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Economic News Release
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Quarterly Data Series on Business Employment Dynamics News Release

For release 10:00 a.m. (ET) Wednesday, April 24, 2024                                   	USDL-24-0744
Technical information:	(202) 691-6553  *  BDMInfo@bls.gov  *  www.bls.gov/bdm
Media contact:	        (202) 691-5902  *  PressOffice@bls.gov

BUSINESS EMPLOYMENT DYNAMICS – THIRD QUARTER 2023

From June 2023 to September 2023, gross job losses from closing and contracting private-sector
establishments were 7.8 million, a decrease of 37,000 jobs from the previous quarter, the U.S.
Bureau of Labor Statistics reported today. Over this period, gross job gains from opening and
expanding private-sector establishments were 7.6 million, a decrease of 561,000 jobs from the
previous quarter. The difference between the number of gross job gains and the number of gross
job losses yielded a net employment decline of 192,000 jobs in the private sector during the third
quarter of 2023. (See tables A and 1.)

The change in the number of jobs over time is the net result of increases and decreases in employment
that occur at all private businesses in the economy. Business Employment Dynamics (BED) statistics track
these changes in employment at private-sector establishments from the third month of one quarter to the
third month of the next. The difference between the number of gross job gains and the number of gross
job losses is the net change in employment. (See Technical Note.) The BED data series include gross job
gains and gross job losses by industry subsector, for the 50 states, the District of Columbia, Puerto Rico,
and the Virgin Islands, as well as gross job gains and gross job losses at the firm level by employer size
class.

Gross Job Gains

In the third quarter of 2023, gross job gains represented 5.8 percent of private-sector employment. Gross
job gains are the sum of increases in employment due to expansions at existing establishments and the
addition of new jobs at opening establishments. Gross job gains at expanding establishments totaled 6.0
million in the third quarter of 2023, a decrease of 510,000 jobs compared to the previous quarter.
Opening establishments accounted for 1.6 million of the jobs gained in the third quarter of 2023, a
decrease of 51,000 jobs from the previous quarter. (See tables A, 1, 2, and 3.)

Gross Job Losses

In the third quarter of 2023, gross job losses represented 5.9 percent of private-sector employment.
Gross job losses are the result of contractions in employment at existing establishments and the loss of
jobs at closing establishments. Contracting establishments lost 6.2 million jobs in the third quarter
of 2023, a decrease of 122,000 jobs from the prior quarter. In the third quarter of 2023, closing
establishments lost 1.6 million jobs, an increase of 85,000 jobs from the previous quarter. (See
tables A, 1, 2, and 3.)

Establishment Births and Deaths

In the third quarter of 2023, the number of establishment births (a subset of the openings data)
decreased by 21,000 to a total of 311,000 establishments. These new establishments accounted for
972,000 jobs, a decrease of 43,000 jobs from the previous quarter. Data for establishment deaths (a
subset of the closings data) are available through the fourth quarter of 2022, when 899,000 jobs were
lost at 289,000 establishments, a decrease of 14,000 jobs from the third quarter of 2022. (See
Technical Note and table 8.)


 Table A. Three-month private-sector gross job gains and losses, seasonally adjusted

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                          |                  3 months ended                 
                 Category                 |   Sept. |    Dec. |    Mar. |    June |   Sept.
                                          |    2022 |    2022 |    2023 |    2023 |    2023
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                          |              Levels (in thousands)              
                                          |--------------------------------------------------
 Gross job gains......................... |   8,841 |   8,108 |   8,041 |   8,120 |   7,559
        At expanding establishments...... |   7,183 |   6,447 |   6,515 |   6,511 |   6,001
        At opening establishments........ |   1,658 |   1,661 |   1,526 |   1,609 |   1,558
                                          |         |         |         |         |        
 Gross job losses........................ |   7,500 |   7,630 |   7,065 |   7,788 |   7,751
        At contracting establishments.... |   5,995 |   6,113 |   5,646 |   6,296 |   6,174
        At closing establishments........ |   1,505 |   1,517 |   1,419 |   1,492 |   1,577
                                          |         |         |         |         |        
 Net employment change (1)............... |   1,341 |     478 |     976 |     332 |    -192
                                          |         |         |         |         |        
                                          |--------------------------------------------------
                                          |                 Rates (percent)                 
                                          |--------------------------------------------------
 Gross job gains......................... |     6.9 |     6.3 |     6.2 |     6.2 |     5.8
        At expanding establishments...... |     5.6 |     5.0 |     5.0 |     5.0 |     4.6
        At opening establishments........ |     1.3 |     1.3 |     1.2 |     1.2 |     1.2
                                          |         |         |         |         |        
 Gross job losses........................ |     5.9 |     5.9 |     5.4 |     5.9 |     5.9
        At contracting establishments.... |     4.7 |     4.7 |     4.3 |     4.8 |     4.7
        At closing establishments........ |     1.2 |     1.2 |     1.1 |     1.1 |     1.2
                                          |         |         |         |         |        
 Net employment change (1)............... |     1.0 |     0.4 |     0.8 |     0.3 |    -0.1
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
(1) The net employment change is the difference between total gross job gains and total gross
    job losses. See the Technical Note for further information.

Firm Size

In the third quarter of 2023, firms with 1 to 49 employees had a net employment decrease of 204,000. Firms
with 50 to 249 employees had a net employment loss of 26,000. Firms with 250 or more employees had a net
employment decrease of 16,000. (See tables 4 and 5.)

Industries

Gross job losses exceeded gross job gains in 8 out of the 13 industry sectors in the third quarter of
2023. The service-providing industries experienced a net job loss of 94,000. The goods-producing
industries had a net job decrease of 98,000. (See table 3.)

States

Gross job losses surpassed gross job gains in 35 states in the third quarter of 2023.
(See tables 6 and 7.)

For More Information

Additional information on gross job gains and gross job losses is available online at www.bls.gov/bdm.
This information includes data for the levels and rates of gross job gains and gross job losses by firm
size, not seasonally adjusted data and seasonally adjusted time series not presented in this release,
charts of gross job gains and gross job losses by industry and firm size, and answers to frequently asked
questions. Additional information about the Business Employment Dynamics data can be found
in the Technical Note of this release or can be obtained by emailing BDMinfo@bls.gov.

_____________
The Business Employment Dynamics for Fourth Quarter 2023 are scheduled to be released on
Wednesday, July 24, 2024, at 10:00 a.m. (ET).

Technical Note


The Business Employment Dynamics (BED) data are a product of a federal-state cooperative
program known as the Quarterly Census of Employment and Wages (QCEW). The BED data are
compiled by the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) from existing QCEW records. Most
employers in the U.S. are required to file quarterly reports on the employment and wages of
workers covered by unemployment insurance (UI) laws and to pay quarterly UI taxes. The QCEW
is based largely on quarterly UI reports which are sent by businesses to the State Workforce
Agencies (SWAs). These UI reports are supplemented by two additional BLS data collections to
render administrative data into economic statistics. Together these data comprise the QCEW and
form the basis of the Bureau’s establishment universe sampling frame.

These reports are used to produce the quarterly QCEW data on total employment and wages and
the longitudinal BED data on gross job gains and losses. The QCEW is also the employment
benchmark for the Current Employment Statistics (CES), Occupational Employment Statistics
(OES), and Job Openings and Labor Turnover Survey (JOLTS) programs and is a major input to
the Bureau of Economic Analysis’s Personal Income Accounts.

In the BED program, the quarterly QCEW records are linked across quarters to provide a
longitudinal history for each establishment. The linkage process allows the tracking of net
employment changes at the establishment level, which in turn allows the estimation of jobs gained
at opening and expanding units and jobs lost at closing and contracting units.

Differences between QCEW, BED, and CES employment measures

The Bureau publishes three different establishment-based employment measures for any given
quarter. Each of these measures—Quarterly Census of Employment and Wages, Business
Employment Dynamics, and Current Employment Statistics—makes use of the
quarterly UI employment reports in producing data; however, each measure has a somewhat
different universe coverage, estimation procedure, and publication product.

Differences in coverage and estimation methods can result in somewhat different measures of
employment change over time. It is important to understand program differences and the intended
uses of the program products. (See table.) Additional information on each program can be obtained
from the program websites shown in the table.

Coverage

Employment and wage data for workers covered by state UI and Unemployment Compensation for
Federal Employees (UCFE) laws are compiled from quarterly contribution reports submitted to the
SWAs by employers. In addition to the quarterly contribution reports, employers who operate
multiple establishments within a state complete a questionnaire, called the “Multiple Worksite
Report,” which provides detailed information on the location of their establishments. These reports
are based on place of employment rather than place of residence. UI and UCFE coverage is broad
and basically comparable from state to state.

Major exclusions from UI coverage are self-employed workers, religious organizations, most
agricultural workers on small farms, all members of the Armed Forces, elected officials in most
states, most employees of railroads, some domestic workers, most student workers at schools, and
employees of certain small nonprofit organizations.

Gross job gains and gross job losses in this release are derived from longitudinal histories of 9.1
million private-sector employer reports out of 11.6 million total reports of employment and wages
submitted by states to BLS in the first quarter of 2023. Gross job gains and gross job losses data in
this release do not report estimates for government employees or private households (NAICS
814110) and do not include establishments with zero employment in both previous and current
quarters. Data from Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands are also excluded from the national data.
The table below shows, in millions of establishments, the number of establishments excluded from
the national gross job gains and gross job losses data in the first quarter of 2023.


                         Number of active establishments included in                       
                   Business Employment Dynamics data at the national level                 
                                                                                      Millions
 Total establishments QCEW program....................................................11.6

   Excluded: Public sector............................................................ 0.3
           Private households......................................................... 0.2
           Zero employment............................................................ 2.0

 Total establishments included in Business
 Employment Dynamics data............................................................. 9.1


Summary of Major Differences between QCEW, BED, and CES Employment Measures
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
           |         QCEW        |         BED          |         CES
-----------|---------------------|----------------------|------------------------
Source     |--Count of UI admini-|--Count of longitudi- |--Sample survey:
           |  strative records   |  nally-linked UI ad- |  670,000 establish-
           |  submitted by 11.6  |  ministrative records|  ments
           |  million establish- |  submitted by 9.1    |
           |  ments in first qu- |  million private-sec-|
           |  arter of 2023      |  tor establishments  |
-----------|---------------------|----------------------|------------------------
Coverage   |--UI and UCFE cover- |--UI coverage, exclud-|Nonfarm wage and salary
           |  age, including all |  ing government, pri-|  jobs:
           |  employers subject  |  vate households, and|--UI coverage, exclud-
           |  to state and feder-|  establishments with |  ing agriculture, pri-
           |  ral UI Laws        |  zero employment     |  vate households, and
           |                     |                      |  self-employed workers
           |                     |                      |--Other employment, 
           |                     |                      |  including railroads,
           |                     |                      |  religious organiza-
           |                     |                      |  tions, and other non-
           |                     |                      |  UI-covered jobs
           |                     |                      |
-----------|---------------------|----------------------|------------------------
Publication|--Quarterly          |--Quarterly           |--Monthly 
frequency  |  -6 months after the|  -7 months after the |  -Usually the 3rd Fri-
           |   end of each quar- |   end of each quarter|   day after the end of
           |   ter               |                      |   the week including 
           |                     |                      |   the 12th of the month
-----------|---------------------|----------------------|------------------------
Use of UI  |--Directly summarizes|--Links each new UI   |--Uses UI file as a sam-
file       |  and publishes each |  quarter to longitu- |  pling frame and to ann-
           |  new quarter of UI  |  dinal database and  |  ually realign sample-
           |  data               |  directly summarizes |  based estimates to pop-
           |                     |  gross job gains and |  ulation counts (bench-
           |                     |  losses              |  marking)
-----------|---------------------|----------------------|------------------------
Principal  |--Provides a quarter-|--Provides quarterly  |--Provides current month-
products   |  ly and annual uni- |  employer dynamics   |  ly estimates of employ-
           |  verse count of es- |  data on establish-  |  ment, hours, and earn-
           |  tablishments, em-  |  ment openings, clos-|  ings at the MSA, state,
           |  ployment, and wages|  ings, expansions,   |  and national levels by
           |  at the county, met-|  and contractions at |  industry
           |  ropolitan statisti-|  the national level  |
           |  cal area (MSA), st-|  by NAICS super-     |
           |  ate, and national  |  sectors, 3-digit    |
           |  levels by detailed |  NAICS, and by size  |
           |  industry           |  of firm, and at the |
           |                     |  state private-sector|
           |                     |  total level         |
           |                     |--Future expansions   |
           |                     |  will include        |
           |                     |  data with greater   |
           |                     |  industry detail and |
           |                     |  data at the county  |
           |                     |  and MSA levels      |
-----------|---------------------|----------------------|------------------------
Principal  |--Major uses include:|--Major uses include: |--Major uses include:
uses       |  -Detailed locality |  -Business cycle     |  -Principal federal
           |   data              |   analysis           |   economic indicator
           |  -Periodic universe |  -Analysis of employ-|  -Official time series 
           |   counts for bench- |   er dynamics under- |   for employment change
           |   marking sample    |   lying economic ex- |   measures
           |   survey estimates  |   pansions and con-  |  -Input into other ma-
           |  -Sample frame for  |   tractions          |   jor economic indi-
           |   BLS establishment |  -Analysis of employ-|   cators
           |   surveys           |   ment expansion and |
           |                     |   contraction by size|
           |                     |   of firm            |
-----------|---------------------|----------------------|------------------------
Program    |--www.bls.gov/cew    |--www.bls.gov/bdm     |--www.bls.gov/ces 
web sites  |                     |                      |
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------


Unit of analysis

Establishments are used in the tabulation of the BED statistics by industry, and firms are used in the 
tabulation of the BED size class statistics. An establishment is defined as an economic unit that 
produces goods or services, usually at a single physical location, and engages in one or 
predominantly one activity. A firm is a legal business, either corporate or otherwise, and may 
consist of several establishments. Firm-level data are compiled based on an aggregation of 
establishments under common ownership by a corporate parent using employer tax identification 
numbers. The firm level aggregation, which is consistent with the role of corporations as the 
economic decision makers, is used for the measurement of BED data elements by size class.

Because of the difference in the unit of analysis, total gross job gains and gross job losses by size 
class are lower than total gross job gains and gross job losses by industry, as some establishment 
gains and losses within a firm are offset during the aggregation process. However, the total net 
changes in employment are the same for not seasonally adjusted data and are similar for seasonally 
adjusted data.

Concepts and methodology

The Business Employment Dynamics data measure the net change in employment at the 
establishment or firm level. These changes come about in one of four ways. A net increase in 
employment can come from either opening units or expanding units. A net decrease in 
employment can come from either closing units or contracting units. Gross job gains include the 
sum of all jobs added at either opening or expanding units. Gross job losses include the sum of all 
jobs lost in either closing or contracting units. The net change in employment is the difference 
between gross job gains and gross job losses.

The formal definitions of employment changes are as follows:

Openings. These are either units with positive third month employment for the first time in the 
current quarter, with no links to the prior quarter, or with positive third month employment in the 
current quarter following zero employment in the previous quarter.

Expansions. These are units with positive employment in the third month in both the previous and 
current quarters, with a net increase in employment over this period.

Closings. These are units with positive third month employment in the previous quarter and either
not reported, or reported with zero employment, in the current quarter.

Contractions. These are units with positive employment in the third month in both the previous and 
current quarters, with a net decrease in employment over this period.

Births. These are units with positive third month employment for the first time in the current 
quarter with no links to the prior quarter, or units with positive third month employment in the 
current quarter and zero employment in the third month of the previous four quarters. Births are a 
subset of openings not including re-openings of seasonal businesses.

Deaths. These are units with no employment or zero employment reported in the third month of 
four consecutive quarters following the last quarter with positive employment. Deaths are a subset 
of closings not including temporary shutdowns of seasonal businesses. A unit that closes during the 
quarter may be a death, but we wait three quarters to determine whether it is a permanent closing 
or a temporary shutdown. Therefore, there is always a lag of three quarters for the publication of 
death statistics.

All employment changes are measured from the third month of the previous quarter to the third 
month of the current quarter. Not all establishments and firms change their employment levels. 
Units with no change in employment count towards estimates of total employment, but not for 
levels of gross job gains and gross job losses.

Gross job gains and gross job losses are expressed as rates by dividing their levels by the average 
of employment in the current and previous quarters. This provides a symmetric growth rate. The 
rates are calculated for the components of gross job gains and gross job losses and then summed to 
form their respective totals. These rates can be added and subtracted just as their levels can. For 
instance, the difference between the gross job gains rate and the gross job losses rate is the net 
growth rate.

Establishment Births and Deaths

For the purpose of BED statistics, births are defined as establishments that appear in the 
longitudinal database for the first time with positive employment in the third month of a quarter, or 
showed four consecutive quarters of zero employment in the third month followed by a quarter in 
which it shows positive employment in the third month. Similarly, deaths are defined as 
establishments that either drop out of the longitudinal database or establishments that had 
positive employment in the third month of a given quarter followed by four consecutive quarters of 
showing zero employment in the third month. Although the data for establishment births and 
deaths are tabulated independently from the data for openings and closings, the concepts are not 
mutually exclusive. An establishment that is defined as a birth in a given quarter is necessarily an 
opening as well, and an establishment defined as a death in a quarter must also be a closing. Since 
openings include seasonal and other re-openings, and closings include temporary shutdowns, the 
not seasonally adjusted values for births and deaths must be less than those for openings and 
closings. However, because some BED series do not have many re-openings or temporary 
shutdowns, as well as the fact that births and deaths are independently seasonally adjusted from 
openings and closings, there may be instances in which the seasonally adjusted value of the former 
is greater than the latter.

Linkage methodology

Prior to the measurement of gross job gains and gross job losses, QCEW records are linked across 
two quarters. The linkage process matches establishments' unique SWA identification numbers 
(SWA-ID). Between 95 and 97 percent of establishments identified as continuous from quarter to 
quarter are matched by SWA-ID. The rest are linked in one of three ways. The first method uses 
predecessor and successor information, identified by the states, which relates records with different 
SWA-IDs across quarters. Predecessor and successor relations can come about for a variety of 
reasons, including a change in ownership, a firm restructuring, or a UI account restructuring. If a 
match cannot be attained in this manner, a probability-based match is used. This match attempts to 
identify two establishments with different SWA-IDs as continuous. The match is based upon 
comparisons such as the same name, address, and phone number. Third, an analyst examines 
unmatched records individually and makes a possible match.

In order to ensure the highest possible quality of data, SWAs verify with employers and update, if 
necessary, the industry, location, and ownership classification of all establishments on a 3-year 
cycle. Changes in establishment classification codes resulting from the verification process are 
introduced with the data reported for the first quarter of the year. Changes resulting from improved 
employer reporting also are introduced in the first quarter.

Sizing methodology

The method of dynamic sizing is used in calculations for the BED size class data series. Dynamic 
sizing allocates each firm’s employment gain or loss during a quarter to each respective size class 
in which the change occurred. For example, if a firm grew from 2 employees in quarter 1 to 38 
employees in quarter 2, then, of the 36-employee increase, 2 would be allocated to the first size 
class, 5 to the size class 5 to 9, 10 to size class 10 to 19, and 19 to size class 20 to 49.

Dynamic sizing provides symmetrical firm-size estimates and eliminates any systematic effects 
which may be caused by the transitory and reverting changes in firms’ sizes over time. 
Additionally, it allocates each job gain or loss to the actual size class where it occurred.

Annual Data

The annual gross job gains and gross job losses measure the net change in employment at the 
establishment level from the third month of a quarter in the previous year to the third month of the 
same quarter in the current year. The BLS publishes annual BED data based on March-to-March 
changes once a year with the release of the first quarter BED data. The annual data based on over-
the-year changes for other quarters of the year are available upon request. The definitions and 
methodology in measuring annual gross job gains and gross job losses are similar to the quarterly 
measures. The linkage method considers all predecessor and successor relations that may come 
about due to changes in ownership and corporate restructuring over the entire year. At the 
establishment level, some of the quarterly job gains and job losses are offset during the estimation 
over the year. Therefore, the sum of four quarters of gross job gains and gross job losses are not 
equal to annual gross job gains and gross job losses. The net change in employment over the year, 
however, is equal to the sum of four quarterly net changes on a not seasonally adjusted basis.

Seasonal adjustment

Over the course of a year, the levels of employment and the associated job flows undergo sharp 
fluctuations due to such seasonal events as changes in the weather, reduced or expanded 
production, harvests, major holidays, and the opening and closing of schools. The effect of such 
seasonal variation can be very large.

Because these seasonal events follow a more or less regular pattern each year, their influence can 
be eliminated by adjusting these statistics from quarter to quarter. These adjustments make 
nonseasonal developments, such as declines in economic activity, easier to recognize. For 
example, the large number of youths taking summer jobs is likely to obscure other changes that 
have taken place in June relative to March, making it difficult to determine if the level of economic 
activity has risen or declined. However, because the effect of students finishing school in previous 
years is known, the statistics for the current year can be adjusted to allow for a comparable change. 
The adjusted figures provide a more useful tool with which to analyze changes in economic 
activity.

The employment data series for opening, expanding, closing, and contracting units are 
independently seasonally adjusted; net changes are calculated based on the difference between 
gross job gains and gross job losses. Similarly, for industry data, the establishment counts data 
series for opening, expanding, closing, and contracting establishments are independently adjusted, 
and the net changes are calculated based on the difference between the number of opening and 
closing establishments. Additionally, establishment and employment levels are independently 
seasonally adjusted to calculate the seasonally adjusted rates. Concurrent seasonal adjustment is 
run using X-13 ARIMA-SEATS. Seasonally adjusted data series for total private are the sum of 
seasonally adjusted data of all sectors including the unclassified sector, which is not separately 
published.

The net over-the-quarter change derived by summing the BED component series will differ from 
the net employment change estimated from the seasonally adjusted total private employment series 
from the CES program. The intended use of BED statistics is to show the dynamic labor market 
changes that underlie the net employment change statistic. As such, data users interested 
particularly in the net employment change and not in the gross job flows underlying this change 
should refer to CES data for over-the-quarter net employment changes.

Reliability of the data

Since the data series on Business Employment Dynamics are based on administrative rather than 
sample data, there are no issues related to sampling error. Nonsampling error, however, still exists. 
Nonsampling errors can occur for many reasons, such as the employer submitting corrected 
employment data after the end of the quarter or typographical errors made by businesses when 
providing information. Such errors, however, are likely to be distributed randomly throughout the 
dataset.

Changes in administrative data sometimes create complications for the linkage process. This can 
result in overstating openings and closings while understating expansions and contractions. The 
BLS continues to refine methods for improving the linkage process to alleviate the effects of these 
complications.

The BED data series are subject to periodic minor changes based on corrections in QCEW records, 
updates on predecessors and successors information, and seasonal adjustment revisions.

Annual revisions are published each year with the release of the first quarter data. These revisions 
cover the last four quarters of not seasonally adjusted data and 5 years of seasonally adjusted data.

Additional statistics and other information

Several other programs within BLS produce closely related information. The QCEW program 
provides both quarterly and annual estimates of employment by state, county, and detailed 
industry. News releases on quarterly county employment and wages and the annual bulletin also 
are available upon request from the Division of Administrative Statistics and Labor Turnover 
(Quarterly Census of Employment and Wages), phone number: (202) 691-6567; (www.bls.gov/cew/); 
(e-mail: QCEWInfo@bls.gov).

The Current Employment Statistics program produces monthly estimates of employment, its 
net change, hours, and earnings by detailed industry. These estimates are part of the Employment 
Situation report put out monthly by BLS.

The Job Openings and Labor Turnover Survey program provides monthly measures of 
job openings, as well as employee hires and separations.

If you are deaf, hard of hearing, or have a speech disability, please dial 7-1-1 to access
telecommunications relay services.

Table 1. Private sector gross job gains and job losses, seasonally adjusted

Total private

(In thousands)

                                                     Gross job gains                          Gross job losses
Year  3 months ended  Net change(1)     Total     Expanding      Opening         Total     Contracting    Closing
                                               establishments establishments            establishments establishments

2013  March                  558        6,941         5,705        1,236         6,383          5,201       1,182
      June                   674        7,152         5,830        1,322         6,478          5,271       1,207
      September              507        7,058         5,719        1,339         6,551          5,408       1,143
      December               700        7,255         5,926        1,329         6,555          5,353       1,202
 
2014  March                  419        6,953         5,687        1,266         6,534          5,380       1,154
      June                   895        7,454         6,114        1,340         6,559          5,342       1,217
      September              577        7,247         5,918        1,329         6,670          5,487       1,183
      December             1,038        7,617         6,248        1,369         6,579          5,346       1,233
 
2015  March                  216        7,046         5,733        1,313         6,830          5,626       1,204
      June                   849        7,580         6,235        1,345         6,731          5,540       1,191
      September              475        7,344         5,983        1,361         6,869          5,657       1,212
      December               944        7,817         6,360        1,457         6,873          5,607       1,266
 
2016  March                  249        7,163         5,875        1,288         6,914          5,706       1,208
      June                   318        7,443         6,070        1,373         7,125          5,820       1,305
      September              748        7,710         6,250        1,460         6,962          5,718       1,244
      December               308        7,413         6,007        1,406         7,105          5,806       1,299
 
2017  March                  651        7,434         6,090        1,344         6,783          5,599       1,184
      June                   526        7,639         6,265        1,374         7,113          5,844       1,269
      September              -39        7,321         5,975        1,346         7,360          6,065       1,295
      December               883        7,772         6,344        1,428         6,889          5,593       1,296
 
2018  March                  683        7,494         6,135        1,359         6,811          5,616       1,195
      June                   498        7,688         6,286        1,402         7,190          5,907       1,283
      September               86        7,485         6,113        1,372         7,399          6,083       1,316
      December               723        7,719         6,283        1,436         6,996          5,665       1,331
 
2019  March                  494        7,460         6,095        1,365         6,966          5,713       1,253
      June                   262        7,667         6,280        1,387         7,405          6,049       1,356
      September               60        7,383         6,010        1,373         7,323          6,053       1,270
      December               738        7,821         6,332        1,489         7,083          5,754       1,329
 
2020  March                 -836        7,031         5,711        1,320         7,867          6,394       1,473
      June               -14,538        5,733         4,441        1,292        20,271         17,349       2,922
      September            4,003       10,846         8,800        2,046         6,843          5,471       1,372
      December             2,016        8,786         7,095        1,691         6,770          5,417       1,353
 
2021  March                1,791        8,324         6,778        1,546         6,533          5,386       1,147
      June                   985        8,211         6,657        1,554         7,226          5,966       1,260
      September            1,463        8,862         7,179        1,683         7,399          5,944       1,455
      December             2,874        9,565         7,704        1,861         6,691          5,349       1,342
 
2022  March                1,575        8,553         6,974        1,579         6,978          5,560       1,418
      June                   382        8,352         6,624        1,728         7,970          6,450       1,520
      September            1,341        8,841         7,183        1,658         7,500          5,995       1,505
      December               478        8,108         6,447        1,661         7,630          6,113       1,517
 
2023  March                  976        8,041         6,515        1,526         7,065          5,646       1,419
      June                   332        8,120         6,511        1,609         7,788          6,296       1,492
      September             -192        7,559         6,001        1,558         7,751          6,174       1,577
 
(1) Net change is the difference between total gross job gains and total gross job losses.

Table 2. Private sector gross job gains and losses, as a percent of employment(1), seasonally adjusted

Total private

(Percent)

                                                     Gross job gains                          Gross job losses
Year  3 months ended  Net change(2)     Total     Expanding      Opening         Total     Contracting    Closing
                                               establishments establishments            establishments establishments

2013  March                  0.5          6.2           5.1          1.1           5.7            4.6         1.1
      June                   0.6          6.4           5.2          1.2           5.8            4.7         1.1
      September              0.5          6.3           5.1          1.2           5.8            4.8         1.0
      December               0.6          6.4           5.2          1.2           5.8            4.7         1.1
 
2014  March                  0.4          6.1           5.0          1.1           5.7            4.7         1.0
      June                   0.8          6.5           5.3          1.2           5.7            4.6         1.1
      September              0.5          6.2           5.1          1.1           5.7            4.7         1.0
      December               0.9          6.6           5.4          1.2           5.7            4.6         1.1
 
2015  March                  0.2          6.0           4.9          1.1           5.8            4.8         1.0
      June                   0.7          6.4           5.3          1.1           5.7            4.7         1.0
      September              0.5          6.3           5.1          1.2           5.8            4.8         1.0
      December               0.7          6.5           5.3          1.2           5.8            4.7         1.1
 
2016  March                  0.2          6.0           4.9          1.1           5.8            4.8         1.0
      June                   0.2          6.2           5.1          1.1           6.0            4.9         1.1
      September              0.6          6.4           5.2          1.2           5.8            4.8         1.0
      December               0.3          6.2           5.0          1.2           5.9            4.8         1.1
 
2017  March                  0.5          6.1           5.0          1.1           5.6            4.6         1.0
      June                   0.4          6.2           5.1          1.1           5.8            4.8         1.0
      September             -0.1          6.0           4.9          1.1           6.1            5.0         1.1
      December               0.7          6.4           5.2          1.2           5.7            4.6         1.1
 
2018  March                  0.6          6.1           5.0          1.1           5.5            4.5         1.0
      June                   0.4          6.2           5.1          1.1           5.8            4.8         1.0
      September              0.0          6.0           4.9          1.1           6.0            4.9         1.1
      December               0.6          6.2           5.0          1.2           5.6            4.5         1.1
 
2019  March                  0.5          6.0           4.9          1.1           5.5            4.5         1.0
      June                   0.2          6.1           5.0          1.1           5.9            4.8         1.1
      September              0.1          5.9           4.8          1.1           5.8            4.8         1.0
      December               0.6          6.2           5.0          1.2           5.6            4.5         1.1
 
2020  March                 -0.7          5.5           4.5          1.0           6.2            5.0         1.2
      June                 -12.1          4.8           3.7          1.1          16.9           14.5         2.4
      September              3.4          9.4           7.6          1.8           6.0            4.8         1.2
      December               1.7          7.4           6.0          1.4           5.7            4.6         1.1
 
2021  March                  1.5          7.0           5.7          1.3           5.5            4.5         1.0
      June                   0.9          6.8           5.5          1.3           5.9            4.9         1.0
      September              1.2          7.3           5.9          1.4           6.1            4.9         1.2
      December               2.3          7.7           6.2          1.5           5.4            4.3         1.1
 
2022  March                  1.2          6.7           5.5          1.2           5.5            4.4         1.1
      June                   0.4          6.6           5.2          1.4           6.2            5.0         1.2
      September              1.0          6.9           5.6          1.3           5.9            4.7         1.2
      December               0.4          6.3           5.0          1.3           5.9            4.7         1.2
 
2023  March                  0.8          6.2           5.0          1.2           5.4            4.3         1.1
      June                   0.3          6.2           5.0          1.2           5.9            4.8         1.1
      September             -0.1          5.8           4.6          1.2           5.9            4.7         1.2
 
(1) The rates measure gross job gains and job losses as a percentage of the average of the previous and current quarter
    employment levels.

(2) Net change is the difference between total gross job gains and total gross job losses.

Table 3. Private sector gross job gains and losses by industry, seasonally adjusted

                                   Gross job gains and job losses              Gross job gains and job losses
                                          (in thousands)                         as a percent of employment

    Category                              3 months ended                               3 months ended

                                   Sept.    Dec.     Mar.     June     Sept.   Sept.   Dec.    Mar.    June    Sept.
                                   2022     2022     2023     2023     2023    2022    2022    2023    2023    2023
Total private(1)

Gross job gains                   8,841    8,108    8,041    8,120    7,559     6.9     6.3     6.2     6.2     5.8
 At expanding establishments      7,183    6,447    6,515    6,511    6,001     5.6     5.0     5.0     5.0     4.6
 At opening establishments        1,658    1,661    1,526    1,609    1,558     1.3     1.3     1.2     1.2     1.2
Gross job losses                  7,500    7,630    7,065    7,788    7,751     5.9     5.9     5.4     5.9     5.9
 At contracting establishments    5,995    6,113    5,646    6,296    6,174     4.7     4.7     4.3     4.8     4.7
 At closing establishments        1,505    1,517    1,419    1,492    1,577     1.2     1.2     1.1     1.1     1.2
Net employment change             1,341      478      976      332     -192     1.0     0.4     0.8     0.3    -0.1
 
Goods-producing

Gross job gains                   1,383    1,341    1,343    1,350    1,214     6.2     6.0     5.9     5.9     5.4
 At expanding establishments      1,172    1,124    1,139    1,147    1,015     5.3     5.0     5.0     5.0     4.5
 At opening establishments          211      217      204      203      199     0.9     1.0     0.9     0.9     0.9
Gross job losses                  1,234    1,288    1,211    1,318    1,312     5.5     5.8     5.3     5.8     5.8
 At contracting establishments    1,024    1,073    1,007    1,095    1,085     4.6     4.8     4.4     4.8     4.8
 At closing establishments          210      215      204      223      227     0.9     1.0     0.9     1.0     1.0
Net employment change               149       53      132       32      -98     0.7     0.2     0.6     0.1    -0.4
 
Natural resources and mining

Gross job gains                     234      204      218      247      221    13.0    11.1    11.9    13.5    12.1
 At expanding establishments        205      176      192      217      192    11.4     9.6    10.5    11.9    10.5
 At opening establishments           29       28       26       30       29     1.6     1.5     1.4     1.6     1.6
Gross job losses                    180      240      229      204      220    10.0    13.2    12.5    11.2    12.0
 At contracting establishments      156      215      198      175      189     8.7    11.8    10.8     9.6    10.3
 At closing establishments           24       25       31       29       31     1.3     1.4     1.7     1.6     1.7
Net employment change                54      -36      -11       43        1     3.0    -2.1    -0.6     2.3     0.1
 
Construction

Gross job gains                     655      667      706      666      607     8.5     8.6     8.9     8.4     7.7
 At expanding establishments        525      529      571      541      483     6.8     6.8     7.2     6.8     6.1
 At opening establishments          130      138      135      125      124     1.7     1.8     1.7     1.6     1.6
Gross job losses                    626      630      580      663      642     8.1     8.1     7.4     8.4     8.1
 At contracting establishments      495      495      457      522      504     6.4     6.4     5.8     6.6     6.4
 At closing establishments          131      135      123      141      138     1.7     1.7     1.6     1.8     1.7
Net employment change                29       37      126        3      -35     0.4     0.5     1.5     0.0    -0.4
 
Manufacturing

Gross job gains                     494      470      419      437      386     3.9     3.7     3.2     3.4     3.0
 At expanding establishments        442      419      376      389      340     3.5     3.3     2.9     3.0     2.6
 At opening establishments           52       51       43       48       46     0.4     0.4     0.3     0.4     0.4
Gross job losses                    428      418      402      451      450     3.3     3.2     3.1     3.5     3.5
 At contracting establishments      373      363      352      398      392     2.9     2.8     2.7     3.1     3.0
 At closing establishments           55       55       50       53       58     0.4     0.4     0.4     0.4     0.5
Net employment change                66       52       17      -14      -64     0.6     0.5     0.1    -0.1    -0.5
 
Service-providing(1)

Gross job gains                   7,458    6,767    6,698    6,770    6,345     7.1     6.3     6.2     6.2     5.9
 At expanding establishments      6,011    5,323    5,376    5,364    4,986     5.7     5.0     5.0     4.9     4.6
 At opening establishments        1,447    1,444    1,322    1,406    1,359     1.4     1.3     1.2     1.3     1.3
Gross job losses                  6,266    6,342    5,854    6,470    6,439     5.9     5.9     5.4     6.0     5.9
 At contracting establishments    4,971    5,040    4,639    5,201    5,089     4.7     4.7     4.3     4.8     4.7
 At closing establishments        1,295    1,302    1,215    1,269    1,350     1.2     1.2     1.1     1.2     1.2
Net employment change             1,192      425      844      300      -94     1.2     0.4     0.8     0.2     0.0
 
Wholesale trade

Gross job gains                     333      293      280      280      259     5.6     4.9     4.7     4.6     4.2
 At expanding establishments        273      239      234      231      210     4.6     4.0     3.9     3.8     3.4
 At opening establishments           60       54       46       49       49     1.0     0.9     0.8     0.8     0.8
Gross job losses                    258      253      250      261      259     4.3     4.2     4.1     4.2     4.3
 At contracting establishments      200      195      191      204      199     3.3     3.2     3.1     3.3     3.3
 At closing establishments           58       58       59       57       60     1.0     1.0     1.0     0.9     1.0
Net employment change                75       40       30       19        0     1.3     0.7     0.6     0.4    -0.1
 
Retail trade

Gross job gains                     954      804      880      859      822     6.1     5.3     5.7     5.5     5.2
 At expanding establishments        828      687      771      739      709     5.3     4.5     5.0     4.7     4.5
 At opening establishments          126      117      109      120      113     0.8     0.8     0.7     0.8     0.7
Gross job losses                    920      903      729      898      903     5.9     5.8     4.8     5.7     5.7
 At contracting establishments      808      789      628      785      771     5.2     5.1     4.1     5.0     4.9
 At closing establishments          112      114      101      113      132     0.7     0.7     0.7     0.7     0.8
Net employment change                34      -99      151      -39      -81     0.2    -0.5     0.9    -0.2    -0.5
 
Transportation and warehousing

Gross job gains                     385      473      307      324      330     6.0     7.3     4.7     5.0     5.2
 At expanding establishments        334      409      261      277      286     5.2     6.3     4.0     4.3     4.5
 At opening establishments           51       64       46       47       44     0.8     1.0     0.7     0.7     0.7
Gross job losses                    328      332      440      377      340     5.1     5.1     6.7     5.9     5.3
 At contracting establishments      277      277      393      324      290     4.3     4.3     6.0     5.1     4.5
 At closing establishments           51       55       47       53       50     0.8     0.8     0.7     0.8     0.8
Net employment change                57      141     -133      -53      -10     0.9     2.2    -2.0    -0.9    -0.1
 
Utilities

Gross job gains                      19       18       16       21       18     3.5     3.3     2.9     3.6     3.1
 At expanding establishments         17       16       14       19       16     3.1     2.9     2.5     3.3     2.8
 At opening establishments            2        2        2        2        2     0.4     0.4     0.4     0.3     0.3
Gross job losses                     12       14       11       15       13     2.2     2.5     2.0     2.6     2.2
 At contracting establishments       10       11        9       13       11     1.8     2.0     1.6     2.3     1.9
 At closing establishments            2        3        2        2        2     0.4     0.5     0.4     0.3     0.3
Net employment change                 7        4        5        6        5     1.3     0.8     0.9     1.0     0.9
 
Information

Gross job gains                     203      166      139      146      130     6.6     5.4     4.6     4.8     4.4
 At expanding establishments        162      127      112      115       94     5.3     4.1     3.7     3.8     3.2
 At opening establishments           41       39       27       31       36     1.3     1.3     0.9     1.0     1.2
Gross job losses                    176      190      179      216      197     5.8     6.2     5.8     7.2     6.7
 At contracting establishments      137      151      147      180      158     4.5     4.9     4.8     6.0     5.4
 At closing establishments           39       39       32       36       39     1.3     1.3     1.0     1.2     1.3
Net employment change                27      -24      -40      -70      -67     0.8    -0.8    -1.2    -2.4    -2.3
 
Financial activities

Gross job gains                     497      451      410      448      386     5.8     5.2     4.8     5.2     4.5
 At expanding establishments        392      341      325      355      294     4.6     3.9     3.8     4.1     3.4
 At opening establishments          105      110       85       93       92     1.2     1.3     1.0     1.1     1.1
Gross job losses                    438      473      401      413      415     5.1     5.5     4.6     4.7     4.8
 At contracting establishments      332      363      297      308      311     3.9     4.2     3.4     3.5     3.6
 At closing establishments          106      110      104      105      104     1.2     1.3     1.2     1.2     1.2
Net employment change                59      -22        9       35      -29     0.7    -0.3     0.2     0.5    -0.3
 
Professional and business services

Gross job gains                   1,776    1,520    1,475    1,497    1,401     7.8     6.7     6.5     6.6     6.2
 At expanding establishments      1,403    1,173    1,184    1,181    1,092     6.2     5.2     5.2     5.2     4.8
 At opening establishments          373      347      291      316      309     1.6     1.5     1.3     1.4     1.4
Gross job losses                  1,501    1,601    1,422    1,578    1,544     6.6     7.0     6.3     7.0     6.8
 At contracting establishments    1,163    1,252    1,112    1,263    1,196     5.1     5.5     4.9     5.6     5.3
 At closing establishments          338      349      310      315      348     1.5     1.5     1.4     1.4     1.5
Net employment change               275      -81       53      -81     -143     1.2    -0.3     0.2    -0.4    -0.6
 
Education and health services

Gross job gains                   1,313    1,162    1,225    1,275    1,232     5.7     4.9     5.1     5.3     5.0
 At expanding establishments      1,089      920    1,013    1,042    1,004     4.7     3.9     4.2     4.3     4.1
 At opening establishments          224      242      212      233      228     1.0     1.0     0.9     1.0     0.9
Gross job losses                    959    1,012      908      989      985     4.1     4.3     3.8     4.1     4.0
 At contracting establishments      727      770      690      773      744     3.1     3.3     2.9     3.2     3.0
 At closing establishments          232      242      218      216      241     1.0     1.0     0.9     0.9     1.0
Net employment change               354      150      317      286      247     1.6     0.6     1.3     1.2     1.0
 
Leisure and hospitality

Gross job gains                   1,529    1,459    1,464    1,423    1,330     9.7     9.1     9.0     8.6     8.1
 At expanding establishments      1,224    1,149    1,178    1,126    1,028     7.8     7.2     7.2     6.8     6.3
 At opening establishments          305      310      286      297      302     1.9     1.9     1.8     1.8     1.8
Gross job losses                  1,347    1,224    1,182    1,375    1,436     8.5     7.6     7.2     8.4     8.7
 At contracting establishments    1,092      996      948    1,113    1,167     6.9     6.2     5.8     6.8     7.1
 At closing establishments          255      228      234      262      269     1.6     1.4     1.4     1.6     1.6
Net employment change               182      235      282       48     -106     1.2     1.5     1.8     0.2    -0.6
 
Other services

Gross job gains                     350      322      327      330      306     8.3     7.6     7.6     7.6     7.0
 At expanding establishments        271      246      258      255      233     6.4     5.8     6.0     5.9     5.3
 At opening establishments           79       76       69       75       73     1.9     1.8     1.6     1.7     1.7
Gross job losses                    289      298      284      299      304     6.9     7.0     6.6     6.9     7.0
 At contracting establishments      213      223      209      224      227     5.1     5.2     4.9     5.2     5.2
 At closing establishments           76       75       75       75       77     1.8     1.8     1.7     1.7     1.8
Net employment change                61       24       43       31        2     1.4     0.6     1.0     0.7     0.0
 
(1) Includes unclassified sector, not shown separately.

Table 4. Private sector gross job gains and losses by firm size, seasonally adjusted

(In thousands)

                   Total private by firm(1)          Firm size 1 - 49 employees       Firm size 50 - 249 employees     Firm size 250 or more employees
Year  3 months      Net           Gross job           Net          Gross job           Net          Gross job           Net          Gross job
        ended      change       gains   losses       change      gains   losses       change      gains   losses       change      gains   losses

2013  March          582        5,743    5,161         212       3,071    2,859         156       1,029      873         214       1,643    1,429
      June           650        5,906    5,256         226       3,085    2,859         135       1,071      936         289       1,750    1,461
      September      473        5,764    5,291         225       3,063    2,838          69       1,021      952         179       1,680    1,501
      December       631        5,886    5,255         122       3,021    2,899         105       1,034      929         404       1,831    1,427
 
2014  March          442        5,665    5,223         231       3,070    2,839         149       1,035      886          62       1,560    1,498
      June           893        6,134    5,241         302       3,178    2,876         214       1,119      905         377       1,837    1,460
      September      560        5,865    5,305         197       3,064    2,867         117       1,066      949         246       1,735    1,489
      December       951        6,155    5,204         212       3,105    2,893         150       1,085      935         589       1,965    1,376
 
2015  March          226        5,677    5,451         168       3,098    2,930          75       1,025      950         -17       1,554    1,571
      June           846        6,243    5,397         323       3,196    2,873         187       1,128      941         336       1,919    1,583
      September      456        5,914    5,458         148       3,057    2,909          79       1,047      968         229       1,810    1,581
      December       830        6,245    5,415         227       3,172    2,945          90       1,074      984         513       1,999    1,486
 
2016  March          254        5,754    5,500         191       3,114    2,923          59       1,022      963           4       1,618    1,614
      June           331        6,048    5,717          74       3,123    3,049         114       1,101      987         143       1,824    1,681
      September      752        6,266    5,514         192       3,160    2,968         102       1,089      987         458       2,017    1,559
      December       245        5,886    5,641          71       3,065    2,994          37       1,026      989         137       1,795    1,658
 
2017  March          662        6,007    5,345         346       3,236    2,890         191       1,085      894         125       1,686    1,561
      June           570        6,216    5,646         145       3,161    3,016         151       1,127      976         274       1,928    1,654
      September      -90        5,826    5,916        -100       2,999    3,099         -44       1,013    1,057          54       1,814    1,760
      December       804        6,185    5,381         235       3,184    2,949         142       1,082      940         427       1,919    1,492
 
2018  March          729        6,072    5,343         297       3,210    2,913         164       1,071      907         268       1,791    1,523
      June           515        6,214    5,699         134       3,194    3,060         162       1,135      973         219       1,885    1,666
      September       24        5,967    5,943         -83       3,027    3,110         -34       1,025    1,059         141       1,915    1,774
      December       663        6,087    5,424         198       3,171    2,973         138       1,076      938         327       1,840    1,513
 
2019  March          572        6,016    5,444         260       3,191    2,931         155       1,066      911         157       1,759    1,602
      June           269        6,170    5,901          58       3,161    3,103         106       1,124    1,018         105       1,885    1,780
      September      -10        5,856    5,866          -6       3,044    3,050         -36       1,014    1,050          32       1,798    1,766
      December       647        6,192    5,545         205       3,186    2,981          93       1,062      969         349       1,944    1,595
 
2020  March         -653        5,612    6,265        -367       3,026    3,393        -100         969    1,069        -186       1,617    1,803
      June       -15,093        4,515   19,608      -4,705       2,557    7,262      -2,796         582    3,378      -7,592       1,376    8,968
      September    4,020        9,428    5,408       1,515       4,482    2,967         532       1,417      885       1,973       3,529    1,556
      December     1,852        7,065    5,213         506       3,488    2,982         348       1,189      841         998       2,388    1,390
 
2021  March        1,840        6,896    5,056         973       3,641    2,668         224       1,101      877         643       2,154    1,511
      June         1,016        6,664    5,648         724       3,523    2,799         220       1,146      926          72       1,995    1,923
      September    1,418        7,143    5,725         396       3,526    3,130         247       1,192      945         775       2,425    1,650
      December     2,734        7,641    4,907         913       3,769    2,856         468       1,303      835       1,353       2,569    1,216
 
2022  March        1,671        6,994    5,323         312       3,388    3,076         274       1,163      889       1,085       2,443    1,358
      June           329        6,604    6,275         174       3,353    3,179         144       1,157    1,013          11       2,094    2,083
      September    1,369        7,105    5,736          71       3,321    3,250         248       1,230      982       1,050       2,554    1,504
      December       460        6,291    5,831         206       3,305    3,099         157       1,128      971          97       1,858    1,761
 
2023  March        1,104        6,556    5,452         317       3,333    3,016         275       1,184      909         512       2,039    1,527
      June           283        6,450    6,167           0       3,237    3,237         133       1,170    1,037         150       2,043    1,893
      September     -246        5,925    6,171        -204       3,019    3,223         -26       1,034    1,060         -16       1,872    1,888
 
(1) Total gross job gains and gross job losses by firm are lower than total gross job gains and gross job losses by establishment, as some
    establishment gains and losses within a firm are offset during the aggregation process.

NOTE: Net change is the difference between total gross job gains and total gross job losses. Net change totals for the firm-level data differ from
the establishment-level data due to independent seasonal adjustment. The unit of analysis section in the technical note provides additional detail.
See www.bls.gov/bdm/bdmfirmsize.htm for more detailed firm size class data.

Table 5. Components of private sector gross job gains and losses by firm size, seasonally adjusted

                                   Gross job gains and job losses              Gross job gains and job losses
                                          (in thousands)                         as a percent of employment

    Category                              3 months ended                               3 months ended

                                   Sept.    Dec.     Mar.     June     Sept.   Sept.   Dec.    Mar.    June    Sept.
                                   2022     2022     2023     2023     2023    2022    2022    2023    2023    2023
Total private by firm(1)

Gross job gains                   7,105    6,291    6,556    6,450    5,925     5.5     4.8     5.1     5.0     4.6
 At expanding firms               6,108    5,229    5,556    5,455    4,926     4.7     4.0     4.3     4.2     3.8
 At opening firms                   997    1,062    1,000      995      999     0.8     0.8     0.8     0.8     0.8
 
Gross job losses                  5,736    5,831    5,452    6,167    6,171     4.5     4.5     4.2     4.7     4.7
 At contracting firms             4,722    4,880    4,473    5,157    5,154     3.7     3.8     3.4     3.9     3.9
 At closing firms                 1,014      951      979    1,010    1,017     0.8     0.7     0.8     0.8     0.8
 
Net employment change             1,369      460    1,104      283     -246     1.0     0.3     0.9     0.3    -0.1
 

Firm size 1 to 49 employees

Gross job gains                   3,321    3,305    3,333    3,237    3,019     9.4     9.3     9.4     9.1     8.5
 At expanding firms               2,363    2,278    2,366    2,280    2,065     6.7     6.4     6.7     6.4     5.8
 At opening firms                   958    1,027      967      957      954     2.7     2.9     2.7     2.7     2.7
 
Gross job losses                  3,250    3,099    3,016    3,237    3,223     9.2     8.8     8.5     9.1     9.1
 At contracting firms             2,272    2,181    2,066    2,270    2,243     6.4     6.2     5.8     6.4     6.3
 At closing firms                   978      918      950      967      980     2.8     2.6     2.7     2.7     2.8
 
Net employment change                71      206      317        0     -204     0.2     0.5     0.9     0.0    -0.6
 

Firm size 50 to 249 employees

Gross job gains                   1,230    1,128    1,184    1,170    1,034     5.6     5.0     5.2     5.2     4.6
 At expanding firms               1,195    1,095    1,153    1,134      998     5.4     4.9     5.1     5.0     4.4
 At opening firms                    35       33       31       36       36     0.2     0.1     0.1     0.2     0.2
 
Gross job losses                    982      971      909    1,037    1,060     4.4     4.3     4.0     4.5     4.6
 At contracting firms               949      941      884    1,003    1,029     4.3     4.2     3.9     4.4     4.5
 At closing firms                    33       30       25       34       31     0.1     0.1     0.1     0.1     0.1
 
Net employment change               248      157      275      133      -26     1.2     0.7     1.2     0.7     0.0
 

Firm size 250 or more employees

Gross job gains                   2,554    1,858    2,039    2,043    1,872     3.6     2.6     2.8     2.8     2.6
 At expanding firms               2,550    1,856    2,037    2,041    1,863     3.6     2.6     2.8     2.8     2.6
 At opening firms                     4        2        2        2        9     0.0     0.0     0.0     0.0     0.0
 
Gross job losses                  1,504    1,761    1,527    1,893    1,888     2.1     2.5     2.1     2.6     2.6
 At contracting firms             1,501    1,758    1,523    1,884    1,882     2.1     2.5     2.1     2.6     2.6
 At closing firms                     3        3        4        9        6     0.0     0.0     0.0     0.0     0.0
 
Net employment change             1,050       97      512      150      -16     1.5     0.1     0.7     0.2     0.0
 
 
(1) Total gross job gains and gross job losses by firm are lower than total gross job gains and gross job losses by
    establishment, as some establishment gains and losses within a firm are offset during the aggregation process.

NOTE: Net change is the difference between total gross job gains and total gross job losses. Net change totals for
the firm-level data differ from the establishment-level data due to independent seasonal adjustment. The unit of
analysis section in the technical note provides additional detail. See www.bls.gov/bdm/bdmfirmsize.htm for more
detailed firm size class data.

Table 6. Private sector gross job gains and losses by state, seasonally adjusted

                                           Gross job gains                                         Gross job losses
State                                      3 months ended                                          3 months ended

                           Sept.      Dec.       Mar.       June       Sept.       Sept.      Dec.       Mar.       June       Sept.
                           2022       2022       2023       2023       2023        2022       2022       2023       2023       2023

United States(1)....  8,841,000  8,108,000  8,041,000  8,120,000  7,559,000   7,500,000  7,630,000  7,065,000  7,788,000  7,751,000
 
Alabama.............    114,951    111,392    107,346    100,702    100,216      97,672    101,269     92,757     95,939    100,987
Alaska..............     20,345     26,395     25,502     27,627     21,332      24,798     22,355     19,548     22,186     26,439
Arizona.............    189,864    179,255    162,184    192,346    183,856     147,844    162,816    147,769    178,441    162,523
Arkansas............     67,914     66,289     61,533     63,471     60,444      55,294     55,695     54,248     65,458     61,771
California..........  1,047,601  1,023,199    950,611  1,028,190    961,078     955,420  1,014,015    998,801    993,780    999,313
Colorado............    167,165    179,968    174,762    178,132    135,454     169,449    164,325    157,244    160,978    150,554
Connecticut.........     89,510     84,396     87,749     92,604     82,905      87,391     84,879     75,054     82,681     89,425
Delaware............     33,739     27,950     26,861     24,278     24,305      24,076     29,640     20,741     22,852     26,130
District of Columbia     36,573     28,958     30,796     28,166     28,605      25,579     28,671     24,750     28,001     28,416
Florida.............    653,384    526,584    536,274    578,080    564,943     462,890    506,776    474,307    496,234    505,174
 
Georgia.............    291,045    272,908    257,840    265,731    254,774     241,090    243,103    240,875    269,241    252,692
Hawaii..............     32,013     30,578     28,383     29,151     27,109      24,742     24,784     25,797     26,822     34,974
Idaho...............     54,532     58,731     56,541     56,214     51,518      52,224     48,159     53,049     53,223     57,935
Illinois............    302,420    277,741    302,001    285,519    249,357     273,485    265,645    252,853    281,545    287,850
Indiana.............    174,452    156,490    152,428    153,357    159,404     150,254    142,752    137,357    166,890    160,437
Iowa................     76,260     83,521     79,072     79,017     71,800      77,324     80,755     69,866     77,599     76,191
Kansas..............     84,737     73,945     71,362     71,788     67,090      63,428     65,323     63,683     70,057     71,269
Kentucky............    108,606     98,218    102,867     93,576     94,807      87,882     87,574     82,015     99,073     91,490
Louisiana...........    109,117     96,340    100,274     95,762     97,306      89,239     98,066     89,594    102,429     96,084
Maine...............     40,046     39,221     41,777     41,094     36,676      38,150     36,063     32,865     41,017     41,735
 
Maryland............    158,967    143,112    147,510    145,726    137,846     128,265    148,916    121,490    137,170    140,643
Massachusetts.......    196,202    172,267    185,080    188,783    173,510     191,141    182,910    150,369    181,977    194,523
Michigan............    213,654    222,363    214,563    226,977    201,709     217,371    195,166    187,424    204,760    226,384
Minnesota...........    161,515    145,971    142,357    152,737     79,408     146,246    144,366    121,788    140,597    107,468
Mississippi.........     66,259     63,543     56,698     58,299     57,651      58,091     57,383     53,845     61,507     57,930
Missouri............    164,580    146,620    159,576    144,820    138,048     153,783    141,455    126,409    146,711    144,835
Montana.............     35,364     38,144     36,820     33,093     32,253      31,761     32,645     30,286     35,748     35,506
Nebraska............     57,920     50,331     52,700     51,196     50,601      50,197     47,031     43,272     47,470     49,905
Nevada..............     97,965     86,046     81,960     89,121     87,646      76,982     80,560     76,372     80,568     74,367
New Hampshire.......     40,895     39,582     41,836     39,844     35,032      39,303     35,447     35,077     37,850     40,220
 
New Jersey..........    246,368    245,269    225,314    252,735    218,347     230,364    216,117    206,205    215,082    219,037
New Mexico..........     52,835     44,263     45,462     43,440     40,926      38,637     40,933     39,692     41,656     45,584
New York............    527,154    475,568    519,705    505,166    474,709     471,684    477,112    415,967    463,070    493,186
North Carolina......    266,108    268,628    263,089    248,661    230,670     234,300    230,657    214,252    235,494    253,947
North Dakota........     25,773     21,763     26,282     23,960     23,154      21,499     22,691     19,560     23,576     22,941
Ohio................    274,284    278,516    276,221    266,857    244,248     260,595    270,059    229,257    271,213    272,478
Oklahoma............     96,273     88,157     83,640     82,988     83,010      73,231     78,069     70,808     80,274     80,312
Oregon..............    110,795    109,234    122,824    109,046    102,505      98,428    104,861    104,113    117,513    116,696
Pennsylvania........    316,316    289,349    291,327    278,274    274,729     267,537    269,933    246,312    293,852    273,799
Rhode Island........     28,042     29,058     31,968     28,983     27,524      30,831     27,302     25,190     29,771     29,163
 
South Carolina......    133,853    128,661    127,086    120,255    126,620     103,467    115,506    108,926    126,837    107,643
South Dakota........     26,561     23,909     27,136     25,414     23,793      23,680     23,831     21,836     23,210     23,941
Tennessee...........    193,098    160,803    162,157    165,165     76,516     150,300    155,186    137,669    152,886    116,184
Texas...............    817,302    710,535    693,258    680,662    661,812     599,159    614,067    583,324    631,214    643,035
Utah................    106,005     97,694    100,736     97,876     97,547      95,500     93,248     87,902     89,247     92,500
Vermont.............     17,902     19,530     20,856     18,909     16,131      19,529     17,641     14,980     19,097     20,331
Virginia............    242,676    205,926    202,603    199,417    193,148     196,198    190,156    172,074    191,775    200,751
Washington..........    212,159    178,131    192,039    181,419    161,082     185,305    159,252    164,600    168,647    179,554
West Virginia.......     43,424     35,765     38,724     33,896     35,651      37,362     34,246     29,218     33,964     35,499
Wisconsin...........    150,455    152,533    150,237    144,324    132,988     144,718    138,269    121,931    149,948    147,571
 
Wyoming.............     19,090     19,402     18,858     17,956     17,439      17,420     16,682     16,565     18,553     17,386
Puerto Rico.........     46,016     48,915     37,998     43,144     42,482      38,949     45,298     42,503     36,754     40,983
Virgin Islands......      2,042      1,432      1,838      1,841      2,036       1,326      1,153      1,613      1,688      1,782
 
(1) The sum of the states will not necessarily add to the U.S. total because of the independent seasonal adjustment of each state.

NOTE: Totals for the United States do not include data for Puerto Rico or the Virgin Islands.

Table 7. Private sector gross job gains and losses, as a percent of total employment by state, seasonally adjusted

                        Gross job gains as a percent of employment    Gross job losses as a percent of employment
State                               3 months ended                                3 months ended

                        Sept.   Dec.    Mar.    June    Sept.         Sept.   Dec.    Mar.    June    Sept.
                        2022    2022    2023    2023    2023          2022    2022    2023    2023    2023

United States.......     6.9     6.3     6.2     6.2     5.8           5.9     5.9     5.4     5.9     5.9
 
Alabama.............     6.9     6.6     6.4     5.9     5.9           5.9     6.1     5.5     5.7     6.0
Alaska..............     8.5    10.9    10.4    11.0     8.5          10.4     9.2     8.0     8.9    10.5
Arizona.............     7.1     6.6     5.9     7.0     6.7           5.5     6.0     5.4     6.5     5.9
Arkansas............     6.5     6.2     5.8     5.8     5.6           5.2     5.2     5.0     6.0     5.7
California..........     6.8     6.6     6.1     6.7     6.2           6.2     6.6     6.4     6.4     6.5
Colorado............     7.0     7.6     7.2     7.3     5.5           7.1     6.9     6.5     6.6     6.2
Connecticut.........     6.3     5.9     6.1     6.4     5.8           6.2     5.9     5.3     5.7     6.2
Delaware............     8.6     7.0     6.7     6.0     6.0           6.2     7.5     5.2     5.7     6.5
District of Columbia     7.2     5.6     5.9     5.4     5.5           5.0     5.5     4.8     5.3     5.4
Florida.............     7.8     6.2     6.3     6.8     6.5           5.6     6.0     5.6     5.8     5.8
 
Georgia.............     7.1     6.7     6.2     6.4     6.1           5.9     5.9     5.8     6.5     6.1
Hawaii..............     6.4     6.0     5.5     5.7     5.3           4.9     4.9     5.0     5.2     6.9
Idaho...............     7.8     8.4     7.9     7.9     7.3           7.5     6.9     7.5     7.5     8.2
Illinois............     5.8     5.4     5.8     5.4     4.8           5.3     5.1     4.8     5.3     5.5
Indiana.............     6.4     5.7     5.5     5.5     5.8           5.5     5.2     5.0     6.1     5.8
Iowa................     5.9     6.4     6.0     6.0     5.5           5.9     6.2     5.4     5.9     5.8
Kansas..............     7.4     6.3     6.1     6.1     5.7           5.5     5.6     5.4     6.0     6.0
Kentucky............     6.6     6.0     6.1     5.6     5.7           5.4     5.3     4.9     5.9     5.5
Louisiana...........     6.9     6.1     6.3     6.1     6.2           5.7     6.2     5.6     6.4     6.0
Maine...............     7.6     7.4     7.7     7.6     6.8           7.3     6.8     6.2     7.6     7.8
 
Maryland............     7.4     6.6     6.8     6.7     6.4           6.0     6.9     5.6     6.3     6.5
Massachusetts.......     6.2     5.5     5.8     5.9     5.4           6.1     5.8     4.7     5.7     6.1
Michigan............     5.7     5.9     5.7     5.9     5.2           5.8     5.2     4.9     5.3     5.9
Minnesota...........     6.5     5.9     5.7     6.0     3.1           5.9     5.8     4.9     5.6     4.2
Mississippi.........     7.2     6.8     6.1     6.3     6.2           6.3     6.2     5.7     6.6     6.2
Missouri............     6.8     6.1     6.5     5.9     5.6           6.3     5.8     5.1     5.9     5.8
Montana.............     8.7     9.2     8.7     7.8     7.7           7.8     7.8     7.1     8.4     8.5
Nebraska............     7.1     6.0     6.3     6.0     6.0           6.1     5.7     5.1     5.6     5.9
Nevada..............     7.4     6.4     6.2     6.6     6.5           5.8     6.1     5.7     6.0     5.5
New Hampshire.......     6.9     6.7     7.0     6.7     5.9           6.7     6.0     5.9     6.3     6.7
 
New Jersey..........     6.8     6.8     6.1     6.8     5.9           6.4     5.9     5.7     5.9     5.9
New Mexico..........     8.0     6.7     6.8     6.4     6.1           5.9     6.2     5.9     6.2     6.7
New York............     6.6     5.9     6.5     6.3     5.8           5.9     6.0     5.1     5.7     6.1
North Carolina......     6.7     6.6     6.4     6.1     5.6           5.8     5.7     5.3     5.7     6.2
North Dakota........     7.6     6.4     7.6     6.9     6.6           6.3     6.7     5.6     6.7     6.6
Ohio................     5.8     5.9     5.8     5.6     5.2           5.5     5.7     4.9     5.7     5.7
Oklahoma............     7.4     6.6     6.3     6.2     6.2           5.6     5.9     5.3     6.0     6.0
Oregon..............     6.7     6.5     7.3     6.4     6.1           6.0     6.2     6.1     6.9     6.9
Pennsylvania........     6.1     5.5     5.5     5.2     5.2           5.1     5.2     4.6     5.5     5.2
Rhode Island........     6.7     6.9     7.5     6.7     6.5           7.3     6.4     5.9     7.0     6.8
 
South Carolina......     7.3     6.9     6.8     6.4     6.8           5.6     6.2     5.8     6.8     5.7
South Dakota........     7.3     6.5     7.2     6.8     6.3           6.4     6.5     5.9     6.2     6.3
Tennessee...........     7.0     5.8     5.9     5.9     2.7           5.5     5.6     5.0     5.5     4.2
Texas...............     7.2     6.2     5.9     5.8     5.7           5.3     5.3     5.0     5.4     5.5
Utah................     7.5     6.9     7.0     6.8     6.8           6.8     6.6     6.2     6.2     6.5
Vermont.............     7.2     7.8     8.2     7.4     6.3           7.8     7.0     6.0     7.5     8.0
Virginia............     7.5     6.2     6.2     6.0     5.8           6.1     5.8     5.2     5.8     6.0
Washington..........     7.2     5.9     6.4     6.0     5.4           6.3     5.3     5.5     5.6     6.0
West Virginia.......     8.1     6.6     7.1     6.1     6.5           6.9     6.4     5.3     6.1     6.5
Wisconsin...........     6.0     6.0     6.0     5.6     5.2           5.8     5.5     4.9     5.9     5.9
 
Wyoming.............     9.2     9.2     8.9     8.4     8.2           8.4     7.9     7.8     8.7     8.2
Puerto Rico.........     6.2     6.6     5.1     5.8     5.7           5.3     6.1     5.7     4.9     5.4
Virgin Islands......     8.5     5.9     7.5     7.4     8.2           5.5     4.7     6.5     6.8     7.1
 
NOTE: Totals for the United States do not include data for Puerto Rico or the Virgin Islands.

Table 8. Private sector establishment births and deaths, seasonally adjusted

Total private

(Levels in thousands)

                           Number of Establishments                           Employment
                             Births              Deaths(1)            Births              Deaths
Year  3 months ended     Level     Rate(2)   Level     Rate       Level     Rate      Level     Rate

2013  March                205      2.8        193      2.6         748      0.7        648      0.6
      June                 222      3.0        215      2.9         789      0.7        695      0.6
      September            219      2.9        195      2.6         818      0.7        678      0.6
      December             215      2.9        187      2.5         803      0.7        670      0.6
 
2014  March                220      2.9        190      2.5         784      0.7        635      0.6
      June                 221      2.9        204      2.7         806      0.7        711      0.6
      September            225      3.0        199      2.6         825      0.7        703      0.6
      December             224      2.9        198      2.6         836      0.7        705      0.6
 
2015  March                233      3.0        207      2.7         818      0.7        696      0.6
      June                 234      3.1        211      2.8         838      0.7        728      0.6
      September            243      3.2        207      2.7         881      0.7        699      0.6
      December             247      3.2        209      2.7         892      0.7        733      0.6
 
2016  March                236      3.0        204      2.6         789      0.7        671      0.6
      June                 241      3.1        213      2.7         838      0.7        719      0.6
      September            238      3.0        214      2.7         872      0.7        745      0.6
      December             238      3.0        217      2.8         865      0.7        729      0.6
 
2017  March                242      3.0        203      2.6         806      0.7        668      0.5
      June                 240      3.0        223      2.8         848      0.7        752      0.6
      September            244      3.1        225      2.8         851      0.7        760      0.6
      December             246      3.1        216      2.7         849      0.7        731      0.6
 
2018  March                248      3.1        215      2.7         816      0.7        668      0.5
      June                 263      3.3        228      2.8         879      0.7        769      0.6
      September            250      3.1        231      2.8         863      0.7        785      0.6
      December             249      3.1        222      2.7         855      0.7        758      0.6
 
2019  March                260      3.2        220      2.7         812      0.6        698      0.6
      June                 257      3.1        240      2.9         847      0.7        801      0.6
      September            251      3.0        231      2.8         847      0.7        767      0.6
      December             269      3.2        234      2.8         903      0.7        784      0.6
 
2020  March                279      3.3        240      2.9         811      0.6        735      0.6
      June                 227      2.8        327      4.0         658      0.5      1,152      1.0
      September            278      3.4        233      2.9         821      0.7        691      0.6
      December             287      3.5        218      2.6         916      0.8        688      0.6
 
2021  March                308      3.6        210      2.5         833      0.7        604      0.5
      June                 351      4.1        226      2.6         981      0.8        664      0.5
      September            359      4.1        245      2.8       1,026      0.8        736      0.6
      December             378      4.3        254      2.9       1,117      0.9        779      0.6
 
2022  March                349      3.9        255      2.9         960      0.8        744      0.6
      June                 365      4.1        322      3.6       1,062      0.8        925      0.7
      September            349      3.9        294      3.3       1,031      0.8        913      0.7
      December             344      3.8        289      3.2       1,045      0.8        899      0.7
 
2023  March                331      3.6        N/A      N/A         944      0.7        N/A      N/A
      June                 332      3.6        N/A      N/A       1,015      0.8        N/A      N/A
      September            311      3.4        N/A      N/A         972      0.7        N/A      N/A
 
(1) Values for deaths are not available for the most recent three quarters by definition. See the
    Technical Note for more informations.

(2) The rates measure births and deaths as a percentage of the average of the previous and current
    quarter employment levels or total number of establishments.

Last Modified Date: April 24, 2024