For release 10:00 a.m. (EST), Wednesday, January 29, 2020 USDL-20-0137
Technical Information: (202) 691-6553 * BDMInfo@bls.gov * www.bls.gov/bdm
Media Contact: (202) 691-5902 * PressOffice@bls.gov
BUSINESS EMPLOYMENT DYNAMICS – SECOND QUARTER 2019
From March 2019 to June 2019, gross job gains from opening and expanding private-sector
establishments were 7.6 million, an increase of 230,000 jobs from the previous quarter, the U.S. Bureau
of Labor Statistics reported today. Over this period, gross job losses from closing and contracting
private-sector establishments were 7.4 million, an increase of 573,000 jobs from the previous quarter.
The difference between the number of gross job gains and the number of gross job losses yielded a net
employment gain of 182,000 jobs in the private sector during the second quarter of 2019. (See tables A and
1.)
The change in the number of jobs over time is the net result of increases and decreases in employment
that occur at all private businesses in the economy. Business Employment Dynamics statistics track
these changes in employment at private-sector establishments from the third month of one quarter to the
third month of the next. The difference between the number of gross job gains and the number of gross
job losses is the net change in employment. (See Technical Note.) The BED data series include gross job
gains and gross job losses by industry subsector, for the 50 states, the District of Columbia, Puerto Rico,
and the Virgin Islands, as well as gross job gains and gross job losses at the firm level by employer size
class.
Gross Job Gains
In the second quarter of 2019, gross job gains represented 6.0 percent of private-sector employment. Gross
job gains are the sum of increases in employment due to expansions at existing establishments and the
addition of new jobs at opening establishments. Gross job gains at expanding establishments totaled 6.2
million in the second quarter of 2019, an increase of 191,000 jobs compared to the previous quarter.
Opening establishments accounted for 1.4 million of the jobs gained in the second quarter of 2019, an
increase of 39,000 jobs from the previous quarter. (See tables A, 1, 2, and 3.)
Gross Job Losses
In the second quarter of 2019, gross job losses represented 5.9 percent of private-sector employment.
Gross job losses are the result of contractions in employment at existing establishments and the loss of
jobs at closing establishments. Contracting establishments lost 6.1 million jobs in the second quarter of
2019, an increase of 429,000 jobs from the prior quarter. In the second quarter of 2019, closing
establishments lost 1.3 million jobs, an increase of 144,000 jobs from the previous quarter. (See tables A,
1, 2, and 3.)
Establishment Births and Deaths
In the second quarter of 2019, the number of establishment births (a subset of the openings data)
increased by 1,000, to a total of 257,000 establishments. These new establishments accounted for
848,000 jobs, an increase of 34,000 jobs from the previous quarter. Data for establishment deaths (a
subset of the closings data) are available through the third quarter of 2018, when 787,000 jobs were
lost at 231,000 establishments, an increase of 13,000 jobs from the second quarter of 2018. (See Technical
Note and table 8.)
Industries
Gross job gains exceeded gross job losses in 8 of 13 industries in the second quarter of 2019. The service-
providing industries experienced a net job increase of 161,000 jobs in the second quarter of 2019. Within
service-providing industries, professional and business services had the largest over-the-quarter net job
increase, with a gain of 108,000 jobs. This was the result of 1,474,000 gross job gains and 1,366,000 gross
job losses. The retail trade and leisure and hospitality sectors showed declines in the second quarter of
2019, with 101,000 and 55,000 net jobs losses respectively. The goods-producing industries experienced a
net job increase of 21,000 jobs in the second quarter of 2019. Of the goods-producing industries, natural
resources and mining experienced a net increase of 16,000 jobs, construction added 15,000 jobs, while the
manufacturing sector showed a net loss of 10,000 jobs. (See table 3.)
Table A. Three-month private sector gross job gains and losses, seasonally adjusted
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
| 3 months ended
Category | June | Sept. | Dec. | Mar. | June
| 2018 | 2018 | 2018 | 2019 | 2019
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
| Levels (in thousands)
|--------------------------------------------------
Gross job gains......................... | 7,655 | 7,499 | 7,768 | 7,375 | 7,605
At expanding establishments...... | 6,257 | 6,122 | 6,318 | 6,038 | 6,229
At opening establishments........ | 1,398 | 1,377 | 1,450 | 1,337 | 1,376
| | | | |
Gross job losses........................ | 7,254 | 7,432 | 6,957 | 6,850 | 7,423
At contracting establishments.... | 5,967 | 6,113 | 5,626 | 5,649 | 6,078
At closing establishments........ | 1,287 | 1,319 | 1,331 | 1,201 | 1,345
| | | | |
Net employment change (1)............... | 401 | 67 | 811 | 525 | 182
| | | | |
|--------------------------------------------------
| Rates (percent)
|--------------------------------------------------
Gross job gains......................... | 6.1 | 6.0 | 6.3 | 5.9 | 6.0
At expanding establishments...... | 5.0 | 4.9 | 5.1 | 4.8 | 4.9
At opening establishments........ | 1.1 | 1.1 | 1.2 | 1.1 | 1.1
| | | | |
Gross job losses........................ | 5.8 | 6.0 | 5.6 | 5.5 | 5.9
At contracting establishments.... | 4.8 | 4.9 | 4.5 | 4.5 | 4.8
At closing establishments........ | 1.0 | 1.1 | 1.1 | 1.0 | 1.1
| | | | |
Net employment change (1)............... | 0.3 | 0.0 | 0.7 | 0.4 | 0.1
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
(1) The net employment change is the difference between total gross job gains and total gross
job losses. See the Technical Note for further information.
Firm Size
In the second quarter of 2019, firms with 1-49 employees had a net employment gain of 55,000. Firms
with 50-249 employees had a net employment gain of 93,000. Firms with 250 or more employees had a
net employment gain of 39,000. (See tables 4 and 5.)
States
Gross job gains exceeded gross job losses in 26 states, the District of Columbia, Puerto Rico, and
the Virgin Islands in the second quarter of 2019. (See tables 6 and 7.)
For More Information
Additional information on gross job gains and gross job losses is available online at www.bls.gov/bdm.
This information includes data on the levels and rates of gross job gains and gross job losses by firm
size, not seasonally adjusted data and other seasonally adjusted time series not presented in this release,
charts of gross job gains and gross job losses by industry and firm size, and answers to frequently asked
questions. Additional information about the Business Employment Dynamics data can be found
in the Technical Note of this release or can be obtained by emailing BDMinfo@bls.gov.
_____________
The Business Employment Dynamics for Third Quarter 2019 are scheduled to be released on
Wednesday, April 29, 2020 at 10:00 a.m. (EDT).
Technical Note
The Business Employment Dynamics (BED) data are a product of a federal-state cooperative
program known as Quarterly Census of Employment and Wages (QCEW). The BED data are
compiled by the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) from existing QCEW records. Most
employers in the U.S. are required to file quarterly reports on the employment and wages of
workers covered by unemployment insurance (UI) laws and to pay quarterly UI taxes. The QCEW
is based largely on quarterly UI reports which are sent by businesses to the State Workforce
Agencies (SWAs). These UI reports are supplemented by two additional BLS data collections to
render administrative data into economic statistics. Together these data comprise the QCEW and
form the basis of the Bureau’s establishment universe sampling frame.
These reports are used to produce the quarterly QCEW data on total employment and wages and
the longitudinal BED data on gross job gains and losses. The QCEW is also the employment
benchmark for the Current Employment Statistics (CES), Occupational Employment Statistics
(OES), and Job Openings and Labor Turnover Survey (JOLTS) programs and is a major input to
the Bureau of Economic Analysis’s Personal Income Accounts.
In the BED program, the quarterly QCEW records are linked across quarters to provide a
longitudinal history for each establishment. The linkage process allows the tracking of net
employment changes at the establishment level, which in turn allows the estimation of jobs gained
at opening and expanding units and jobs lost at closing and contracting units.
Differences between QCEW, BED, and CES employment measures
The Bureau publishes three different establishment-based employment measures for any given
quarter. Each of these measures—Quarterly Census of Employment and Wages (QCEW), Business
Employment Dynamics (BED), and Current Employment Statistics (CES)—makes use of the
quarterly UI employment reports in producing data; however, each measure has a somewhat
different universe coverage, estimation procedure, and publication product.
Differences in coverage and estimation methods can result in somewhat different measures of
employment change over time. It is important to understand program differences and the intended
uses of the program products. (See table.) Additional information on each program can be obtained
from the program websites shown in the table.
Summary of Major Differences between QCEW, BED, and CES Employment Measures
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
| QCEW | BED | CES
-----------|---------------------|----------------------|------------------------
Source |--Count of UI admini-|--Count of longitudi- |--Sample survey:
| strative records | nally-linked UI ad- | 689,000 establish-
| submitted by 10.1 | ministrative records| ments
| million establish- | submitted by 8.2 |
| ments in first qu- | million private-sec-|
| arter of 2019 | tor establishments |
-----------|---------------------|----------------------|------------------------
Coverage |--UI and UCFE cover- |--UI Coverage, exclud-|Nonfarm wage and salary
| age, including all | ing government, pri-| jobs:
| employers subject | vate households, and|--UI Coverage, exclud-
| to state and feder-| establishments with | ing agriculture, pri-
| ral UI Laws | zero employment | vate households, and
| | | self-employed workers
| | |--other employment,
| | | including railroads,
| | | religious organiza-
| | | tions, and other non-
| | | UI-covered jobs
| | |
-----------|---------------------|----------------------|------------------------
Publication|--Quarterly |--Quarterly |--Monthly
frequency | -6 months after the| -7 months after the | -Usually the 3rd Fri-
| end of each quar- | end of each quarter| day after the end of
| ter | | the week including
| | | the 12th of the month
-----------|---------------------|----------------------|------------------------
Use of UI |--Directly summarizes|--Links each new UI |--Uses UI file as a sam-
file | and publishes each | quarter to longitu- | pling frame and to ann-
| new quarter of UI | dinal database and | ually realign sample-
| data | directly summarizes | based estimates to pop-
| | gross job gains and | ulation counts (bench-
| | losses | marking)
-----------|---------------------|----------------------|------------------------
Principal |--Provides a quarter-|--Provides quarterly |--Provides current month-
products | ly and annual uni- | employer dynamics | ly estimates of employ-
| verse count of es- | data on establish- | ment, hours, and earn-
| tablishments, em- | ment openings, clos-| ings at the MSA, state,
| ployment, and wages| ings, expansions, | and national level by
| at the county, Met-| and contractions at | industry
| ropolitan statisti-| the national level |
| cal area (MSA), St-| by NAICS super- |
| ate, and national | sectors,3-digit |
| levels by detailed | NAICS, and by size |
| industry | of firm, and at the |
| | state private-sector|
| | total level |
| |--Future expansions |
| | will include |
| | data with greater |
| | industry detail and |
| | data at the county |
| | and MSA level |
-----------|---------------------|----------------------|------------------------
Principal |--Major uses include:|--Major uses include: |--Major uses include:
uses | -Detailed locality | -Business cycle | -Principal federal
| data | analysis | economic indicator
| -Periodic universe | -Analysis of employ-| -Official time series
| counts for bench- | er dynamics under- | for employment change
| marking sample | lying economic ex- | measures
| survey estimates | pansions and con- | -Input into other ma-
| -Sample frame for | tractions | jor economic indi-
| BLS establishment | -Analysis of employ-| cators
| surveys | ment expansion and |
| | contraction by size|
| | of firm |
-----------|---------------------|----------------------|------------------------
Program |--www.bls.gov/cew |--www.bls.gov/bdm |--www.bls.gov/ces
Web sites | | |
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Coverage
Employment and wage data for workers covered by state UI and Unemployment Compensation for
Federal Employees (UCFE) laws are compiled from quarterly contribution reports submitted to the
SWAs by employers. In addition to the quarterly contribution reports, employers who operate
multiple establishments within a state complete a questionnaire, called the “Multiple Worksite
Report,” which provides detailed information on the location of their establishments. These reports
are based on place of employment rather than place of residence. UI and UCFE coverage is broad
and basically comparable from state to state.
Major exclusions from UI coverage are self-employed workers, religious organizations, most
agricultural workers on small farms, all members of the Armed Forces, elected officials in most
states, most employees of railroads, some domestic workers, most student workers at schools, and
employees of certain small nonprofit organizations.
Gross job gains and gross job losses in this release are derived from longitudinal histories of 8.2
million private sector employer reports out of 10.1 million total reports of employment and wages
submitted by states to BLS in the first quarter of 2019. Gross job gains and gross job losses data in
this release do not report estimates for government employees or private households (NAICS
814110) and do not include establishments with zero employment in both previous and current
quarters. Data from Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands are also excluded from the national data.
The table below shows, in millions of establishments, the number of establishments excluded from
the national gross job gains and gross job losses data in the first quarter 2019.
Number of active establishments included in
Business Employment Dynamics data at the national level
Total establishments QCEW program....................................................10.1
Excluded: Public sector............................................................ 0.3
Private households......................................................... 0.2
Zero employment............................................................ 1.4
Total establishments included in Business
Employment Dynamics data............................................................. 8.2
Unit of analysis
Establishments are used in the tabulation of the BED statistics by industry and firms are used in the
tabulation of the BED size class statistics. An establishment is defined as an economic unit that
produces goods or services, usually at a single physical location, and engages in one or
predominantly one activity. A firm is a legal business, either corporate or otherwise, and may
consist of several establishments. Firm-level data are compiled based on an aggregation of
establishments under common ownership by a corporate parent using employer tax identification
numbers. The firm level aggregation which is consistent with the role of corporations as the
economic decision makers are used for the measurement of the BED data elements by size class.
Because of the difference in the unit of analysis, total gross job gains and gross job losses by size
class are lower than total gross job gains and gross job losses by industry, as some establishment
gains and losses within a firm are offset during the aggregation process. However, the total net
changes in employment are the same for not seasonally adjusted data and are similar for seasonally
adjusted data.
Concepts and methodology
The Business Employment Dynamics data measure the net change in employment at the
establishment or firm level. These changes come about in one of four ways. A net increase in
employment can come from either opening units or expanding units. A net decrease in
employment can come from either closing units or contracting units. Gross job gains include the
sum of all jobs added at either opening or expanding units. Gross job losses include the sum of all
jobs lost in either closing or contracting units. The net change in employment is the difference
between gross job gains and gross job losses.
The formal definitions of employment changes are as follows:
Openings. These are either units with positive third month employment for the first time in the
current quarter, with no links to the prior quarter, or with positive third month employment in the
current quarter following zero employment in the previous quarter.
Expansions. These are units with positive employment in the third month in both the previous and
current quarters, with a net increase in employment over this period.
Closings. These are either units with positive third month employment in the previous quarter, with
no employment or zero employment reported in the current quarter.
Contractions. These are units with positive employment in the third month in both the previous and
current quarters, with a net decrease in employment over this period.
Births. These are units with positive third month employment for the first time in the current
quarter with no links to the prior quarter, or units with positive third month employment in the
current quarter and zero employment in the third month of the previous four quarters. Births are a
subset of openings not including re-openings of seasonal businesses.
Deaths. These are units with no employment or zero employment reported in the third month of
four consecutive quarters following the last quarter with positive employment. Deaths are a subset
of closings not including temporary shutdowns of seasonal businesses. A unit that closes during the
quarter may be a death, but we wait three quarters to determine whether it is a permanent closing
or a temporary shutdown. Therefore, there is always a lag of three quarters for the publication of
death statistics.
All employment changes are measured from the third month of the previous quarter to the third
month of the current quarter. Not all establishments and firms change their employment levels.
Units with no change in employment count towards estimates of total employment, but not for
levels of gross job gains and gross job losses.
Gross job gains and gross job losses are expressed as rates by dividing their levels by the average
of employment in the current and previous quarters. This provides a symmetric growth rate. The
rates are calculated for the components of gross job gains and gross job losses and then summed to
form their respective totals. These rates can be added and subtracted just as their levels can. For
instance, the difference between the gross job gains rate and the gross job losses rate is the net
growth rate.
Establishment Births and Deaths
For the purpose of BED statistics, births are defined as establishments that appear in the
longitudinal database for the first time with positive employment in the third month of a quarter, or
showed four consecutive quarters of zero employment in the third month followed by a quarter in
which it shows positive employment in the third month. Similarly, deaths are defined as
establishments that either drop out of the longitudinal database or an establishment that had
positive employment in the third month of a given quarter followed by four consecutive quarters of
showing zero employment in the third month. Although the data for establishment births and
deaths are tabulated independently from the data for openings and closings, the concepts are not
mutually exclusive. An establishment that is defined as a birth in a given quarter is necessarily an
opening as well, and an establishment defined as a death in a quarter must also be a closing. Since
openings include seasonal and other re-openings and closings include temporary shutdowns, the
not seasonally adjusted values for births and deaths must be less than those for openings and
closings. However, because some BED series do not have many re-openings or temporary
shutdowns, as well as the fact that births and deaths are independently seasonally adjusted from
openings and closings, there may be instances in which the seasonally adjusted value of the former
is greater than the latter.
Linkage methodology
Prior to the measurement of gross job gains and gross job losses, QCEW records are linked across
two quarters. The linkage process matches establishments' unique SWA identification numbers
(SWA-ID). Between 95 and 97 percent of establishments identified as continuous from quarter to
quarter are matched by SWA-ID. The rest are linked in one of three ways. The first method uses
predecessor and successor information, identified by the states, which relates records with different
SWA-IDs across quarters. Predecessor and successor relations can come about for a variety of
reasons, including a change in ownership, a firm restructuring, or a UI account restructuring. If a
match cannot be attained in this manner, a probability-based match is used. This match attempts to
identify two establishments with different SWA-IDs as continuous. The match is based upon
comparisons such as the same name, address, and phone number. Third, an analyst examines
unmatched records individually and makes a possible match.
In order to ensure the highest possible quality of data, SWAs verify with employers and update, if
necessary, the industry, location, and ownership classification of all establishments on a 3-year
cycle. Changes in establishment classification codes resulting from the verification process are
introduced with the data reported for the first quarter of the year. Changes resulting from improved
employer reporting also are introduced in the first quarter.
Sizing methodology
The method of dynamic sizing is used in calculations for the BED size class data series. Dynamic
sizing allocates each firm’s employment gain or loss during a quarter to each respective size class
in which the change occurred. For example, if a firm grew from 2 employees in quarter 1 to 38
employees in quarter 2, then, of the 36-employee increase, 2 would be allocated to the first size
class, 5 to the size class 5 to 9, 10 to size class 10 to 19, and 19 to size class 20 to 49.
Dynamic sizing provides symmetrical firm-size estimates and eliminates any systematic effects
which may be caused by the transitory and reverting changes in firms’ sizes over time.
Additionally, it allocates each job gain or loss to the actual size class where it occurred.
Annual Data
The annual gross job gains and gross job losses measure the net change in employment at the
establishment level from the third month of a quarter in the previous year to the third month of the
same quarter in the current year. The BLS publishes annual BED data based on March-to-March
changes once a year with the release of the first quarter BED data. The annual data based on over-
the-year changes for other quarters of the year are available upon request. The definitions and
methodology in measuring annual gross job gains and gross job losses are similar to the quarterly
measures. The linkage method considers all predecessor and successor relations that may come
about due to changes in ownership and corporate restructuring over the entire year. At the
establishment level, some of the quarterly job gains and job losses are offset during the estimation
over the year. Therefore, the sum of four quarters of gross job gains and gross job losses are not
equal to annual gross job gains and gross job losses. The net change in employment over the year,
however, is equal to the sum of four quarterly net changes on a not seasonally adjusted basis.
Seasonal adjustment
Over the course of a year, the levels of employment and the associated job flows undergo sharp
fluctuations due to such seasonal events as changes in the weather, reduced or expanded
production, harvests, major holidays, and the opening and closing of schools. The effect of such
seasonal variation can be very large.
Because these seasonal events follow a more or less regular pattern each year, their influence can
be eliminated by adjusting these statistics from quarter to quarter. These adjustments make
nonseasonal developments, such as declines in economic activity, easier to recognize. For
example, the large number of youths taking summer jobs is likely to obscure other changes that
have taken place in June relative to March, making it difficult to determine if the level of economic
activity has risen or declined. However, because the effect of students finishing school in previous
years is known, the statistics for the current year can be adjusted to allow for a comparable change.
The adjusted figures provide a more useful tool with which to analyze changes in economic
activity.
The employment data series for opening, expanding, closing, and contracting units are
independently seasonally adjusted; net changes are calculated based on the difference between
gross job gains and gross job losses. Similarly, for industry data, the establishment counts data
series for opening, expanding, closing, and contracting establishments are independently adjusted,
and the net changes are calculated based on the difference between the number of opening and
closing establishments. Additionally establishment and employment levels are independently
seasonally adjusted to calculate the seasonally adjusted rates. Concurrent seasonal adjustment is
run using X-13 ARIMA-SEATS. Seasonally adjusted data series for total private are the sum of
seasonally adjusted data of all sectors including the unclassified sector, which is not separately
published.
The net over-the-quarter change derived by summing the BED component series will differ from
the net employment change estimated from the seasonally adjusted total private employment series
from the CES program. The intended use of BED statistics is to show the dynamic labor market
changes that underlie the net employment change statistic. As such, data users interested
particularly in the net employment change and not in the gross job flows underlying this change
should refer to CES data for over-the-quarter net employment changes.
Reliability of the data
Since the data series on Business Employment Dynamics are based on administrative rather than
sample data, there are no issues related to sampling error. Nonsampling error, however, still exists.
Nonsampling errors can occur for many reasons, such as the employer submitting corrected
employment data after the end of the quarter or typographical errors made by businesses when
providing information. Such errors, however, are likely to be distributed randomly throughout the
dataset.
Changes in administrative data sometimes create complications for the linkage process. This can
result in overstating openings and closings while understating expansions and contractions. The
BLS continues to refine methods for improving the linkage process to alleviate the effects of these
complications.
The BED data series are subject to periodic minor changes based on corrections in QCEW records,
updates on predecessors and successors information, and seasonal adjustment revisions.
Annual revisions are published each year with the release of the first quarter data. These revisions
cover the last four quarters of not seasonally adjusted data and 5 years of seasonally adjusted data.
Additional statistics and other information
Several other programs within BLS produce closely related information. The QCEW program
provides both quarterly and annual estimates of employment by state, county, and detailed
industry. News releases on quarterly county employment and wages and the annual bulletin also
are available upon request from the Division of Administrative Statistics and Labor Turnover
(Quarterly Census of Employment and Wages), telephone (202) 691-6567; (www.bls.gov/cew/);
(e-mail: QCEWInfo@bls.gov).
The Current Employment Statistics (CES) program produces monthly estimates of employment, its
net change, hours, and earnings by detailed industry. These estimates are part of the Employment
Situation report put out monthly by BLS.
The Job Openings and Labor Turnover Survey (JOLTS) program provides monthly measures of
job openings, as well as employee hires and separations.
Information in this release will be made available to sensory impaired individuals upon request.
Voice phone: (202) 691-5200; TDD message referral phone number: 1 (800) 877-8339.
Table 1. Private sector gross job gains and job losses, seasonally adjusted
Total private
(In thousands)
Gross job gains Gross job losses
Year 3 months ended Net change(1) Total Expanding Opening Total Contracting Closing
establishments establishments establishments establishments
2009 March -2,680 5,918 4,675 1,243 8,598 7,142 1,456
June -1,667 6,425 5,080 1,345 8,092 6,674 1,418
September -849 6,399 5,139 1,260 7,248 5,854 1,394
December -264 6,665 5,308 1,357 6,929 5,605 1,324
2010 March -247 6,325 5,108 1,217 6,572 5,324 1,248
June 698 6,995 5,674 1,321 6,297 5,090 1,207
September 237 6,741 5,438 1,303 6,504 5,231 1,273
December 566 7,052 5,639 1,413 6,486 5,219 1,267
2011 March 334 6,540 5,322 1,218 6,206 5,025 1,181
June 582 6,966 5,625 1,341 6,384 5,115 1,269
September 841 7,205 5,810 1,395 6,364 5,172 1,192
December 335 6,865 5,503 1,362 6,530 5,273 1,257
2012 March 948 7,080 5,746 1,334 6,132 5,005 1,127
June 616 7,051 5,724 1,327 6,435 5,266 1,169
September 252 6,881 5,571 1,310 6,629 5,430 1,199
December 695 7,110 5,753 1,357 6,415 5,225 1,190
2013 March 558 6,941 5,705 1,236 6,383 5,201 1,182
June 674 7,152 5,830 1,322 6,478 5,271 1,207
September 507 7,058 5,719 1,339 6,551 5,408 1,143
December 700 7,255 5,926 1,329 6,555 5,353 1,202
2014 March 419 6,953 5,687 1,266 6,534 5,380 1,154
June 895 7,454 6,114 1,340 6,559 5,342 1,217
September 577 7,247 5,918 1,329 6,670 5,487 1,183
December 1,038 7,617 6,248 1,369 6,579 5,346 1,233
2015 March 216 7,040 5,727 1,313 6,824 5,622 1,202
June 838 7,580 6,236 1,344 6,742 5,550 1,192
September 466 7,340 5,977 1,363 6,874 5,665 1,209
December 968 7,827 6,367 1,460 6,859 5,594 1,265
2016 March 242 7,144 5,860 1,284 6,902 5,699 1,203
June 305 7,448 6,077 1,371 7,143 5,836 1,307
September 734 7,709 6,249 1,460 6,975 5,730 1,245
December 351 7,436 6,021 1,415 7,085 5,784 1,301
2017 March 649 7,420 6,086 1,334 6,771 5,588 1,183
June 473 7,623 6,255 1,368 7,150 5,878 1,272
September -68 7,317 5,964 1,353 7,385 6,088 1,297
December 955 7,814 6,374 1,440 6,859 5,561 1,298
2018 March 707 7,484 6,135 1,349 6,777 5,587 1,190
June 401 7,655 6,257 1,398 7,254 5,967 1,287
September 67 7,499 6,122 1,377 7,432 6,113 1,319
December 811 7,768 6,318 1,450 6,957 5,626 1,331
2019 March 525 7,375 6,038 1,337 6,850 5,649 1,201
June 182 7,605 6,229 1,376 7,423 6,078 1,345
(1) Net change is the difference between total gross job gains and total gross job losses.
Table 2. Private sector gross job gains and losses, as a percent of employment(1), seasonally adjusted
Total private
(Percent)
Gross job gains Gross job losses
Year 3 months ended Net change(2) Total Expanding Opening Total Contracting Closing
establishments establishments establishments establishments
2009 March -2.4 5.4 4.3 1.1 7.8 6.5 1.3
June -1.5 6.0 4.7 1.3 7.5 6.2 1.3
September -0.8 6.0 4.8 1.2 6.8 5.5 1.3
December -0.3 6.3 5.0 1.3 6.6 5.3 1.3
2010 March -0.2 6.0 4.8 1.2 6.2 5.0 1.2
June 0.7 6.6 5.4 1.2 5.9 4.8 1.1
September 0.2 6.3 5.1 1.2 6.1 4.9 1.2
December 0.5 6.6 5.3 1.3 6.1 4.9 1.2
2011 March 0.3 6.1 5.0 1.1 5.8 4.7 1.1
June 0.5 6.4 5.2 1.2 5.9 4.7 1.2
September 0.8 6.7 5.4 1.3 5.9 4.8 1.1
December 0.4 6.4 5.1 1.3 6.0 4.8 1.2
2012 March 0.8 6.4 5.2 1.2 5.6 4.6 1.0
June 0.5 6.4 5.2 1.2 5.9 4.8 1.1
September 0.2 6.2 5.0 1.2 6.0 4.9 1.1
December 0.6 6.4 5.2 1.2 5.8 4.7 1.1
2013 March 0.5 6.2 5.1 1.1 5.7 4.6 1.1
June 0.6 6.4 5.2 1.2 5.8 4.7 1.1
September 0.5 6.3 5.1 1.2 5.8 4.8 1.0
December 0.6 6.4 5.2 1.2 5.8 4.7 1.1
2014 March 0.4 6.1 5.0 1.1 5.7 4.7 1.0
June 0.8 6.5 5.3 1.2 5.7 4.6 1.1
September 0.5 6.2 5.1 1.1 5.7 4.7 1.0
December 0.9 6.6 5.4 1.2 5.7 4.6 1.1
2015 March 0.2 6.0 4.9 1.1 5.8 4.8 1.0
June 0.7 6.4 5.3 1.1 5.7 4.7 1.0
September 0.5 6.3 5.1 1.2 5.8 4.8 1.0
December 0.8 6.6 5.4 1.2 5.8 4.7 1.1
2016 March 0.2 6.0 4.9 1.1 5.8 4.8 1.0
June 0.2 6.2 5.1 1.1 6.0 4.9 1.1
September 0.6 6.4 5.2 1.2 5.8 4.8 1.0
December 0.3 6.2 5.0 1.2 5.9 4.8 1.1
2017 March 0.5 6.1 5.0 1.1 5.6 4.6 1.0
June 0.4 6.2 5.1 1.1 5.8 4.8 1.0
September -0.1 6.0 4.9 1.1 6.1 5.0 1.1
December 0.8 6.4 5.2 1.2 5.6 4.5 1.1
2018 March 0.6 6.1 5.0 1.1 5.5 4.5 1.0
June 0.3 6.1 5.0 1.1 5.8 4.8 1.0
September 0.0 6.0 4.9 1.1 6.0 4.9 1.1
December 0.7 6.3 5.1 1.2 5.6 4.5 1.1
2019 March 0.4 5.9 4.8 1.1 5.5 4.5 1.0
June 0.1 6.0 4.9 1.1 5.9 4.8 1.1
(1) The rates measure gross job gains and job losses as a percentage of the average of the previous and current quarter
employment levels.
(2) Net change is the difference between total gross job gains and total gross job losses.
Table 3. Private sector gross job gains and losses by industry, seasonally adjusted
Gross job gains and job losses Gross job gains and job losses
(in thousands) as a percent of employment
Category 3 months ended 3 months ended
June Sept. Dec. Mar. June June Sept. Dec. Mar. June
2018 2018 2018 2019 2019 2018 2018 2018 2019 2019
Total private(1)
Gross job gains 7,655 7,499 7,768 7,375 7,605 6.1 6.0 6.3 5.9 6.0
At expanding establishments 6,257 6,122 6,318 6,038 6,229 5.0 4.9 5.1 4.8 4.9
At opening establishments 1,398 1,377 1,450 1,337 1,376 1.1 1.1 1.2 1.1 1.1
Gross job losses 7,254 7,432 6,957 6,850 7,423 5.8 6.0 5.6 5.5 5.9
At contracting establishments 5,967 6,113 5,626 5,649 6,078 4.8 4.9 4.5 4.5 4.8
At closing establishments 1,287 1,319 1,331 1,201 1,345 1.0 1.1 1.1 1.0 1.1
Net employment change 401 67 811 525 182 0.3 0.0 0.7 0.4 0.1
Goods-producing
Gross job gains 1,410 1,314 1,406 1,343 1,363 6.5 6.0 6.4 6.1 6.2
At expanding establishments 1,212 1,118 1,194 1,149 1,169 5.6 5.1 5.4 5.2 5.3
At opening establishments 198 196 212 194 194 0.9 0.9 1.0 0.9 0.9
Gross job losses 1,271 1,316 1,255 1,232 1,342 5.8 6.0 5.7 5.5 6.0
At contracting establishments 1,066 1,116 1,052 1,049 1,135 4.9 5.1 4.8 4.7 5.1
At closing establishments 205 200 203 183 207 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.8 0.9
Net employment change 139 -2 151 111 21 0.7 0.0 0.7 0.6 0.2
Natural resources and mining
Gross job gains 275 240 246 243 265 14.2 12.5 12.6 12.4 13.6
At expanding establishments 240 210 214 213 233 12.4 10.9 11.0 10.9 12.0
At opening establishments 35 30 32 30 32 1.8 1.6 1.6 1.5 1.6
Gross job losses 249 247 256 242 249 12.8 12.8 13.2 12.4 12.8
At contracting establishments 214 218 227 213 218 11.0 11.3 11.7 10.9 11.2
At closing establishments 35 29 29 29 31 1.8 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.6
Net employment change 26 -7 -10 1 16 1.4 -0.3 -0.6 0.0 0.8
Construction
Gross job gains 695 651 695 698 683 9.6 9.0 9.6 9.3 9.1
At expanding establishments 568 526 559 569 560 7.8 7.3 7.7 7.6 7.5
At opening establishments 127 125 136 129 123 1.8 1.7 1.9 1.7 1.6
Gross job losses 643 657 621 614 668 8.9 9.1 8.6 8.2 8.9
At contracting establishments 520 535 499 500 540 7.2 7.4 6.9 6.7 7.2
At closing establishments 123 122 122 114 128 1.7 1.7 1.7 1.5 1.7
Net employment change 52 -6 74 84 15 0.7 -0.1 1.0 1.1 0.2
Manufacturing
Gross job gains 440 423 465 402 415 3.5 3.3 3.6 3.2 3.2
At expanding establishments 404 382 421 367 376 3.2 3.0 3.3 2.9 2.9
At opening establishments 36 41 44 35 39 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3
Gross job losses 379 412 378 376 425 3.0 3.3 3.0 2.9 3.3
At contracting establishments 332 363 326 336 377 2.6 2.9 2.6 2.6 2.9
At closing establishments 47 49 52 40 48 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.3 0.4
Net employment change 61 11 87 26 -10 0.5 0.0 0.6 0.3 -0.1
Service-providing(1)
Gross job gains 6,245 6,185 6,362 6,032 6,242 6.1 6.1 6.2 5.8 6.0
At expanding establishments 5,045 5,004 5,124 4,889 5,060 4.9 4.9 5.0 4.7 4.9
At opening establishments 1,200 1,181 1,238 1,143 1,182 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.1 1.1
Gross job losses 5,983 6,116 5,702 5,618 6,081 5.9 6.0 5.5 5.4 5.9
At contracting establishments 4,901 4,997 4,574 4,600 4,943 4.8 4.9 4.4 4.4 4.8
At closing establishments 1,082 1,119 1,128 1,018 1,138 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.0 1.1
Net employment change 262 69 660 414 161 0.2 0.1 0.7 0.4 0.1
Wholesale trade
Gross job gains 277 275 279 258 267 4.7 4.7 4.8 4.3 4.6
At expanding establishments 230 223 228 214 222 3.9 3.8 3.9 3.6 3.8
At opening establishments 47 52 51 44 45 0.8 0.9 0.9 0.7 0.8
Gross job losses 251 269 245 243 262 4.2 4.6 4.1 4.2 4.5
At contracting establishments 196 211 190 192 204 3.3 3.6 3.2 3.3 3.5
At closing establishments 55 58 55 51 58 0.9 1.0 0.9 0.9 1.0
Net employment change 26 6 34 15 5 0.5 0.1 0.7 0.1 0.1
Retail trade
Gross job gains 909 918 847 905 870 5.7 5.8 5.4 5.7 5.6
At expanding establishments 774 794 737 789 749 4.9 5.0 4.7 5.0 4.8
At opening establishments 135 124 110 116 121 0.8 0.8 0.7 0.7 0.8
Gross job losses 961 1,002 918 863 971 6.1 6.3 5.8 5.5 6.2
At contracting establishments 840 852 787 752 830 5.3 5.4 5.0 4.8 5.3
At closing establishments 121 150 131 111 141 0.8 0.9 0.8 0.7 0.9
Net employment change -52 -84 -71 42 -101 -0.4 -0.5 -0.4 0.2 -0.6
Transportation and warehousing
Gross job gains 286 313 421 281 308 5.5 6.0 7.8 5.2 5.7
At expanding establishments 245 270 365 240 263 4.7 5.2 6.8 4.4 4.9
At opening establishments 41 43 56 41 45 0.8 0.8 1.0 0.8 0.8
Gross job losses 254 256 239 346 267 4.9 4.9 4.5 6.3 4.9
At contracting establishments 217 219 198 311 227 4.2 4.2 3.7 5.7 4.2
At closing establishments 37 37 41 35 40 0.7 0.7 0.8 0.6 0.7
Net employment change 32 57 182 -65 41 0.6 1.1 3.3 -1.1 0.8
Utilities
Gross job gains 13 12 12 12 13 2.4 2.2 2.2 2.2 2.4
At expanding establishments 11 10 11 11 11 2.0 1.8 2.0 2.0 2.0
At opening establishments 2 2 1 1 2 0.4 0.4 0.2 0.2 0.4
Gross job losses 15 13 14 13 14 2.7 2.4 2.6 2.4 2.6
At contracting establishments 13 12 12 12 12 2.3 2.2 2.2 2.2 2.2
At closing establishments 2 1 2 1 2 0.4 0.2 0.4 0.2 0.4
Net employment change -2 -1 -2 -1 -1 -0.3 -0.2 -0.4 -0.2 -0.2
Information
Gross job gains 160 150 145 175 162 5.7 5.3 5.1 6.2 5.7
At expanding establishments 134 122 116 139 137 4.8 4.3 4.1 4.9 4.8
At opening establishments 26 28 29 36 25 0.9 1.0 1.0 1.3 0.9
Gross job losses 167 156 150 145 163 5.9 5.6 5.3 5.2 5.7
At contracting establishments 139 129 121 120 135 4.9 4.6 4.3 4.3 4.7
At closing establishments 28 27 29 25 28 1.0 1.0 1.0 0.9 1.0
Net employment change -7 -6 -5 30 -1 -0.2 -0.3 -0.2 1.0 0.0
Financial activities
Gross job gains 395 381 394 362 407 4.8 4.6 4.8 4.4 4.9
At expanding establishments 313 299 299 290 322 3.8 3.6 3.6 3.5 3.9
At opening establishments 82 82 95 72 85 1.0 1.0 1.2 0.9 1.0
Gross job losses 357 387 376 343 357 4.4 4.8 4.6 4.2 4.3
At contracting establishments 276 300 286 261 276 3.4 3.7 3.5 3.2 3.3
At closing establishments 81 87 90 82 81 1.0 1.1 1.1 1.0 1.0
Net employment change 38 -6 18 19 50 0.4 -0.2 0.2 0.2 0.6
Professional and business services
Gross job gains 1,471 1,438 1,508 1,318 1,474 7.0 6.8 7.2 6.3 7.0
At expanding establishments 1,196 1,158 1,199 1,074 1,204 5.7 5.5 5.7 5.1 5.7
At opening establishments 275 280 309 244 270 1.3 1.3 1.5 1.2 1.3
Gross job losses 1,374 1,368 1,352 1,318 1,366 6.6 6.6 6.4 6.2 6.4
At contracting establishments 1,098 1,099 1,061 1,065 1,085 5.3 5.3 5.0 5.0 5.1
At closing establishments 276 269 291 253 281 1.3 1.3 1.4 1.2 1.3
Net employment change 97 70 156 0 108 0.4 0.2 0.8 0.1 0.6
Education and health services
Gross job gains 1,015 1,014 1,004 1,003 1,016 4.5 4.5 4.4 4.4 4.4
At expanding establishments 820 836 816 823 834 3.6 3.7 3.6 3.6 3.6
At opening establishments 195 178 188 180 182 0.9 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8
Gross job losses 934 917 868 851 975 4.2 4.1 3.8 3.7 4.2
At contracting establishments 758 739 686 673 785 3.4 3.3 3.0 2.9 3.4
At closing establishments 176 178 182 178 190 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8
Net employment change 81 97 136 152 41 0.3 0.4 0.6 0.7 0.2
Leisure and hospitality
Gross job gains 1,353 1,344 1,406 1,338 1,342 8.4 8.3 8.6 8.2 8.1
At expanding establishments 1,065 1,049 1,110 1,064 1,062 6.6 6.5 6.8 6.5 6.4
At opening establishments 288 295 296 274 280 1.8 1.8 1.8 1.7 1.7
Gross job losses 1,364 1,418 1,230 1,198 1,397 8.4 8.7 7.6 7.3 8.4
At contracting establishments 1,136 1,186 1,004 992 1,160 7.0 7.3 6.2 6.0 7.0
At closing establishments 228 232 226 206 237 1.4 1.4 1.4 1.3 1.4
Net employment change -11 -74 176 140 -55 0.0 -0.4 1.0 0.9 -0.3
Other services
Gross job gains 318 301 304 299 310 7.5 7.1 7.2 7.0 7.3
At expanding establishments 250 236 237 235 246 5.9 5.6 5.6 5.5 5.8
At opening establishments 68 65 67 64 64 1.6 1.5 1.6 1.5 1.5
Gross job losses 286 308 291 276 289 6.8 7.3 6.9 6.5 6.8
At contracting establishments 223 244 224 216 223 5.3 5.8 5.3 5.1 5.2
At closing establishments 63 64 67 60 66 1.5 1.5 1.6 1.4 1.6
Net employment change 32 -7 13 23 21 0.7 -0.2 0.3 0.5 0.5
(1) Includes unclassified sector, not shown separately.
Table 4. Private sector gross job gains and losses by firm size, seasonally adjusted
(In thousands)
Total private by firm(1) Firm size 1 - 49 employees Firm size 50 - 249 employees Firm size 250 or more employees
Year 3 months Net Gross job Net Gross job Net Gross job Net Gross job
ended change gains losses change gains losses change gains losses change gains losses
2009 March -2,638 4,617 7,255 -983 2,721 3,704 -616 810 1,426 -1,039 1,086 2,125
June -1,763 5,169 6,932 -474 2,946 3,420 -281 950 1,231 -1,008 1,273 2,281
September -906 5,164 6,070 -372 2,826 3,198 -110 932 1,042 -424 1,406 1,830
December -317 5,403 5,720 -159 2,940 3,099 -45 962 1,007 -113 1,501 1,614
2010 March -234 5,115 5,349 -195 2,863 3,058 -2 914 916 -37 1,338 1,375
June 664 5,805 5,141 235 3,093 2,858 204 1,071 867 225 1,641 1,416
September 226 5,525 5,299 26 2,946 2,920 87 998 911 113 1,581 1,468
December 502 5,781 5,279 92 3,051 2,959 92 1,034 942 318 1,696 1,378
2011 March 340 5,375 5,035 99 2,983 2,884 122 971 849 119 1,421 1,302
June 537 5,746 5,209 190 3,073 2,883 169 1,063 894 178 1,610 1,432
September 852 5,974 5,122 272 3,137 2,865 171 1,066 895 409 1,771 1,362
December 297 5,585 5,288 45 2,970 2,925 44 981 937 208 1,634 1,426
2012 March 972 5,904 4,932 388 3,173 2,785 220 1,054 834 364 1,677 1,313
June 612 5,828 5,216 174 3,039 2,865 158 1,074 916 280 1,715 1,435
September 226 5,581 5,355 55 2,963 2,908 54 1,006 952 117 1,612 1,495
December 637 5,779 5,142 180 3,025 2,845 94 1,014 920 363 1,740 1,377
2013 March 582 5,743 5,161 212 3,071 2,859 156 1,029 873 214 1,643 1,429
June 650 5,906 5,256 226 3,085 2,859 135 1,071 936 289 1,750 1,461
September 473 5,764 5,291 225 3,063 2,838 69 1,021 952 179 1,680 1,501
December 631 5,886 5,255 122 3,021 2,899 105 1,034 929 404 1,831 1,427
2014 March 442 5,665 5,223 231 3,070 2,839 149 1,035 886 62 1,560 1,498
June 893 6,134 5,241 302 3,178 2,876 214 1,119 905 377 1,837 1,460
September 560 5,865 5,305 197 3,064 2,867 117 1,066 949 246 1,735 1,489
December 951 6,155 5,204 212 3,105 2,893 150 1,085 935 589 1,965 1,376
2015 March 222 5,669 5,447 166 3,096 2,930 76 1,024 948 -20 1,549 1,569
June 838 6,248 5,410 319 3,197 2,878 188 1,131 943 331 1,920 1,589
September 446 5,905 5,459 146 3,053 2,907 75 1,045 970 225 1,807 1,582
December 860 6,261 5,401 237 3,178 2,941 96 1,077 981 527 2,006 1,479
2016 March 254 5,747 5,493 204 3,118 2,914 56 1,017 961 -6 1,612 1,618
June 305 6,040 5,735 67 3,123 3,056 113 1,103 990 125 1,814 1,689
September 728 6,251 5,523 180 3,151 2,971 94 1,086 992 454 2,014 1,560
December 288 5,909 5,621 72 3,068 2,996 47 1,032 985 169 1,809 1,640
2017 March 663 5,994 5,331 359 3,239 2,880 187 1,078 891 117 1,677 1,560
June 516 6,193 5,677 143 3,158 3,015 146 1,127 981 227 1,908 1,681
September -120 5,821 5,941 -121 2,992 3,113 -51 1,012 1,063 52 1,817 1,765
December 871 6,222 5,351 240 3,192 2,952 159 1,092 933 472 1,938 1,466
2018 March 729 6,050 5,321 310 3,212 2,902 159 1,064 905 260 1,774 1,514
June 426 6,179 5,753 128 3,189 3,061 150 1,132 982 148 1,858 1,710
September 10 5,970 5,960 -102 3,019 3,121 -33 1,026 1,059 145 1,925 1,780
December 739 6,132 5,393 210 3,182 2,972 151 1,085 934 378 1,865 1,487
2019 March 579 5,944 5,365 280 3,159 2,879 150 1,054 904 149 1,731 1,582
June 187 6,111 5,924 55 3,137 3,082 93 1,119 1,026 39 1,855 1,816
(1) Total gross job gains and gross job losses by firm are lower than total gross job gains and gross job losses by establishment, as some
establishment gains and losses within a firm are offset during the aggregation process.
NOTE: Net change is the difference between total gross job gains and total gross job losses. Net change totals for the firm-level data differ from
the establishment-level data due to independent seasonal adjustment. The unit of analysis section in the technical note provides additional detail.
See www.bls.gov/bdm/bdmfirmsize.htm for more detailed firm size class data.
Table 5. Components of private sector gross job gains and losses by firm size, seasonally adjusted
Gross job gains and job losses Gross job gains and job losses
(in thousands) as a percent of employment
Category 3 months ended 3 months ended
June Sept. Dec. Mar. June June Sept. Dec. Mar. June
2018 2018 2018 2019 2019 2018 2018 2018 2019 2019
Total private by firm(1)
Gross job gains 6,179 5,970 6,132 5,944 6,111 4.9 4.8 4.9 4.7 4.8
At expanding firms 5,264 5,086 5,166 5,019 5,215 4.2 4.1 4.1 4.0 4.1
At opening firms 915 884 966 925 896 0.7 0.7 0.8 0.7 0.7
Gross job losses 5,753 5,960 5,393 5,365 5,924 4.6 4.8 4.3 4.3 4.7
At contracting firms 4,872 5,074 4,508 4,515 5,035 3.9 4.1 3.6 3.6 4.0
At closing firms 881 886 885 850 889 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.7
Net employment change 426 10 739 579 187 0.3 0.0 0.6 0.4 0.1
Firm size 1 to 49 employees
Gross job gains 3,189 3,019 3,182 3,159 3,137 9.2 8.8 9.3 9.1 9.1
At expanding firms 2,315 2,169 2,257 2,259 2,279 6.7 6.3 6.6 6.5 6.6
At opening firms 874 850 925 900 858 2.5 2.5 2.7 2.6 2.5
Gross job losses 3,061 3,121 2,972 2,879 3,082 8.9 9.1 8.7 8.4 8.9
At contracting firms 2,220 2,271 2,122 2,063 2,225 6.5 6.6 6.2 6.0 6.4
At closing firms 841 850 850 816 857 2.4 2.5 2.5 2.4 2.5
Net employment change 128 -102 210 280 55 0.3 -0.3 0.6 0.7 0.2
Firm size 50 to 249 employees
Gross job gains 1,132 1,026 1,085 1,054 1,119 5.1 4.6 4.8 4.7 4.9
At expanding firms 1,096 995 1,054 1,030 1,086 4.9 4.5 4.7 4.6 4.8
At opening firms 36 31 31 24 33 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1
Gross job losses 982 1,059 934 904 1,026 4.4 4.7 4.1 4.0 4.5
At contracting firms 952 1,029 904 878 998 4.3 4.6 4.0 3.9 4.4
At closing firms 30 30 30 26 28 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1
Net employment change 150 -33 151 150 93 0.7 -0.1 0.7 0.7 0.4
Firm size 250 or more employees
Gross job gains 1,858 1,925 1,865 1,731 1,855 2.7 2.8 2.7 2.5 2.7
At expanding firms 1,853 1,922 1,855 1,730 1,850 2.7 2.8 2.7 2.5 2.7
At opening firms 5 3 10 1 5 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Gross job losses 1,710 1,780 1,487 1,582 1,816 2.5 2.6 2.2 2.3 2.6
At contracting firms 1,700 1,774 1,482 1,574 1,812 2.5 2.6 2.2 2.3 2.6
At closing firms 10 6 5 8 4 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Net employment change 148 145 378 149 39 0.2 0.2 0.5 0.2 0.1
(1) Total gross job gains and gross job losses by firm are lower than total gross job gains and gross job losses by
establishment, as some establishment gains and losses within a firm are offset during the aggregation process.
NOTE: Net change is the difference between total gross job gains and total gross job losses. Net change totals for
the firm-level data differ from the establishment-level data due to independent seasonal adjustment. The unit of
analysis section in the technical note provides additional detail. See www.bls.gov/bdm/bdmfirmsize.htm for more
detailed firm size class data.
Table 6. Private sector gross job gains and losses by state, seasonally adjusted
Gross job gains Gross job losses
State 3 months ended 3 months ended
June Sept. Dec. Mar. June June Sept. Dec. Mar. June
2018 2018 2018 2019 2019 2018 2018 2018 2019 2019
United States(1).... 7,655,000 7,499,000 7,768,000 7,375,000 7,605,000 7,254,000 7,432,000 6,957,000 6,850,000 7,423,000
Alabama............. 93,553 95,605 100,816 96,841 93,715 90,394 94,075 85,914 88,823 97,277
Alaska.............. 26,848 21,838 27,051 24,748 26,955 26,274 26,246 24,029 22,229 25,350
Arizona............. 143,473 159,941 154,406 139,196 140,806 141,803 123,519 126,130 136,405 141,783
Arkansas............ 51,191 61,294 59,915 53,605 50,642 57,719 56,723 50,421 51,893 58,009
California.......... 993,961 966,144 1,019,583 958,690 986,077 954,808 915,540 893,290 918,099 969,001
Colorado............ 153,001 149,713 155,491 150,523 161,898 137,876 152,379 137,868 143,527 142,841
Connecticut......... 83,110 76,246 76,068 74,499 82,537 73,433 81,586 71,454 81,433 83,620
Delaware............ 24,680 21,797 25,620 24,839 23,225 23,081 24,936 21,770 21,612 24,821
District of Columbia 29,647 28,183 29,712 29,198 29,227 29,812 29,027 27,027 25,795 29,219
Florida............. 489,717 519,828 494,076 470,398 500,836 461,536 440,722 466,878 428,898 487,176
Georgia............. 236,132 253,968 239,126 257,662 236,211 240,777 231,723 217,509 218,890 246,926
Hawaii.............. 28,398 27,332 30,742 28,766 25,041 29,123 29,198 27,198 31,811 32,710
Idaho............... 44,622 41,300 45,579 46,481 45,151 41,477 41,911 38,775 38,110 41,827
Illinois............ 291,805 288,877 286,588 273,000 289,823 289,244 297,620 288,063 268,937 277,708
Indiana............. 145,966 139,987 148,866 156,880 140,418 146,896 141,825 133,677 129,593 155,955
Iowa................ 75,164 69,079 75,879 67,346 75,896 71,924 74,868 69,658 71,892 73,362
Kansas.............. 65,217 66,704 69,531 62,736 65,750 63,441 64,414 62,125 64,959 65,932
Kentucky............ 94,540 90,984 97,782 92,536 91,694 90,495 96,148 87,327 88,220 94,999
Louisiana........... 98,870 101,284 99,438 95,919 97,369 104,991 100,616 92,940 94,705 105,984
Maine............... 41,729 31,809 37,301 37,368 39,623 36,986 38,866 34,444 33,681 39,418
Maryland............ 133,457 137,468 146,421 139,079 138,324 126,397 144,563 138,449 125,036 140,041
Massachusetts....... 191,451 175,065 182,975 180,711 192,471 173,457 192,871 167,127 164,915 179,383
Michigan............ 210,759 191,034 212,257 193,954 211,732 196,604 231,163 196,309 175,917 219,402
Minnesota........... 142,600 135,956 142,627 129,422 146,506 130,507 142,031 135,392 128,720 136,281
Mississippi......... 51,745 52,579 58,977 50,681 52,288 54,204 52,352 47,947 55,297 54,217
Missouri............ 136,499 142,095 137,961 129,371 135,471 135,700 142,563 128,093 126,018 140,045
Montana............. 30,525 27,396 34,407 29,494 30,766 29,704 30,117 27,518 31,004 29,660
Nebraska............ 47,822 47,885 47,835 46,491 46,984 47,343 48,225 46,760 45,655 46,493
Nevada.............. 74,364 81,913 80,193 74,485 73,635 70,770 68,777 67,175 66,481 75,365
New Hampshire....... 38,372 32,249 37,886 36,640 37,129 35,862 38,996 32,781 32,983 36,876
New Jersey.......... 226,662 208,014 223,239 201,365 216,314 202,305 221,513 199,050 198,569 203,764
New Mexico.......... 42,557 41,563 43,809 41,983 40,861 40,031 40,829 39,424 38,022 41,409
New York............ 502,371 486,928 504,548 485,292 492,204 461,346 506,220 460,838 433,874 475,470
North Carolina...... 228,178 209,963 248,759 237,488 230,289 212,847 236,976 197,480 188,107 215,739
North Dakota........ 23,387 23,039 23,548 24,826 23,575 21,570 22,667 21,746 22,437 23,713
Ohio................ 263,954 250,824 261,361 258,396 266,633 253,449 271,299 245,446 241,765 265,147
Oklahoma............ 81,937 86,152 84,052 74,976 76,968 81,082 78,486 78,597 75,282 80,251
Oregon.............. 102,489 101,862 110,386 105,038 105,253 103,335 102,384 98,153 95,104 100,367
Pennsylvania........ 277,509 277,395 277,414 266,704 272,697 267,878 271,106 249,012 249,431 278,287
Rhode Island........ 26,383 26,185 26,789 24,678 27,100 25,787 27,144 24,229 23,887 28,695
South Carolina...... 129,611 100,477 128,913 113,237 110,389 117,324 112,911 93,825 106,262 108,448
South Dakota........ 21,371 21,218 22,202 20,396 22,031 21,480 20,331 20,696 22,444 21,436
Tennessee........... 141,283 149,585 148,634 138,640 142,792 135,300 135,764 127,807 124,279 131,387
Texas............... 612,249 621,424 652,219 584,029 607,026 548,504 565,749 537,389 541,312 562,489
Utah................ 85,338 91,311 87,692 92,927 89,306 80,041 80,280 78,369 78,342 83,159
Vermont............. 18,662 17,596 18,863 17,446 18,074 18,380 19,550 17,285 16,200 18,303
Virginia............ 195,880 178,662 199,472 201,989 194,478 184,766 198,599 176,271 175,654 187,801
Washington.......... 204,847 172,644 182,294 176,059 190,942 180,137 181,187 160,020 160,092 164,526
West Virginia....... 38,056 39,104 35,422 33,504 34,404 35,348 35,779 36,511 36,947 36,179
Wisconsin........... 136,299 126,775 134,830 127,951 139,354 138,290 145,097 122,971 120,014 133,371
Wyoming............. 17,365 17,117 20,839 18,347 18,043 17,344 17,393 16,307 16,590 20,240
Puerto Rico......... 52,276 48,405 40,125 47,891 43,684 41,342 38,736 45,122 34,491 39,466
Virgin Islands...... 2,978 3,030 1,934 2,987 2,303 1,575 1,410 1,736 1,853 1,597
(1) The sum of the states will not necessarily add to the U.S. total because of the independent seasonal adjustment of each state.
NOTE: Totals for the United States do not include data for Puerto Rico or the Virgin Islands.
Table 7. Private sector gross job gains and losses, as a percent of total employment by state, seasonally adjusted
Gross job gains as a percent of employment Gross job losses as a percent of employment
State 3 months ended 3 months ended
June Sept. Dec. Mar. June June Sept. Dec. Mar. June
2018 2018 2018 2019 2019 2018 2018 2018 2019 2019
United States....... 6.1 6.0 6.3 5.9 6.0 5.8 6.0 5.6 5.5 5.9
Alabama............. 5.8 6.0 6.3 6.0 5.8 5.7 5.9 5.3 5.5 6.0
Alaska.............. 10.9 8.9 11.0 10.0 10.8 10.7 10.7 9.8 9.0 10.2
Arizona............. 6.0 6.6 6.2 5.6 5.7 5.9 5.1 5.1 5.5 5.7
Arkansas............ 5.0 6.1 5.9 5.2 5.0 5.7 5.6 5.0 5.1 5.7
California.......... 6.7 6.5 6.9 6.3 6.6 6.4 6.2 5.9 6.2 6.4
Colorado............ 6.8 6.6 6.8 6.6 7.0 6.1 6.8 6.0 6.3 6.2
Connecticut......... 5.8 5.3 5.3 5.2 5.8 5.1 5.7 4.9 5.7 5.9
Delaware............ 6.4 5.7 6.6 6.4 6.0 6.0 6.5 5.6 5.5 6.3
District of Columbia 5.6 5.3 5.6 5.4 5.4 5.6 5.5 5.1 4.9 5.5
Florida............. 6.4 6.8 6.4 6.1 6.5 6.1 5.8 6.1 5.6 6.3
Georgia............. 6.3 6.7 6.3 6.8 6.2 6.4 6.1 5.8 5.7 6.4
Hawaii.............. 5.3 5.1 5.8 5.4 4.7 5.4 5.4 5.1 5.9 6.1
Idaho............... 7.3 6.8 7.4 7.5 7.1 6.8 6.9 6.3 6.1 6.7
Illinois............ 5.6 5.5 5.5 5.2 5.6 5.6 5.8 5.6 5.1 5.3
Indiana............. 5.5 5.2 5.6 5.9 5.2 5.5 5.4 5.0 4.8 5.8
Iowa................ 5.7 5.3 5.8 5.1 5.8 5.4 5.7 5.3 5.4 5.6
Kansas.............. 5.7 5.9 6.1 5.4 5.7 5.6 5.7 5.4 5.7 5.7
Kentucky............ 5.9 5.8 6.1 5.8 5.8 5.7 6.0 5.4 5.5 5.9
Louisiana........... 6.2 6.3 6.2 5.9 6.0 6.5 6.3 5.8 5.9 6.5
Maine............... 8.0 6.1 7.3 7.2 7.5 7.1 7.5 6.7 6.4 7.5
Maryland............ 6.1 6.3 6.8 6.4 6.3 5.8 6.6 6.4 5.7 6.4
Massachusetts....... 6.1 5.6 5.8 5.7 6.0 5.5 6.1 5.3 5.2 5.7
Michigan............ 5.5 5.0 5.6 5.1 5.5 5.2 6.2 5.2 4.6 5.8
Minnesota........... 5.8 5.5 5.7 5.2 5.8 5.2 5.7 5.4 5.1 5.5
Mississippi......... 5.7 5.9 6.5 5.7 5.8 6.0 5.9 5.3 6.2 6.0
Missouri............ 5.7 5.9 5.8 5.4 5.6 5.7 6.0 5.4 5.3 5.8
Montana............. 8.0 7.2 8.9 7.6 8.0 7.8 7.9 7.2 8.0 7.7
Nebraska............ 5.8 5.9 5.9 5.7 5.7 5.8 5.9 5.7 5.6 5.7
Nevada.............. 6.1 6.7 6.6 6.0 5.9 5.8 5.7 5.5 5.4 6.0
New Hampshire....... 6.7 5.7 6.6 6.3 6.4 6.2 6.8 5.7 5.7 6.3
New Jersey.......... 6.5 6.0 6.4 5.7 6.2 5.8 6.4 5.7 5.6 5.8
New Mexico.......... 6.7 6.4 6.8 6.4 6.3 6.2 6.4 6.1 5.8 6.3
New York............ 6.3 6.1 6.3 6.0 6.0 5.8 6.4 5.7 5.3 5.9
North Carolina...... 6.1 5.7 6.7 6.3 6.1 5.7 6.4 5.3 5.1 5.7
North Dakota........ 6.7 6.6 6.8 7.1 6.7 6.2 6.6 6.2 6.4 6.7
Ohio................ 5.6 5.4 5.6 5.5 5.6 5.4 5.8 5.3 5.1 5.7
Oklahoma............ 6.4 6.7 6.5 5.8 5.9 6.3 6.1 6.1 5.8 6.2
Oregon.............. 6.2 6.2 6.7 6.3 6.3 6.3 6.3 6.0 5.8 6.1
Pennsylvania........ 5.3 5.4 5.3 5.1 5.2 5.1 5.2 4.8 4.8 5.3
Rhode Island........ 6.3 6.2 6.4 5.8 6.4 6.1 6.4 5.7 5.6 6.7
South Carolina...... 7.5 5.8 7.4 6.4 6.3 6.7 6.5 5.4 6.0 6.2
South Dakota........ 6.1 6.0 6.3 5.7 6.2 6.1 5.7 5.8 6.4 6.0
Tennessee........... 5.5 5.8 5.8 5.4 5.5 5.3 5.3 4.9 4.8 5.0
Texas............... 5.9 6.0 6.2 5.5 5.7 5.3 5.4 5.2 5.2 5.3
Utah................ 6.9 7.3 6.9 7.3 6.9 6.4 6.4 6.2 6.2 6.5
Vermont............. 7.2 6.9 7.4 6.7 6.9 7.1 7.6 6.8 6.3 7.1
Virginia............ 6.2 5.7 6.3 6.4 6.1 5.8 6.3 5.6 5.5 5.9
Washington.......... 7.3 6.2 6.4 6.2 6.6 6.5 6.5 5.6 5.6 5.7
West Virginia....... 6.8 7.0 6.3 6.0 6.2 6.4 6.4 6.5 6.6 6.5
Wisconsin........... 5.5 5.1 5.4 5.1 5.5 5.5 5.9 5.0 4.8 5.3
Wyoming............. 8.4 8.3 10.0 8.6 8.5 8.4 8.4 7.8 7.8 9.6
Puerto Rico......... 7.9 7.2 6.0 7.1 6.4 6.2 5.8 6.8 5.1 5.8
Virgin Islands...... 13.2 12.8 7.9 11.9 8.8 7.0 5.9 7.1 7.4 6.1
NOTE: Totals for the United States do not include data for Puerto Rico or the Virgin Islands.
Table 8. Private sector establishment births and deaths, seasonally adjusted
Total private
(Levels in thousands)
Number of Establishments Employment
Births Deaths(1) Births Deaths
Year 3 months ended Level Rate(2) Level Rate Level Rate Level Rate
2009 March 197 2.7 247 3.4 738 0.7 869 0.8
June 201 2.8 238 3.3 767 0.7 837 0.8
September 192 2.7 227 3.2 725 0.7 793 0.7
December 202 2.8 218 3.1 728 0.7 749 0.7
2010 March 193 2.7 211 3.0 706 0.7 687 0.7
June 193 2.7 202 2.9 730 0.7 665 0.6
September 207 2.9 204 2.9 754 0.7 701 0.7
December 216 3.0 201 2.8 805 0.8 700 0.7
2011 March 204 2.9 200 2.8 715 0.7 632 0.6
June 210 2.9 205 2.9 767 0.7 689 0.6
September 206 2.9 196 2.7 794 0.7 675 0.6
December 214 3.0 198 2.8 800 0.7 700 0.6
2012 March 236 3.3 188 2.6 787 0.7 614 0.6
June 217 3.0 194 2.7 799 0.7 673 0.6
September 210 2.9 196 2.7 804 0.7 692 0.6
December 218 3.0 183 2.5 809 0.7 673 0.6
2013 March 205 2.8 193 2.6 748 0.7 648 0.6
June 222 3.0 215 2.9 789 0.7 695 0.6
September 219 2.9 195 2.6 818 0.7 678 0.6
December 215 2.9 187 2.5 803 0.7 670 0.6
2014 March 220 2.9 190 2.5 784 0.7 635 0.6
June 221 2.9 204 2.7 806 0.7 711 0.6
September 225 3.0 199 2.6 825 0.7 703 0.6
December 224 2.9 198 2.6 836 0.7 705 0.6
2015 March 233 3.0 206 2.7 817 0.7 694 0.6
June 234 3.1 212 2.8 836 0.7 731 0.6
September 242 3.1 207 2.7 880 0.7 702 0.6
December 247 3.2 208 2.7 896 0.8 732 0.6
2016 March 236 3.0 203 2.6 789 0.7 668 0.6
June 241 3.1 213 2.7 838 0.7 720 0.6
September 239 3.0 214 2.7 869 0.7 746 0.6
December 238 3.0 217 2.8 868 0.7 727 0.6
2017 March 241 3.0 203 2.6 803 0.7 663 0.5
June 240 3.0 225 2.8 848 0.7 756 0.6
September 242 3.0 225 2.8 849 0.7 762 0.6
December 246 3.1 216 2.7 854 0.7 732 0.6
2018 March 248 3.1 214 2.7 811 0.7 663 0.5
June 265 3.3 231 2.9 880 0.7 774 0.6
September 251 3.1 231 2.8 867 0.7 787 0.6
December 249 3.1 N/A N/A 863 0.7 N/A N/A
2019 March 256 3.1 N/A N/A 814 0.6 N/A N/A
June 257 3.1 N/A N/A 848 0.7 N/A N/A
(1) Values for deaths are not available for the most recent three quarters by definition. See the
Technical Note for more informations.
(2) The rates measure births and deaths as a percentage of the average of the previous and current
quarter employment levels or total number of establishments.
United States Department of Labor
