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Economic News Release
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Quarterly Data Series on Business Employment Dynamics News Release

For release 10:00 a.m. (ET) Wednesday, April 26, 2023                                   	USDL-23-0796
Technical information:	(202) 691-6553  *  BDMInfo@bls.gov  *  www.bls.gov/bdm
Media contact:	        (202) 691-5902  *  PressOffice@bls.gov

BUSINESS EMPLOYMENT DYNAMICS – THIRD QUARTER 2022

From June 2022 to September 2022, gross job gains from opening and expanding private-sector
establishments were 8.8 million, an increase of 561,000 jobs from the previous quarter, the U.S.
Bureau of Labor Statistics reported today. Over this period, gross job losses from closing and contracting
private-sector establishments were 7.5 million, a decrease of 1.0 million jobs from the previous quarter.
The difference between the number of gross job gains and the number of gross job losses yielded a net
employment gain of 1.3 million jobs in the private sector during the third quarter of 2022. (See tables A
and 1.)

The change in the number of jobs over time is the net result of increases and decreases in employment
that occur at all private businesses in the economy. Business Employment Dynamics (BED) statistics track
these changes in employment at private-sector establishments from the third month of one quarter to the
third month of the next. The difference between the number of gross job gains and the number of gross
job losses is the net change in employment. (See Technical Note.) The BED data series include gross job
gains and gross job losses by industry subsector, for the 50 states, the District of Columbia, Puerto Rico,
and the Virgin Islands, as well as gross job gains and gross job losses at the firm level by employer size
class.

Gross Job Gains

In the third quarter of 2022, gross job gains represented 6.8 percent of private-sector employment. Gross
job gains are the sum of increases in employment due to expansions at existing establishments and the
addition of new jobs at opening establishments. Gross job gains at expanding establishments totaled 7.1
million in the third quarter of 2022, an increase of 539,000 jobs compared to the previous quarter.
Opening establishments accounted for 1.7 million of the jobs gained in the third quarter of 2022, an
increase of 22,000 jobs from the previous quarter. (See tables A, 1, 2, and 3.)

Gross Job Losses

In the third quarter of 2022, gross job losses represented 5.8 percent of private-sector employment.
Gross job losses are the result of contractions in employment at existing establishments and the loss of
jobs at closing establishments. Contracting establishments lost 6.0 million jobs in the third quarter of
2022, a decrease of 528,000 jobs from the prior quarter. In the third quarter of 2022, closing
establishments lost 1.6 million jobs, a decrease of 500,000 jobs from the previous quarter. (See
tables A, 1, 2, and 3.)

Establishment Births and Deaths

In the third quarter of 2022, the number of establishment births (a subset of the openings data)
decreased by 13,000 to a total of 346,000 establishments. These new establishments accounted for
1.0 million jobs, a decrease of 18,000 jobs from the previous quarter. Data for establishment deaths (a
subset of the closings data) are available through the fourth quarter of 2021, when 778,000 jobs were
lost at 254,000 establishments, an increase of 44,000 jobs from the third quarter of 2021. (See
Technical Note and table 8.)


 Table A. Three-month private-sector gross job gains and losses, seasonally adjusted

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                          |                  3 months ended                 
                 Category                 |   Sept. |    Dec. |    Mar. |    June |   Sept.
                                          |    2021 |    2021 |    2022 |    2022 |    2022
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                          |              Levels (in thousands)              
                                          |--------------------------------------------------
 Gross job gains......................... |   8,882 |   9,580 |   8,438 |   8,253 |   8,814
        At expanding establishments...... |   7,201 |   7,715 |   6,887 |   6,552 |   7,091
        At opening establishments........ |   1,681 |   1,865 |   1,551 |   1,701 |   1,723
                                          |         |         |         |         |        
 Gross job losses........................ |   7,408 |   6,688 |   6,893 |   8,540 |   7,512
        At contracting establishments.... |   5,953 |   5,344 |   5,486 |   6,482 |   5,954
        At closing establishments........ |   1,455 |   1,344 |   1,407 |   2,058 |   1,558
                                          |         |         |         |         |        
 Net employment change (1)............... |   1,474 |   2,892 |   1,545 |    -287 |   1,302
                                          |         |         |         |         |        
                                          |--------------------------------------------------
                                          |                 Rates (percent)                 
                                          |--------------------------------------------------
 Gross job gains......................... |     7.3 |     7.7 |     6.6 |     6.4 |     6.8
        At expanding establishments...... |     5.9 |     6.2 |     5.4 |     5.1 |     5.5
        At opening establishments........ |     1.4 |     1.5 |     1.2 |     1.3 |     1.3
                                          |         |         |         |         |        
 Gross job losses........................ |     6.1 |     5.4 |     5.4 |     6.7 |     5.8
        At contracting establishments.... |     4.9 |     4.3 |     4.3 |     5.1 |     4.6
        At closing establishments........ |     1.2 |     1.1 |     1.1 |     1.6 |     1.2
                                          |         |         |         |         |        
 Net employment change (1)............... |     1.2 |     2.3 |     1.2 |    -0.3 |     1.0
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
(1) The net employment change is the difference between total gross job gains and total gross 
    job losses. See the Technical Note for further information.

Firm Size

In the third quarter of 2022, firms with 1 to 49 employees had a net employment increase of 34,000. Firms
with 50 to 249 employees had a net employment gain of 249,000. Firms with 250 or more employees had a net
employment increase of 1.1 million. (See tables 4 and 5.)

Industries

Gross job gains exceeded gross job losses in all 13 industry sectors in the third quarter of 2022.
The service-providing industries experienced a net job gain of 1.2 million. The goods-producing industries
had a net job increase of 129,000. (See table 3.)

States

Gross job gains surpassed gross job losses in 43 states, the District of Columbia, Puerto Rico,
and the Virgin Islands in the third quarter of 2022. (See tables 6 and 7.)

For More Information

Additional information on gross job gains and gross job losses is available online at www.bls.gov/bdm. 
This information includes data for the levels and rates of gross job gains and gross job losses by firm 
size, not seasonally adjusted data and seasonally adjusted time series not presented in this release, 
charts of gross job gains and gross job losses by industry and firm size, and answers to frequently asked  
questions. Additional information about the Business Employment Dynamics data can be found 
in the Technical Note of this release or can be obtained by emailing BDMinfo@bls.gov.

_____________
The Business Employment Dynamics for Fourth Quarter 2022 are scheduled to be released on 
Wednesday, July 26, 2023, at 10:00 a.m. (ET).

Technical Note


The Business Employment Dynamics (BED) data are a product of a federal-state cooperative 
program known as the Quarterly Census of Employment and Wages (QCEW). The BED data are 
compiled by the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) from existing QCEW records. Most 
employers in the U.S. are required to file quarterly reports on the employment and wages of 
workers covered by unemployment insurance (UI) laws and to pay quarterly UI taxes. The QCEW 
is based largely on quarterly UI reports which are sent by businesses to the State Workforce 
Agencies (SWAs). These UI reports are supplemented by two additional BLS data collections to 
render administrative data into economic statistics. Together these data comprise the QCEW and 
form the basis of the Bureau’s establishment universe sampling frame.

These reports are used to produce the quarterly QCEW data on total employment and wages and 
the longitudinal BED data on gross job gains and losses. The QCEW is also the employment 
benchmark for the Current Employment Statistics (CES), Occupational Employment Statistics 
(OES), and Job Openings and Labor Turnover Survey (JOLTS) programs and is a major input to 
the Bureau of Economic Analysis’s Personal Income Accounts.

In the BED program, the quarterly QCEW records are linked across quarters to provide a 
longitudinal history for each establishment. The linkage process allows the tracking of net 
employment changes at the establishment level, which in turn allows the estimation of jobs gained 
at opening and expanding units and jobs lost at closing and contracting units.

Differences between QCEW, BED, and CES employment measures

The Bureau publishes three different establishment-based employment measures for any given 
quarter. Each of these measures—Quarterly Census of Employment and Wages, Business 
Employment Dynamics, and Current Employment Statistics—makes use of the 
quarterly UI employment reports in producing data; however, each measure has a somewhat 
different universe coverage, estimation procedure, and publication product.

Differences in coverage and estimation methods can result in somewhat different measures of 
employment change over time. It is important to understand program differences and the intended 
uses of the program products. (See table.) Additional information on each program can be obtained 
from the program websites shown in the table.

Coverage

Employment and wage data for workers covered by state UI and Unemployment Compensation for 
Federal Employees (UCFE) laws are compiled from quarterly contribution reports submitted to the 
SWAs by employers. In addition to the quarterly contribution reports, employers who operate 
multiple establishments within a state complete a questionnaire, called the “Multiple Worksite 
Report,” which provides detailed information on the location of their establishments. These reports 
are based on place of employment rather than place of residence. UI and UCFE coverage is broad 
and basically comparable from state to state. 

Major exclusions from UI coverage are self-employed workers, religious organizations, most 
agricultural workers on small farms, all members of the Armed Forces, elected officials in most 
states, most employees of railroads, some domestic workers, most student workers at schools, and 
employees of certain small nonprofit organizations.

Gross job gains and gross job losses in this release are derived from longitudinal histories of 8.9
million private-sector employer reports out of 11.3 million total reports of employment and wages 
submitted by states to BLS in the first quarter of 2022. Gross job gains and gross job losses data in 
this release do not report estimates for government employees or private households (NAICS 
814110) and do not include establishments with zero employment in both previous and current 
quarters. Data from Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands are also excluded from the national data. 
The table below shows, in millions of establishments, the number of establishments excluded from 
the national gross job gains and gross job losses data in the first quarter of 2022.


                         Number of active establishments included in                       
                   Business Employment Dynamics data at the national level                 
                                                                                      Millions
 Total establishments QCEW program....................................................11.3

   Excluded: Public sector............................................................ 0.3
           Private households......................................................... 0.2
           Zero employment............................................................ 1.9

 Total establishments included in Business
 Employment Dynamics data............................................................. 8.9


Summary of Major Differences between QCEW, BED, and CES Employment Measures
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
           |         QCEW        |         BED          |         CES
-----------|---------------------|----------------------|------------------------
Source     |--Count of UI admini-|--Count of longitudi- |--Sample survey:
           |  strative records   |  nally-linked UI ad- |  670,000 establish-
           |  submitted by 11.3  |  ministrative records|  ments
           |  million establish- |  submitted by 8.9    |
           |  ments in first qu- |  million private-sec-|
           |  arter of 2022      |  tor establishments  |
-----------|---------------------|----------------------|------------------------
Coverage   |--UI and UCFE cover- |--UI coverage, exclud-|Nonfarm wage and salary
           |  age, including all |  ing government, pri-|  jobs:
           |  employers subject  |  vate households, and|--UI coverage, exclud-
           |  to state and feder-|  establishments with |  ing agriculture, pri-
           |  ral UI Laws        |  zero employment     |  vate households, and
           |                     |                      |  self-employed workers
           |                     |                      |--Other employment, 
           |                     |                      |  including railroads,
           |                     |                      |  religious organiza-
           |                     |                      |  tions, and other non-
           |                     |                      |  UI-covered jobs
           |                     |                      |
-----------|---------------------|----------------------|------------------------
Publication|--Quarterly          |--Quarterly           |--Monthly 
frequency  |  -6 months after the|  -7 months after the |  -Usually the 3rd Fri-
           |   end of each quar- |   end of each quarter|   day after the end of
           |   ter               |                      |   the week including 
           |                     |                      |   the 12th of the month
-----------|---------------------|----------------------|------------------------
Use of UI  |--Directly summarizes|--Links each new UI   |--Uses UI file as a sam-
file       |  and publishes each |  quarter to longitu- |  pling frame and to ann-
           |  new quarter of UI  |  dinal database and  |  ually realign sample-
           |  data               |  directly summarizes |  based estimates to pop-
           |                     |  gross job gains and |  ulation counts (bench-
           |                     |  losses              |  marking)
-----------|---------------------|----------------------|------------------------
Principal  |--Provides a quarter-|--Provides quarterly  |--Provides current month-
products   |  ly and annual uni- |  employer dynamics   |  ly estimates of employ-
           |  verse count of es- |  data on establish-  |  ment, hours, and earn-
           |  tablishments, em-  |  ment openings, clos-|  ings at the MSA, state,
           |  ployment, and wages|  ings, expansions,   |  and national levels by
           |  at the county, met-|  and contractions at |  industry
           |  ropolitan statisti-|  the national level  |
           |  cal area (MSA), st-|  by NAICS super-     |
           |  ate, and national  |  sectors, 3-digit    |
           |  levels by detailed |  NAICS, and by size  |
           |  industry           |  of firm, and at the |
           |                     |  state private-sector|
           |                     |  total level         |
           |                     |--Future expansions   |
           |                     |  will include        |
           |                     |  data with greater   |
           |                     |  industry detail and |
           |                     |  data at the county  |
           |                     |  and MSA levels      |
-----------|---------------------|----------------------|------------------------
Principal  |--Major uses include:|--Major uses include: |--Major uses include:
uses       |  -Detailed locality |  -Business cycle     |  -Principal federal
           |   data              |   analysis           |   economic indicator
           |  -Periodic universe |  -Analysis of employ-|  -Official time series 
           |   counts for bench- |   er dynamics under- |   for employment change
           |   marking sample    |   lying economic ex- |   measures
           |   survey estimates  |   pansions and con-  |  -Input into other ma-
           |  -Sample frame for  |   tractions          |   jor economic indi-
           |   BLS establishment |  -Analysis of employ-|   cators
           |   surveys           |   ment expansion and |
           |                     |   contraction by size|
           |                     |   of firm            |
-----------|---------------------|----------------------|------------------------
Program    |--www.bls.gov/cew    |--www.bls.gov/bdm     |--www.bls.gov/ces 
web sites  |                     |                      |
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------


Unit of analysis

Establishments are used in the tabulation of the BED statistics by industry, and firms are used in the 
tabulation of the BED size class statistics. An establishment is defined as an economic unit that 
produces goods or services, usually at a single physical location, and engages in one or 
predominantly one activity. A firm is a legal business, either corporate or otherwise, and may 
consist of several establishments. Firm-level data are compiled based on an aggregation of 
establishments under common ownership by a corporate parent using employer tax identification 
numbers. The firm level aggregation, which is consistent with the role of corporations as the 
economic decision makers, is used for the measurement of BED data elements by size class.

Because of the difference in the unit of analysis, total gross job gains and gross job losses by size 
class are lower than total gross job gains and gross job losses by industry, as some establishment 
gains and losses within a firm are offset during the aggregation process. However, the total net 
changes in employment are the same for not seasonally adjusted data and are similar for seasonally 
adjusted data.

Concepts and methodology

The Business Employment Dynamics data measure the net change in employment at the 
establishment or firm level. These changes come about in one of four ways. A net increase in 
employment can come from either opening units or expanding units. A net decrease in 
employment can come from either closing units or contracting units. Gross job gains include the 
sum of all jobs added at either opening or expanding units. Gross job losses include the sum of all 
jobs lost in either closing or contracting units. The net change in employment is the difference 
between gross job gains and gross job losses.

The formal definitions of employment changes are as follows:

Openings. These are either units with positive third month employment for the first time in the 
current quarter, with no links to the prior quarter, or with positive third month employment in the 
current quarter following zero employment in the previous quarter.

Expansions. These are units with positive employment in the third month in both the previous and 
current quarters, with a net increase in employment over this period.

Closings. These are units with positive third month employment in the previous quarter and either
not reported, or reported with zero employment, in the current quarter.

Contractions. These are units with positive employment in the third month in both the previous and 
current quarters, with a net decrease in employment over this period.

Births. These are units with positive third month employment for the first time in the current 
quarter with no links to the prior quarter, or units with positive third month employment in the 
current quarter and zero employment in the third month of the previous four quarters. Births are a 
subset of openings not including re-openings of seasonal businesses.

Deaths. These are units with no employment or zero employment reported in the third month of 
four consecutive quarters following the last quarter with positive employment. Deaths are a subset 
of closings not including temporary shutdowns of seasonal businesses. A unit that closes during the 
quarter may be a death, but we wait three quarters to determine whether it is a permanent closing 
or a temporary shutdown. Therefore, there is always a lag of three quarters for the publication of 
death statistics.

All employment changes are measured from the third month of the previous quarter to the third 
month of the current quarter. Not all establishments and firms change their employment levels. 
Units with no change in employment count towards estimates of total employment, but not for 
levels of gross job gains and gross job losses.

Gross job gains and gross job losses are expressed as rates by dividing their levels by the average 
of employment in the current and previous quarters. This provides a symmetric growth rate. The 
rates are calculated for the components of gross job gains and gross job losses and then summed to 
form their respective totals. These rates can be added and subtracted just as their levels can. For 
instance, the difference between the gross job gains rate and the gross job losses rate is the net 
growth rate.

Establishment Births and Deaths

For the purpose of BED statistics, births are defined as establishments that appear in the 
longitudinal database for the first time with positive employment in the third month of a quarter, or 
showed four consecutive quarters of zero employment in the third month followed by a quarter in 
which it shows positive employment in the third month. Similarly, deaths are defined as 
establishments that either drop out of the longitudinal database or establishments that had 
positive employment in the third month of a given quarter followed by four consecutive quarters of 
showing zero employment in the third month. Although the data for establishment births and 
deaths are tabulated independently from the data for openings and closings, the concepts are not 
mutually exclusive. An establishment that is defined as a birth in a given quarter is necessarily an 
opening as well, and an establishment defined as a death in a quarter must also be a closing. Since 
openings include seasonal and other re-openings, and closings include temporary shutdowns, the 
not seasonally adjusted values for births and deaths must be less than those for openings and 
closings. However, because some BED series do not have many re-openings or temporary 
shutdowns, as well as the fact that births and deaths are independently seasonally adjusted from 
openings and closings, there may be instances in which the seasonally adjusted value of the former 
is greater than the latter.

Linkage methodology

Prior to the measurement of gross job gains and gross job losses, QCEW records are linked across 
two quarters. The linkage process matches establishments' unique SWA identification numbers 
(SWA-ID). Between 95 and 97 percent of establishments identified as continuous from quarter to 
quarter are matched by SWA-ID. The rest are linked in one of three ways. The first method uses 
predecessor and successor information, identified by the states, which relates records with different 
SWA-IDs across quarters. Predecessor and successor relations can come about for a variety of 
reasons, including a change in ownership, a firm restructuring, or a UI account restructuring. If a 
match cannot be attained in this manner, a probability-based match is used. This match attempts to 
identify two establishments with different SWA-IDs as continuous. The match is based upon 
comparisons such as the same name, address, and phone number. Third, an analyst examines 
unmatched records individually and makes a possible match.

In order to ensure the highest possible quality of data, SWAs verify with employers and update, if 
necessary, the industry, location, and ownership classification of all establishments on a 3-year 
cycle. Changes in establishment classification codes resulting from the verification process are 
introduced with the data reported for the first quarter of the year. Changes resulting from improved 
employer reporting also are introduced in the first quarter.

Sizing methodology

The method of dynamic sizing is used in calculations for the BED size class data series. Dynamic 
sizing allocates each firm’s employment gain or loss during a quarter to each respective size class 
in which the change occurred. For example, if a firm grew from 2 employees in quarter 1 to 38 
employees in quarter 2, then, of the 36-employee increase, 2 would be allocated to the first size 
class, 5 to the size class 5 to 9, 10 to size class 10 to 19, and 19 to size class 20 to 49.

Dynamic sizing provides symmetrical firm-size estimates and eliminates any systematic effects 
which may be caused by the transitory and reverting changes in firms’ sizes over time. 
Additionally, it allocates each job gain or loss to the actual size class where it occurred.

Annual Data

The annual gross job gains and gross job losses measure the net change in employment at the 
establishment level from the third month of a quarter in the previous year to the third month of the 
same quarter in the current year. The BLS publishes annual BED data based on March-to-March 
changes once a year with the release of the first quarter BED data. The annual data based on over-
the-year changes for other quarters of the year are available upon request. The definitions and 
methodology in measuring annual gross job gains and gross job losses are similar to the quarterly 
measures. The linkage method considers all predecessor and successor relations that may come 
about due to changes in ownership and corporate restructuring over the entire year. At the 
establishment level, some of the quarterly job gains and job losses are offset during the estimation 
over the year. Therefore, the sum of four quarters of gross job gains and gross job losses are not 
equal to annual gross job gains and gross job losses. The net change in employment over the year, 
however, is equal to the sum of four quarterly net changes on a not seasonally adjusted basis.

Seasonal adjustment

Over the course of a year, the levels of employment and the associated job flows undergo sharp 
fluctuations due to such seasonal events as changes in the weather, reduced or expanded 
production, harvests, major holidays, and the opening and closing of schools. The effect of such 
seasonal variation can be very large.

Because these seasonal events follow a more or less regular pattern each year, their influence can 
be eliminated by adjusting these statistics from quarter to quarter. These adjustments make 
nonseasonal developments, such as declines in economic activity, easier to recognize. For 
example, the large number of youths taking summer jobs is likely to obscure other changes that 
have taken place in June relative to March, making it difficult to determine if the level of economic 
activity has risen or declined. However, because the effect of students finishing school in previous 
years is known, the statistics for the current year can be adjusted to allow for a comparable change. 
The adjusted figures provide a more useful tool with which to analyze changes in economic 
activity.

The employment data series for opening, expanding, closing, and contracting units are 
independently seasonally adjusted; net changes are calculated based on the difference between 
gross job gains and gross job losses. Similarly, for industry data, the establishment counts data 
series for opening, expanding, closing, and contracting establishments are independently adjusted, 
and the net changes are calculated based on the difference between the number of opening and 
closing establishments. Additionally, establishment and employment levels are independently 
seasonally adjusted to calculate the seasonally adjusted rates. Concurrent seasonal adjustment is 
run using X-13 ARIMA-SEATS. Seasonally adjusted data series for total private are the sum of 
seasonally adjusted data of all sectors including the unclassified sector, which is not separately 
published.

The net over-the-quarter change derived by summing the BED component series will differ from 
the net employment change estimated from the seasonally adjusted total private employment series 
from the CES program. The intended use of BED statistics is to show the dynamic labor market 
changes that underlie the net employment change statistic. As such, data users interested 
particularly in the net employment change and not in the gross job flows underlying this change 
should refer to CES data for over-the-quarter net employment changes.

Reliability of the data

Since the data series on Business Employment Dynamics are based on administrative rather than 
sample data, there are no issues related to sampling error. Nonsampling error, however, still exists. 
Nonsampling errors can occur for many reasons, such as the employer submitting corrected 
employment data after the end of the quarter or typographical errors made by businesses when 
providing information. Such errors, however, are likely to be distributed randomly throughout the 
dataset.

Changes in administrative data sometimes create complications for the linkage process. This can 
result in overstating openings and closings while understating expansions and contractions. The 
BLS continues to refine methods for improving the linkage process to alleviate the effects of these 
complications.

The BED data series are subject to periodic minor changes based on corrections in QCEW records, 
updates on predecessors and successors information, and seasonal adjustment revisions.

Annual revisions are published each year with the release of the first quarter data. These revisions 
cover the last four quarters of not seasonally adjusted data and 5 years of seasonally adjusted data.

Additional statistics and other information

Several other programs within BLS produce closely related information. The QCEW program 
provides both quarterly and annual estimates of employment by state, county, and detailed 
industry. News releases on quarterly county employment and wages and the annual bulletin also 
are available upon request from the Division of Administrative Statistics and Labor Turnover 
(Quarterly Census of Employment and Wages), phone number: (202) 691-6567; (www.bls.gov/cew/); 
(e-mail: QCEWInfo@bls.gov).

The Current Employment Statistics program produces monthly estimates of employment, its 
net change, hours, and earnings by detailed industry. These estimates are part of the Employment 
Situation report put out monthly by BLS.

The Job Openings and Labor Turnover Survey program provides monthly measures of 
job openings, as well as employee hires and separations.

If you are deaf, hard of hearing, or have a speech disability, please dial 7-1-1 to access
telecommunications relay services.

Table 1. Private sector gross job gains and job losses, seasonally adjusted

Total private

(In thousands)

                                                     Gross job gains                          Gross job losses
Year  3 months ended  Net change(1)     Total     Expanding      Opening         Total     Contracting    Closing
                                               establishments establishments            establishments establishments

2012  March                  948        7,080         5,746        1,334         6,132          5,005       1,127
      June                   616        7,051         5,724        1,327         6,435          5,266       1,169
      September              252        6,881         5,571        1,310         6,629          5,430       1,199
      December               695        7,110         5,753        1,357         6,415          5,225       1,190
 
2013  March                  558        6,941         5,705        1,236         6,383          5,201       1,182
      June                   674        7,152         5,830        1,322         6,478          5,271       1,207
      September              507        7,058         5,719        1,339         6,551          5,408       1,143
      December               700        7,255         5,926        1,329         6,555          5,353       1,202
 
2014  March                  419        6,953         5,687        1,266         6,534          5,380       1,154
      June                   895        7,454         6,114        1,340         6,559          5,342       1,217
      September              577        7,247         5,918        1,329         6,670          5,487       1,183
      December             1,038        7,617         6,248        1,369         6,579          5,346       1,233
 
2015  March                  216        7,046         5,733        1,313         6,830          5,626       1,204
      June                   849        7,580         6,235        1,345         6,731          5,540       1,191
      September              475        7,344         5,983        1,361         6,869          5,657       1,212
      December               944        7,817         6,360        1,457         6,873          5,607       1,266
 
2016  March                  249        7,163         5,875        1,288         6,914          5,706       1,208
      June                   318        7,443         6,070        1,373         7,125          5,820       1,305
      September              748        7,710         6,250        1,460         6,962          5,718       1,244
      December               308        7,413         6,007        1,406         7,105          5,806       1,299
 
2017  March                  651        7,434         6,090        1,344         6,783          5,599       1,184
      June                   526        7,639         6,265        1,374         7,113          5,844       1,269
      September              -39        7,321         5,975        1,346         7,360          6,065       1,295
      December               883        7,772         6,344        1,428         6,889          5,593       1,296
 
2018  March                  712        7,497         6,139        1,358         6,785          5,595       1,190
      June                   458        7,673         6,270        1,403         7,215          5,930       1,285
      September               91        7,500         6,130        1,370         7,409          6,090       1,319
      December               731        7,724         6,287        1,437         6,993          5,660       1,333
 
2019  March                  524        7,464         6,101        1,363         6,940          5,691       1,249
      June                   218        7,653         6,265        1,388         7,435          6,073       1,362
      September               66        7,398         6,025        1,373         7,332          6,062       1,270
      December               750        7,831         6,340        1,491         7,081          5,750       1,331
 
2020  March                 -803        7,035         5,717        1,318         7,838          6,367       1,471
      June               -14,621        5,719         4,425        1,294        20,340         17,410       2,930
      September            4,025       10,874         8,828        2,046         6,849          5,476       1,373
      December             2,024        8,797         7,104        1,693         6,773          5,416       1,357
 
2021  March                1,810        8,322         6,781        1,541         6,512          5,367       1,145
      June                   936        8,196         6,641        1,555         7,260          5,997       1,263
      September            1,474        8,882         7,201        1,681         7,408          5,953       1,455
      December             2,892        9,580         7,715        1,865         6,688          5,344       1,344
 
2022  March                1,545        8,438         6,887        1,551         6,893          5,486       1,407
      June                  -287        8,253         6,552        1,701         8,540          6,482       2,058
      September            1,302        8,814         7,091        1,723         7,512          5,954       1,558
 
(1) Net change is the difference between total gross job gains and total gross job losses.

Table 2. Private sector gross job gains and losses, as a percent of employment(1), seasonally adjusted

Total private

(Percent)

                                                     Gross job gains                          Gross job losses
Year  3 months ended  Net change(2)     Total     Expanding      Opening         Total     Contracting    Closing
                                               establishments establishments            establishments establishments

2012  March                  0.8          6.4           5.2          1.2           5.6            4.6         1.0
      June                   0.5          6.4           5.2          1.2           5.9            4.8         1.1
      September              0.2          6.2           5.0          1.2           6.0            4.9         1.1
      December               0.6          6.4           5.2          1.2           5.8            4.7         1.1
 
2013  March                  0.5          6.2           5.1          1.1           5.7            4.6         1.1
      June                   0.6          6.4           5.2          1.2           5.8            4.7         1.1
      September              0.5          6.3           5.1          1.2           5.8            4.8         1.0
      December               0.6          6.4           5.2          1.2           5.8            4.7         1.1
 
2014  March                  0.4          6.1           5.0          1.1           5.7            4.7         1.0
      June                   0.8          6.5           5.3          1.2           5.7            4.6         1.1
      September              0.5          6.2           5.1          1.1           5.7            4.7         1.0
      December               0.9          6.6           5.4          1.2           5.7            4.6         1.1
 
2015  March                  0.2          6.0           4.9          1.1           5.8            4.8         1.0
      June                   0.7          6.4           5.3          1.1           5.7            4.7         1.0
      September              0.5          6.3           5.1          1.2           5.8            4.8         1.0
      December               0.7          6.5           5.3          1.2           5.8            4.7         1.1
 
2016  March                  0.2          6.0           4.9          1.1           5.8            4.8         1.0
      June                   0.2          6.2           5.1          1.1           6.0            4.9         1.1
      September              0.6          6.4           5.2          1.2           5.8            4.8         1.0
      December               0.3          6.2           5.0          1.2           5.9            4.8         1.1
 
2017  March                  0.5          6.1           5.0          1.1           5.6            4.6         1.0
      June                   0.4          6.2           5.1          1.1           5.8            4.8         1.0
      September             -0.1          6.0           4.9          1.1           6.1            5.0         1.1
      December               0.7          6.4           5.2          1.2           5.7            4.6         1.1
 
2018  March                  0.6          6.1           5.0          1.1           5.5            4.5         1.0
      June                   0.3          6.1           5.0          1.1           5.8            4.8         1.0
      September              0.0          6.0           4.9          1.1           6.0            4.9         1.1
      December               0.6          6.2           5.0          1.2           5.6            4.5         1.1
 
2019  March                  0.5          6.0           4.9          1.1           5.5            4.5         1.0
      June                   0.2          6.1           5.0          1.1           5.9            4.8         1.1
      September              0.1          5.9           4.8          1.1           5.8            4.8         1.0
      December               0.6          6.2           5.0          1.2           5.6            4.5         1.1
 
2020  March                 -0.7          5.5           4.5          1.0           6.2            5.0         1.2
      June                 -12.1          4.8           3.7          1.1          16.9           14.5         2.4
      September              3.5          9.5           7.7          1.8           6.0            4.8         1.2
      December               1.6          7.4           6.0          1.4           5.8            4.6         1.2
 
2021  March                  1.5          7.0           5.7          1.3           5.5            4.5         1.0
      June                   0.9          6.8           5.5          1.3           5.9            4.9         1.0
      September              1.2          7.3           5.9          1.4           6.1            4.9         1.2
      December               2.3          7.7           6.2          1.5           5.4            4.3         1.1
 
2022  March                  1.2          6.6           5.4          1.2           5.4            4.3         1.1
      June                  -0.3          6.4           5.1          1.3           6.7            5.1         1.6
      September              1.0          6.8           5.5          1.3           5.8            4.6         1.2
 
(1) The rates measure gross job gains and job losses as a percentage of the average of the previous and current quarter
    employment levels.

(2) Net change is the difference between total gross job gains and total gross job losses.

Table 3. Private sector gross job gains and losses by industry, seasonally adjusted

                                   Gross job gains and job losses              Gross job gains and job losses
                                          (in thousands)                         as a percent of employment

    Category                              3 months ended                               3 months ended

                                   Sept.    Dec.     Mar.     June     Sept.   Sept.   Dec.    Mar.    June    Sept.
                                   2021     2021     2022     2022     2022    2021    2021    2022    2022    2022
Total private(1)

Gross job gains                   8,882    9,580    8,438    8,253    8,814     7.3     7.7     6.6     6.4     6.8
 At expanding establishments      7,201    7,715    6,887    6,552    7,091     5.9     6.2     5.4     5.1     5.5
 At opening establishments        1,681    1,865    1,551    1,701    1,723     1.4     1.5     1.2     1.3     1.3
Gross job losses                  7,408    6,688    6,893    8,540    7,512     6.1     5.4     5.4     6.7     5.8
 At contracting establishments    5,953    5,344    5,486    6,482    5,954     4.9     4.3     4.3     5.1     4.6
 At closing establishments        1,455    1,344    1,407    2,058    1,558     1.2     1.1     1.1     1.6     1.2
Net employment change             1,474    2,892    1,545     -287    1,302     1.2     2.3     1.2    -0.3     1.0
 
Goods-producing

Gross job gains                   1,350    1,526    1,426    1,331    1,361     6.3     7.1     6.4     6.0     6.1
 At expanding establishments      1,128    1,290    1,220    1,130    1,155     5.3     6.0     5.5     5.1     5.2
 At opening establishments          222      236      206      201      206     1.0     1.1     0.9     0.9     0.9
Gross job losses                  1,256    1,138    1,144    1,359    1,232     5.9     5.3     5.2     6.1     5.6
 At contracting establishments    1,047      946      941    1,072    1,014     4.9     4.4     4.3     4.8     4.6
 At closing establishments          209      192      203      287      218     1.0     0.9     0.9     1.3     1.0
Net employment change                94      388      282      -28      129     0.4     1.8     1.2    -0.1     0.5
 
Natural resources and mining

Gross job gains                     220      230      238      224      229    12.8    13.0    13.1    12.5    12.8
 At expanding establishments        191      200      210      197      202    11.1    11.3    11.6    11.0    11.3
 At opening establishments           29       30       28       27       27     1.7     1.7     1.5     1.5     1.5
Gross job losses                    201      218      223      226      180    11.7    12.4    12.3    12.6    10.1
 At contracting establishments      175      192      191      192      155    10.2    10.9    10.5    10.7     8.7
 At closing establishments           26       26       32       34       25     1.5     1.5     1.8     1.9     1.4
Net employment change                19       12       15       -2       49     1.1     0.6     0.8    -0.1     2.7
 
Construction

Gross job gains                     643      725      710      643      638     8.7     9.7     9.3     8.3     8.3
 At expanding establishments        501      575      574      519      514     6.8     7.7     7.5     6.7     6.7
 At opening establishments          142      150      136      124      124     1.9     2.0     1.8     1.6     1.6
Gross job losses                    640      573      573      672      623     8.7     7.7     7.5     8.8     8.2
 At contracting establishments      509      454      452      506      488     6.9     6.1     5.9     6.6     6.4
 At closing establishments          131      119      121      166      135     1.8     1.6     1.6     2.2     1.8
Net employment change                 3      152      137      -29       15     0.0     2.0     1.8    -0.5     0.1
 
Manufacturing

Gross job gains                     487      571      478      464      494     4.0     4.6     3.8     3.7     3.8
 At expanding establishments        436      515      436      414      439     3.6     4.1     3.5     3.3     3.4
 At opening establishments           51       56       42       50       55     0.4     0.5     0.3     0.4     0.4
Gross job losses                    415      347      348      461      429     3.4     2.8     2.8     3.6     3.4
 At contracting establishments      363      300      298      374      371     3.0     2.4     2.4     2.9     2.9
 At closing establishments           52       47       50       87       58     0.4     0.4     0.4     0.7     0.5
Net employment change                72      224      130        3       65     0.6     1.8     1.0     0.1     0.4
 
Service-providing(1)

Gross job gains                   7,532    8,054    7,012    6,922    7,453     7.4     7.8     6.7     6.5     7.0
 At expanding establishments      6,073    6,425    5,667    5,422    5,936     6.0     6.2     5.4     5.1     5.6
 At opening establishments        1,459    1,629    1,345    1,500    1,517     1.4     1.6     1.3     1.4     1.4
Gross job losses                  6,152    5,550    5,749    7,181    6,280     6.1     5.4     5.4     6.8     5.9
 At contracting establishments    4,906    4,398    4,545    5,410    4,940     4.9     4.3     4.3     5.1     4.6
 At closing establishments        1,246    1,152    1,204    1,771    1,340     1.2     1.1     1.1     1.7     1.3
Net employment change             1,380    2,504    1,263     -259    1,173     1.3     2.4     1.3    -0.3     1.1
 
Wholesale trade

Gross job gains                     313      357      307      306      335     5.5     6.2     5.3     5.2     5.6
 At expanding establishments        252      286      257      248      272     4.4     5.0     4.4     4.2     4.5
 At opening establishments           61       71       50       58       63     1.1     1.2     0.9     1.0     1.1
Gross job losses                    271      224      237      311      257     4.7     3.9     4.0     5.3     4.3
 At contracting establishments      201      171      177      211      197     3.5     3.0     3.0     3.6     3.3
 At closing establishments           70       53       60      100       60     1.2     0.9     1.0     1.7     1.0
Net employment change                42      133       70       -5       78     0.8     2.3     1.3    -0.1     1.3
 
Retail trade

Gross job gains                     970      931    1,010      841      940     6.3     6.0     6.5     5.4     6.1
 At expanding establishments        841      801      900      717      816     5.5     5.2     5.8     4.6     5.3
 At opening establishments          129      130      110      124      124     0.8     0.8     0.7     0.8     0.8
Gross job losses                  1,000      823      731    1,059      912     6.5     5.3     4.7     6.8     5.8
 At contracting establishments      880      714      626      898      798     5.7     4.6     4.0     5.8     5.1
 At closing establishments          120      109      105      161      114     0.8     0.7     0.7     1.0     0.7
Net employment change               -30      108      279     -218       28    -0.2     0.7     1.8    -1.4     0.3
 
Transportation and warehousing

Gross job gains                     451      696      366      321      381     7.7    11.2     5.7     5.0     6.0
 At expanding establishments        388      578      320      269      329     6.6     9.3     5.0     4.2     5.2
 At opening establishments           63      118       46       52       52     1.1     1.9     0.7     0.8     0.8
Gross job losses                    308      237      393      477      326     5.3     3.9     6.1     7.5     5.1
 At contracting establishments      263      196      353      406      276     4.5     3.2     5.5     6.4     4.3
 At closing establishments           45       41       40       71       50     0.8     0.7     0.6     1.1     0.8
Net employment change               143      459      -27     -156       55     2.4     7.3    -0.4    -2.5     0.9
 
Utilities

Gross job gains                      15       18       14       16       19     2.8     3.4     2.6     2.9     3.5
 At expanding establishments         13       15       12       13       17     2.4     2.8     2.2     2.4     3.1
 At opening establishments            2        3        2        3        2     0.4     0.6     0.4     0.5     0.4
Gross job losses                     13       14       13       16       12     2.4     2.6     2.4     2.9     2.2
 At contracting establishments       11       12       11       13       10     2.0     2.2     2.0     2.4     1.8
 At closing establishments            2        2        2        3        2     0.4     0.4     0.4     0.5     0.4
Net employment change                 2        4        1        0        7     0.4     0.8     0.2     0.0     1.3
 
Information

Gross job gains                     238      226      201      207      201     8.3     7.7     6.8     6.9     6.6
 At expanding establishments        194      179      168      169      162     6.8     6.1     5.7     5.6     5.3
 At opening establishments           44       47       33       38       39     1.5     1.6     1.1     1.3     1.3
Gross job losses                    146      169      150      195      175     5.1     5.8     5.0     6.5     5.7
 At contracting establishments      111      133      113      148      135     3.9     4.6     3.8     4.9     4.4
 At closing establishments           35       36       37       47       40     1.2     1.2     1.2     1.6     1.3
Net employment change                92       57       51       12       26     3.2     1.9     1.8     0.4     0.9
 
Financial activities

Gross job gains                     490      518      467      478      493     5.9     6.1     5.5     5.6     5.7
 At expanding establishments        377      388      376      370      387     4.5     4.6     4.4     4.3     4.5
 At opening establishments          113      130       91      108      106     1.4     1.5     1.1     1.3     1.2
Gross job losses                    427      399      421      501      434     5.1     4.8     4.9     5.8     5.0
 At contracting establishments      319      301      310      353      329     3.8     3.6     3.6     4.1     3.8
 At closing establishments          108       98      111      148      105     1.3     1.2     1.3     1.7     1.2
Net employment change                63      119       46      -23       59     0.8     1.3     0.6    -0.2     0.7
 
Professional and business services

Gross job gains                   1,755    1,961    1,613    1,648    1,757     8.3     9.0     7.2     7.3     7.8
 At expanding establishments      1,381    1,585    1,295    1,281    1,380     6.5     7.3     5.8     5.7     6.1
 At opening establishments          374      376      318      367      377     1.8     1.7     1.4     1.6     1.7
Gross job losses                  1,454    1,302    1,361    1,702    1,501     6.9     6.0     6.1     7.6     6.6
 At contracting establishments    1,120      988    1,050    1,277    1,153     5.3     4.6     4.7     5.7     5.1
 At closing establishments          334      314      311      425      348     1.6     1.4     1.4     1.9     1.5
Net employment change               301      659      252      -54      256     1.4     3.0     1.1    -0.3     1.2
 
Education and health services

Gross job gains                   1,072    1,231    1,150    1,161    1,306     4.8     5.4     5.0     5.0     5.6
 At expanding establishments        856      944      929      925    1,077     3.8     4.1     4.0     4.0     4.6
 At opening establishments          216      287      221      236      229     1.0     1.3     1.0     1.0     1.0
Gross job losses                  1,059      985      937    1,224      965     4.7     4.3     4.1     5.3     4.1
 At contracting establishments      829      771      727      851      724     3.7     3.4     3.2     3.7     3.1
 At closing establishments          230      214      210      373      241     1.0     0.9     0.9     1.6     1.0
Net employment change                13      246      213      -63      341     0.1     1.1     0.9    -0.3     1.5
 
Leisure and hospitality

Gross job gains                   1,809    1,669    1,405    1,441    1,497    12.5    11.2     9.2     9.3     9.6
 At expanding establishments      1,487    1,358    1,136    1,150    1,203    10.3     9.1     7.4     7.4     7.7
 At opening establishments          322      311      269      291      294     2.2     2.1     1.8     1.9     1.9
Gross job losses                  1,172    1,108    1,183    1,324    1,356     8.1     7.4     7.7     8.6     8.6
 At contracting establishments      967      907      953    1,019    1,088     6.7     6.1     6.2     6.6     6.9
 At closing establishments          205      201      230      305      268     1.4     1.3     1.5     2.0     1.7
Net employment change               637      561      222      117      141     4.4     3.8     1.5     0.7     1.0
 
Other services

Gross job gains                     355      367      322      332      343     9.0     9.1     7.8     8.1     8.1
 At expanding establishments        272      276      251      254      266     6.9     6.8     6.1     6.2     6.3
 At opening establishments           83       91       71       78       77     2.1     2.3     1.7     1.9     1.8
Gross job losses                    275      263      287      331      294     7.0     6.5     7.0     8.0     7.1
 At contracting establishments      197      198      213      220      212     5.0     4.9     5.2     5.3     5.1
 At closing establishments           78       65       74      111       82     2.0     1.6     1.8     2.7     2.0
Net employment change                80      104       35        1       49     2.0     2.6     0.8     0.1     1.0
 
(1) Includes unclassified sector, not shown separately.

Table 4. Private sector gross job gains and losses by firm size, seasonally adjusted

(In thousands)

                   Total private by firm(1)          Firm size 1 - 49 employees       Firm size 50 - 249 employees     Firm size 250 or more employees
Year  3 months      Net           Gross job           Net          Gross job           Net          Gross job           Net          Gross job
        ended      change       gains   losses       change      gains   losses       change      gains   losses       change      gains   losses

2012  March          972        5,904    4,932         388       3,173    2,785         220       1,054      834         364       1,677    1,313
      June           612        5,828    5,216         174       3,039    2,865         158       1,074      916         280       1,715    1,435
      September      226        5,581    5,355          55       2,963    2,908          54       1,006      952         117       1,612    1,495
      December       637        5,779    5,142         180       3,025    2,845          94       1,014      920         363       1,740    1,377
 
2013  March          582        5,743    5,161         212       3,071    2,859         156       1,029      873         214       1,643    1,429
      June           650        5,906    5,256         226       3,085    2,859         135       1,071      936         289       1,750    1,461
      September      473        5,764    5,291         225       3,063    2,838          69       1,021      952         179       1,680    1,501
      December       631        5,886    5,255         122       3,021    2,899         105       1,034      929         404       1,831    1,427
 
2014  March          442        5,665    5,223         231       3,070    2,839         149       1,035      886          62       1,560    1,498
      June           893        6,134    5,241         302       3,178    2,876         214       1,119      905         377       1,837    1,460
      September      560        5,865    5,305         197       3,064    2,867         117       1,066      949         246       1,735    1,489
      December       951        6,155    5,204         212       3,105    2,893         150       1,085      935         589       1,965    1,376
 
2015  March          226        5,677    5,451         168       3,098    2,930          75       1,025      950         -17       1,554    1,571
      June           846        6,243    5,397         323       3,196    2,873         187       1,128      941         336       1,919    1,583
      September      456        5,914    5,458         148       3,057    2,909          79       1,047      968         229       1,810    1,581
      December       830        6,245    5,415         227       3,172    2,945          90       1,074      984         513       1,999    1,486
 
2016  March          254        5,754    5,500         191       3,114    2,923          59       1,022      963           4       1,618    1,614
      June           331        6,048    5,717          74       3,123    3,049         114       1,101      987         143       1,824    1,681
      September      752        6,266    5,514         192       3,160    2,968         102       1,089      987         458       2,017    1,559
      December       245        5,886    5,641          71       3,065    2,994          37       1,026      989         137       1,795    1,658
 
2017  March          662        6,007    5,345         346       3,236    2,890         191       1,085      894         125       1,686    1,561
      June           570        6,216    5,646         145       3,161    3,016         151       1,127      976         274       1,928    1,654
      September      -90        5,826    5,916        -100       2,999    3,099         -44       1,013    1,057          54       1,814    1,760
      December       804        6,185    5,381         235       3,184    2,949         142       1,082      940         427       1,919    1,492
 
2018  March          731        6,066    5,335         298       3,210    2,912         165       1,072      907         268       1,784    1,516
      June           477        6,202    5,725         127       3,192    3,065         156       1,133      977         194       1,877    1,683
      September       43        5,981    5,938         -78       3,031    3,109         -26       1,028    1,054         147       1,922    1,775
      December       670        6,094    5,424         203       3,172    2,969         132       1,074      942         335       1,848    1,513
 
2019  March          572        6,010    5,438         260       3,193    2,933         154       1,065      911         158       1,752    1,594
      June           225        6,154    5,929          46       3,156    3,110          98       1,122    1,024          81       1,876    1,795
      September        7        5,867    5,860          -2       3,047    3,049         -29       1,016    1,045          38       1,804    1,766
      December       656        6,199    5,543         210       3,186    2,976          91       1,062      971         355       1,951    1,596
 
2020  March         -652        5,606    6,258        -368       3,027    3,395         -99         970    1,069        -185       1,609    1,794
      June       -15,224        4,506   19,730      -4,719       2,555    7,274      -2,812         581    3,393      -7,693       1,370    9,063
      September    4,046        9,448    5,402       1,519       4,486    2,967         541       1,421      880       1,986       3,541    1,555
      December     1,862        7,073    5,211         510       3,487    2,977         345       1,189      844       1,007       2,397    1,390
 
2021  March        1,837        6,887    5,050         973       3,642    2,669         225       1,102      877         639       2,143    1,504
      June           974        6,650    5,676         719       3,522    2,803         213       1,143      930          42       1,985    1,943
      September    1,440        7,159    5,719         400       3,530    3,130         255       1,195      940         785       2,434    1,649
      December     2,744        7,650    4,906         914       3,767    2,853         466       1,304      838       1,364       2,579    1,215
 
2022  March        1,646        6,958    5,312         291       3,348    3,057         267       1,162      895       1,088       2,448    1,360
      June          -430        6,511    6,941        -229       3,281    3,510          39       1,151    1,112        -240       2,079    2,319
      September    1,338        7,116    5,778          34       3,302    3,268         249       1,233      984       1,055       2,581    1,526
 
(1) Total gross job gains and gross job losses by firm are lower than total gross job gains and gross job losses by establishment, as some
    establishment gains and losses within a firm are offset during the aggregation process.

NOTE: Net change is the difference between total gross job gains and total gross job losses. Net change totals for the firm-level data differ from
the establishment-level data due to independent seasonal adjustment. The unit of analysis section in the technical note provides additional detail.
See www.bls.gov/bdm/bdmfirmsize.htm for more detailed firm size class data.

Table 5. Components of private sector gross job gains and losses by firm size, seasonally adjusted

                                   Gross job gains and job losses              Gross job gains and job losses
                                          (in thousands)                         as a percent of employment

    Category                              3 months ended                               3 months ended

                                   Sept.    Dec.     Mar.     June     Sept.   Sept.   Dec.    Mar.    June    Sept.
                                   2021     2021     2022     2022     2022    2021    2021    2022    2022    2022
Total private by firm(1)

Gross job gains                   7,159    7,650    6,958    6,511    7,116     5.9     6.1     5.5     5.1     5.5
 At expanding firms               6,107    6,468    5,987    5,498    6,093     5.0     5.2     4.7     4.3     4.7
 At opening firms                 1,052    1,182      971    1,013    1,023     0.9     0.9     0.8     0.8     0.8
 
Gross job losses                  5,719    4,906    5,312    6,941    5,778     4.7     4.0     4.2     5.4     4.5
 At contracting firms             4,760    4,050    4,323    5,661    4,724     3.9     3.3     3.4     4.4     3.7
 At closing firms                   959      856      989    1,280    1,054     0.8     0.7     0.8     1.0     0.8
 
Net employment change             1,440    2,744    1,646     -430    1,338     1.2     2.1     1.3    -0.3     1.0
 

Firm size 1 to 49 employees

Gross job gains                   3,530    3,767    3,348    3,281    3,302    10.2    10.8     9.6     9.3     9.4
 At expanding firms               2,513    2,627    2,414    2,315    2,322     7.3     7.5     6.9     6.6     6.6
 At opening firms                 1,017    1,140      934      966      980     2.9     3.3     2.7     2.7     2.8
 
Gross job losses                  3,130    2,853    3,057    3,510    3,268     9.1     8.2     8.7    10.0     9.3
 At contracting firms             2,200    2,029    2,107    2,292    2,257     6.4     5.8     6.0     6.5     6.4
 At closing firms                   930      824      950    1,218    1,011     2.7     2.4     2.7     3.5     2.9
 
Net employment change               400      914      291     -229       34     1.1     2.6     0.9    -0.7     0.1
 

Firm size 50 to 249 employees

Gross job gains                   1,195    1,304    1,162    1,151    1,233     5.6     6.0     5.2     5.2     5.6
 At expanding firms               1,166    1,268    1,131    1,109    1,194     5.5     5.8     5.1     5.0     5.4
 At opening firms                    29       36       31       42       39     0.1     0.2     0.1     0.2     0.2
 
Gross job losses                    940      838      895    1,112      984     4.4     3.8     4.1     5.0     4.5
 At contracting firms               915      812      861    1,060      947     4.3     3.7     3.9     4.8     4.3
 At closing firms                    25       26       34       52       37     0.1     0.1     0.2     0.2     0.2
 
Net employment change               255      466      267       39      249     1.2     2.2     1.1     0.2     1.1
 

Firm size 250 or more employees

Gross job gains                   2,434    2,579    2,448    2,079    2,581     3.6     3.8     3.5     2.9     3.6
 At expanding firms               2,428    2,573    2,442    2,074    2,577     3.6     3.8     3.5     2.9     3.6
 At opening firms                     6        6        6        5        4     0.0     0.0     0.0     0.0     0.0
 
Gross job losses                  1,649    1,215    1,360    2,319    1,526     2.5     1.8     1.9     3.3     2.1
 At contracting firms             1,645    1,209    1,355    2,309    1,520     2.5     1.8     1.9     3.3     2.1
 At closing firms                     4        6        5       10        6     0.0     0.0     0.0     0.0     0.0
 
Net employment change               785    1,364    1,088     -240    1,055     1.1     2.0     1.6    -0.4     1.5
 
 
(1) Total gross job gains and gross job losses by firm are lower than total gross job gains and gross job losses by
    establishment, as some establishment gains and losses within a firm are offset during the aggregation process.

NOTE: Net change is the difference between total gross job gains and total gross job losses. Net change totals for
the firm-level data differ from the establishment-level data due to independent seasonal adjustment. The unit of
analysis section in the technical note provides additional detail. See www.bls.gov/bdm/bdmfirmsize.htm for more
detailed firm size class data.

Table 6. Private sector gross job gains and losses by state, seasonally adjusted

                                           Gross job gains                                         Gross job losses
State                                      3 months ended                                          3 months ended

                           Sept.      Dec.       Mar.       June       Sept.       Sept.      Dec.       Mar.       June       Sept.
                           2021       2021       2022       2022       2022        2021       2021       2022       2022       2022

United States(1)....  8,882,000  9,580,000  8,438,000  8,253,000  8,814,000   7,408,000  6,688,000  6,893,000  8,540,000  7,512,000
 
Alabama.............    107,313    123,011    101,635    106,999    118,322     100,830     84,977     98,513    114,899    101,714
Alaska..............     24,165     27,704     24,382     24,504     20,442      22,226     20,460     22,348     22,953     24,828
Arizona.............    181,751    176,081    177,728    176,676    210,182     130,003    129,874    149,379    192,227    148,128
Arkansas............     68,367     79,698     61,175     58,938     67,192      67,097     48,806     55,459     63,128     57,587
California..........  1,140,001  1,262,060  1,125,393  1,021,819  1,029,433     897,795    819,248    854,366  1,109,727    953,183
Colorado............    184,293    176,521    176,404    173,472    118,445     159,236    140,744    147,988    157,258    135,759
Connecticut.........     95,258     96,011     90,157     89,453     89,467      82,955     74,432     74,954     93,111     87,560
Delaware............     28,520     31,109     28,247     24,768     33,568      26,876     22,407     21,636     31,432     23,995
District of Columbia     38,398     36,343     30,589     30,221     36,868      23,712     24,348     24,466     33,946     24,371
Florida.............    709,162    617,316    528,678    610,483    650,116     471,323    473,940    460,834    557,231    458,810
 
Georgia.............    285,546    309,130    268,652    265,027    286,221     235,914    216,525    226,310    267,349    243,232
Hawaii..............     35,048     34,180     29,910     29,078     31,526      29,985     24,407     25,187     29,509     24,178
Idaho...............     51,017     57,952     59,454     49,524     58,556      48,848     42,358     43,197     63,804     52,078
Illinois............    324,793    376,431    314,250    300,049    312,763     292,761    241,926    259,113    303,622    273,395
Indiana.............    165,974    195,577    164,473    151,587    176,553     150,106    127,405    129,843    185,172    151,514
Iowa................     78,716     84,654     83,938     75,454     75,274      76,296     67,805     67,785     86,309     77,531
Kansas..............     73,198     85,411     70,885     73,978     87,263      72,903     59,286     61,952     85,352     63,457
Kentucky............    106,179    117,441    107,884    102,311    108,709     100,144     78,247     81,658    140,172     88,180
Louisiana...........    103,194    146,643    101,345    102,644    115,243     126,817     87,586    109,685    112,436     88,312
Maine...............     40,107     42,590     42,068     93,397     39,102      39,717     35,914     32,315     42,750     38,701
 
Maryland............    158,616    154,823    142,556    142,056    160,211     134,037    111,842    126,978    173,246    128,050
Massachusetts.......    218,115    216,317    207,793    194,864    194,546     176,875    176,714    158,999    172,892    192,065
Michigan............    234,395    272,209    233,378    223,946    212,386     213,992    189,714    191,047    241,965    220,132
Minnesota...........    154,372    175,591    147,775    159,872    169,625     159,644    126,717    133,464    175,747    146,300
Mississippi.........     67,061     71,413     56,306     59,418     65,827      54,423     50,814     55,380     64,134     58,329
Missouri............    156,150    174,351    154,875    151,307    165,076     140,849    131,101    130,222    143,601    153,125
Montana.............     33,440     39,683     38,089     33,900     35,038      32,822     28,758     34,500     38,543     31,586
Nebraska............     50,591     56,712     55,634     49,079     56,330      52,173     46,629     48,798     54,250     50,617
Nevada..............    107,725    103,429     87,043     89,922    100,627      69,879     59,997     66,378     86,475     75,404
New Hampshire.......     39,841     43,659     44,904     38,334     40,603      38,509     36,729     31,555     46,290     39,163
 
New Jersey..........    251,481    303,908    250,014    233,195    246,502     207,095    187,278    195,389    225,337    228,764
New Mexico..........     51,303     52,440     47,735     42,315     50,834      40,382     40,038     39,948     46,113     38,631
New York............    562,099    590,453    520,705    555,282    529,981     441,717    415,910    408,276    519,707    480,134
North Carolina......    257,364    311,730    257,489    253,196    264,952     244,394    193,867    208,837    245,495    234,775
North Dakota........     24,609     25,483     25,143     22,853     25,738      22,152     21,569     21,779     22,736     21,647
Ohio................    279,666    320,621    284,863    265,564    269,541     270,186    234,473    226,562    291,178    265,688
Oklahoma............     89,669     96,147     80,662     83,248     93,595      82,308     74,418     73,118     79,286     71,515
Oregon..............    114,033    125,828    124,997    101,997    108,658     104,595     99,966     94,957    118,845    141,016
Pennsylvania........    313,381    345,124    324,890    282,938    314,901     253,645    243,523    251,630    292,347    269,585
Rhode Island........     30,692     34,456     32,775     29,293     28,029      28,694     26,984     23,799     30,573     31,069
 
South Carolina......    125,862    138,775    124,981    116,074    133,770     103,876     93,629    111,267    123,560    104,011
South Dakota........     23,711     26,002     28,210     24,337     26,906      22,973     21,492     22,324     24,811     23,650
Tennessee...........    179,187    193,621    175,955    171,823    192,682     142,682    146,914    127,316    173,111    149,353
Texas...............    756,929    837,491    700,110    728,431    831,097     577,850    517,170    593,644    686,471    598,858
Utah................     98,829    102,357    108,640     96,779    111,431      93,337     80,736     80,947     96,262     93,651
Vermont.............     19,191     19,701     19,574     18,262     17,756      18,685     16,817     15,566     20,951     20,040
Virginia............    215,362    226,887    207,429    206,792    243,003     190,140    168,955    185,781    224,658    197,440
Washington..........    203,176    221,756    211,204    206,539    209,693     164,099    150,693    147,789    209,618    180,789
West Virginia.......     37,193     41,652     39,495     34,221     36,658      34,198     31,478     31,871     42,530     35,073
Wisconsin...........    134,603    160,882    160,365    146,548    152,158     140,924    127,962    117,824    171,335    146,159
 
Wyoming.............     18,267     20,688     18,653     17,431     18,938      16,909     15,914     17,325     18,873     17,445
Puerto Rico.........     58,934     45,326     50,478     47,053     46,034      35,503     38,654     35,144     44,098     38,179
Virgin Islands......      1,867      1,963      1,658      2,062      1,904       2,094      2,327      2,459      2,945      1,164
 
(1) The sum of the states will not necessarily add to the U.S. total because of the independent seasonal adjustment of each state.

NOTE: Totals for the United States do not include data for Puerto Rico or the Virgin Islands.

Table 7. Private sector gross job gains and losses, as a percent of total employment by state, seasonally adjusted

                        Gross job gains as a percent of employment    Gross job losses as a percent of employment
State                               3 months ended                                3 months ended

                        Sept.   Dec.    Mar.    June    Sept.         Sept.   Dec.    Mar.    June    Sept.
                        2021    2021    2022    2022    2022          2021    2021    2022    2022    2022

United States.......     7.3     7.7     6.6     6.4     6.8           6.1     5.4     5.4     6.7     5.8
 
Alabama.............     6.7     7.6     6.2     6.6     7.1           6.3     5.2     6.0     7.0     6.2
Alaska..............    10.5    11.8    10.1    10.1     8.6           9.7     8.7     9.3     9.6    10.3
Arizona.............     7.1     6.8     6.8     6.7     7.9           5.1     5.0     5.7     7.3     5.5
Arkansas............     6.8     7.8     5.9     5.6     6.4           6.7     4.8     5.4     6.0     5.5
California..........     7.8     8.5     7.4     6.6     6.7           6.1     5.5     5.6     7.2     6.1
Colorado............     8.0     7.6     7.5     7.3     5.0           7.0     6.1     6.3     6.7     5.8
Connecticut.........     6.9     6.9     6.3     6.3     6.3           6.0     5.3     5.3     6.5     6.2
Delaware............     7.6     8.2     7.3     6.5     8.6           7.2     6.0     5.6     8.2     6.1
District of Columbia     7.9     7.3     6.0     6.0     7.2           4.9     4.9     4.9     6.8     4.8
Florida.............     9.0     7.7     6.5     7.5     7.8           6.0     6.0     5.7     6.9     5.5
 
Georgia.............     7.5     7.9     6.8     6.6     7.0           6.2     5.5     5.7     6.7     6.0
Hawaii..............     7.3     7.1     6.1     5.9     6.2           6.3     5.1     5.1     5.9     4.8
Idaho...............     7.7     8.5     8.5     7.1     8.5           7.3     6.3     6.2     9.1     7.5
Illinois............     6.6     7.5     6.2     5.9     6.0           6.0     4.9     5.0     5.9     5.3
Indiana.............     6.3     7.3     6.0     5.6     6.4           5.7     4.7     4.8     6.8     5.5
Iowa................     6.2     6.6     6.5     5.8     5.8           6.1     5.4     5.3     6.7     6.0
Kansas..............     6.6     7.6     6.2     6.5     7.6           6.5     5.3     5.4     7.5     5.6
Kentucky............     6.7     7.4     6.6     6.3     6.7           6.4     4.9     5.0     8.7     5.4
Louisiana...........     6.9     9.6     6.5     6.6     7.3           8.5     5.8     7.1     7.3     5.7
Maine...............     7.8     8.2     8.0    17.7     7.4           7.8     6.9     6.1     8.1     7.4
 
Maryland............     7.5     7.3     6.6     6.7     7.5           6.4     5.3     5.9     8.1     6.0
Massachusetts.......     7.2     7.0     6.6     6.1     6.2           5.8     5.7     5.1     5.4     6.1
Michigan............     6.5     7.5     6.3     6.0     5.7           5.9     5.2     5.1     6.5     5.9
Minnesota...........     6.4     7.3     6.0     6.6     6.8           6.7     5.2     5.4     7.1     6.0
Mississippi.........     7.6     7.9     6.1     6.5     7.2           6.1     5.7     6.0     7.0     6.3
Missouri............     6.7     7.4     6.5     6.3     6.8           6.1     5.5     5.4     5.9     6.3
Montana.............     8.5     9.9     9.3     8.2     8.5           8.3     7.2     8.5     9.4     7.7
Nebraska............     6.3     7.0     6.8     6.0     6.9           6.5     5.8     5.9     6.6     6.2
Nevada..............     8.9     8.3     6.8     6.9     7.6           5.7     4.8     5.2     6.7     5.7
New Hampshire.......     7.0     7.6     7.7     6.6     6.9           6.8     6.4     5.4     7.9     6.7
 
New Jersey..........     7.5     8.7     7.1     6.5     6.8           6.1     5.4     5.5     6.3     6.3
New Mexico..........     8.2     8.2     7.4     6.5     7.7           6.5     6.3     6.2     7.1     5.9
New York............     7.5     7.7     6.7     7.1     6.7           5.9     5.4     5.2     6.6     6.0
North Carolina......     6.8     8.1     6.5     6.3     6.6           6.4     5.0     5.3     6.2     5.9
North Dakota........     7.5     7.6     7.5     6.8     7.6           6.7     6.5     6.5     6.7     6.4
Ohio................     6.1     7.0     6.1     5.7     5.8           6.0     5.2     4.8     6.3     5.6
Oklahoma............     7.1     7.6     6.3     6.4     7.1           6.6     5.9     5.7     6.2     5.5
Oregon..............     7.1     7.8     7.5     6.1     6.7           6.5     6.1     5.7     7.1     8.6
Pennsylvania........     6.3     6.8     6.3     5.5     6.1           5.0     4.8     4.9     5.6     5.2
Rhode Island........     7.6     8.5     7.9     7.0     6.7           7.1     6.6     5.7     7.3     7.4
 
South Carolina......     7.3     7.9     6.9     6.4     7.3           6.0     5.3     6.2     6.9     5.6
South Dakota........     6.6     7.2     7.7     6.6     7.3           6.4     5.9     6.1     6.8     6.4
Tennessee...........     6.9     7.3     6.6     6.3     7.0           5.4     5.6     4.7     6.4     5.4
Texas...............     7.1     7.7     6.3     6.5     7.4           5.5     4.8     5.4     6.1     5.2
Utah................     7.4     7.5     7.8     7.0     7.9           7.0     6.0     5.9     6.8     6.7
Vermont.............     8.0     8.1     8.0     7.3     7.2           7.7     6.9     6.3     8.4     8.0
Virginia............     6.9     7.2     6.4     6.5     7.5           6.0     5.3     5.8     7.0     6.1
Washington..........     7.3     7.8     7.3     7.0     7.1           5.9     5.3     5.0     7.1     6.1
West Virginia.......     7.1     7.9     7.3     6.3     6.8           6.5     6.0     5.9     7.9     6.5
Wisconsin...........     5.5     6.6     6.5     5.9     6.1           5.8     5.2     4.8     6.8     5.9
 
Wyoming.............     9.1    10.1     8.9     8.4     9.2           8.4     7.8     8.3     9.1     8.5
Puerto Rico.........     8.5     6.4     7.0     6.5     6.2           5.1     5.5     4.9     6.1     5.2
Virgin Islands......     7.5     8.0     6.9     8.8     7.9           8.5     9.5    10.3    12.6     4.9
 
NOTE: Totals for the United States do not include data for Puerto Rico or the Virgin Islands.

Table 8. Private sector establishment births and deaths, seasonally adjusted

Total private

(Levels in thousands)

                           Number of Establishments                           Employment
                             Births              Deaths(1)            Births              Deaths
Year  3 months ended     Level     Rate(2)   Level     Rate       Level     Rate      Level     Rate

2012  March                236      3.3        188      2.6         787      0.7        614      0.6
      June                 217      3.0        194      2.7         799      0.7        673      0.6
      September            210      2.9        196      2.7         804      0.7        692      0.6
      December             218      3.0        183      2.5         809      0.7        673      0.6
 
2013  March                205      2.8        193      2.6         748      0.7        648      0.6
      June                 222      3.0        215      2.9         789      0.7        695      0.6
      September            219      2.9        195      2.6         818      0.7        678      0.6
      December             215      2.9        187      2.5         803      0.7        670      0.6
 
2014  March                220      2.9        190      2.5         784      0.7        635      0.6
      June                 221      2.9        204      2.7         806      0.7        711      0.6
      September            225      3.0        199      2.6         825      0.7        703      0.6
      December             224      2.9        198      2.6         836      0.7        705      0.6
 
2015  March                233      3.0        207      2.7         818      0.7        696      0.6
      June                 234      3.1        211      2.8         838      0.7        728      0.6
      September            243      3.2        207      2.7         881      0.7        699      0.6
      December             247      3.2        209      2.7         892      0.7        733      0.6
 
2016  March                236      3.0        204      2.6         789      0.7        671      0.6
      June                 241      3.1        213      2.7         838      0.7        719      0.6
      September            238      3.0        214      2.7         872      0.7        745      0.6
      December             238      3.0        217      2.8         865      0.7        729      0.6
 
2017  March                242      3.0        203      2.6         806      0.7        668      0.5
      June                 240      3.0        223      2.8         848      0.7        752      0.6
      September            244      3.1        225      2.8         851      0.7        760      0.6
      December             246      3.1        216      2.7         849      0.7        731      0.6
 
2018  March                248      3.1        214      2.7         813      0.7        667      0.5
      June                 264      3.3        229      2.8         879      0.7        767      0.6
      September            250      3.1        231      2.8         864      0.7        785      0.6
      December             249      3.1        223      2.7         857      0.7        760      0.6
 
2019  March                260      3.2        219      2.7         809      0.6        695      0.6
      June                 257      3.1        241      2.9         849      0.7        803      0.6
      September            250      3.0        232      2.8         847      0.7        769      0.6
      December             269      3.2        235      2.8         905      0.7        789      0.6
 
2020  March                278      3.3        239      2.9         807      0.6        731      0.6
      June                 228      2.8        326      4.0         661      0.6      1,151      1.0
      September            277      3.4        235      2.9         822      0.7        693      0.6
      December             287      3.5        218      2.6         916      0.8        689      0.6
 
2021  March                308      3.6        210      2.5         832      0.7        602      0.5
      June                 352      4.1        225      2.6         981      0.8        663      0.5
      September            359      4.1        245      2.8       1,028      0.8        734      0.6
      December             379      4.3        254      2.9       1,119      0.9        778      0.6
 
2022  March                347      3.9        N/A      N/A         960      0.8        N/A      N/A
      June                 359      4.0        N/A      N/A       1,050      0.8        N/A      N/A
      September            346      3.8        N/A      N/A       1,032      0.8        N/A      N/A
 
(1) Values for deaths are not available for the most recent three quarters by definition. See the
    Technical Note for more informations.

(2) The rates measure births and deaths as a percentage of the average of the previous and current
    quarter employment levels or total number of establishments.

Last Modified Date: April 26, 2023