For release: 10:00 A.M. EST USDL 10-0228
Tuesday, February 23, 2010
Technical information: (202) 691-6553 * BDMinfo@bls.gov * www.bls.gov/bdm
Media contact: (202) 691-5902 * PressOffice@bls.gov
BUSINESS EMPLOYMENT DYNAMICS: SECOND QUARTER 2009
From March to June 2009 the number of gross job gains from
opening and expanding private sector establishments was 6.4
million, an increase of 674,000 jobs compared to the previous
quarter, the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics reported today.
This is the largest over the quarter increase in gross job gains
since the series began in 1992. The number of gross job losses
from private sector closing and contracting establishments fell
to 8.0 million in the second quarter of 2009.
Over this period, gross job losses exceeded gross job gains in all
industry sectors except education and health services.
(See table 3.)
The change in the number of jobs over time is the net result of
increases and decreases in employment that occur at all businesses in
the economy. Business Employment Dynamics (BED) statistics track
these changes in employment at private business units from the third
month of one quarter to the third month of the next. Gross job gains
are the sum of increases in employment from expansions at existing
units and the addition of new jobs at opening units. Gross job
losses are the result of contractions in employment at existing units
and the loss of jobs at closing units. The difference between the
number of gross jobs gained and the number of gross jobs lost is the
net change in employment. (See the Technical Note for more
information.)
The BED data series include gross job gains and gross job losses at
the establishment level by major industry sector and for the 50
states, the District of Columbia, Puerto Rico, and the Virgin
Islands, as well as gross job gains and gross job losses at the firm
level by employer size class.
Contracting establishments lost 6.6 million jobs in the second
quarter of 2009, a decrease of 447,000 job losses compared to the 7.0
million jobs lost in the previous quarter.
Expanding establishments gained 5.1 million jobs, an increase of
513,000 jobs compared to the previous quarter.
Closing establishments remained essentially unchanged from the
previous quarter at 1.4 million jobs lost.
Opening establishments gained 1.3 million jobs, a sharp increase of
161,000 jobs from the previous quarter. (See tables 1 and 3.)
The difference between the number of gross jobs gained and the number
of gross jobs lost yielded a net change of -1,579,000 jobs in the
private sector for second quarter 2009.
Gross job gains represented 6.0 percent of private sector employment,
while gross job losses represented 7.5 percent of private sector
employment. (See table 2.)
Establishment births, a subset of the openings data (See the Technical
Note for more information), added 740,000 jobs at 177,000 new
establishments in the second quarter 2009, an increase in employment
from the previous quarter. Data for establishment deaths, a subset
of the closings data, are now available for September 2008,when
882,000 jobs were lost at 223,000 establishments. (See table 7.)
From March to June 2009, gross job losses exceeded gross job
gains in all industry sectors except education and health services.
(See table 3.) Gross job gains in the education and health services
sector increased to 770,000 jobs in the second quarter, while gross
job losses decreased to 710,000. This industry sector is the only
one which has experienced a net positive change in every quarter
since this series began in 1992.
From March to June 2009, the share of gross job gains accounted
for by firms with 1 to 4 employees fell from 18.2 to 16.9
percent. Firms with 1,000 or more employees experienced an increase
in the share of gross job gains from 13.7 to 14.7 percent. (See
table 4.)
In the second quarter of 2009, gross job losses exceeded gross job gains
in all states, the District of Columbia, the Virgin Islands and Puerto
Rico except Alaska where gross job gains exceeded gross job losses.
(See tables 5 and 6.)
Table A. Three-month private sector gross job gains and losses,
seasonally adjusted
Category 3 months ended
June Sept. Dec. Mar. June
2008 2008 2008 2009 2009
level (in thousands)
Gross job gains................ 7,296 6,884 6,738 5,746 6,420
At expanding establishments... 5,869 5,520 5,363 4,603 5,116
At opening establishments..... 1,427 1,364 1,375 1,143 1,304
Gross job losses............... 7,832 7,851 8,539 8,486 7,999
At contracting establishments. 6,334 6,461 7,038 7,045 6,598
At closing establishments..... 1,498 1,390 1,501 1,441 1,401
Net employment change(1)....... -536 -967 -1,801 -2,740 -1,579
rate (percent)
Gross job gains................ 6.5 6.1 6.0 5.2 6.0
At expanding establishments... 5.2 4.9 4.8 4.2 4.8
At opening establishments..... 1.3 1.2 1.2 1.0 1.2
Gross job losses............... 6.9 6.9 7.6 7.7 7.5
At contracting establishments. 5.6 5.7 6.3 6.4 6.2
At closing establishments..... 1.3 1.2 1.3 1.3 1.3
Net employment change(1)....... -.4 -.8 -1.6 -2.5 -1.5
(1) The net employment change is the difference between total
gross job gains and total gross job losses. See the Technical
Note for further information.
More Information
Additional information on gross job gains and gross job losses are
available online at http://www.bls.gov/bdm. This information
includes data on the levels and rates of gross job gains and gross
job losses by firm size, the not seasonally adjusted data and other
seasonally adjusted time series not presented in this release, charts
of gross job gains and gross job losses by industry and firm size,
and frequently asked questions on firm-size data. Additional
information about the Business Employment Dynamics data can be found
in the Technical Note of this release or may be obtained by e-mailing
BDMinfo@bls.gov.
The Business Employment Dynamics for Third Quarter 2009 is scheduled
to be released on Thursday, May 20, 2010 at 10:00 a.m. (EDT).
Technical Note
The Business Employment Dynamics (BED) data are a product of a federal-
state cooperative program known as Quarterly Census of Employment and Wages
(QCEW), or the ES-202 program. The BED data are compiled by the U.S.
Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) from existing quarterly state unemployment
insurance (UI) records. Most employers in the U.S. are required to file
quarterly reports on the employment and wages of workers covered by UI
laws, and to pay quarterly UI taxes. The quarterly UI reports are sent by
the State Workforce Agencies (SWAs) to BLS and form the basis of the BLS
establishment universe sampling frame. These reports also are used to pro-
duce the quarterly QCEW data on total employment and wages and the longitu-
dinal BED data on gross job gains and losses. Other important BLS uses
of the UI reports are in the Current Employment Statistics (CES) program.
(See table below for differences between QCEW, CES, and BED.)
In the BED program, the quarterly UI records are linked across quarters
to provide a longitudinal history for each establishment. The linkage
process allows the tracking of net employment changes at the establishment
level, which in turn allows the estimation of jobs gained at opening and
expanding establishments and jobs lost at closing and contracting establish-
ments.
Differences between QCEW, BED, and CES employment measures
The BLS publishes three different establishment-based employment mea-
sures for any given quarter. Each of these measures--QCEW, BED, and CES--
makes use of the quarterly UI employment reports in producing data; how-
ever, each measure has a somewhat different universe coverage, estimation
procedure, and publication product.
Differences in coverage and estimation methods can result in somewhat
different measures of over-the-quarter employment change. It is important to
understand program differences and the intended uses of the program products.
(See table below.) Additional information on each program can be obtained
from the program Web sites shown in the table.
Summary of Major Differences between QCEW, BED, and CES Employment Measures
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
| QCEW | BED | CES
-----------|---------------------|----------------------|------------------------
Source |--Count of UI admini-|--Count of longitudi- |--Sample survey:
| strative records | nally-linked UI ad- | 400,000 establish-
| submitted by 9.1 | ministrative records| ments
| million employers | submitted by 6.8 |
| | million private sec-|
| | tor employers |
-----------|---------------------|----------------------|------------------------
Coverage |--UI and UCFE cover- |--UI Coverage, exclud-|Nonfarm wage and sal-
| age: all employers| ing government, pri-| ary jobs:
| subject to state | vate households, and|--UI Coverage, exclud-
| and federal UI Laws| establishments with | ing agriculture, pri-
| | zero employment | vate households, and
| | | self-employed workers
| | |--Other employment, in-
| | | cluding railroads,
| | | religious organiza-
| | | tions, and other non-
| | | UI-covered jobs
-----------|---------------------|----------------------|------------------------
Publication|--Quarterly |--Quarterly |--Monthly
frequency | -7 months after the| -8 months after the | -Usually first Friday
| end of each quar- | end of each quarter| of following month
| ter | |
-----------|---------------------|----------------------|------------------------
Use of UI |--Directly summarizes|--Links each new UI |--Uses UI file as a sam-
file | and publishes each | quarter to longitu- | pling frame and annu-
| new quarter of UI | dinal database and | ally realigns (bench-
| data | directly summarizes | marks) sample esti-
| | gross job gains and | mates to first quar-
| | losses | ter UI levels
-----------|---------------------|----------------------|------------------------
Principal |--Provides a quarter-|--Provides quarterly |--Provides current month-
products | ly and annual uni- | employer dynamics | ly estimates of employ-
| verse count of es- | data on establish- | ment, hours, and earn-
| tablishments, em- | ment openings, clos-| ings at the MSA, state,
| ployment, and wages| ings, expansions, | and national level by
| at the county, MSA,| and contractions at | industry
| state, and national| the national level |
| levels by detailed | by NAICS super- |
| industry | sectors and by size |
| | of firm, and at the |
| | state private-sector|
| | total level |
| |--Future expansions |
| | will include data |
| | with greater in- |
| | dustry detail and |
| | data at the county |
| | and MSA level |
-----------|---------------------|----------------------|------------------------
Principal |--Major uses include:|--Major uses include: |--Major uses include:
uses | -Detailed locality | -Business cycle | -Principal national
| data | analysis | economic indicator
| -Periodic universe | -Analysis of employ-| -Official time series
| counts for bench- | er dynamics under- | for employment change
| marking sample | lying economic ex- | measures
| survey estimates | pansions and con- | -Input into other ma-
| -Sample frame for | tractions | jor economic indi-
| BLS establishment | -Analysis of employ-| cators
| surveys | ment expansion and |
| | contraction by size|
| | of firm |
| | |
-----------|---------------------|----------------------|------------------------
Program |--www.bls.gov/cew/ |--www.bls.gov/bdm/ |--www.bls.gov/ces/
Web sites | | |
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Coverage
Employment and wage data for workers covered by state UI and Unemployment
Compensation for Federal Employees (UCFE) laws are compiled from quarterly
contribution reports submitted to the SWAs by employers. In addition to the
quarterly contribution reports, employers who operate multiple establishments
within a state complete a questionnaire, called the "Multiple Worksite Report,"
which provides detailed information on the location of their establishments.
These reports are based on place of employment rather than place of residence.
UI and UCFE coverage is broad and basically comparable from state to state.
Major exclusions from UI coverage are self-employed workers, religious or-
ganizations, most agricultural workers on small farms, all members of the
Armed Forces, elected officials in most states, most employees of railroads,
some domestic workers, most student workers at schools, and employees of cer-
tain small nonprofit organizations.
Gross job gains and gross job losses in this release are derived from lon-
gitudinal histories of 6.8 million private sector employer reports out
of 9.1 million total reports of employment and wages submitted by states to
BLS in the second quarter of 2009. Gross job gains and gross job losses data
in this release do not report estimates for government employees or private
households (NAICS 814110) and do not include establishments with zero employ-
ment in both previous and current quarters. Data from Puerto Rico and the
Virgin Islands also are excluded from the national data. As an illustration,
the table below shows, in millions of establishments, the number of establish-
ments excluded from the gross job gains and gross job losses data in the
second quarter of 2009:
Number of active establishments included in
Business Employment Dynamics data at the
national level
Millions
Total establishments QCEW program....................................9.1
Excluded: Public sector.........................................0.3
Private households....................................0.7
Zero employment.......................................1.3
Establishments in Puerto Rico
and the Virgin Islands..............................0.0
(less than 50,000)
Total establishments included in Business
Employment Dynamics data.............................................6.8
Unit of analysis
Establishments are used in the tabulation of the BED statistics by in-
dustry and firms are used in the tabulation of the BED size class sta-
tistics. An establishment is defined as an economic unit that produces
goods or services, usually at a single physical location, and engages in
one or predominantly one activity. A firm is a legal business, either
corporate or otherwise, and may consist of several establishments. Firm-
level data are compiled based on an aggregation of establishments under
common ownership by a corporate parent using employer tax identification
numbers. The firm-level aggregation, which is consistent with the role of
corporations as the economic decision makers, is used for the measurement
of the BED data elements by size class.
Because of the difference in the unit of analysis, total gross job gains
and gross job losses by size class are lower than total gross job gains and
gross job losses by industry, as some establishment gains and losses within
a firm are offset during the aggregation process. However, the total net
changes in employment are the same for not seasonally adjusted data and are
similar for seasonally adjusted data.
Concepts and methodology
The Business Employment Dynamics data measure the net change in employ-
ment at the establishment or firm level. These changes come about in one
of four ways. A net increase in employment can come from either opening
units or expanding units. A net decrease in employment can come from either
closing units or contracting units. Gross job gains include the sum of all
jobs added at either opening or expanding units. Gross job losses include
the sum of all jobs lost in either closing or contracting units. The net
change in employment is the difference between gross job gains and gross
job losses.
The formal definitions of employment changes are as follows:
Openings. These are either units with positive third month employment for
the first time in the current quarter, with no links to the prior quarter, or
with positive third month employment in the current quarter, following zero em-
ployment in the previous quarter.
Expansions. These are units with positive employment in the third month
in both the previous and current quarters, with a net increase in employment
over this period.
Closings. These are units with positive third month employment in the pre-
vious quarter, with no employment or zero employment reported in the current
quarter.
Contractions. These are units with positive employment in the third month
in both the previous and current quarters, with a net decrease in employment
over this period.
Births. These are units with positive third month employment for the
first time in the current quarter with no links to the prior quarter, or
units with positive third month employment in the current quarter and zero
employment in the third month of the previous four quarters. Births are a
subset of openings not including re-openings of seasonal businesses.
Deaths. These are units with no employment or zero employment reported in
the third month of four consecutive quarters following the last quarter with
positive employment. Deaths are a subset of closings not including temporary
shutdowns of seasonal businesses. A unit that closes during the quarter may
be a death, but we wait three quarters to determine whether it is a permanent
closing or a temporary shutdown. Therefore, there is always a lag of three
quarters for the publication of death statistics.
All establishment-level employment changes are measured from the third
month of each quarter. Not all establishments and firms change their em-
ployment levels. Units with no change in employment count towards estimates
of total employment, but not for levels of gross employment job gains and
gross job losses.
Gross job gains and gross job losses are expressed as rates by dividing
their levels by the average of employment in the current and previous quar-
ters. This provides a symmetric growth rate. The rates are calculated for
the components of gross job gains and gross job losses and then summed to
form their respective totals. These rates can be added and subtracted just
as their levels can. For instance, the difference between the gross job
gains rate and the gross job losses rate is the net growth rate.
Establishment Births and Deaths
For the purpose of BED statistics, births are defined as establishments
that appear in the longitudinal database for the first time with positive
employment in the third month of a quarter, or showed four consecutive
quarters of zero employment in the third month followed by a quarter in
which it shows positive employment in the third month. Similarly, deaths
are defined as establishments that either drop out of the longitudinal
database or an establishment that had positive employment in the third month
of a given quarter followed by four consecutive quarters of showing zero
employment in the third month. Although the data for establishment births
and deaths are tabulated independently from the data for openings and
closings, the concepts are not mutually exclusive. An establishment that
is defined as a birth in a given quarter is necessarily an opening as well,
and an establishment defined as a death in a quarter must also be a closing.
Since openings include seasonal, and other, re-openings and closings include
temporary shutdowns, the not seasonally adjusted values for births and
deaths must be less than those openings and closings. However, because some
BED series do not have many re-openings or temporary shutdowns, as well as
the fact that births and deaths are independently seasonally adjusted from
openings and closings, there may be instances in which the seasonally
adjusted value of the former is greater than the latter.
Linkage methodology
Prior to the measurement of gross job gains and gross job losses, QCEW
records are linked across two quarters. The linkage process matches esta-
blishments' unique SWA identification numbers (SWA-ID). Between 95 to 97
percent of establishments identified as continuous from quarter to quarter
are matched by SWA-ID. The rest are linked in one of three ways. The first
method uses predecessor and successor information, identified by the states,
which relates records with different SWA-IDs across quarters. Predecessor
and successor relations can come about for a variety of reasons, including
a change in ownership, a firm restructuring, or a UI account restructuring.
If a match cannot be attained in this manner, a probability-based match is
used. This match attempts to identify two establishments with different SWA-
IDs as continuous. The match is based upon comparisons such as the same
name, address, and phone number. Third, an analyst examines unmatched re-
cords individually and makes a possible match.
In order to ensure the highest possible quality of data, SWAs verify with
employers and update, if necessary, the industry, location, and ownership
classification of all establishments on a 3-year cycle. Changes in establish-
ment classification codes resulting from the verification process are intro-
duced with the data reported for the first quarter of the year. Changes re-
sulting from improved employer reporting also are introduced in the first
quarter.
Sizing methodology
The method of dynamic sizing is used in calculations for the BED size-
class data series. Dynamic sizing allocates each firm's employment gain or
loss during a quarter to each respective size class in which the change
occurred. For example, if a firm grew from 2 employees in quarter 1 to 38
employees in quarter 2, then, of the 36-employee increase, 2 would be al-
located to the first size class, 5 to the size class 5 to 9, 10 to size
class 10 to 19, and 19 to size class 20 to 49.
Dynamic sizing provides symmetrical firm-size estimates and eliminates
any systematic effects which may be caused by the transitory and reverting
changes in firms' sizes over time. Additionally, it allocates each job
gain or loss to the actual size class where it occurred.
Annual Data
The annual gross job gains and gross job losses measure the net change
in employment at the establishment level from the third month of a quarter
in the previous year to the third month of the same quarter in the current
year. The BLS publishes annual BED data based on March-to-March changes
once a year with the release of the first quarter BED data. The annual
data based on over-the-year changes for other quarters of the year are
available upon request. The definitions and methodology in measuring
annual gross job gains and gross job losses are similar to the quarterly
measures. The linkage method considers all predecessor and successor
relations that may come about due to changes in ownership and corporate
restructuring over the entire year. At the establishment level, some of
the quarterly job gains and job losses are offset during the estimation
over the year. Therefore, the sum of four quarters of gross job gains
and gross job losses are not equal to annual gross job gains and gross
job losses. The net change in employment over the year, however, is
equal to the sum of four quarterly net changes on a not seasonally
adjusted basis.
Seasonal adjustment
Over the course of a year, the levels of employment and the associated
job flows undergo sharp fluctuations due to such seasonal events as changes
in the weather, reduced or expanded production, harvests, major holidays,
and the opening and closing of schools. The effect of such seasonal vari-
ation can be very large.
Because these seasonal events follow a more or less regular pattern each
year, their influence can be eliminated by adjusting these statistics from
quarter to quarter. These adjustments make nonseasonal developments, such as
declines in economic activity, easier to recognize. For example, the large
number of youths taking summer jobs is likely to obscure other changes that
have taken place in June relative to March, making it difficult to determine
if the level of economic activity has risen or declined. However, because
the effect of students finishing school in previous years is known, the
statistics for the current year can be adjusted to allow for a comparable
change. The adjusted figures provide a more useful tool with which to ana-
lyze changes in economic activity.
The employment data series for opening, expanding, closing, and contract-
ing units are independently seasonally adjusted; net changes are calculated
based on the difference between gross job gains and gross job losses. Simi-
larly, for industry data, the establishment counts data series for opening,
expanding, closing, and contracting establishments are independently adjusted,
and the net changes are calculated based on the difference between the number
of opening and closing establishments. Additionally, establishment and em-
ployment levels are independently seasonally adjusted to calculate the sea-
sonally adjusted rates. Concurrent seasonal adjustment is run using X-12
ARIMA. Seasonally adjusted data series for the total private sector are cal-
culated by summing the seasonally adjusted data for all sectors, including
the unclassified sector, which is not published separately.
The employment data series for opening, expanding, closing, and contracting
units for each of the 50 states and the District of Columbia are seasonally
adjusted at the total private level only. The sum of the state series for
opening, expanding, closing, and contracting units will not necessarily be
equal to the national total private series because of the independent seasonal
adjustment of these series.
The net over-the-quarter change derived by summing the BED component series
will differ from the net employment change estimated from the seasonally ad-
justed total private employment series from the CES program. The intended use
of BED statistics is to show the dynamic labor market changes that underlie
the net employment change statistic. As such, data users interested particu-
larly in the net employment change and not in the gross job flows underlying
this change should refer to CES data for over-the-quarter net employment
changes.
Reliability of the data
Since the data series on Business Employment Dynamics are based on admini-
strative rather than sample data, there are no issues related to sampling
error. Nonsampling error, however, still exists. Nonsampling errors can oc-
cur for many reasons, such as the employer submitting corrected employment
data after the end of the quarter or typographical errors made by businesses
when providing information. Such errors, however, are likely to be distri-
buted randomly throughout the dataset.
Changes in administrative data sometimes create complications for the
linkage process. This can result in overstating openings and closings while
understating expansions and contractions. The BLS continues to refine methods
for improving the linkage process to alleviate the effects of these compli-
cations.
The BED data series are subject to periodic minor changes based on correc-
tions in QCEW records, updates on predecessors and successors information, and
seasonal adjustment revisions.
Annual revisions are published each year with the release of the first quarter
data. These revisions cover the last four quarters of not seasonally adjusted
data and 5 years of seasonally adjusted data.
Additional statistics and other information
Several other programs within BLS produce closely related information.
The QCEW program, also known as the ES-202 program, provides both quarterly
and annual estimates of employment by state, county, and detailed industry.
News releases on quarterly county employment and wages are available upon
request from the Division of Administrative Statistics and Labor Turnover,
Bureau of Labor Statistics, U.S. Department of Labor, Washington, DC 20212;
telephone 202-691-6567; (http://www.bls.gov/cew/); (e-mail: QCEWInfo@bls.gov).
The CES program produces monthly estimates of employment, its net change,
and earnings by detailed industry. These estimates are part of the Employ-
ment Situation report put out monthly by BLS.
The Job Openings and Labor Turnover Survey (JOLTS) program provides month-
ly measures of job openings, as well as employee hires and separations.
Information in this release will be made available to sensory impaired in-
dividuals upon request. Voice phone: 202-691-5200; TDD message referral
number: 1-800-877-8339.
Table 1. Private sector gross job gains and job losses, seasonally adjusted
Total private
(In thousands)
Gross job gains Gross job losses
Year 3 months ended Net change(1) Total Expanding Opening Total Contracting Closing
establishments establishments establishments establishments
1999 March 353 8,585 6,626 1,959 8,232 6,395 1,837
June 644 8,539 6,661 1,878 7,895 6,210 1,685
September 588 8,571 6,734 1,837 7,983 6,250 1,733
December 1,005 8,749 6,956 1,793 7,744 6,076 1,668
2000 March 789 8,792 6,924 1,868 8,003 6,341 1,662
June 492 8,499 6,814 1,685 8,007 6,387 1,620
September 296 8,506 6,728 1,778 8,210 6,483 1,727
December 295 8,400 6,702 1,698 8,105 6,433 1,672
2001 March -156 8,436 6,694 1,742 8,592 6,717 1,875
June -792 8,009 6,319 1,690 8,801 7,050 1,751
September -1,184 7,608 5,917 1,691 8,792 6,991 1,801
December -960 7,591 5,932 1,659 8,551 6,858 1,693
2002 March -39 8,049 6,259 1,790 8,088 6,424 1,664
June -38 7,890 6,164 1,726 7,928 6,290 1,638
September -171 7,608 6,015 1,593 7,779 6,248 1,531
December -198 7,522 5,960 1,562 7,720 6,171 1,549
2003 March -412 7,439 5,917 1,522 7,851 6,311 1,540
June -104 7,401 5,928 1,473 7,505 6,040 1,465
September 204 7,383 5,918 1,465 7,179 5,818 1,361
December 309 7,549 6,016 1,533 7,240 5,802 1,438
2004 March 465 7,709 6,207 1,502 7,244 5,802 1,442
June 634 7,747 6,228 1,519 7,113 5,644 1,469
September 212 7,635 6,062 1,573 7,423 5,880 1,543
December 775 7,860 6,248 1,612 7,085 5,658 1,427
2005 March 381 7,618 6,139 1,479 7,237 5,805 1,432
June 586 7,771 6,223 1,548 7,185 5,779 1,406
September 676 7,963 6,389 1,574 7,287 5,840 1,447
December 514 7,826 6,258 1,568 7,312 5,942 1,370
2006 March 800 7,720 6,294 1,426 6,920 5,639 1,281
June 417 7,784 6,267 1,517 7,367 6,000 1,367
September 37 7,493 6,058 1,435 7,456 6,101 1,355
December 493 7,793 6,254 1,539 7,300 5,947 1,353
2007 March 485 7,651 6,244 1,407 7,166 5,873 1,293
June 196 7,653 6,242 1,411 7,457 6,061 1,396
September -248 7,325 5,853 1,472 7,573 6,214 1,359
December 310 7,670 6,214 1,456 7,360 6,010 1,350
2008 March -280 7,167 5,781 1,386 7,447 6,090 1,357
June -536 7,296 5,869 1,427 7,832 6,334 1,498
September -967 6,884 5,520 1,364 7,851 6,461 1,390
December -1,801 6,738 5,363 1,375 8,539 7,038 1,501
2009 March -2,740 5,746 4,603 1,143 8,486 7,045 1,441
June -1,579 6,420 5,116 1,304 7,999 6,598 1,401
(1) Net change is the difference between total gross job gains and total gross job losses.
Table 2. Private sector gross job gains and losses, as a percent of employment(1), seasonally adjusted
Total private
(Percent)
Gross job gains Gross job losses
Year 3 months ended Net change(2) Total Expanding Opening Total Contracting Closing
establishments establishments establishments establishments
1999 March .3 8.0 6.2 1.8 7.7 6.0 1.7
June .6 8.0 6.2 1.8 7.4 5.8 1.6
September .6 8.0 6.3 1.7 7.4 5.8 1.6
December 1.0 8.1 6.4 1.7 7.1 5.6 1.5
2000 March .7 8.0 6.3 1.7 7.3 5.8 1.5
June .4 7.7 6.2 1.5 7.3 5.8 1.5
September .2 7.7 6.1 1.6 7.5 5.9 1.6
December .3 7.6 6.1 1.5 7.3 5.8 1.5
2001 March -.1 7.7 6.1 1.6 7.8 6.1 1.7
June -.8 7.2 5.7 1.5 8.0 6.4 1.6
September -1.2 6.9 5.4 1.5 8.1 6.4 1.7
December -.9 7.0 5.5 1.5 7.9 6.3 1.6
2002 March .0 7.5 5.8 1.7 7.5 6.0 1.5
June .0 7.3 5.7 1.6 7.3 5.8 1.5
September -.1 7.1 5.6 1.5 7.2 5.8 1.4
December .0 7.1 5.6 1.5 7.1 5.7 1.4
2003 March -.4 6.9 5.5 1.4 7.3 5.9 1.4
June -.1 7.0 5.6 1.4 7.1 5.7 1.4
September .2 6.9 5.5 1.4 6.7 5.4 1.3
December .3 7.0 5.6 1.4 6.7 5.4 1.3
2004 March .5 7.2 5.8 1.4 6.7 5.4 1.3
June .6 7.2 5.8 1.4 6.6 5.2 1.4
September .3 7.1 5.6 1.5 6.8 5.4 1.4
December .7 7.2 5.7 1.5 6.5 5.2 1.3
2005 March .3 6.9 5.6 1.3 6.6 5.3 1.3
June .5 7.1 5.7 1.4 6.6 5.3 1.3
September .6 7.2 5.8 1.4 6.6 5.3 1.3
December .5 7.0 5.6 1.4 6.5 5.3 1.2
2006 March .8 6.9 5.6 1.3 6.1 5.0 1.1
June .4 6.9 5.6 1.3 6.5 5.3 1.2
September .1 6.7 5.4 1.3 6.6 5.4 1.2
December .4 6.9 5.5 1.4 6.5 5.3 1.2
2007 March .4 6.7 5.5 1.2 6.3 5.2 1.1
June .2 6.7 5.5 1.2 6.5 5.3 1.2
September -.3 6.4 5.1 1.3 6.7 5.5 1.2
December .3 6.8 5.5 1.3 6.5 5.3 1.2
2008 March -.2 6.3 5.1 1.2 6.5 5.3 1.2
June -.4 6.5 5.2 1.3 6.9 5.6 1.3
September -.8 6.1 4.9 1.2 6.9 5.7 1.2
December -1.6 6.0 4.8 1.2 7.6 6.3 1.3
2009 March -2.5 5.2 4.2 1.0 7.7 6.4 1.3
June -1.5 6.0 4.8 1.2 7.5 6.2 1.3
(1) The rates measure gross job gains and gross job losses as a percentage
of the previous and current quarter employment levels.
(2) Net change is the difference between total gross job gains and total gross job losses.
Table 3: Private sector gross job gains and losses by industry, seasonally adjusted
Gross job gains and job losses Gross job gains and job losses
(in thousands) as a percent of employment
Category 3 months ended 3 months ended
June Sept. Dec. March June June Sept. Dec. March June
2008 2008 2008 2009 2009 2008 2008 2008 2009 2009
Total private(1)
Gross job gains 7,296 6,884 6,738 5,746 6,420 6.5 6.1 6.0 5.2 6.0
At expanding establishments 5,869 5,520 5,363 4,603 5,116 5.2 4.9 4.8 4.2 4.8
At opening establishments 1,427 1,364 1,375 1,143 1,304 1.3 1.2 1.2 1.0 1.2
Gross job losses 7,832 7,851 8,539 8,486 7,999 6.9 6.9 7.6 7.7 7.5
At contracting establishments 6,334 6,461 7,038 7,045 6,598 5.6 5.7 6.3 6.4 6.2
At closing establishments 1,498 1,390 1,501 1,441 1,401 1.3 1.2 1.3 1.3 1.3
Net employment change -536 -967 -1,801 -2,740 -1,579 -.4 -.8 -1.6 -2.5 -1.5
Goods-producing
Gross job gains 1,509 1,421 1,318 1,077 1,266 6.6 6.3 6.0 5.2 6.4
At expanding establishments 1,272 1,193 1,091 890 1,047 5.6 5.3 5.0 4.3 5.3
At opening establishments 237 228 227 187 219 1.0 1.0 1.0 .9 1.1
Gross job losses 1,796 1,794 2,080 2,290 2,145 7.9 8.1 9.5 11.0 10.8
At contracting establishments 1,500 1,514 1,766 1,983 1,843 6.6 6.8 8.1 9.5 9.3
At closing establishments 296 280 314 307 302 1.3 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.5
Net employment change -287 -373 -762 -1,213 -879 -1.3 -1.8 -3.5 -5.8 -4.4
Natural resources and mining
Gross job gains 286 280 288 225 283 15.2 14.9 15.2 12.0 15.8
At expanding establishments 246 242 247 193 239 13.1 12.9 13.0 10.3 13.3
At opening establishments 40 38 41 32 44 2.1 2.0 2.2 1.7 2.5
Gross job losses 272 259 289 339 307 14.5 13.8 15.2 18.2 17.1
At contracting establishments 231 224 254 295 263 12.3 11.9 13.4 15.8 14.6
At closing establishments 41 35 35 44 44 2.2 1.9 1.8 2.4 2.5
Net employment change 14 21 -1 -114 -24 .7 1.1 .0 -6.2 -1.3
Construction
Gross job gains 745 710 647 558 614 10.2 10.0 9.5 8.6 10.1
At expanding establishments 594 563 506 437 480 8.1 7.9 7.4 6.7 7.9
At opening establishments 151 147 141 121 134 2.1 2.1 2.1 1.9 2.2
Gross job losses 933 888 984 990 940 12.8 12.5 14.4 15.3 15.4
At contracting establishments 746 709 780 797 759 10.2 10.0 11.4 12.3 12.4
At closing establishments 187 179 204 193 181 2.6 2.5 3.0 3.0 3.0
Net employment change -188 -178 -337 -432 -326 -2.6 -2.5 -4.9 -6.7 -5.3
Manufacturing
Gross job gains 478 431 383 294 369 3.5 3.2 2.9 2.4 3.0
At expanding establishments 432 388 338 260 328 3.2 2.9 2.6 2.1 2.7
At opening establishments 46 43 45 34 41 .3 .3 .3 .3 .3
Gross job losses 591 647 807 961 898 4.4 4.8 6.2 7.7 7.5
At contracting establishments 523 581 732 891 821 3.9 4.3 5.6 7.1 6.9
At closing establishments 68 66 75 70 77 .5 .5 .6 .6 .6
Net employment change -113 -216 -424 -667 -529 -.9 -1.6 -3.3 -5.3 -4.5
Service-providing(1)
Gross job gains 5,787 5,463 5,420 4,669 5,154 6.4 6.1 6.1 5.3 5.9
At expanding establishments 4,597 4,327 4,272 3,713 4,069 5.1 4.8 4.8 4.2 4.7
At opening establishments 1,190 1,136 1,148 956 1,085 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.1 1.2
Gross job losses 6,036 6,057 6,459 6,196 5,854 6.6 6.7 7.2 7.0 6.7
At contracting establishments 4,834 4,947 5,272 5,062 4,755 5.3 5.5 5.9 5.7 5.4
At closing establishments 1,202 1,110 1,187 1,134 1,099 1.3 1.2 1.3 1.3 1.3
Net employment change -249 -594 -1,039 -1,527 -700 -.2 -.6 -1.1 -1.7 -.8
Wholesale trade
Gross job gains 297 275 260 225 239 5.0 4.6 4.4 3.9 4.2
At expanding establishments 239 223 205 178 193 4.0 3.7 3.5 3.1 3.4
At opening establishments 58 52 55 47 46 1.0 .9 .9 .8 .8
Gross job losses 318 318 366 383 355 5.3 5.3 6.2 6.6 6.3
At contracting establishments 246 252 291 313 288 4.1 4.2 4.9 5.4 5.1
At closing establishments 72 66 75 70 67 1.2 1.1 1.3 1.2 1.2
Net employment change -21 -43 -106 -158 -116 -.3 -.7 -1.8 -2.7 -2.1
Retail trade
Gross job gains 944 898 837 752 865 6.0 5.8 5.5 5.1 5.9
At expanding establishments 784 737 702 624 732 5.0 4.8 4.6 4.2 5.0
At opening establishments 160 161 135 128 133 1.0 1.0 .9 .9 .9
Gross job losses 1,089 1,073 1,195 1,025 915 7.0 6.9 7.9 6.9 6.2
At contracting establishments 942 930 1,036 841 776 6.1 6.0 6.8 5.7 5.3
At closing establishments 147 143 159 184 139 .9 .9 1.1 1.2 .9
Net employment change -145 -175 -358 -273 -50 -1.0 -1.1 -2.4 -1.8 -.3
Transportation and warehousing
Gross job gains 228 211 238 173 184 5.3 4.9 5.6 4.2 4.5
At expanding establishments 194 178 205 144 151 4.5 4.1 4.8 3.5 3.7
At opening establishments 34 33 33 29 33 .8 .8 .8 .7 .8
Gross job losses 258 253 286 311 290 5.9 5.9 6.7 7.4 7.2
At contracting establishments 213 212 242 268 245 4.9 4.9 5.7 6.4 6.1
At closing establishments 45 41 44 43 45 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.1
Net employment change -30 -42 -48 -138 -106 -.6 -1.0 -1.1 -3.2 -2.7
Utilities
Gross job gains 16 13 13 12 12 2.9 2.3 2.3 2.2 2.2
At expanding establishments 14 12 12 11 11 2.5 2.1 2.1 2.0 2.0
At opening establishments 2 1 1 1 1 .4 .2 .2 .2 .2
Gross job losses 13 14 12 10 16 2.4 2.5 2.2 1.8 2.9
At contracting establishments 11 12 11 9 14 2.0 2.1 2.0 1.6 2.5
At closing establishments 2 2 1 1 2 .4 .4 .2 .2 .4
Net employment change 3 -1 1 2 -4 .5 -.2 .1 .4 -.7
Information
Gross job gains 159 132 134 114 111 5.3 4.4 4.6 4.0 3.9
At expanding establishments 136 109 108 92 90 4.5 3.6 3.7 3.2 3.2
At opening establishments 23 23 26 22 21 .8 .8 .9 .8 .7
Gross job losses 161 171 187 172 160 5.3 5.7 6.3 6.0 5.6
At contracting establishments 128 142 153 144 134 4.2 4.7 5.2 5.0 4.7
At closing establishments 33 29 34 28 26 1.1 1.0 1.1 1.0 .9
Net employment change -2 -39 -53 -58 -49 .0 -1.3 -1.7 -2.0 -1.7
Financial activities
Gross job gains 399 381 392 333 339 5.0 4.8 4.9 4.3 4.5
At expanding establishments 312 295 295 263 265 3.9 3.7 3.7 3.4 3.5
At opening establishments 87 86 97 70 74 1.1 1.1 1.2 .9 1.0
Gross job losses 458 465 497 456 445 5.7 5.9 6.3 5.9 5.8
At contracting establishments 348 355 376 356 351 4.3 4.5 4.8 4.6 4.6
At closing establishments 110 110 121 100 94 1.4 1.4 1.5 1.3 1.2
Net employment change -59 -84 -105 -123 -106 -.7 -1.1 -1.4 -1.6 -1.3
Professional and business services
Gross job gains 1,356 1,248 1,241 982 1,140 7.6 7.0 7.1 5.8 6.9
At expanding establishments 1,072 995 974 778 908 6.0 5.6 5.6 4.6 5.5
At opening establishments 284 253 267 204 232 1.6 1.4 1.5 1.2 1.4
Gross job losses 1,448 1,434 1,635 1,540 1,471 8.1 8.1 9.3 9.0 8.9
At contracting establishments 1,111 1,164 1,331 1,264 1,163 6.2 6.6 7.6 7.4 7.0
At closing establishments 337 270 304 276 308 1.9 1.5 1.7 1.6 1.9
Net employment change -92 -186 -394 -558 -331 -.5 -1.1 -2.2 -3.2 -2.0
Education and health services
Gross job gains 806 808 848 731 770 4.5 4.5 4.7 4.0 4.2
At expanding establishments 685 683 717 632 647 3.8 3.8 4.0 3.5 3.5
At opening establishments 121 125 131 99 123 .7 .7 .7 .5 .7
Gross job losses 721 707 679 723 710 4.0 4.0 3.8 3.9 3.9
At contracting establishments 589 590 560 606 588 3.3 3.3 3.1 3.3 3.2
At closing establishments 132 117 119 117 122 .7 .7 .7 .6 .7
Net employment change 85 101 169 8 60 .5 .5 .9 .1 .3
Leisure and hospitality
Gross job gains 1,192 1,134 1,121 1,023 1,114 8.8 8.5 8.4 7.7 8.5
At expanding establishments 909 859 835 782 853 6.7 6.4 6.3 5.9 6.5
At opening establishments 283 275 286 241 261 2.1 2.1 2.1 1.8 2.0
Gross job losses 1,238 1,276 1,246 1,236 1,174 9.1 9.5 9.4 9.3 9.0
At contracting establishments 1,004 1,034 1,008 1,009 962 7.4 7.7 7.6 7.6 7.4
At closing establishments 234 242 238 227 212 1.7 1.8 1.8 1.7 1.6
Net employment change -46 -142 -125 -213 -60 -.3 -1.0 -1.0 -1.6 -.5
Other services
Gross job gains 304 287 269 248 265 7.8 7.3 6.9 6.5 7.0
At expanding establishments 238 223 209 198 208 6.1 5.7 5.4 5.2 5.5
At opening establishments 66 64 60 50 57 1.7 1.6 1.5 1.3 1.5
Gross job losses 297 310 323 309 290 7.6 7.9 8.4 8.1 7.7
At contracting establishments 231 246 255 244 226 5.9 6.3 6.6 6.4 6.0
At closing establishments 66 64 68 65 64 1.7 1.6 1.8 1.7 1.7
Net employment change 7 -23 -54 -61 -25 .2 -.6 -1.5 -1.6 -.7
(1) Includes unclassified sector, not shown separately
Table 4. Private sector percentage share (1) of gross job gains and losses, seasonally adjusted
(Percent)
3 months ended
June 2008 Sept. 2008 Dec. 2008 March 2009 June 2009
Firm size 1 - 4 employees
Gross job gains............... 15.7 16.5 17.1 18.2 16.9
Expanding firms............ 7.4 7.7 7.7 8.8 8.0
Opening firms.............. 58.5 60.0 61.6 61.3 58.6
Gross job losses.............. 16.0 15.3 14.5 14.9 14.4
Contracting firms.......... 7.7 7.3 6.9 6.9 6.7
Closing firms.............. 60.6 60.8 60.9 61.6 61.5
Firm size 5 - 9 employees
Gross job gains............... 11.9 12.2 11.8 13.3 12.4
Expanding firms............ 11.0 11.4 11.1 12.7 11.7
Opening firms.............. 16.6 16.4 15.3 16.3 15.9
Gross job losses.............. 11.9 11.3 10.8 10.9 10.5
Contracting firms.......... 11.1 10.5 10.0 10.1 9.7
Closing firms.............. 15.8 15.8 15.8 15.2 15.8
Firm size 10 - 19 employees
Gross job gains............... 12.2 12.3 11.8 13.1 12.6
Expanding firms............ 12.4 12.6 12.1 13.7 13.0
Opening firms.............. 11.4 10.9 10.2 10.7 10.8
Gross job losses.............. 12.0 11.6 11.2 11.3 10.9
Contracting firms.......... 12.3 11.8 11.3 11.6 11.0
Closing firms.............. 10.3 10.2 10.4 9.9 10.2
Firm size 20 - 49 employees
Gross job gains............... 14.5 14.3 13.6 14.8 14.7
Expanding firms............ 15.6 15.5 14.8 16.3 16.1
Opening firms.............. 8.5 8.1 7.7 7.7 8.3
Gross job losses.............. 14.0 13.9 13.5 14.1 13.1
Contracting firms.......... 15.2 15.0 14.5 15.2 14.1
Closing firms.............. 7.6 7.7 7.6 7.3 7.3
Firm size 50 - 99 employees
Gross job gains............... 9.1 9.0 8.5 8.9 9.1
Expanding firms............ 10.3 10.3 9.7 10.3 10.4
Opening firms.............. 2.9 2.8 2.9 2.5 2.7
Gross job losses.............. 8.7 8.7 8.9 9.4 8.5
Contracting firms.......... 9.8 9.8 9.9 10.5 9.5
Closing firms.............. 2.8 2.8 2.6 2.9 2.6
Firm size 100 - 249 employees
Gross job gains............... 9.7 9.4 9.2 8.9 9.5
Expanding firms............ 11.3 11.0 10.8 10.6 11.2
Opening firms.............. 1.4 1.3 1.5 1.1 1.5
Gross job losses.............. 9.0 9.4 9.6 10.1 9.3
Contracting firms.......... 10.4 10.8 10.9 11.5 10.5
Closing firms.............. 1.6 1.5 1.7 1.5 1.6
Firm size 250 - 499 employees
Gross job gains............... 5.7 5.7 5.6 5.1 5.6
Expanding firms............ 6.7 6.8 6.6 6.1 6.7
Opening firms.............. .4 .3 .5 .2 .4
Gross job losses.............. 5.4 5.6 5.9 6.2 5.9
Contracting firms.......... 6.3 6.5 6.7 7.1 6.8
Closing firms.............. .6 .5 .7 .6 .6
Firm size 500 - 999 employees
Gross job gains............... 4.7 4.6 4.6 4.0 4.4
Expanding firms............ 5.5 5.5 5.5 4.9 5.3
Opening firms.............. .2 .1 .2 .1 .3
Gross job losses.............. 4.7 4.8 5.0 5.0 5.3
Contracting firms.......... 5.5 5.6 5.7 5.8 6.1
Closing firms.............. .3 .3 .3 .4 .2
Firm size 1,000 or more employees
Gross job gains............... 16.6 16.0 17.8 13.7 14.7
Expanding firms............ 19.8 19.2 21.6 16.7 17.6
Opening firms.............. .0 .0 .0 .1 1.3
Gross job losses.............. 18.3 19.4 20.7 18.1 22.1
Contracting firms.......... 21.7 22.8 24.1 21.1 25.7
Closing firms.............. .6 .4 .1 .7 .1
(1) Share measures the percent of the category represented by each firm size class,
and rates may not sum to 100.0 due to rounding.
Table 5. Private sector gross job gains and losses by state, seasonally adjusted
Gross job gains Gross job losses
State (3 months ended) (3 months ended)
June Sept. Dec. March June June Sept. Dec. March June
2008 2008 2008 2009 2009 2008 2008 2008 2009 2009
United States1..... 7,296,000 6,884,000 6,738,000 5,746,000 6,420,000 7,832,000 7,851,000 8,539,000 8,486,000 7,999,000
Alabama..... 94,922 94,816 84,322 74,548 80,612 105,846 108,668 120,361 116,192 105,956
Alaska..... 27,331 23,913 26,344 23,272 25,501 23,601 26,373 26,644 25,380 25,347
Arizona..... 135,456 138,104 129,134 113,324 114,433 169,299 161,362 194,424 176,971 167,403
Arkansas..... 57,168 59,379 55,099 51,314 49,030 63,927 62,685 66,942 66,292 69,982
California..... 941,957 832,705 820,460 672,802 772,918 1,013,895 980,907 1,035,009 1,048,711 976,062
Colorado..... 142,169 136,014 127,607 109,813 119,950 143,357 148,883 161,271 161,315 152,189
Connecticut..... 81,736 74,504 71,972 62,355 71,878 83,013 88,540 92,523 91,796 86,207
Delaware..... 23,472 23,376 23,084 18,591 21,917 26,708 28,958 27,469 27,761 24,826
District of Columbia 28,294 28,071 25,184 25,858 24,547 26,859 26,487 31,325 28,003 25,894
Florida..... 456,382 450,727 444,118 354,281 391,029 574,769 569,824 596,670 503,337 496,060
Georgia..... 234,293 221,705 214,969 191,622 206,461 263,788 259,990 299,060 268,140 260,392
Hawaii..... 27,304 25,618 24,171 21,712 22,904 34,549 33,655 33,051 30,629 31,193
Idaho..... 41,269 40,993 38,827 35,289 37,691 48,700 46,621 49,612 54,035 48,908
Illinois..... 279,917 254,616 244,575 209,855 248,535 279,535 299,802 332,994 327,887 322,641
Indiana..... 150,149 144,580 130,650 113,691 127,656 158,041 162,479 192,024 186,934 178,336
Iowa..... 76,433 74,239 71,891 62,521 67,741 78,321 76,942 86,117 86,010 81,445
Kansas..... 73,135 67,406 74,158 55,477 58,952 77,046 75,312 78,873 79,420 81,324
Kentucky..... 91,622 82,629 85,641 74,235 80,446 94,483 100,464 107,293 110,211 102,102
Louisiana..... 106,816 104,278 121,916 94,269 90,921 110,924 121,182 105,935 115,118 120,721
Maine..... 39,345 35,159 38,167 30,943 37,231 39,742 42,833 41,793 42,142 39,597
Maryland..... 130,435 129,603 126,900 116,989 127,395 143,888 141,918 155,992 148,339 138,683
Massachusetts..... 171,611 155,137 148,012 121,358 153,055 161,183 174,428 191,351 181,911 169,900
Michigan..... 226,739 205,112 200,389 164,809 207,715 244,213 264,090 294,392 286,628 299,545
Minnesota..... 140,202 126,433 118,930 110,150 130,928 142,739 144,331 155,332 163,810 150,093
Mississippi..... 56,215 55,227 57,211 48,330 47,816 69,069 67,213 69,254 65,774 64,564
Missouri..... 141,409 133,363 133,009 121,936 127,656 148,981 147,161 168,117 163,155 159,538
Montana..... 27,920 27,560 28,012 24,030 27,411 31,609 28,955 31,386 35,614 29,232
Nebraska..... 44,501 45,532 44,014 38,462 40,000 48,453 45,372 50,286 49,912 48,467
Nevada..... 71,633 66,047 62,481 54,469 55,000 84,432 88,116 100,495 91,854 82,009
New Hampshire..... 38,659 35,183 33,928 31,117 35,690 39,237 39,170 41,931 41,234 41,021
New Jersey..... 229,083 195,759 189,766 167,754 214,410 231,228 239,062 253,478 231,640 228,474
New Mexico..... 44,715 45,984 40,826 36,132 38,339 49,818 46,436 53,047 51,493 49,388
New York..... 471,656 444,515 436,017 356,418 439,771 462,229 471,375 507,653 502,806 496,423
North Carolina..... 210,541 212,080 197,127 173,772 188,633 249,877 238,284 266,978 259,811 236,650
North Dakota..... 19,325 20,282 19,568 16,743 19,483 18,968 18,303 19,341 21,853 19,578
Ohio..... 274,076 246,154 228,078 201,205 236,932 276,452 285,458 323,982 317,188 316,738
Oklahoma..... 83,243 79,824 78,259 69,370 66,260 81,365 79,507 85,333 99,578 100,494
Oregon..... 89,653 98,852 86,304 78,047 86,577 112,034 100,641 126,963 125,470 108,603
Pennsylvania..... 290,004 270,270 256,668 231,793 254,916 287,696 295,758 318,345 318,399 302,189
Rhode Island..... 26,823 24,463 22,015 21,276 24,361 28,139 28,658 30,698 29,893 25,285
South Carolina..... 93,354 88,569 86,056 78,586 86,025 107,890 109,742 123,643 119,015 110,427
South Dakota..... 21,278 21,147 21,073 18,050 20,798 21,816 20,835 22,779 24,121 24,173
Tennessee..... 132,908 125,414 118,251 99,890 118,193 152,948 160,823 165,472 160,793 159,338
Texas..... 529,111 506,352 537,006 435,060 442,377 519,838 538,845 563,136 600,010 598,252
Utah..... 70,663 67,910 65,196 56,649 62,683 78,303 74,639 84,194 84,251 80,188
Vermont..... 18,420 17,186 17,967 15,801 17,916 18,767 19,164 20,207 21,649 21,155
Virginia..... 188,460 179,200 171,660 151,646 168,537 191,564 201,098 211,212 203,738 198,874
Washington..... 161,196 172,096 157,410 151,373 158,451 190,631 165,586 206,251 202,667 190,911
West Virginia..... 35,567 38,757 39,356 34,103 32,836 38,230 36,898 40,515 43,258 44,398
Wisconsin..... 140,273 131,758 129,090 113,792 124,463 145,014 150,873 162,823 174,665 160,442
Wyoming..... 19,701 21,355 19,848 18,033 15,800 23,018 18,960 20,038 26,326 25,436
Puerto Rico..... 44,888 44,689 45,140 36,240 37,255 52,203 49,724 51,035 57,413 50,935
Virgin Islands..... 2,191 2,049 1,978 1,610 1,618 2,513 2,286 2,238 2,611 2,702
(1) Totals for the United States do not include data for Puerto Rico or the Virgin Islands.
Table 6. Private sector gross job gains and losses as a percent of total employment by state, seasonally adjusted
Gross job gains as a percent of employment Gross job losses as a percent of employment
State (3 months ended) (3 months ended)
June Sept. Dec. March June June Sept. Dec. March June
2008 2008 2008 2009 2009 2008 2008 2008 2009 2009
United States1..... 6.5 6.1 6.0 5.2 6.0 6.9 6.9 7.6 7.7 7.5
Alabama..... 6.0 6.0 5.4 4.9 5.5 6.7 6.9 7.8 7.7 7.2
Alaska..... 11.5 10.1 11.1 9.7 10.8 9.9 11.1 11.2 10.7 10.8
Arizona..... 6.1 6.3 6.0 5.5 5.7 7.6 7.4 9.1 8.6 8.4
Arkansas..... 5.9 6.1 5.7 5.4 5.3 6.5 6.4 6.9 6.9 7.4
California..... 7.3 6.5 6.5 5.5 6.5 7.8 7.6 8.3 8.5 8.1
Colorado..... 7.2 7.0 6.7 5.9 6.5 7.3 7.6 8.3 8.5 8.2
Connecticut..... 5.6 5.2 5.1 4.5 5.2 5.8 6.1 6.5 6.6 6.3
Delaware..... 6.4 6.4 6.5 5.3 6.3 7.2 8.0 7.7 7.9 7.2
District of Columbia.. 6.3 6.2 5.6 5.8 5.5 6.0 5.8 7.0 6.3 5.8
Florida..... 6.8 6.8 6.9 5.7 6.4 8.6 8.7 9.2 8.0 8.1
Georgia..... 7.0 6.6 6.6 6.0 6.5 7.8 7.8 9.1 8.4 8.2
Hawaii..... 5.4 5.1 4.9 4.5 4.8 6.8 6.8 6.8 6.4 6.6
Idaho..... 7.6 7.6 7.3 6.8 7.5 8.9 8.6 9.4 10.4 9.8
Illinois..... 5.5 5.0 4.9 4.4 5.2 5.5 5.9 6.7 6.8 6.8
Indiana..... 6.1 5.8 5.3 4.8 5.6 6.3 6.6 7.9 7.9 7.7
Iowa..... 6.0 5.9 5.8 5.1 5.6 6.2 6.2 7.0 7.0 6.8
Kansas..... 6.6 6.1 6.7 5.1 5.4 6.8 6.7 7.1 7.2 7.6
Kentucky..... 6.1 5.5 5.9 5.2 5.7 6.3 6.8 7.3 7.6 7.2
Louisiana..... 6.9 6.8 7.9 6.1 6.1 7.2 7.9 6.9 7.5 8.0
Maine..... 7.9 7.0 7.7 6.3 7.8 7.9 8.5 8.5 8.6 8.2
Maryland..... 6.3 6.3 6.2 5.8 6.4 7.0 6.9 7.6 7.3 7.0
Massachusetts..... 6.1 5.5 5.3 4.4 5.7 5.8 6.2 6.9 6.6 6.2
Michigan..... 6.5 5.9 5.9 5.0 6.5 6.9 7.6 8.7 8.7 9.4
Minnesota..... 6.1 5.5 5.2 4.9 6.0 6.1 6.2 6.8 7.3 6.8
Mississippi..... 6.2 6.3 6.5 5.6 5.6 7.7 7.6 7.9 7.6 7.7
Missouri..... 6.1 5.9 5.9 5.5 5.9 6.5 6.5 7.4 7.3 7.4
Montana..... 7.8 7.7 7.9 6.9 8.0 8.8 8.1 8.9 10.3 8.6
Nebraska..... 5.8 6.0 5.8 5.1 5.4 6.3 6.0 6.6 6.6 6.5
Nevada..... 6.5 6.0 5.8 5.3 5.5 7.6 8.1 9.4 8.9 8.3
New Hampshire..... 7.1 6.5 6.4 5.9 6.8 7.2 7.2 7.8 7.8 7.8
New Jersey..... 6.9 5.9 5.8 5.2 6.8 6.9 7.2 7.7 7.2 7.2
New Mexico..... 7.0 7.2 6.5 5.9 6.3 7.8 7.3 8.4 8.3 8.2
New York..... 6.6 6.2 6.1 5.0 6.4 6.4 6.6 7.2 7.1 7.2
North Carolina..... 6.3 6.3 5.9 5.4 5.9 7.4 7.1 8.1 8.1 7.5
North Dakota..... 6.8 7.1 6.8 5.9 6.8 6.7 6.4 6.8 7.7 6.9
Ohio..... 6.1 5.5 5.2 4.7 5.6 6.1 6.3 7.3 7.4 7.5
Oklahoma..... 6.7 6.5 6.3 5.7 5.6 6.6 6.4 6.9 8.2 8.5
Oregon..... 6.2 6.9 6.1 5.7 6.4 7.8 7.0 9.0 9.2 8.1
Pennsylvania..... 5.9 5.5 5.2 4.8 5.3 5.8 6.0 6.5 6.6 6.3
Rhode Island..... 6.5 6.0 5.4 5.4 6.2 6.9 7.1 7.7 7.6 6.5
South Carolina..... 6.0 5.8 5.7 5.4 6.0 6.9 7.2 8.2 8.1 7.7
South Dakota..... 6.5 6.5 6.5 5.6 6.5 6.7 6.4 7.0 7.5 7.6
Tennessee..... 5.7 5.4 5.2 4.5 5.4 6.5 7.0 7.3 7.3 7.4
Texas..... 6.1 5.8 6.2 5.0 5.2 6.0 6.2 6.5 7.0 7.1
Utah..... 6.9 6.7 6.5 5.8 6.5 7.6 7.3 8.3 8.6 8.4
Vermont..... 7.4 6.9 7.2 6.5 7.5 7.5 7.7 8.1 8.8 8.8
Virginia..... 6.3 6.0 5.8 5.2 5.9 6.4 6.7 7.2 7.0 7.0
Washington..... 6.7 7.2 6.7 6.5 6.9 7.9 6.9 8.7 8.7 8.4
West Virginia..... 6.2 6.8 6.9 6.0 5.9 6.7 6.4 7.1 7.7 8.0
Wisconsin..... 5.8 5.5 5.4 4.9 5.5 6.1 6.3 6.9 7.5 7.1
Wyoming..... 8.8 9.6 8.9 8.1 7.4 10.3 8.5 8.9 11.9 12.0
Puerto Rico..... 6.2 6.2 6.3 5.2 5.4 7.2 6.9 7.1 8.2 7.4
Virgin Islands..... 6.7 6.3 6.1 5.1 5.3 7.7 7.0 6.9 8.2 8.8
(1) Totals for the United States do not include data for Puerto Rico or the Virgin Islands.
Table 7. Private sector establishment births and deaths, seasonally adjusted
Total private
(Levels in thousands)
Number of Establishments Employment
Births Deaths(1) Births Deaths
Year 3 months ended Level Rate(2) Level Rate Level Rate Level Rate
1999 March 198 3.2 184 3.0 1,305 1.2 1,248 1.2
June 206 3.4 184 3.0 1,308 1.2 1,118 1.0
September 206 3.3 186 3.0 1,243 1.2 1,127 1.0
December 203 3.3 183 3.0 1,207 1.1 1,102 1.0
2000 March 211 3.4 186 3.0 1,227 1.1 1,117 1.0
June 205 3.3 181 2.9 1,142 1.0 1,063 1.0
September 212 3.4 199 3.2 1,166 1.1 1,167 1.1
December 200 3.2 194 3.1 1,144 1.0 1,120 1.0
2001 March 205 3.3 203 3.2 1,174 1.1 1,292 1.2
June 204 3.2 205 3.3 1,151 1.0 1,236 1.1
September 204 3.2 209 3.3 1,156 1.1 1,232 1.1
December 197 3.1 200 3.2 1,121 1.0 1,150 1.1
2002 March 203 3.2 190 3.0 1,202 1.1 1,109 1.0
June 209 3.3 186 2.9 1,192 1.1 1,086 1.0
September 201 3.2 184 2.9 1,055 1.0 1,026 1.0
December 203 3.2 191 3.0 1,026 1.0 1,028 1.0
2003 March 192 3.0 186 2.9 997 .9 1,007 .9
June 192 3.0 186 2.9 965 .9 956 .9
September 193 3.0 179 2.8 959 .9 884 .8
December 201 3.1 179 2.8 1,010 .9 921 .9
2004 March 205 3.2 180 2.8 998 .9 914 .9
June 202 3.1 184 2.8 982 .9 909 .8
September 210 3.2 186 2.8 1,017 .9 955 .9
December 212 3.2 181 2.7 1,001 .9 900 .8
2005 March 210 3.2 185 2.8 943 .9 850 .8
June 216 3.2 180 2.7 952 .9 839 .8
September 220 3.3 186 2.8 995 .9 886 .8
December 224 3.3 188 2.8 980 .9 852 .8
2006 March 220 3.2 181 2.7 921 .8 739 .7
June 220 3.2 194 2.8 975 .9 843 .7
September 210 3.1 196 2.9 926 .8 837 .7
December 222 3.2 194 2.8 969 .9 815 .7
2007 March 212 3.1 193 2.8 890 .8 763 .7
June 204 2.9 201 2.9 882 .8 851 .7
September 218 3.1 203 2.9 942 .8 845 .7
December 209 3.0 207 3.0 909 .8 841 .7
2008 March 207 3.0 210 3.0 889 .8 803 .7
June 199 2.9 227 3.3 875 .8 936 .8
September 191 2.7 223 3.2 829 .7 882 .8
December 193 2.8 N/A N/A 808 .7 N/A N/A
2009 March 171 2.5 N/A N/A 697 .6 N/A N/A
June 177 2.6 N/A N/A 740 .7 N/A N/A
(1) Values for deaths are not available for the most recent three quarters
by definition. See the Technical Note for more information.
(2) The rates measure births and deaths as a percentage
of the average of the previous and current quarter employment levels or
total number of establishments.
United States Department of Labor
