For release 10:00 a.m. (EDT) USDL-14-0698
Tuesday, April 29, 2014
Technical information: (202) 691-6553 * BDMInfo@bls.gov * www.bls.gov/bdm
Media contact: (202) 691-5902 * PressOffice@bls.gov
BUSINESS EMPLOYMENT DYNAMICS: THIRD QUARTER 2013
From June 2013 to September 2013 gross job gains from opening and
expanding private sector establishments were 7.0 million, a decrease of
168,000 jobs from the previous quarter, the U.S. Bureau of Labor
Statistics reported today. Over this period, gross job losses from
closing and contracting private sector establishments were 6.6 million,
an increase of 77,000 jobs from the previous quarter.
The difference between the number of gross job gains and the number of
gross job losses yielded a net employment gain of 421,000 jobs in the
private sector during the third quarter of 2013. (See table 1.)
The change in the number of jobs over time is the net result of
increases and decreases in employment that occur at all businesses
in the economy. Business Employment Dynamics (BED) statistics track
these changes in employment at private business units from the third
month of one quarter to the third month of the next. Gross job gains
are the sum of increases in employment from expansions at existing
units and the addition of new jobs at opening units. Gross job losses
are the result of contractions in employment at existing units and the
loss of jobs at closing units. The difference between the number of
gross job gains and the number of gross job losses is the net change
in employment. (See the Technical Note for more information.)
The BED data series include gross job gains and gross job losses at the
establishment level by industry subsector and for the 50 states, the
District of Columbia, Puerto Rico, and the Virgin Islands, as well as
gross job gains and gross job losses at the firm level by employer size
class.
Gross job gains at expanding establishments totaled 5.7 million in
third quarter 2013, a decrease of 153,000 jobs from the previous
quarter.
Opening establishments accounted for 1.3 million jobs gained in third
quarter 2013, a decrease of 15,000 jobs from the previous quarter.
Contracting establishments lost 5.4 million jobs in third quarter
2013. This is an increase of 136,000 jobs from the prior quarter.
In the third quarter of 2013, closing establishments lost 1.2 million
jobs, a decrease of 59,000 jobs from the previous quarter. (See
tables 1 and 3.)
Gross job gains represented 6.1 percent of private sector employment
in third quarter 2013, while gross job losses represented 5.8 percent
of private sector employment. (See table 2.)
In third quarter 2013, the number of establishment births (a subset of
the openings data, see the Technical Note for more information)
decreased by 11,000 to 215,000. These new establishments accounted for
792,000 jobs, an increase of 15,000 from the previous quarter.
(See table 8.)
Data for establishment deaths (a subset of the closings data) are
available through fourth quarter 2012, when 675,000 jobs were lost at
182,000 establishments. These figures represent a decrease from the
prior quarter when 684,000 jobs were lost at 185,000 establishments.
During the third quarter of 2013, gross job gains exceeded gross job
losses in all industry sectors except: natural resources and mining,
manufacturing, utilities, information, and leisure and hospitality.
The professional and business services sector, which includes temporary
help services, experienced a net increase of 123,000 jobs as a result
of higher gross job gains (1,360,000) and fewer gross job losses
(1,237,000) this quarter. This represents the largest over the quarter
net employment change of all industry sectors, and it is the sixteenth
consecutive quarter of net job growth for this sector. (See table 3.)
Table A. Three-month private sector gross job gains and losses,
seasonally adjusted
Category 3 months ended
Sept. Dec. Mar. June Sept.
2012 2012 2013 2013 2013
Levels (in thousands)
Gross job gains................ 6,847 7,110 7,200 7,143 6,975
At expanding establishments... 5,552 5,769 5,623 5,839 5,686
At opening establishments..... 1,295 1,341 1,577 1,304 1,289
Gross job losses............... 6,614 6,401 6,286 6,477 6,554
At contracting establishments. 5,436 5,199 5,136 5,267 5,403
At closing establishments..... 1,178 1,202 1,150 1,210 1,151
Net employment change(1)....... 233 709 914 666 421
Rates (percent)
Gross job gains................ 6.2 6.4 6.4 6.4 6.1
At expanding establishments... 5.0 5.2 5.0 5.2 5.0
At opening establishments..... 1.2 1.2 1.4 1.2 1.1
Gross job losses............... 6.0 5.8 5.6 5.8 5.8
At contracting establishments. 4.9 4.7 4.6 4.7 4.8
At closing establishments..... 1.1 1.1 1.0 1.1 1.0
Net employment change(1)....... .2 .6 .8 .6 .3
(1) The net employment change is the difference between total
gross job gains and total gross job losses. See the Technical
Note for further information.
Firms with 1-49 employees accounted for 40 percent of total net job
growth in the third quarter of 2013. Firms with 50-249 employees and
firms with 250 or more employees accounted for 14 percent and 46
percent of net job growth, respectively. This quarter is the fourteenth
consecutive quarter of positive net employment change for all three
major firm size categories. Of the 7.9 million net new jobs created
between the second quarter of 2010 and the third quarter of 2013, firms
with 1-49 employees contributed 30 percent of net job growth, while
firms with 50-249 employees contributed 22 percent, and firms with 250
or more employees contributed 48 percent. (See Tables 4 and 5.)
In the third quarter of 2013, gross job gains exceeded gross job losses
in 38 states and the District of Columbia. California had the largest
net employment gain of 77,594 jobs, followed by Texas with 64,642 jobs.
(See table 6.) Alaska had the largest rate of gross job gains as a
percent of employment at 9.7 percent, above the U.S. rate of 6.1
percent. Hawaii had the lowest rate of gross job losses as a percent
of employment at 4.9 percent, below the U.S. rate of 5.8 percent.
(See table 7.)
More Information
Additional information on gross job gains and gross job losses are
available online at www.bls.gov/bdm. This information includes data
on the levels and rates of gross job gains and gross job losses by
firm size, not seasonally adjusted data and other seasonally adjusted
time series not presented in this release, charts of gross job gains
and gross job losses by industry and firm size, and frequently asked
questions on firm size data. Additional information about the Business
Employment Dynamics data can be found in the Technical Note of this
release or may be obtained by e-mailing BDMinfo@bls.gov.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
| The Business Employment Dynamics for Fourth Quarter 2013 are scheduled |
| to be released on Wednesday, July 30, 2014 at 10:00 a.m. (EDT). |
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Technical Note
The Business Employment Dynamics (BED) data are a product of a federal-
state cooperative program known as Quarterly Census of Employment and Wages
(QCEW). The BED data are compiled by the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics
(BLS) from existing QCEW records. Most employers in the U.S. are required
to file quarterly reports on the employment and wages of workers covered by
unemployment insurance (UI) laws, and to pay quarterly UI taxes. The QCEW
is based largely on quarterly UI reports which are sent by businesses to
the State Employment Security Agencies (SESAs). These UI reports are
supplemented by two additional BLS data collections to render administrative
data into economic statistics. Together these data comprise the QCEW and
form the basis of the Bureau’s establishment universe sampling frame.
These reports are used to produce the quarterly QCEW data on total
employment and wages and the longitudinal BED data on gross job gains and
losses. The QCEW is also the employment benchmark for the Current
Employment Statistics (CES), Occupational Employment Statistics (OES), and
Job Openings and Labor Turnover Survey (JOLTS) programs and is a major input
to the Bureau of Economic Analysis’s Personal Income Accounts.
In the BED program, the quarterly QCEW records are linked across quarters
to provide a longitudinal history for each establishment. The linkage
process allows the tracking of net employment changes at the establishment
level, which in turn allows the estimation of jobs gained at opening and
expanding units and jobs lost at closing and contracting units.
Differences between QCEW, BED, and CES employment measures
The Bureau publishes three different establishment-based employment mea-
sures for any given quarter. Each of these measures -- QCEW, BED, and CES--
makes use of the quarterly UI employment reports in producing data; how-
ever, each measure has a somewhat different universe coverage, estimation
procedure, and publication product.
Differences in coverage and estimation methods can result in somewhat
different measures of over-the-quarter employment change. It is important to
understand program differences and the intended uses of the program products.
(See table below.)
Additional information on each program can be obtained from the program
web sites shown in the table below.
Summary of Major Differences between QCEW, BED, and CES Employment Measures
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
| QCEW | BED | CES
-----------|---------------------|----------------------|------------------------
Source |--Count of UI admini-|--Count of longitudi- |--Sample survey:
| strative records | nally-linked UI ad- | 557,000 establish-
| submitted by 9.2 | ministrative records| ments
| million employers | submitted by 7.3 |
| | million private sec-|
| | tor employers |
-----------|---------------------|----------------------|------------------------
Coverage |--UI and UCFE cover- |--UI Coverage, exclud-|Nonfarm wage and sal-
| age: all employers| ing government, pri-| ary jobs:
| subject to state | vate households, and|--UI Coverage, exclud-
| and federal UI Laws| establishments with | ing: agriculture, pri-
| | zero employment | vate households, and
| | | self-employed;
| | | including: railroads,
| | | religious organiza-
| | | tions, and other non-
| | | UI-covered jobs
| | |
-----------|---------------------|----------------------|------------------------
Publication|--Quarterly |--Quarterly |--Monthly
frequency | -7 months after the| -8 months after the | -First Friday
| end of each quar- | end of each quarter| of following month
| ter | |
-----------|---------------------|----------------------|------------------------
Use of UI |--Directly summarizes|--Links each new UI |--Uses UI file as a sam-
file | and publishes each | quarter to longitu- | pling frame and annu-
| new quarter of UI | dinal database and | ally realigns (bench-
| data | directly summarizes | marks) sample esti-
| | gross job gains and | mates to first quar-
| | losses | ter UI levels
-----------|---------------------|----------------------|------------------------
Principal |--Provides a quarter-|--Provides quarterly |--Provides current month-
products | ly and annual uni- | employer dynamics | ly estimates of employ-
| verse count of es- | data on establish- | ment, hours, and earn-
| tablishments, em- | ment openings, clos-| ings at the MSA, state,
| ployment, and wages| ings, expansions, | and national level by
| at the county, MSA,| and contractions at | industry
| State, and national| the national level |
| levels by detailed | by NAICS super- |
| industry | sectors,3-digit |
| | NAICS, and by size |
| | of firm, and at the |
| | state private-sector|
| | total level |
| |--Future expansions |
| | will include |
| | data at the county |
| | and MSA level |
-----------|---------------------|----------------------|------------------------
Principal |--Major uses include:|--Major uses include: |--Major uses include:
uses | -Detailed locality | -Business cycle | -Principal national
| data | analysis | economic indicator
| -Periodic universe | -Analysis of employ-| -Official time series
| counts for bench- | er dynamics under- | for employment change
| marking sample | lying economic ex- | measures
| survey estimates | pansions and con- | -Input into other ma-
| -Sample frame for | tractions | jor economic indi-
| BLS establishment | -Analysis of employ-| cators
| surveys | ment expansion and |
| | contraction by size|
| | of firm |
| | |
-----------|---------------------|----------------------|------------------------
Program |--www.bls.gov/cew/ |--www.bls.gov/bdm/ |--www.bls.gov/ces/
Web sites | | |
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Coverage
Employment and wage data for workers covered by state UI and Unemployment
Compensation for Federal Employees (UCFE) laws are compiled from quarterly
contribution reports submitted to the SESAs by employers. In addition to the
quarterly contribution reports, employers who operate multiple establishments
within a state complete a questionnaire, called the "Multiple Worksite Report,"
which provides detailed information on the location of their establishments.
These reports are based on place of employment rather than place of residence.
UI and UCFE coverage is broad and basically comparable from state to state.
Major exclusions from UI coverage are self-employed workers, religious or-
ganizations, most agricultural workers on small farms, all members of the
Armed Forces, elected officials in most states, most employees of railroads,
some domestic workers, most student workers at schools, and employees of cer-
tain small nonprofit organizations.
Gross job gains and gross job losses in this release are derived from lon-
gitudinal histories of 7.3 million private sector employer reports out
of 9.2 million total reports of employment and wages submitted by states to
BLS in the first quarter of 2013. Gross job gains and gross job losses data
in this release do not report estimates for government employees or private
households (NAICS 814110), and do not include establishments with zero employ-
ment in both previous and current quarters. Data from Puerto Rico and the
Virgin Islands (49,972 units rounded to 0.0 million) also are excluded from
the national data. As an illustration, the table below shows, in millions of
establishments, the number of establishments excluded from the national gross
job gains and gross job losses data in the first quarter 2013:
Number of active establishments included in
Business Employment Dynamics data at the
national level
Millions
Total establishments QCEW program....................................9.2
Excluded: Public sector.........................................0.3
Private households....................................0.2
Zero employment.......................................1.3
Establishments in Puerto Rico
and the Virgin Islands..............................0.1
Total establishments included in Business
Employment Dynamics data.............................................7.3
Unit of analysis
Establishments are used in the tabulation of the BED statistics by in-
dustry and firms are used in the tabulation of the BED size class sta-
tistics. An establishment is defined as an economic unit that produces
goods or services, usually at a single physical location, and engages in
one or predominantly one activity. A firm is a legal business, either
corporate or otherwise, and may consist of several establishments. Firm-
level data are compiled based on an aggregation of establishments under
common ownership by a corporate parent using employer tax identification
numbers. The firm level aggregation which is consistent with the role of
corporations as the economic decision makers are used for the measurement
of the BED data elements by size class.
Because of the difference in the unit of analysis, total gross job gains
and gross job losses by size class are lower than total gross job gains and
gross job losses by industry, as some establishment gains and losses within
a firm are offset during the aggregation process. However, the total net
changes in employment are the same for not seasonally adjusted data and are
similar for seasonally adjusted data.
Concepts and methodology
The Business Employment Dynamics data measure the net change in employ-
ment at the establishment or firm level. These changes come about in one
of four ways. A net increase in employment can come from either opening
units or expanding units. A net decrease in employment can come from either
closing units or contracting units. Gross job gains include the sum of all
jobs added at either opening or expanding units. Gross job losses include
the sum of all jobs lost in either closing or contracting units. The net
change in employment is the difference between gross job gains and gross
job losses.
The formal definitions of employment changes are as follows:
Openings. These are either units with positive third month employment for
the first time in the current quarter, with no links to the prior quarter, or
with positive third month employment in the current quarter following zero em-
ployment in the previous quarter.
Expansions. These are units with positive employment in the third month
in both the previous and current quarters, with a net increase in employment
over this period.
Closings. These are either units with positive third month employment in
the previous quarter, with no employment or zero employment reported in the
current quarter.
Contractions. These are units with positive employment in the third month
in both the previous and current quarters, with a net decrease in employment
over this period.
Births. These are units with positive third month employment for the
first time in the current quarter with no links to the prior quarter, or
units with positive third month employment in the current quarter and zero
employment in the third month of the previous four quarters. Births are a
subset of openings not including re-openings of seasonal businesses.
Deaths. These are units with no employment or zero employment reported in
the third month of four consecutive quarters following the last quarter with
positive employment. Deaths are a subset of closings not including temporary
shutdowns of seasonal businesses. A unit that closes during the quarter may
be a death, but we wait three quarters to determine whether it is a permanent
closing or a temporary shutdown. Therefore, there is always a lag of three
quarters for the publication of death statistics.
All employment changes are measured from the third month of the previous
quarter to the third month of the current quarter. Not all establishments and
firms change their employment levels. Units with no change in employment
count towards estimates of total employment, but not for levels of gross job
gains and gross job losses.
Gross job gains and gross job losses are expressed as rates by dividing
their levels by the average of employment in the current and previous quar-
ters. This provides a symmetric growth rate. The rates are calculated for
the components of gross job gains and gross job losses and then summed to
form their respective totals. These rates can be added and subtracted just
as their levels can. For instance, the difference between the gross job
gains rate and the gross job losses rate is the net growth rate.
Establishment Births and Deaths
For the purpose of BED statistics, births are defined as establishments
that appear in the longitudinal database for the first time with positive
employment in the third month of a quarter, or showed four consecutive
quarters of zero employment in the third month followed by a quarter in
which it shows positive employment in the third month. Similarly, deaths
are defined as establishments that either drop out of the longitudinal
database or an establishment that had positive employment in the third
month of a given quarter followed by four consecutive quarters of showing
zero employment in the third month. Although the data for establishment
births and deaths are tabulated independently from the data for openings
and closings, the concepts are not mutually exclusive. An establishment
that is defined as a birth in a given quarter is necessarily an opening
as well, and an establishment defined as a death in a quarter must also be
a closing. Since openings include seasonal and other re-openings and
closings include temporary shutdowns, the not seasonally adjusted values
for births and deaths must be less than those for openings and closings.
However, because some BED series do not have many re-openings or temporary
shutdowns, as well as the fact that births and deaths are independently
seasonally adjusted from openings and closings, there may be instances in
which the seasonally adjusted value of the former is greater than the latter.
Linkage methodology
Prior to the measurement of gross job gains and gross job losses, QCEW
records are linked across two quarters. The linkage process matches estab-
lishments' unique SESA identification numbers (SESA-ID). Between 95 to 97
percent of establishments identified as continuous from quarter to quarter
are matched by SESA-ID. The rest are linked in one of three ways. The first
method uses predecessor and successor information, identified by the States,
which relates records with different SESA-IDs across quarters. Predecessor
and successor relations can come about for a variety of reasons, including
a change in ownership, a firm restructuring, or a UI account restructuring.
If a match cannot be attained in this manner, a probability-based match is
used. This match attempts to identify two establishments with different SESA-
IDs as continuous. The match is based upon comparisons such as the same
name, address, and phone number. Third, an analyst examines unmatched re-
cords individually and makes a possible match.
In order to ensure the highest possible quality of data, SESAs verify with
employers and update, if necessary, the industry, location, and ownership
classification of all establishments on a 4-year cycle. Changes in establish-
ment classification codes resulting from the verification process are intro-
duced with the data reported for the first quarter of the year. Changes re-
sulting from improved employer reporting also are introduced in the first
quarter.
Sizing methodology
The method of dynamic sizing is used in calculations for the BED size
class data series. Dynamic sizing allocates each firm’s employment gain or
loss during a quarter to each respective size class in which the change
occurred. For example, if a firm grew from 2 employees in quarter 1 to 38
employees in quarter 2, then, of the 36-employee increase, 2 would be al-
located to the first size class, 5 to the size class 5 to 9, 10 to size
class 10 to 19, and 19 to size class 20 to 49.
Dynamic sizing provides symmetrical firm size estimates and eliminates
any systematic effects which may be caused by the transitory and reverting
changes in firms’ sizes over time. Additionally, it allocates each job
gain or loss to the actual size class where it occurred.
Annual Data
The annual gross job gains and gross job losses measure the net change
in employment at the establishment level from the third month of a quarter
in the previous year to the third month of the same quarter in the current
year. The BLS publishes annual BED data based on March-to-March changes
once a year with the release of the first quarter BED data. The annual
data based on over-the-year changes for other quarters of the year are
available upon request. The definitions and methodology in measuring
annual gross job gains and gross job losses are similar to the quarterly
measures. The linkage method considers all predecessor and successor
relations that may come about due to changes in ownership and corporate
restructuring over the entire year. At the establishment level, some of
the quarterly job gains and job losses are offset during the estimation
over the year. Therefore, the sum of four quarters of gross job gains
and gross job losses are not equal to annual gross job gains and gross
job losses. The net change in employment over the year, however, is
equal to the sum of four quarterly net changes on a not seasonally
adjusted basis.
Seasonal adjustment
Over the course of a year, the levels of employment and the associated
job flows undergo sharp fluctuations due to such seasonal events as changes
in the weather, reduced or expanded production, harvests, major holidays,
and the opening and closing of schools. The effect of such seasonal vari-
ation can be very large.
Because these seasonal events follow a more or less regular pattern each
year, their influence can be eliminated by adjusting these statistics from
quarter to quarter. These adjustments make nonseasonal developments, such as
declines in economic activity, easier to recognize. For example, the large
number of youths taking summer jobs is likely to obscure other changes that
have taken place in June relative to March, making it difficult to determine
if the level of economic activity has risen or declined. However, because
the effect of students finishing school in previous years is known, the
statistics for the current year can be adjusted to allow for a comparable
change. The adjusted figures provide a more useful tool with which to ana-
lyze changes in economic activity.
The employment data series for opening, expanding, closing, and contrac-
ting units are independently seasonally adjusted; net changes are calculated
based on the difference between gross job gains and gross job losses. Simi-
larly, for industry data, the establishment counts data series for opening,
expanding, closing, and contracting establishments are independently adjusted,
and the net changes are calculated based on the difference between the number
of opening and closing establishments. Additionally establishment and em-
ployment levels are independently seasonally adjusted to calculate the sea-
sonally adjusted rates. Concurrent seasonal adjustment is run using X-12
ARIMA. Seasonally adjusted data series for total private are the sum of
seasonally adjusted data of all sectors including the unclassified sector,
which is not separately published.
The net over-the-quarter change derived by summing the BED component series
will differ from the net employment change estimated from the seasonally ad-
justed total private employment series from the CES program. The intended use
of BED statistics is to show the dynamic labor market changes that underlie
the net employment change statistic. As such, data users interested particu-
larly in the net employment change and not in the gross job flows underlying
this change should refer to CES data for over-the-quarter net employment
changes.
Reliability of the data
Since the data series on Business Employment Dynamics are based on admini-
strative rather than sample data, there are no issues related to sampling
error. Nonsampling error, however, still exists. Nonsampling errors can oc-
cur for many reasons, such as the employer submitting corrected employment
data after the end of the quarter or typographical errors made by businesses
when providing information. Such errors, however, are likely to be distri-
buted randomly throughout the dataset.
Changes in administrative data sometimes create complications for the
linkage process. This can result in overstating openings and closings while
understating expansions and contractions. The BLS continues to refine methods
for improving the linkage process to alleviate the effects of these compli-
cations.
The BED data series are subject to periodic minor changes based on correc-
tions in QCEW records, updates on predecessors and successors information, and
seasonal adjustment revisions.
Annual revisions are published each year with the release of the first qua-
rter data. These revisions cover the last four quarters of not seasonally adj-
usted data and 5 years of seasonally adjusted data.
Additional statistics and other information
Several other programs within BLS produce closely related information.
The QCEW program provides both quarterly and annual estimates of employment
by state, county, and detailed industry. News releases on quarterly county e
mployment and wages and an annual bulletin: Employment and Wages Annual
Averages, are available upon request from the Division of Administrative
Statistics and Labor Turnover, Bureau of Labor Statistics, U.S. Department
of Labor, Washington, DC 20212; telephone 202-691-6567;
(http://www.bls.gov/cew/); (e-mail: QCEWInfo@bls.gov).
The CES program produces monthly estimates of employment, its net change,
and earnings by detailed industry. These estimates are part of the Employ-
ment Situation report put out monthly by BLS.
The Job Openings and Labor Turnover Survey (JOLTS) program provides month-
ly measures of job openings, as well as employee hires and separations.
Information in this release will be made available to sensory impaired in-
dividuals upon request. Voice phone: 202-691-5200; TDD message referral
number: 1-800-877-8339.
Table 1. Private sector gross job gains and job losses, seasonally adjusted
Total private
(In thousands)
Gross job gains Gross job losses
Year 3 months ended Net change(1) Total Expanding Opening Total Contracting Closing
establishments establishments establishments establishments
2003 March -393 7,467 5,928 1,539 7,860 6,307 1,553
June -90 7,398 5,929 1,469 7,488 6,030 1,458
September 204 7,392 5,923 1,469 7,188 5,828 1,360
December 297 7,521 6,005 1,516 7,224 5,800 1,424
2004 March 470 7,715 6,204 1,511 7,245 5,795 1,450
June 644 7,754 6,235 1,519 7,110 5,639 1,471
September 206 7,633 6,060 1,573 7,427 5,888 1,539
December 757 7,844 6,243 1,601 7,087 5,663 1,424
2005 March 384 7,620 6,131 1,489 7,236 5,801 1,435
June 593 7,774 6,231 1,543 7,181 5,776 1,405
September 677 7,965 6,387 1,578 7,288 5,844 1,444
December 494 7,807 6,252 1,555 7,313 5,948 1,365
2006 March 874 7,797 6,354 1,443 6,923 5,636 1,287
June 371 7,758 6,246 1,512 7,387 6,015 1,372
September 52 7,499 6,061 1,438 7,447 6,097 1,350
December 455 7,740 6,223 1,517 7,285 5,941 1,344
2007 March 549 7,727 6,297 1,430 7,178 5,881 1,297
June 149 7,632 6,222 1,410 7,483 6,079 1,404
September -252 7,318 5,847 1,471 7,570 6,215 1,355
December 299 7,658 6,196 1,462 7,359 6,012 1,347
2008 March -225 7,246 5,834 1,412 7,471 6,102 1,369
June -578 7,254 5,846 1,408 7,832 6,352 1,480
September -944 6,886 5,523 1,363 7,830 6,448 1,382
December -1,809 6,706 5,354 1,352 8,515 7,034 1,481
2009 March -2,710 5,844 4,655 1,189 8,554 7,132 1,422
June -1,659 6,391 5,088 1,303 8,050 6,667 1,383
September -880 6,340 5,125 1,215 7,220 5,863 1,357
December -229 6,640 5,316 1,324 6,869 5,589 1,280
2010 March -262 6,256 5,086 1,170 6,518 5,313 1,205
June 715 6,966 5,684 1,282 6,251 5,086 1,165
September 210 6,675 5,423 1,252 6,465 5,240 1,225
December 591 7,015 5,642 1,373 6,424 5,202 1,222
2011 March 296 6,448 5,278 1,170 6,152 5,015 1,137
June 602 6,940 5,642 1,298 6,338 5,108 1,230
September 819 7,144 5,785 1,359 6,325 5,181 1,144
December 368 6,896 5,549 1,347 6,528 5,250 1,278
2012 March 847 6,946 5,702 1,244 6,099 4,995 1,104
June 613 7,027 5,738 1,289 6,414 5,259 1,155
September 233 6,847 5,552 1,295 6,614 5,436 1,178
December 709 7,110 5,769 1,341 6,401 5,199 1,202
2013 March 914 7,200 5,623 1,577 6,286 5,136 1,150
June 666 7,143 5,839 1,304 6,477 5,267 1,210
September 421 6,975 5,686 1,289 6,554 5,403 1,151
(1) Net change is the difference between total gross job gains and total gross job losses.
Table 2. Private sector gross job gains and losses, as a percent of employment(1), seasonally adjusted
Total private
(Percent)
Gross job gains Gross job losses
Year 3 months ended Net change(2) Total Expanding Opening Total Contracting Closing
establishments establishments establishments establishments
2003 March -.5 6.9 5.5 1.4 7.4 5.9 1.5
June .0 7.0 5.6 1.4 7.0 5.6 1.4
September .1 6.9 5.5 1.4 6.8 5.5 1.3
December .3 7.0 5.6 1.4 6.7 5.4 1.3
2004 March .5 7.2 5.8 1.4 6.7 5.4 1.3
June .6 7.2 5.8 1.4 6.6 5.2 1.4
September .3 7.1 5.6 1.5 6.8 5.4 1.4
December .7 7.2 5.7 1.5 6.5 5.2 1.3
2005 March .4 7.0 5.6 1.4 6.6 5.3 1.3
June .6 7.1 5.7 1.4 6.5 5.2 1.3
September .6 7.2 5.8 1.4 6.6 5.3 1.3
December .4 7.0 5.6 1.4 6.6 5.4 1.2
2006 March .9 7.0 5.7 1.3 6.1 5.0 1.1
June .3 6.8 5.5 1.3 6.5 5.3 1.2
September .1 6.7 5.4 1.3 6.6 5.4 1.2
December .3 6.8 5.5 1.3 6.5 5.3 1.2
2007 March .5 6.8 5.5 1.3 6.3 5.2 1.1
June .2 6.7 5.5 1.2 6.5 5.3 1.2
September -.3 6.4 5.1 1.3 6.7 5.5 1.2
December .2 6.7 5.4 1.3 6.5 5.3 1.2
2008 March -.3 6.3 5.1 1.2 6.6 5.4 1.2
June -.6 6.3 5.1 1.2 6.9 5.6 1.3
September -.8 6.1 4.9 1.2 6.9 5.7 1.2
December -1.6 6.0 4.8 1.2 7.6 6.3 1.3
2009 March -2.4 5.4 4.3 1.1 7.8 6.5 1.3
June -1.6 5.9 4.7 1.2 7.5 6.2 1.3
September -.9 5.9 4.8 1.1 6.8 5.5 1.3
December -.2 6.3 5.0 1.3 6.5 5.3 1.2
2010 March -.2 5.9 4.8 1.1 6.1 5.0 1.1
June .7 6.6 5.4 1.2 5.9 4.8 1.1
September .2 6.3 5.1 1.2 6.1 4.9 1.2
December .6 6.6 5.3 1.3 6.0 4.9 1.1
2011 March .2 6.0 4.9 1.1 5.8 4.7 1.1
June .6 6.5 5.3 1.2 5.9 4.8 1.1
September .8 6.7 5.4 1.3 5.9 4.8 1.1
December .3 6.3 5.1 1.2 6.0 4.8 1.2
2012 March .7 6.3 5.2 1.1 5.6 4.6 1.0
June .5 6.4 5.2 1.2 5.9 4.8 1.1
September .2 6.2 5.0 1.2 6.0 4.9 1.1
December .6 6.4 5.2 1.2 5.8 4.7 1.1
2013 March .8 6.4 5.0 1.4 5.6 4.6 1.0
June .6 6.4 5.2 1.2 5.8 4.7 1.1
September .3 6.1 5.0 1.1 5.8 4.8 1.0
(1) The rates measure gross job gains and gross job losses as a percentage
of the previous and current quarter employment levels.
(2) Net change is the difference between total gross job gains and total gross job losses.
Table 3. Private sector gross job gains and losses by industry, seasonally adjusted
Gross job gains and job losses Gross job gains and job losses
(in thousands) as a percent of employment
Category 3 months ended 3 months ended
Sept Dec. Mar. June Sept Sept Dec. Mar. June Sept
2012 2012 2013 2013 2013 2012 2012 2013 2013 2013
Total private(1)
Gross job gains 6,847 7,110 7,200 7,143 6,975 6.2 6.4 6.4 6.4 6.1
At expanding establishments 5,552 5,769 5,623 5,839 5,686 5.0 5.2 5.0 5.2 5.0
At opening establishments 1,295 1,341 1,577 1,304 1,289 1.2 1.2 1.4 1.2 1.1
Gross job losses 6,614 6,401 6,286 6,477 6,554 6.0 5.8 5.6 5.8 5.8
At contracting establishments 5,436 5,199 5,136 5,267 5,403 4.9 4.7 4.6 4.7 4.8
At closing establishments 1,178 1,202 1,150 1,210 1,151 1.1 1.1 1.0 1.1 1.0
Net employment change 233 709 914 666 421 .2 .6 .8 .6 .3
Goods-producing
Gross job gains 1,338 1,359 1,345 1,370 1,309 6.9 7.0 6.8 6.9 6.6
At expanding establishments 1,129 1,147 1,151 1,165 1,109 5.8 5.9 5.8 5.9 5.6
At opening establishments 209 212 194 205 200 1.1 1.1 1.0 1.0 1.0
Gross job losses 1,301 1,315 1,224 1,273 1,248 6.7 6.7 6.2 6.4 6.3
At contracting establishments 1,090 1,097 1,020 1,067 1,053 5.6 5.6 5.2 5.4 5.3
At closing establishments 211 218 204 206 195 1.1 1.1 1.0 1.0 1.0
Net employment change 37 44 121 97 61 .2 .3 .6 .5 .3
Natural resources and mining
Gross job gains 277 279 277 287 257 14.0 14.0 13.7 14.2 12.7
At expanding establishments 236 238 238 249 220 11.9 11.9 11.8 12.3 10.9
At opening establishments 41 41 39 38 37 2.1 2.1 1.9 1.9 1.8
Gross job losses 276 288 250 272 262 13.9 14.4 12.4 13.4 13.0
At contracting establishments 240 250 214 235 228 12.1 12.5 10.6 11.6 11.3
At closing establishments 36 38 36 37 34 1.8 1.9 1.8 1.8 1.7
Net employment change 1 -9 27 15 -5 .1 -.4 1.3 .8 -.3
Construction
Gross job gains 648 667 674 661 655 11.6 11.9 11.7 11.4 11.3
At expanding establishments 516 534 553 534 529 9.2 9.5 9.6 9.2 9.1
At opening establishments 132 133 121 127 126 2.4 2.4 2.1 2.2 2.2
Gross job losses 614 604 600 616 588 11.0 10.7 10.5 10.6 10.1
At contracting establishments 484 474 476 494 473 8.7 8.4 8.3 8.5 8.1
At closing establishments 130 130 124 122 115 2.3 2.3 2.2 2.1 2.0
Net employment change 34 63 74 45 67 .6 1.2 1.2 .8 1.2
Manufacturing
Gross job gains 413 413 394 422 397 3.5 3.4 3.3 3.5 3.3
At expanding establishments 377 375 360 382 360 3.2 3.1 3.0 3.2 3.0
At opening establishments 36 38 34 40 37 .3 .3 .3 .3 .3
Gross job losses 411 423 374 385 398 3.5 3.5 3.2 3.2 3.3
At contracting establishments 366 373 330 338 352 3.1 3.1 2.8 2.8 2.9
At closing establishments 45 50 44 47 46 .4 .4 .4 .4 .4
Net employment change 2 -10 20 37 -1 .0 -.1 .1 .3 .0
Service-providing(1)
Gross job gains 5,509 5,751 5,855 5,773 5,666 6.1 6.3 6.4 6.2 6.1
At expanding establishments 4,423 4,622 4,472 4,674 4,577 4.9 5.1 4.9 5.0 4.9
At opening establishments 1,086 1,129 1,383 1,099 1,089 1.2 1.2 1.5 1.2 1.2
Gross job losses 5,313 5,086 5,062 5,204 5,306 5.9 5.6 5.5 5.6 5.7
At contracting establishments 4,346 4,102 4,116 4,200 4,350 4.8 4.5 4.5 4.5 4.7
At closing establishments 967 984 946 1,004 956 1.1 1.1 1.0 1.1 1.0
Net employment change 196 665 793 569 360 .2 .7 .9 .6 .4
Wholesale trade
Gross job gains 267 280 273 288 274 4.7 4.9 4.8 5.0 4.7
At expanding establishments 217 227 227 237 227 3.8 4.0 4.0 4.1 3.9
At opening establishments 50 53 46 51 47 .9 .9 .8 .9 .8
Gross job losses 262 257 251 253 258 4.7 4.5 4.4 4.4 4.5
At contracting establishments 208 200 194 199 205 3.7 3.5 3.4 3.5 3.6
At closing establishments 54 57 57 54 53 1.0 1.0 1.0 .9 .9
Net employment change 5 23 22 35 16 .0 .4 .4 .6 .2
Retail trade
Gross job gains 848 921 895 946 888 5.6 6.2 6.0 6.3 5.8
At expanding establishments 708 788 777 816 760 4.7 5.3 5.2 5.4 5.0
At opening establishments 140 133 118 130 128 .9 .9 .8 .9 .8
Gross job losses 875 829 874 768 851 5.8 5.6 5.8 5.1 5.6
At contracting establishments 764 710 768 664 750 5.1 4.8 5.1 4.4 4.9
At closing establishments 111 119 106 104 101 .7 .8 .7 .7 .7
Net employment change -27 92 21 178 37 -.2 .6 .2 1.2 .2
Transportation and warehousing
Gross job gains 221 263 207 219 226 5.3 6.3 4.9 5.2 5.3
At expanding establishments 189 231 177 185 195 4.5 5.5 4.2 4.4 4.6
At opening establishments 32 32 30 34 31 .8 .8 .7 .8 .7
Gross job losses 208 211 236 210 209 5.0 5.0 5.5 5.0 4.9
At contracting establishments 174 173 205 177 173 4.2 4.1 4.8 4.2 4.1
At closing establishments 34 38 31 33 36 .8 .9 .7 .8 .8
Net employment change 13 52 -29 9 17 .3 1.3 -.6 .2 .4
Utilities
Gross job gains 12 14 10 14 11 2.2 2.6 1.8 2.6 2.0
At expanding establishments 10 12 9 12 10 1.8 2.2 1.6 2.2 1.8
At opening establishments 2 2 1 2 1 .4 .4 .2 .4 .2
Gross job losses 13 12 11 14 13 2.4 2.2 2.0 2.6 2.4
At contracting establishments 12 11 10 13 12 2.2 2.0 1.8 2.4 2.2
At closing establishments 1 1 1 1 1 .2 .2 .2 .2 .2
Net employment change -1 2 -1 0 -2 -.2 .4 -.2 .0 -.4
Information
Gross job gains 129 141 114 134 129 4.8 5.2 4.2 4.9 4.8
At expanding establishments 108 116 97 114 108 4.0 4.3 3.6 4.2 4.0
At opening establishments 21 25 17 20 21 .8 .9 .6 .7 .8
Gross job losses 140 121 119 125 135 5.2 4.5 4.4 4.6 5.0
At contracting establishments 118 96 99 101 113 4.4 3.6 3.7 3.7 4.2
At closing establishments 22 25 20 24 22 .8 .9 .7 .9 .8
Net employment change -11 20 -5 9 -6 -.4 .7 -.2 .3 -.2
Financial activities
Gross job gains 354 376 346 365 350 4.7 5.0 4.5 4.8 4.6
At expanding establishments 285 293 282 296 282 3.8 3.9 3.7 3.9 3.7
At opening establishments 69 83 64 69 68 .9 1.1 .8 .9 .9
Gross job losses 333 326 325 328 346 4.4 4.3 4.3 4.4 4.5
At contracting establishments 262 251 250 255 275 3.5 3.3 3.3 3.4 3.6
At closing establishments 71 75 75 73 71 .9 1.0 1.0 1.0 .9
Net employment change 21 50 21 37 4 .3 .7 .2 .4 .1
Professional and business services
Gross job gains 1,325 1,403 1,255 1,358 1,360 7.4 7.8 6.9 7.3 7.3
At expanding establishments 1,080 1,132 1,035 1,112 1,116 6.0 6.3 5.7 6.0 6.0
At opening establishments 245 271 220 246 244 1.4 1.5 1.2 1.3 1.3
Gross job losses 1,256 1,229 1,179 1,261 1,237 7.0 6.8 6.4 6.8 6.7
At contracting establishments 1,003 977 940 995 994 5.6 5.4 5.1 5.4 5.4
At closing establishments 253 252 239 266 243 1.4 1.4 1.3 1.4 1.3
Net employment change 69 174 76 97 123 .4 1.0 .5 .5 .6
Education and health services
Gross job gains 840 836 1,200 838 886 4.3 4.3 6.0 4.1 4.3
At expanding establishments 708 701 681 689 737 3.6 3.6 3.4 3.4 3.6
At opening establishments 132 135 519 149 149 .7 .7 2.6 .7 .7
Gross job losses 746 717 743 848 778 3.9 3.6 3.7 4.2 3.8
At contracting establishments 618 590 600 673 630 3.2 3.0 3.0 3.3 3.1
At closing establishments 128 127 143 175 148 .7 .6 .7 .9 .7
Net employment change 94 119 457 -10 108 .4 .7 2.3 -.1 .5
Leisure and hospitality
Gross job gains 1,162 1,176 1,202 1,245 1,177 8.5 8.5 8.5 8.8 8.2
At expanding establishments 891 904 958 978 914 6.5 6.5 6.8 6.9 6.4
At opening establishments 271 272 244 267 263 2.0 2.0 1.7 1.9 1.8
Gross job losses 1,169 1,091 1,038 1,107 1,183 8.5 7.8 7.4 7.8 8.3
At contracting establishments 960 881 844 909 980 7.0 6.3 6.0 6.4 6.9
At closing establishments 209 210 194 198 203 1.5 1.5 1.4 1.4 1.4
Net employment change -7 85 164 138 -6 .0 .7 1.1 1.0 -.1
Other services
Gross job gains 275 269 272 285 274 7.2 7.0 7.1 7.4 7.0
At expanding establishments 218 209 218 227 218 5.7 5.4 5.7 5.9 5.6
At opening establishments 57 60 54 58 56 1.5 1.6 1.4 1.5 1.4
Gross job losses 281 266 256 265 271 7.3 6.9 6.7 6.9 6.9
At contracting establishments 219 207 199 208 212 5.7 5.4 5.2 5.4 5.4
At closing establishments 62 59 57 57 59 1.6 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5
Net employment change -6 3 16 20 3 -.1 .1 .4 .5 .1
(1) Includes unclassified sector, not shown separately
Table 4. Private sector gross job gains and losses by firm size, seasonally adjusted
(In thousands)
Total private by firm(1) Firm size 1 - 49 employees Firm size 50 - 249 employees Firm size 250 or more employees
Year 3 months Net Gross job Net Gross job Net Gross job Net Gross job
ended change(2,3) gains losses change gains losses change gains losses change gains losses
2003 March -326 6,112 6,438 -135 3,257 3,392 -56 1,127 1,183 -135 1,728 1,863
June -137 6,108 6,245 112 3,346 3,234 -26 1,133 1,159 -223 1,629 1,852
September 193 6,162 5,969 120 3,327 3,207 21 1,127 1,106 52 1,708 1,656
December 310 6,218 5,908 146 3,340 3,194 32 1,128 1,096 132 1,750 1,618
2004 March 430 6,306 5,876 153 3,392 3,239 137 1,194 1,057 140 1,720 1,580
June 621 6,471 5,850 169 3,387 3,218 141 1,196 1,055 311 1,888 1,577
September 197 6,243 6,046 88 3,379 3,291 88 1,175 1,087 21 1,689 1,668
December 759 6,494 5,735 274 3,480 3,206 101 1,172 1,071 384 1,842 1,458
2005 March 368 6,320 5,952 66 3,416 3,350 97 1,161 1,064 205 1,743 1,538
June 570 6,435 5,865 243 3,476 3,233 146 1,198 1,052 181 1,761 1,580
September 701 6,672 5,971 218 3,510 3,292 85 1,195 1,110 398 1,967 1,569
December 506 6,406 5,900 169 3,462 3,293 45 1,140 1,095 292 1,804 1,512
2006 March 788 6,433 5,645 334 3,547 3,213 222 1,213 991 232 1,673 1,441
June 375 6,349 5,974 117 3,434 3,317 110 1,190 1,080 148 1,725 1,577
September 43 6,103 6,060 -14 3,329 3,343 27 1,127 1,100 30 1,647 1,617
December 447 6,375 5,928 117 3,393 3,276 74 1,147 1,073 256 1,835 1,579
2007 March 466 6,300 5,834 189 3,451 3,262 99 1,153 1,054 178 1,696 1,518
June 174 6,256 6,082 -31 3,337 3,368 108 1,180 1,072 97 1,739 1,642
September -269 5,891 6,160 -132 3,252 3,384 -53 1,073 1,126 -84 1,566 1,650
December 298 6,254 5,956 8 3,315 3,307 63 1,140 1,077 227 1,799 1,572
2008 March -290 5,806 6,096 -154 3,228 3,382 -14 1,073 1,087 -122 1,505 1,627
June -548 5,855 6,403 -284 3,179 3,463 -41 1,095 1,136 -223 1,581 1,804
September -999 5,498 6,497 -346 3,047 3,393 -151 1,015 1,166 -502 1,436 1,938
December -1,869 5,338 7,207 -695 2,907 3,602 -374 948 1,322 -800 1,483 2,283
2009 March -2,664 4,578 7,242 -983 2,715 3,698 -615 806 1,421 -1,066 1,057 2,123
June -1,764 5,170 6,934 -472 2,951 3,423 -277 954 1,231 -1,015 1,265 2,280
September -940 5,134 6,074 -374 2,821 3,195 -118 928 1,046 -448 1,385 1,833
December -289 5,405 5,694 -162 2,938 3,100 -43 964 1,007 -84 1,503 1,587
2010 March -240 5,093 5,333 -198 2,855 3,053 -3 909 912 -39 1,329 1,368
June 692 5,815 5,123 238 3,097 2,859 209 1,076 867 245 1,642 1,397
September 188 5,490 5,302 23 2,939 2,916 79 994 915 86 1,557 1,471
December 519 5,786 5,267 85 3,047 2,962 95 1,035 940 339 1,704 1,365
2011 March 313 5,334 5,021 93 2,968 2,875 118 963 845 102 1,403 1,301
June 548 5,758 5,210 196 3,078 2,882 176 1,069 893 176 1,611 1,435
September 823 5,943 5,120 259 3,123 2,864 161 1,061 900 403 1,759 1,356
December 321 5,612 5,291 39 2,967 2,928 45 987 942 237 1,658 1,421
2012 March 846 5,761 4,915 385 3,157 2,772 217 1,047 830 244 1,557 1,313
June 604 5,825 5,221 178 3,042 2,864 167 1,082 915 259 1,701 1,442
September 213 5,565 5,352 49 2,950 2,901 44 1,002 958 120 1,613 1,493
December 637 5,766 5,129 169 3,014 2,845 90 1,012 922 378 1,740 1,362
2013 March 1,198 6,302 5,104 281 3,098 2,817 156 1,021 865 761 2,183 1,422
June 643 5,911 5,268 217 3,064 2,847 143 1,079 936 283 1,768 1,485
September 386 5,692 5,306 154 2,987 2,833 54 1,014 960 178 1,691 1,513
(1) Total gross job gains and gross job losses by firm are lower
than total gross job gains and gross job losses by establishment,
as some establishment gains and losses within a firm are offset during the aggregation process.
(2) Net change is the difference between total gross job gains and total gross job losses.
(3) Net change totals for firm-level data shown differ from the establishment-level data
due to independent seasonal adjustment of the series.
NOTE: See http://www.bls.gov/bdm/bdmfirmsize.htm for additional firm size class data.
Table 5. Components of private sector gross job gains and losses by firm size, seasonally adjusted
Gross job gains and job losses Gross job gains and job losses
(in thousands) as a percent of employment
Category 3 months ended 3 months ended
Sept Dec. Mar. June Sept Sept Dec. Mar. June Sept
2012 2012 2013 2013 2013 2012 2012 2013 2013 2013
Total private by firm(1)
Gross job gains 5,565 5,766 6,302 5,911 5,692 5.0 5.2 5.6 5.3 5.1
At expanding firms 4,670 4,840 5,365 5,039 4,821 4.2 4.4 4.8 4.5 4.3
At opening firms 895 926 937 872 871 .8 .8 .8 .8 .8
Gross job losses 5,352 5,129 5,104 5,268 5,306 4.9 4.7 4.6 4.6 4.7
At contracting firms 4,515 4,282 4,251 4,444 4,496 4.1 3.9 3.8 3.9 4.0
At closing firms 837 847 853 824 810 .8 .8 .8 .7 .7
Net employment change 213 637 1,198 643 386 .1 .5 1.0 .7 .4
Firm size 1 to 49 employees
Gross job gains 2,950 3,014 3,098 3,064 2,987 9.3 9.5 9.7 9.6 9.3
At expanding firms 2,099 2,124 2,194 2,232 2,155 6.6 6.7 6.9 7.0 6.7
At opening firms 851 890 904 832 832 2.7 2.8 2.8 2.6 2.6
Gross job losses 2,901 2,845 2,817 2,847 2,833 9.1 8.9 8.8 8.8 8.8
At contracting firms 2,100 2,040 2,002 2,064 2,058 6.6 6.4 6.3 6.4 6.4
At closing firms 801 805 815 783 775 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.4 2.4
Net employment change 49 169 281 217 154 .2 .6 .9 .8 .5
Firm size 50 to 249 employees
Gross job gains 1,002 1,012 1,021 1,079 1,014 5.0 5.0 4.9 5.3 4.9
At expanding firms 966 979 991 1,044 979 4.8 4.8 4.8 5.1 4.7
At opening firms 36 33 30 35 35 .2 .2 .1 .2 .2
Gross job losses 958 922 865 936 960 4.7 4.6 4.3 4.6 4.6
At contracting firms 929 888 833 905 929 4.6 4.4 4.1 4.4 4.5
At closing firms 29 34 32 31 31 .1 .2 .2 .2 .1
Net employment change 44 90 156 143 54 .3 .4 .6 .7 .3
Firm size 250 or more employees
Gross job gains 1,613 1,740 2,183 1,768 1,691 2.8 3.0 3.7 2.9 2.8
At expanding firms 1,605 1,737 2,180 1,763 1,687 2.8 3.0 3.7 2.9 2.8
At opening firms 8 3 3 5 4 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0
Gross job losses 1,493 1,362 1,422 1,485 1,513 2.5 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.5
At contracting firms 1,486 1,354 1,416 1,475 1,509 2.5 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.5
At closing firms 7 8 6 10 4 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0
Net employment change 120 378 761 283 178 .3 .7 1.3 .4 .3
(1) Total gross job gains and gross job losses by firm are lower
than total gross job gains and gross job losses by establishment,
as some establishment gains and losses within a firm are offset during the aggregation process.
Table 6. Private sector gross job gains and losses by state, seasonally adjusted
Gross job gains Gross job losses
State (3 months ended) (3 months ended)
Sept. Dec. Mar. June Sept. Sept. Dec. Mar. June Sept.
2012 2012 2013 2013 2013 2012 2012 2013 2013 2013
United States(1)... 6,847,000 7,110,000 7,200,000 7,143,000 6,975,000 6,614,000 6,401,000 6,286,000 6,477,000 6,554,000
Alabama..... 83,851 85,704 89,056 87,744 81,342 83,306 80,669 80,275 82,081 83,875
Alaska..... 22,445 24,240 26,662 26,706 24,229 25,672 25,260 23,917 25,115 24,892
Arizona..... 135,745 142,500 128,935 129,196 134,517 117,227 119,631 121,218 126,066 116,992
Arkansas..... 51,668 56,703 54,198 48,982 54,326 57,464 50,392 52,714 55,245 51,476
California..... 844,915 919,234 1,149,953 913,484 879,014 795,400 774,546 756,150 834,318 801,420
Colorado..... 131,864 134,421 135,946 137,839 135,926 123,134 117,054 120,012 120,105 122,797
Connecticut..... 72,837 75,395 70,949 78,215 73,457 75,227 71,198 72,020 67,043 75,657
Delaware..... 21,192 23,491 22,621 22,484 22,844 21,369 19,541 20,532 20,386 21,220
District of Columbia 27,410 31,906 27,106 29,043 28,154 28,636 25,818 25,558 26,928 25,021
Florida..... 457,853 455,616 425,622 461,241 458,172 423,743 399,755 383,394 409,372 398,680
Georgia..... 201,628 217,427 212,850 216,172 217,516 198,881 188,763 186,171 200,027 193,856
Hawaii..... 27,160 26,609 25,203 25,642 26,481 22,743 20,912 23,670 25,689 24,498
Idaho..... 41,233 40,125 41,579 41,461 40,067 35,434 36,684 36,854 38,558 37,495
Illinois..... 271,148 258,830 268,730 283,705 279,866 263,946 251,875 265,334 261,498 280,153
Indiana..... 138,626 143,227 136,368 139,661 135,733 133,678 130,952 130,034 129,407 131,184
Iowa..... 70,809 71,392 72,607 75,237 73,752 68,605 68,038 66,921 67,017 68,186
Kansas..... 60,448 67,871 61,140 67,481 67,108 64,860 58,658 59,438 60,483 62,717
Kentucky..... 83,055 93,554 84,328 85,477 85,803 85,735 80,606 84,243 81,754 78,578
Louisiana..... 101,975 107,395 104,541 98,313 104,587 102,711 91,414 94,234 99,533 94,339
Maine..... 32,673 34,238 32,143 39,249 35,517 35,673 36,486 34,202 31,139 36,066
Maryland..... 128,971 129,764 126,945 126,893 125,703 128,148 127,138 118,295 125,056 123,937
Massachusetts..... 149,438 151,216 175,505 173,757 155,978 155,111 148,085 138,023 142,775 158,373
Michigan..... 207,299 205,504 207,947 217,038 203,757 197,226 183,401 171,542 200,728 200,275
Minnesota..... 136,191 134,577 137,595 141,183 129,214 128,083 130,799 120,381 122,226 127,789
Mississippi..... 53,633 57,216 49,609 49,612 52,352 52,107 51,673 47,175 51,657 49,553
Missouri..... 127,233 138,250 142,864 131,513 128,924 128,691 122,509 122,171 119,004 125,534
Montana..... 27,400 29,068 28,651 28,546 27,381 25,705 27,260 26,427 27,473 26,596
Nebraska..... 42,551 44,816 45,864 45,752 47,699 41,491 39,881 40,939 43,811 43,810
Nevada..... 58,249 60,294 62,843 66,018 61,324 57,228 56,082 53,767 55,959 57,965
New Hampshire..... 34,114 34,580 33,735 36,200 31,531 36,227 34,128 32,155 31,552 34,347
New Jersey..... 197,518 203,835 202,206 213,505 201,174 202,355 198,718 187,276 181,131 197,415
New Mexico..... 38,580 44,250 37,762 40,791 39,367 39,230 37,406 39,187 40,789 40,761
New York..... 454,607 466,748 456,587 472,820 466,932 443,564 440,756 429,494 426,420 446,778
North Carolina..... 202,081 211,726 196,443 207,942 206,049 193,077 190,051 184,492 189,804 191,366
North Dakota..... 28,903 29,218 29,398 25,853 29,744 25,009 23,917 23,359 28,021 24,846
Ohio..... 241,581 263,759 256,737 274,779 244,965 250,160 238,558 244,972 234,133 244,391
Oklahoma..... 73,753 82,091 72,957 75,621 76,396 73,607 68,685 74,768 70,293 70,196
Oregon..... 97,220 95,654 99,441 99,417 99,194 86,297 91,054 84,487 85,962 87,165
Pennsylvania..... 264,397 265,032 268,272 262,901 254,554 266,195 252,649 262,407 252,075 255,635
Rhode Island..... 23,706 24,574 24,360 25,911 24,731 24,729 23,675 23,094 22,672 24,044
South Carolina..... 85,519 97,458 87,131 95,628 92,756 87,308 79,795 83,845 82,252 84,223
South Dakota..... 21,046 20,959 20,848 21,611 20,456 20,682 20,519 20,553 19,329 20,886
Tennessee..... 124,873 138,078 123,145 127,303 124,360 124,155 114,673 116,749 121,662 118,445
Texas..... 532,447 553,932 537,115 530,372 547,426 473,461 450,359 465,576 464,465 482,784
Utah..... 68,688 74,490 75,396 72,630 71,225 61,913 61,715 64,502 67,465 65,096
Vermont..... 17,200 18,800 17,248 18,264 17,553 17,307 17,530 16,860 19,400 18,316
Virginia..... 186,995 177,043 165,555 165,372 172,770 179,241 165,510 159,740 164,084 172,320
Washington..... 163,111 166,655 204,649 177,515 171,550 153,439 153,804 148,789 148,500 157,575
West Virginia..... 36,427 36,002 35,950 34,375 33,177 38,609 36,604 34,714 37,260 35,830
Wisconsin..... 125,268 131,552 125,586 134,838 127,659 127,601 122,830 120,242 124,587 126,994
Wyoming..... 18,081 20,277 18,617 18,151 17,341 18,364 17,704 18,333 19,316 17,255
Puerto Rico..... 42,434 46,915 38,510 40,549 41,766 43,922 40,722 43,762 42,254 45,569
Virgin Islands..... 1,512 1,981 1,570 1,419 1,519 2,173 1,599 1,819 1,819 1,891
(1) Totals for the United States do not include data for Puerto Rico or the Virgin Islands.
Table 7. Private sector gross job gains and losses as a percent of total employment by state, seasonally adjusted
Gross job gains as a percent of employment Gross job losses as a percent of employment
State (3 months ended) (3 months ended)
Sept. Dec. Mar. June Sept. Sept. Dec. Mar. June Sept.
2012 2012 2013 2013 2013 2012 2012 2013 2013 2013
United States(1)... 6.2 6.4 6.4 6.4 6.1 6.0 5.8 5.6 5.8 5.8
Alabama..... 5.7 5.8 6.0 5.9 5.5 5.7 5.5 5.4 5.5 5.6
Alaska..... 9.0 9.8 10.7 10.6 9.7 10.3 10.1 9.6 10.0 9.8
Arizona..... 6.7 6.9 6.2 6.2 6.4 5.7 5.8 5.9 6.1 5.5
Arkansas..... 5.5 6.0 5.7 5.2 5.8 6.1 5.3 5.5 5.8 5.4
California..... 6.8 7.4 9.0 7.0 6.7 6.4 6.2 5.9 6.4 6.1
Colorado..... 6.9 7.1 7.1 7.1 7.0 6.5 6.2 6.2 6.1 6.3
Connecticut..... 5.2 5.4 5.1 5.6 5.3 5.4 5.1 5.2 4.8 5.4
Delaware..... 6.2 6.8 6.5 6.5 6.5 6.2 5.7 5.9 5.8 6.0
District of Columbia.. 5.8 6.8 5.7 6.1 5.8 6.1 5.5 5.4 5.6 5.3
Florida..... 7.3 7.1 6.7 7.1 7.0 6.7 6.3 6.0 6.3 6.2
Georgia..... 6.4 6.8 6.6 6.6 6.6 6.2 5.9 5.7 6.2 6.0
Hawaii..... 5.6 5.4 5.1 5.2 5.3 4.7 4.3 4.8 5.2 4.9
Idaho..... 8.2 7.9 8.1 8.0 7.7 7.0 7.2 7.2 7.5 7.2
Illinois..... 5.5 5.3 5.5 5.8 5.7 5.4 5.2 5.5 5.3 5.8
Indiana..... 5.7 5.9 5.6 5.7 5.5 5.5 5.4 5.3 5.3 5.3
Iowa..... 5.7 5.7 5.8 6.0 5.8 5.6 5.5 5.4 5.4 5.5
Kansas..... 5.6 6.3 5.6 6.2 6.1 6.1 5.4 5.5 5.5 5.7
Kentucky..... 5.7 6.5 5.8 5.8 5.8 5.9 5.5 5.8 5.6 5.4
Louisiana..... 6.6 7.0 6.7 6.2 6.6 6.7 5.9 6.1 6.3 6.0
Maine..... 6.7 7.0 6.7 8.1 7.3 7.3 7.5 7.0 6.4 7.4
Maryland..... 6.3 6.4 6.3 6.2 6.2 6.3 6.3 5.8 6.1 6.1
Massachusetts..... 5.3 5.4 6.2 6.1 5.4 5.6 5.3 4.9 5.0 5.5
Michigan..... 6.2 6.0 6.0 6.3 5.9 5.9 5.4 5.0 5.8 5.8
Minnesota..... 6.0 5.9 6.0 6.1 5.5 5.6 5.7 5.2 5.2 5.5
Mississippi..... 6.4 6.8 5.9 5.8 6.1 6.2 6.1 5.5 6.0 5.8
Missouri..... 5.9 6.4 6.5 5.9 5.8 5.9 5.6 5.5 5.4 5.7
Montana..... 7.9 8.3 8.1 8.0 7.7 7.3 7.8 7.4 7.7 7.5
Nebraska..... 5.6 5.9 6.0 6.0 6.1 5.5 5.2 5.4 5.7 5.6
Nevada..... 5.9 6.0 6.3 6.6 6.0 5.7 5.7 5.4 5.5 5.7
New Hampshire..... 6.4 6.5 6.3 6.8 6.0 6.9 6.4 6.1 5.9 6.5
New Jersey..... 6.2 6.4 6.3 6.6 6.2 6.3 6.2 5.8 5.6 6.0
New Mexico..... 6.4 7.4 6.2 6.7 6.5 6.6 6.2 6.5 6.8 6.7
New York..... 6.3 6.4 6.3 6.4 6.4 6.2 6.1 5.9 5.8 6.1
North Carolina..... 6.3 6.5 6.0 6.3 6.2 6.0 5.9 5.7 5.8 5.8
North Dakota..... 8.3 8.3 8.3 7.2 8.3 7.2 6.8 6.6 7.9 6.9
Ohio..... 5.6 6.1 5.9 6.2 5.5 5.7 5.5 5.6 5.3 5.6
Oklahoma..... 6.1 6.7 6.0 6.1 6.1 6.0 5.6 6.0 5.7 5.6
Oregon..... 7.1 7.0 7.2 7.1 7.0 6.4 6.6 6.1 6.2 6.2
Pennsylvania..... 5.4 5.5 5.5 5.3 5.2 5.4 5.1 5.3 5.2 5.2
Rhode Island..... 6.0 6.3 6.1 6.5 6.2 6.3 6.0 5.8 5.7 6.1
South Carolina..... 5.8 6.6 5.8 6.3 6.2 5.9 5.4 5.6 5.5 5.6
South Dakota..... 6.4 6.3 6.3 6.5 6.2 6.2 6.2 6.2 5.8 6.3
Tennessee..... 5.6 6.1 5.4 5.5 5.4 5.5 5.1 5.1 5.4 5.2
Texas..... 5.9 6.1 5.9 5.8 5.9 5.2 5.0 5.1 5.0 5.2
Utah..... 6.9 7.3 7.3 7.0 6.8 6.1 6.1 6.3 6.5 6.2
Vermont..... 7.0 7.6 7.0 7.3 7.1 7.0 7.1 6.7 7.8 7.4
Virginia..... 6.4 6.0 5.7 5.6 5.9 6.1 5.6 5.5 5.6 5.9
Washington..... 7.0 7.1 8.6 7.3 7.0 6.6 6.5 6.2 6.1 6.4
West Virginia..... 6.4 6.4 6.3 6.1 5.9 6.8 6.5 6.1 6.6 6.4
Wisconsin..... 5.4 5.7 5.4 5.8 5.5 5.5 5.3 5.2 5.4 5.4
Wyoming..... 8.6 9.5 8.7 8.5 8.2 8.7 8.4 8.5 9.0 8.1
Puerto Rico..... 6.2 6.8 5.6 5.9 6.1 6.3 5.9 6.4 6.2 6.6
Virgin Islands..... 5.3 7.0 5.6 5.0 5.5 7.7 5.6 6.5 6.5 6.8
(1) Totals for the United States do not include data for Puerto Rico or the Virgin Islands.
Table 8. Private sector establishment births and deaths, seasonally adjusted
Total private
(Levels in thousands)
Number of Establishments Employment
Births Deaths(1) Births Deaths
Year 3 months ended Level Rate(2) Level Rate Level Rate Level Rate
2003 March 193 3.0 186 2.9 1,004 .9 1,011 .9
June 191 3.0 186 2.9 964 .9 951 .9
September 193 3.0 179 2.8 954 .9 884 .8
December 200 3.1 180 2.8 998 .9 910 .9
2004 March 207 3.2 180 2.8 1,000 .9 917 .9
June 203 3.1 185 2.8 980 .9 909 .8
September 209 3.2 186 2.8 1,016 .9 953 .9
December 210 3.2 180 2.7 997 .9 894 .8
2005 March 209 3.1 185 2.8 944 .9 852 .8
June 216 3.2 180 2.7 951 .9 841 .8
September 221 3.3 186 2.8 996 .9 884 .8
December 221 3.3 186 2.8 979 .9 846 .8
2006 March 220 3.2 180 2.6 924 .8 748 .7
June 221 3.2 194 2.8 973 .9 841 .7
September 210 3.1 196 2.9 927 .8 836 .7
December 221 3.2 194 2.8 959 .8 804 .7
2007 March 214 3.1 193 2.8 897 .8 771 .7
June 206 3.0 202 2.9 884 .8 850 .7
September 216 3.1 203 2.9 941 .8 836 .7
December 208 3.0 206 2.9 902 .8 825 .7
2008 March 207 3.0 211 3.0 900 .8 817 .7
June 202 2.9 228 3.3 873 .8 934 .8
September 191 2.7 223 3.2 826 .7 877 .8
December 187 2.7 238 3.4 798 .7 941 .8
2009 March 172 2.5 236 3.4 705 .6 851 .8
June 178 2.6 226 3.3 743 .7 830 .8
September 169 2.5 216 3.2 692 .7 785 .7
December 183 2.7 199 2.9 712 .7 730 .7
2010 March 175 2.6 195 2.9 688 .7 671 .6
June 179 2.7 185 2.7 713 .7 650 .6
September 187 2.8 189 2.8 741 .7 694 .7
December 200 2.9 186 2.7 787 .7 688 .6
2011 March 189 2.8 184 2.7 698 .7 615 .6
June 192 2.8 190 2.8 749 .7 677 .6
September 199 2.9 187 2.7 788 .7 673 .6
December 202 2.9 191 2.8 801 .7 749 .7
2012 March 201 2.9 181 2.6 748 .7 604 .6
June 197 2.9 184 2.7 778 .7 666 .6
September 201 2.9 185 2.7 796 .7 684 .6
December 201 2.9 182 2.6 795 .7 675 .6
2013 March 578 8.0 N/A N/A 1,067 1.0 N/A N/A
June 226 3.0 N/A N/A 777 .7 N/A N/A
September 215 2.9 N/A N/A 792 .7 N/A N/A
(1) Values for deaths are not available for the most recent three quarters
by definition. See the Technical Note for more information.
(2) The rates measure births and deaths as a percentage
of the average of the previous and current quarter employment levels or
total number of establishments.
United States Department of Labor
