376     3.2     3.0     3.3     2.9     2.9
 At opening establishments           36       41       44       35       39     0.3     0.3     0.3     0.3     0.3
Gross job losses                    379      412      378      376      425     3.0     3.3     3.0     2.9     3.3
 At contracting establishments      332      363      326      336      377     2.6     2.9     2.6     2.6     2.9
 At closing establishments           47       49       52       40       48     0.4     0.4     0.4     0.3     0.4
Net employment change                61       11       87       26      -10     0.5     0.0     0.6     0.3    -0.1
 
Service-providing(1)

Gross job gains                   6,245    6,185    6,362    6,032    6,242     6.1     6.1     6.2     5.8     6.0
 At expanding establishments      5,045    5,004    5,124    4,889    5,060     4.9     4.9     5.0     4.7     4.9
 At opening establishments        1,200    1,181    1,238    1,143    1,182     1.2     1.2     1.2     1.1     1.1
Gross job losses                  5,983    6,116    5,702    5,618    6,081     5.9     6.0     5.5     5.4     5.9
 At contracting establishments    4,901    4,997    4,574    4,600    4,943     4.8     4.9     4.4     4.4     4.8
 At closing establishments        1,082    1,119    1,128    1,018    1,138     1.1     1.1     1.1     1.0     1.1
Net employment change               262       69      660      414      161     0.2     0.1     0.7     0.4     0.1
 
Wholesale trade

Gross job gains                     277      275      279      258      267     4.7     4.7     4.8     4.3     4.6
 At expanding establishments        230      223      228      214      222     3.9     3.8     3.9     3.6     3.8
 At opening establishments           47       52       51       44       45     0.8     0.9     0.9     0.7     0.8
Gross job losses                    251      269      245      243      262     4.2     4.6     4.1     4.2     4.5
 At contracting establishments      196      211      190      192      204     3.3     3.6     3.2     3.3     3.5
 At closing establishments           55       58       55       51       58     0.9     1.0     0.9     0.9     1.0
Net employment change                26        6       34       15        5     0.5     0.1     0.7     0.1     0.1
 
Retail trade

Gross job gains                     909      918      847      905      870     5.7     5.8     5.4     5.7     5.6
 At expanding establishments        774      794      737      789      749     4.9     5.0     4.7     5.0     4.8
 At opening establishments          135      124      110      116      121     0.8     0.8     0.7     0.7     0.8
Gross job losses                    961    1,002      918      863      971     6.1     6.3     5.8     5.5     6.2
 At contracting establishments      840      852      787      752      830     5.3     5.4     5.0     4.8     5.3
 At closing establishments          121      150      131      111      141     0.8     0.9     0.8     0.7     0.9
Net employment change               -52      -84      -71       42     -101    -0.4    -0.5    -0.4     0.2    -0.6
 
Transportation and warehousing

Gross job gains                     286      313      421      281      308     5.5     6.0     7.8     5.2     5.7
 At expanding establishments        245      270      365      240      263     4.7     5.2     6.8     4.4     4.9
 At opening establishments           41       43       56       41       45     0.8     0.8     1.0     0.8     0.8
Gross job losses                    254      256      239      346      267     4.9     4.9     4.5     6.3     4.9
 At contracting establishments      217      219      198      311      227     4.2     4.2     3.7     5.7     4.2
 At closing establishments           37       37       41       35       40     0.7     0.7     0.8     0.6     0.7
Net employment change                32       57      182      -65       41     0.6     1.1     3.3    -1.1     0.8
 
Utilities

Gross job gains                      13       12       12       12       13     2.4     2.2     2.2     2.2     2.4
 At expanding establishments         11       10       11       11       11     2.0     1.8     2.0     2.0     2.0
 At opening establishments            2        2        1        1        2     0.4     0.4     0.2     0.2     0.4
Gross job losses                     15       13       14       13       14     2.7     2.4     2.6     2.4     2.6
 At contracting establishments       13       12       12       12       12     2.3     2.2     2.2     2.2     2.2
 At closing establishments            2        1        2        1        2     0.4     0.2     0.4     0.2     0.4
Net employment change                -2       -1       -2       -1       -1    -0.3    -0.2    -0.4    -0.2    -0.2
 
Information

Gross job gains                     160      150      145      175      162     5.7     5.3     5.1     6.2     5.7
 At expanding establishments        134      122      116      139      137     4.8     4.3     4.1     4.9     4.8
 At opening establishments           26       28       29       36       25     0.9     1.0     1.0     1.3     0.9
Gross job losses                    167      156      150      145      163     5.9     5.6     5.3     5.2     5.7
 At contracting establishments      139      129      121      120      135     4.9     4.6     4.3     4.3     4.7
 At closing establishments           28       27       29       25       28     1.0     1.0     1.0     0.9     1.0
Net employment change                -7       -6       -5       30       -1    -0.2    -0.3    -0.2     1.0     0.0
 
Financial activities

Gross job gains                     395      381      394      362      407     4.8     4.6     4.8     4.4     4.9
 At expanding establishments        313      299      299      290      322     3.8     3.6     3.6     3.5     3.9
 At opening establishments           82       82       95       72       85     1.0     1.0     1.2     0.9     1.0
Gross job losses                    357      387      376      343      357     4.4     4.8     4.6     4.2     4.3
 At contracting establishments      276      300      286      261      276     3.4     3.7     3.5     3.2     3.3
 At closing establishments           81       87       90       82       81     1.0     1.1     1.1     1.0     1.0
Net employment change                38       -6       18       19       50     0.4    -0.2     0.2     0.2     0.6
 
Professional and business services

Gross job gains                   1,471    1,438    1,508    1,318    1,474     7.0     6.8     7.2     6.3     7.0
 At expanding establishments      1,196    1,158    1,199    1,074    1,204     5.7     5.5     5.7     5.1     5.7
 At opening establishments          275      280      309      244      270     1.3     1.3     1.5     1.2     1.3
Gross job losses                  1,374    1,368    1,352    1,318    1,366     6.6     6.6     6.4     6.2     6.4
 At contracting establishments    1,098    1,099    1,061    1,065    1,085     5.3     5.3     5.0     5.0     5.1
 At closing establishments          276      269      291      253      281     1.3     1.3     1.4     1.2     1.3
Net employment change                97       70      156        0      108     0.4     0.2     0.8     0.1     0.6
 
Education and health services

Gross job gains                   1,015    1,014    1,004    1,003    1,016     4.5     4.5     4.4     4.4     4.4
 At expanding establishments        820      836      816      823      834     3.6     3.7     3.6     3.6     3.6
 At opening establishments          195      178      188      180      182     0.9     0.8     0.8     0.8     0.8
Gross job losses                    934      917      868      851      975     4.2     4.1     3.8     3.7     4.2
 At contracting establishments      758      739      686      673      785     3.4     3.3     3.0     2.9     3.4
 At closing establishments          176      178      182      178      190     0.8     0.8     0.8     0.8     0.8
Net employment change                81       97      136      152       41     0.3     0.4     0.6     0.7     0.2
 
Leisure and hospitality

Gross job gains                   1,353    1,344    1,406    1,338    1,342     8.4     8.3     8.6     8.2     8.1
 At expanding establishments      1,065    1,049    1,110    1,064    1,062     6.6     6.5     6.8     6.5     6.4
 At opening establishments          288      295      296      274      280     1.8     1.8     1.8     1.7     1.7
Gross job losses                  1,364    1,418    1,230    1,198    1,397     8.4     8.7     7.6     7.3     8.4
 At contracting establishments    1,136    1,186    1,004      992    1,160     7.0     7.3     6.2     6.0     7.0
 At closing establishments          228      232      226      206      237     1.4     1.4     1.4     1.3     1.4
Net employment change               -11      -74      176      140      -55     0.0    -0.4     1.0     0.9    -0.3
 
Other services

Gross job gains                     318      301      304      299      310     7.5     7.1     7.2     7.0     7.3
 At expanding establishments        250      236      237      235      246     5.9     5.6     5.6     5.5     5.8
 At opening establishments           68       65       67       64       64     1.6     1.5     1.6     1.5     1.5
Gross job losses                    286      308      291      276      289     6.8     7.3     6.9     6.5     6.8
 At contracting establishments      223      244      224      216      223     5.3     5.8     5.3     5.1     5.2
 At closing establishments           63       64       67       60       66     1.5     1.5     1.6     1.4     1.6
Net employment change                32       -7       13       23       21     0.7    -0.2     0.3     0.5     0.5
 
(1) Includes unclassified sector, not shown separately.

Table 4. Private sector gross job gains and losses by firm size, seasonally adjusted

(In thousands)

                   Total private by firm(1)          Firm size 1 - 49 employees       Firm size 50 - 249 employees     Firm size 250 or more employees
Year  3 months      Net           Gross job           Net          Gross job           Net          Gross job           Net          Gross job
        ended      change       gains   losses       change      gains   losses       change      gains   losses       change      gains   losses

2009  March       -2,638        4,617    7,255        -983       2,721    3,704        -616         810    1,426      -1,039       1,086    2,125
      June        -1,763        5,169    6,932        -474       2,946    3,420        -281         950    1,231      -1,008       1,273    2,281
      September     -906        5,164    6,070        -372       2,826    3,198        -110         932    1,042        -424       1,406    1,830
      December      -317        5,403    5,720        -159       2,940    3,099         -45         962    1,007        -113       1,501    1,614
 
2010  March         -234        5,115    5,349        -195       2,863    3,058          -2         914      916         -37       1,338    1,375
      June           664        5,805    5,141         235       3,093    2,858         204       1,071      867         225       1,641    1,416
      September      226        5,525    5,299          26       2,946    2,920          87         998      911         113       1,581    1,468
      December       502        5,781    5,279          92       3,051    2,959          92       1,034      942         318       1,696    1,378
 
2011  March          340        5,375    5,035          99       2,983    2,884         122         971      849         119       1,421    1,302
      June           537        5,746    5,209         190       3,073    2,883         169       1,063      894         178       1,610    1,432
      September      852        5,974    5,122         272       3,137    2,865         171       1,066      895         409       1,771    1,362
      December       297        5,585    5,288          45       2,970    2,925          44         981      937         208       1,634    1,426
 
2012  March          972        5,904    4,932         388       3,173    2,785         220       1,054      834         364       1,677    1,313
      June           612        5,828    5,216         174       3,039    2,865         158       1,074      916         280       1,715    1,435
      September      226        5,581    5,355          55       2,963    2,908          54       1,006      952         117       1,612    1,495
      December       637        5,779    5,142         180       3,025    2,845          94       1,014      920         363       1,740    1,377
 
2013  March          582        5,743    5,161         212       3,071    2,859         156       1,029      873         214       1,643    1,429
      June           650        5,906    5,256         226       3,085    2,859         135       1,071      936         289       1,750    1,461
      September      473        5,764    5,291         225       3,063    2,838          69       1,021      952         179       1,680    1,501
      December       631        5,886    5,255         122       3,021    2,899         105       1,034      929         404       1,831    1,427
 
2014  March          442        5,665    5,223         231       3,070    2,839         149       1,035      886          62       1,560    1,498
      June           893        6,134    5,241         302       3,178    2,876         214       1,119      905         377       1,837    1,460
      September      560        5,865    5,305         197       3,064    2,867         117       1,066      949         246       1,735    1,489
      December       951        6,155    5,204         212       3,105    2,893         150       1,085      935         589       1,965    1,376
 
2015  March          222        5,669    5,447         166       3,096    2,930          76       1,024      948         -20       1,549    1,569
      June           838        6,248    5,410         319       3,197    2,878         188       1,131      943         331       1,920    1,589
      September      446        5,905    5,459         146       3,053    2,907          75       1,045      970         225       1,807    1,582
      December       860        6,261    5,401         237       3,178    2,941          96       1,077      981         527       2,006    1,479
 
2016  March          254        5,747    5,493         204       3,118    2,914          56       1,017      961          -6       1,612    1,618
      June           305        6,040    5,735          67       3,123    3,056         113       1,103      990         125       1,814    1,689
      September      728        6,251    5,523         180       3,151    2,971          94       1,086      992         454       2,014    1,560
      December       288        5,909    5,621          72       3,068    2,996          47       1,032      985         169       1,809    1,640
 
2017  March          663        5,994    5,331         359       3,239    2,880         187       1,078      891         117       1,677    1,560
      June           516        6,193    5,677         143       3,158    3,015         146       1,127      981         227       1,908    1,681
      September     -120        5,821    5,941        -121       2,992    3,113         -51       1,012    1,063          52       1,817    1,765
      December       871        6,222    5,351         240       3,192    2,952         159       1,092      933         472       1,938    1,466
 
2018  March          729        6,050    5,321         310       3,212    2,902         159       1,064      905         260       1,774    1,514
      June           426        6,179    5,753         128       3,189    3,061         150       1,132      982         148       1,858    1,710
      September       10        5,970    5,960        -102       3,019    3,121         -33       1,026    1,059         145       1,925    1,780
      December       739        6,132    5,393         210       3,182    2,972         151       1,085      934         378       1,865    1,487
 
2019  March          579        5,944    5,365         280       3,159    2,879         150       1,054      904         149       1,731    1,582
      June           187        6,111    5,924          55       3,137    3,082          93       1,119    1,026          39       1,855    1,816
 
(1) Total gross job gains and gross job losses by firm are lower than total gross job gains and gross job losses by establishment, as some
    establishment gains and losses within a firm are offset during the aggregation process.

NOTE: Net change is the difference between total gross job gains and total gross job losses. Net change totals for the firm-level data differ from
the establishment-level data due to independent seasonal adjustment. The unit of analysis section in the technical note provides additional detail.
See www.bls.gov/bdm/bdmfirmsize.htm for more detailed firm size class data.

Table 5. Components of private sector gross job gains and losses by firm size, seasonally adjusted

                                   Gross job gains and job losses              Gross job gains and job losses
                                          (in thousands)                         as a percent of employment

    Category                              3 months ended                               3 months ended

                                   June     Sept.    Dec.     Mar.     June    June    Sept.   Dec.    Mar.    June
                                   2018     2018     2018     2019     2019    2018    2018    2018    2019    2019
Total private by firm(1)

Gross job gains                   6,179    5,970    6,132    5,944    6,111     4.9     4.8     4.9     4.7     4.8
 At expanding firms               5,264    5,086    5,166    5,019    5,215     4.2     4.1     4.1     4.0     4.1
 At opening firms                   915      884      966      925      896     0.7     0.7     0.8     0.7     0.7
 
Gross job losses                  5,753    5,960    5,393    5,365    5,924     4.6     4.8     4.3     4.3     4.7
 At contracting firms             4,872    5,074    4,508    4,515    5,035     3.9     4.1     3.6     3.6     4.0
 At closing firms                   881      886      885      850      889     0.7     0.7     0.7     0.7     0.7
 
Net employment change               426       10      739      579      187     0.3     0.0     0.6     0.4     0.1
 

Firm size 1 to 49 employees

Gross job gains                   3,189    3,019    3,182    3,159    3,137     9.2     8.8     9.3     9.1     9.1
 At expanding firms               2,315    2,169    2,257    2,259    2,279     6.7     6.3     6.6     6.5     6.6
 At opening firms                   874      850      925      900      858     2.5     2.5     2.7     2.6     2.5
 
Gross job losses                  3,061    3,121    2,972    2,879    3,082     8.9     9.1     8.7     8.4     8.9
 At contracting firms             2,220    2,271    2,122    2,063    2,225     6.5     6.6     6.2     6.0     6.4
 At closing firms                   841      850      850      816      857     2.4     2.5     2.5     2.4     2.5
 
Net employment change               128     -102      210      280       55     0.3    -0.3     0.6     0.7     0.2
 

Firm size 50 to 249 employees

Gross job gains                   1,132    1,026    1,085    1,054    1,119     5.1     4.6     4.8     4.7     4.9
 At expanding firms               1,096      995    1,054    1,030    1,086     4.9     4.5     4.7     4.6     4.8
 At opening firms                    36       31       31       24       33     0.2     0.1     0.1     0.1     0.1
 
Gross job losses                    982    1,059      934      904    1,026     4.4     4.7     4.1     4.0     4.5
 At contracting firms               952    1,029      904      878      998     4.3     4.6     4.0     3.9     4.4
 At closing firms                    30       30       30       26       28     0.1     0.1     0.1     0.1     0.1
 
Net employment change               150      -33      151      150       93     0.7    -0.1     0.7     0.7     0.4
 

Firm size 250 or more employees

Gross job gains                   1,858    1,925    1,865    1,731    1,855     2.7     2.8     2.7     2.5     2.7
 At expanding firms               1,853    1,922    1,855    1,730    1,850     2.7     2.8     2.7     2.5     2.7
 At opening firms                     5        3       10        1        5     0.0     0.0     0.0     0.0     0.0
 
Gross job losses                  1,710    1,780    1,487    1,582    1,816     2.5     2.6     2.2     2.3     2.6
 At contracting firms             1,700    1,774    1,482    1,574    1,812     2.5     2.6     2.2     2.3     2.6
 At closing firms                    10        6        5        8        4     0.0     0.0     0.0     0.0     0.0
 
Net employment change               148      145      378      149       39     0.2     0.2     0.5     0.2     0.1
 
 
(1) Total gross job gains and gross job losses by firm are lower than total gross job gains and gross job losses by
    establishment, as some establishment gains and losses within a firm are offset during the aggregation process.

NOTE: Net change is the difference between total gross job gains and total gross job losses. Net change totals for
the firm-level data differ from the establishment-level data due to independent seasonal adjustment. The unit of
analysis section in the technical note provides additional detail. See www.bls.gov/bdm/bdmfirmsize.htm for more
detailed firm size class data.

Table 6. Private sector gross job gains and losses by state, seasonally adjusted

                                           Gross job gains                                         Gross job losses
State                                      3 months ended                                          3 months ended

                           June       Sept.      Dec.       Mar.       June        June       Sept.      Dec.       Mar.       June
                           2018       2018       2018       2019       2019        2018       2018       2018       2019       2019

United States(1)....  7,655,000  7,499,000  7,768,000  7,375,000  7,605,000   7,254,000  7,432,000  6,957,000  6,850,000  7,423,000
 
Alabama.............     93,553     95,605    100,816     96,841     93,715      90,394     94,075     85,914     88,823     97,277
Alaska..............     26,848     21,838     27,051     24,748     26,955      26,274     26,246     24,029     22,229     25,350
Arizona.............    143,473    159,941    154,406    139,196    140,806     141,803    123,519    126,130    136,405    141,783
Arkansas............     51,191     61,294     59,915     53,605     50,642      57,719     56,723     50,421     51,893     58,009
California..........    993,961    966,144  1,019,583    958,690    986,077     954,808    915,540    893,290    918,099    969,001
Colorado............    153,001    149,713    155,491    150,523    161,898     137,876    152,379    137,868    143,527    142,841
Connecticut.........     83,110     76,246     76,068     74,499     82,537      73,433     81,586     71,454     81,433     83,620
Delaware............     24,680     21,797     25,620     24,839     23,225      23,081     24,936     21,770     21,612     24,821
District of Columbia     29,647     28,183     29,712     29,198     29,227      29,812     29,027     27,027     25,795     29,219
Florida.............    489,717    519,828    494,076    470,398    500,836     461,536    440,722    466,878    428,898    487,176
 
Georgia.............    236,132    253,968    239,126    257,662    236,211     240,777    231,723    217,509    218,890    246,926
Hawaii..............     28,398     27,332     30,742     28,766     25,041      29,123     29,198     27,198     31,811     32,710
Idaho...............     44,622     41,300     45,579     46,481     45,151      41,477     41,911     38,775     38,110     41,827
Illinois............    291,805    288,877    286,588    273,000    289,823     289,244    297,620    288,063    268,937    277,708
Indiana.............    145,966    139,987    148,866    156,880    140,418     146,896    141,825    133,677    129,593    155,955
Iowa................     75,164     69,079     75,879     67,346     75,896      71,924     74,868     69,658     71,892     73,362
Kansas..............     65,217     66,704     69,531     62,736     65,750      63,441     64,414     62,125     64,959     65,932
Kentucky............     94,540     90,984     97,782     92,536     91,694      90,495     96,148     87,327     88,220     94,999
Louisiana...........     98,870    101,284     99,438     95,919     97,369     104,991    100,616     92,940     94,705    105,984
Maine...............     41,729     31,809     37,301     37,368     39,623      36,986     38,866     34,444     33,681     39,418
 
Maryland............    133,457    137,468    146,421    139,079    138,324     126,397    144,563    138,449    125,036    140,041
Massachusetts.......    191,451    175,065    182,975    180,711    192,471     173,457    192,871    167,127    164,915    179,383
Michigan............    210,759    191,034    212,257    193,954    211,732     196,604    231,163    196,309    175,917    219,402
Minnesota...........    142,600    135,956    142,627    129,422    146,506     130,507    142,031    135,392    128,720    136,281
Mississippi.........     51,745     52,579     58,977     50,681     52,288      54,204     52,352     47,947     55,297     54,217
Missouri............    136,499    142,095    137,961    129,371    135,471     135,700    142,563    128,093    126,018    140,045
Montana.............     30,525     27,396     34,407     29,494     30,766      29,704     30,117     27,518     31,004     29,660
Nebraska............     47,822     47,885     47,835     46,491     46,984      47,343     48,225     46,760     45,655     46,493
Nevada..............     74,364     81,913     80,193     74,485     73,635      70,770     68,777     67,175     66,481     75,365
New Hampshire.......     38,372     32,249     37,886     36,640     37,129      35,862     38,996     32,781     32,983     36,876
 
New Jersey..........    226,662    208,014    223,239    201,365    216,314     202,305    221,513    199,050    198,569    203,764
New Mexico..........     42,557     41,563     43,809     41,983     40,861      40,031     40,829     39,424     38,022     41,409
New York............    502,371    486,928    504,548    485,292    492,204     461,346    506,220    460,838    433,874    475,470
North Carolina......    228,178    209,963    248,759    237,488    230,289     212,847    236,976    197,480    188,107    215,739
North Dakota........     23,387     23,039     23,548     24,826     23,575      21,570     22,667     21,746     22,437     23,713
Ohio................    263,954    250,824    261,361    258,396    266,633     253,449    271,299    245,446    241,765    265,147
Oklahoma............     81,937     86,152     84,052     74,976     76,968      81,082     78,486     78,597     75,282     80,251
Oregon..............    102,489    101,862    110,386    105,038    105,253     103,335    102,384     98,153     95,104    100,367
Pennsylvania........    277,509    277,395    277,414    266,704    272,697     267,878    271,106    249,012    249,431    278,287
Rhode Island........     26,383     26,185     26,789     24,678     27,100      25,787     27,144     24,229     23,887     28,695
 
South Carolina......    129,611    100,477    128,913    113,237    110,389     117,324    112,911     93,825    106,262    108,448
South Dakota........     21,371     21,218     22,202     20,396     22,031      21,480     20,331     20,696     22,444     21,436
Tennessee...........    141,283    149,585    148,634    138,640    142,792     135,300    135,764    127,807    124,279    131,387
Texas...............    612,249    621,424    652,219    584,029    607,026     548,504    565,749    537,389    541,312    562,489
Utah................     85,338     91,311     87,692     92,927     89,306      80,041     80,280     78,369     78,342     83,159
Vermont.............     18,662     17,596     18,863     17,446     18,074      18,380     19,550     17,285     16,200     18,303
Virginia............    195,880    178,662    199,472    201,989    194,478     184,766    198,599    176,271    175,654    187,801
Washington..........    204,847    172,644    182,294    176,059    190,942     180,137    181,187    160,020    160,092    164,526
West Virginia.......     38,056     39,104     35,422     33,504     34,404      35,348     35,779     36,511     36,947     36,179
Wisconsin...........    136,299    126,775    134,830    127,951    139,354     138,290    145,097    122,971    120,014    133,371
 
Wyoming.............     17,365     17,117     20,839     18,347     18,043      17,344     17,393     16,307     16,590     20,240
Puerto Rico.........     52,276     48,405     40,125     47,891     43,684      41,342     38,736     45,122     34,491     39,466
Virgin Islands......      2,978      3,030      1,934      2,987      2,303       1,575      1,410      1,736      1,853      1,597
 
(1) The sum of the states will not necessarily add to the U.S. total because of the independent seasonal adjustment of each state.

NOTE: Totals for the United States do not include data for Puerto Rico or the Virgin Islands.

Table 7. Private sector gross job gains and losses, as a percent of total employment by state, seasonally adjusted

                        Gross job gains as a percent of employment    Gross job losses as a percent of employment
State                               3 months ended                                3 months ended

                        June    Sept.   Dec.    Mar.    June          June    Sept.   Dec.    Mar.    June
                        2018    2018    2018    2019    2019          2018    2018    2018    2019    2019

United States.......     6.1     6.0     6.3     5.9     6.0           5.8     6.0     5.6     5.5     5.9
 
Alabama.............     5.8     6.0     6.3     6.0     5.8           5.7     5.9     5.3     5.5     6.0
Alaska..............    10.9     8.9    11.0    10.0    10.8          10.7    10.7     9.8     9.0    10.2
Arizona.............     6.0     6.6     6.2     5.6     5.7           5.9     5.1     5.1     5.5     5.7
Arkansas............     5.0     6.1     5.9     5.2     5.0           5.7     5.6     5.0     5.1     5.7
California..........     6.7     6.5     6.9     6.3     6.6           6.4     6.2     5.9     6.2     6.4
Colorado............     6.8     6.6     6.8     6.6     7.0           6.1     6.8     6.0     6.3     6.2
Connecticut.........     5.8     5.3     5.3     5.2     5.8           5.1     5.7     4.9     5.7     5.9
Delaware............     6.4     5.7     6.6     6.4     6.0           6.0     6.5     5.6     5.5     6.3
District of Columbia     5.6     5.3     5.6     5.4     5.4           5.6     5.5     5.1     4.9     5.5
Florida.............     6.4     6.8     6.4     6.1     6.5           6.1     5.8     6.1     5.6     6.3
 
Georgia.............     6.3     6.7     6.3     6.8     6.2           6.4     6.1     5.8     5.7     6.4
Hawaii..............     5.3     5.1     5.8     5.4     4.7           5.4     5.4     5.1     5.9     6.1
Idaho...............     7.3     6.8     7.4     7.5     7.1           6.8     6.9     6.3     6.1     6.7
Illinois............     5.6     5.5     5.5     5.2     5.6           5.6     5.8     5.6     5.1     5.3
Indiana.............     5.5     5.2     5.6     5.9     5.2           5.5     5.4     5.0     4.8     5.8
Iowa................     5.7     5.3     5.8     5.1     5.8           5.4     5.7     5.3     5.4     5.6
Kansas..............     5.7     5.9     6.1     5.4     5.7           5.6     5.7     5.4     5.7     5.7
Kentucky............     5.9     5.8     6.1     5.8     5.8           5.7     6.0     5.4     5.5     5.9
Louisiana...........     6.2     6.3     6.2     5.9     6.0           6.5     6.3     5.8     5.9     6.5
Maine...............     8.0     6.1     7.3     7.2     7.5           7.1     7.5     6.7     6.4     7.5
 
Maryland............     6.1     6.3     6.8     6.4     6.3           5.8     6.6     6.4     5.7     6.4
Massachusetts.......     6.1     5.6     5.8     5.7     6.0           5.5     6.1     5.3     5.2     5.7
Michigan............     5.5     5.0     5.6     5.1     5.5           5.2     6.2     5.2     4.6     5.8
Minnesota...........     5.8     5.5     5.7     5.2     5.8           5.2     5.7     5.4     5.1     5.5
Mississippi.........     5.7     5.9     6.5     5.7     5.8           6.0     5.9     5.3     6.2     6.0
Missouri............     5.7     5.9     5.8     5.4     5.6           5.7     6.0     5.4     5.3     5.8
Montana.............     8.0     7.2     8.9     7.6     8.0           7.8     7.9     7.2     8.0     7.7
Nebraska............     5.8     5.9     5.9     5.7     5.7           5.8     5.9     5.7     5.6     5.7
Nevada..............     6.1     6.7     6.6     6.0     5.9           5.8     5.7     5.5     5.4     6.0
New Hampshire.......     6.7     5.7     6.6     6.3     6.4           6.2     6.8     5.7     5.7     6.3
 
New Jersey..........     6.5     6.0     6.4     5.7     6.2           5.8     6.4     5.7     5.6     5.8
New Mexico..........     6.7     6.4     6.8     6.4     6.3           6.2     6.4     6.1     5.8     6.3
New York............     6.3     6.1     6.3     6.0     6.0           5.8     6.4     5.7     5.3     5.9
North Carolina......     6.1     5.7     6.7     6.3     6.1           5.7     6.4     5.3     5.1     5.7
North Dakota........     6.7     6.6     6.8     7.1     6.7           6.2     6.6     6.2     6.4     6.7
Ohio................     5.6     5.4     5.6     5.5     5.6           5.4     5.8     5.3     5.1     5.7
Oklahoma............     6.4     6.7     6.5     5.8     5.9           6.3     6.1     6.1     5.8     6.2
Oregon..............     6.2     6.2     6.7     6.3     6.3           6.3     6.3     6.0     5.8     6.1
Pennsylvania........     5.3     5.4     5.3     5.1     5.2           5.1     5.2     4.8     4.8     5.3
Rhode Island........     6.3     6.2     6.4     5.8     6.4           6.1     6.4     5.7     5.6     6.7
 
South Carolina......     7.5     5.8     7.4     6.4     6.3           6.7     6.5     5.4     6.0     6.2
South Dakota........     6.1     6.0     6.3     5.7     6.2           6.1     5.7     5.8     6.4     6.0
Tennessee...........     5.5     5.8     5.8     5.4     5.5           5.3     5.3     4.9     4.8     5.0
Texas...............     5.9     6.0     6.2     5.5     5.7           5.3     5.4     5.2     5.2     5.3
Utah................     6.9     7.3     6.9     7.3     6.9           6.4     6.4     6.2     6.2     6.5
Vermont.............     7.2     6.9     7.4     6.7     6.9           7.1     7.6     6.8     6.3     7.1
Virginia............     6.2     5.7     6.3     6.4     6.1           5.8     6.3     5.6     5.5     5.9
Washington..........     7.3     6.2     6.4     6.2     6.6           6.5     6.5     5.6     5.6     5.7
West Virginia.......     6.8     7.0     6.3     6.0     6.2           6.4     6.4     6.5     6.6     6.5
Wisconsin...........     5.5     5.1     5.4     5.1     5.5           5.5     5.9     5.0     4.8     5.3
 
Wyoming.............     8.4     8.3    10.0     8.6     8.5           8.4     8.4     7.8     7.8     9.6
Puerto Rico.........     7.9     7.2     6.0     7.1     6.4           6.2     5.8     6.8     5.1     5.8
Virgin Islands......    13.2    12.8     7.9    11.9     8.8           7.0     5.9     7.1     7.4     6.1
 
NOTE: Totals for the United States do not include data for Puerto Rico or the Virgin Islands.

Table 8. Private sector establishment births and deaths, seasonally adjusted

Total private

(Levels in thousands)

                           Number of Establishments                           Employment
                             Births              Deaths(1)            Births              Deaths
Year  3 months ended     Level     Rate(2)   Level     Rate       Level     Rate      Level     Rate

2009  March                197      2.7        247      3.4         738      0.7        869      0.8
      June                 201      2.8        238      3.3         767      0.7        837      0.8
      September            192      2.7        227      3.2         725      0.7        793      0.7
      December             202      2.8        218      3.1         728      0.7        749      0.7
 
2010  March                193      2.7        211      3.0         706      0.7        687      0.7
      June                 193      2.7        202      2.9         730      0.7        665      0.6
      September            207      2.9        204      2.9         754      0.7        701      0.7
      December             216      3.0        201      2.8         805      0.8        700      0.7
 
2011  March                204      2.9        200      2.8         715      0.7        632      0.6
      June                 210      2.9        205      2.9         767      0.7        689      0.6
      September            206      2.9        196      2.7         794      0.7        675      0.6
      December             214      3.0        198      2.8         800      0.7        700      0.6
 
2012  March                236      3.3        188      2.6         787      0.7        614      0.6
      June                 217      3.0        194      2.7         799      0.7        673      0.6
      September            210      2.9        196      2.7         804      0.7        692      0.6
      December             218      3.0        183      2.5         809      0.7        673      0.6
 
2013  March                205      2.8        193      2.6         748      0.7        648      0.6
      June                 222      3.0        215      2.9         789      0.7        695      0.6
      September            219      2.9        195      2.6         818      0.7        678      0.6
      December             215      2.9        187      2.5         803      0.7        670      0.6
 
2014  March                220      2.9        190      2.5         784      0.7        635      0.6
      June                 221      2.9        204      2.7         806      0.7        711      0.6
      September            225      3.0        199      2.6         825      0.7        703      0.6
      December             224      2.9        198      2.6         836      0.7        705      0.6
 
2015  March                233      3.0        206      2.7         817      0.7        694      0.6
      June                 234      3.1        212      2.8         836      0.7        731      0.6
      September            242      3.1        207      2.7         880      0.7        702      0.6
      December             247      3.2        208      2.7         896      0.8        732      0.6
 
2016  March                236      3.0        203      2.6         789      0.7        668      0.6
      June                 241      3.1        213      2.7         838      0.7        720      0.6
      September            239      3.0        214      2.7         869      0.7        746      0.6
      December             238      3.0        217      2.8         868      0.7        727      0.6
 
2017  March                241      3.0        203      2.6         803      0.7        663      0.5
      June                 240      3.0        225      2.8         848      0.7        756      0.6
      September            242      3.0        225      2.8         849      0.7        762      0.6
      December             246      3.1        216      2.7         854      0.7        732      0.6
 
2018  March                248      3.1        214      2.7         811      0.7        663      0.5
      June                 265      3.3        231      2.9         880      0.7        774      0.6
      September            251      3.1        231      2.8         867      0.7        787      0.6
      December             249      3.1        N/A      N/A         863      0.7        N/A      N/A
 
2019  March                256      3.1        N/A      N/A         814      0.6        N/A      N/A
      June                 257      3.1        N/A      N/A         848      0.7        N/A      N/A
 
(1) Values for deaths are not available for the most recent three quarters by definition. See the
    Technical Note for more informations.

(2) The rates measure births and deaths as a percentage of the average of the previous and current
    quarter employment levels or total number of establishments.

Last Modified Date: January 29, 2020