For release: 10:00 A.M. EDT USDL 11-0620
Tuesday, May 3, 2011
Technical information: (202) 691-6553 * BDMinfo@bls.gov * www.bls.gov/bdm
Media contact: (202) 691-5902 * PressOffice@bls.gov
BUSINESS EMPLOYMENT DYNAMICS: THIRD QUARTER 2010
From June to September 2010 the number of gross job gains from opening
and expanding private sector establishments decreased to 6.6 million,
the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics reported today. Over this period,
gross job losses from closing and contracting private sector
establishments increased to 6.4 million.
Firms in all size classes experienced a decrease in gross job gains and
an increase in gross job losses in the third quarter of 2010.
The change in the number of jobs over time is the net result of
increases and decreases in employment that occur at all businesses
in the economy. Business Employment Dynamics (BED) statistics track
these changes in employment at private business units from the third
month of one quarter to the third month of the next. Gross job gains
are the sum of increases in employment from expansions at existing
units and the addition of new jobs at opening units. Gross job losses
are the result of contractions in employment at existing units and the
loss of jobs at closing units. The difference between the number of
gross job gains and the number of gross job losses is the net change
in employment. (See the Technical Note for more information.)
The BED data series include gross job gains and gross job losses at the
establishment level by industry subsector and for the 50 states, the
District of Columbia, Puerto Rico, and the Virgin Islands, as well as
gross job gains and gross job losses at the firm level by employer size
class.
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| Changes to Firm Size Data Tables |
| Firm size class data in tables 4 and 5 have been redesigned to |
| summarize data for firms with 1 to 49 employees, 50 to 249 |
| employees,and 250 or more employees. The more detailed firm size |
| data are still available at http://www.bls.gov/bdm/bdmfirmsize.htm.|
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Contracting establishments lost 5.2 million jobs in the third quarter
of 2010, reversing a downward trend in this series that began in June
2009.
Job gains at expanding establishments fell to 5.4 million in the third
quarter 2010 after rising in the second quarter.
From June 2010 to September 2010 closing establishments lost 1.2
million jobs, an increase from the previous quarter’s loss of 1.1
million.
Opening establishments gained 1.2 million jobs in the third quarter
2010, a decrease from the previous quarter when opening establishments
created 1.3 million jobs. (See tables 1 and 3.)
In third quarter 2010, the number of establishment births (a subset of
the openings data, see the Technical Note for more information) rose by
10,000 to 182,000. These new establishments accounted for 714,000
jobs, an increase of 16,000 from the previous quarter.
Data for establishment deaths (a subset of the closings data) are
available through December 2009, when 745,000 jobs were lost at 200,000
establishments. (See table 8.)
The difference between the number of gross jobs gained and the number
of gross jobs lost yielded a net change of 151,000 jobs in the private
sector for third quarter 2010. (See table 1.)
Gross job gains represented 6.2 percent of private sector employment
in third quarter 2010, while gross job losses represented 6.0 percent
of private sector employment. (See table 2.)
The financial activities, utilities, construction, retail trade,
information, and other services sectors posted net decreases in
employment during third quarter 2010. Gross job gains in the
service-providing sector decreased from 5,474,000 in June 2010 to
5,233,000 in September 2010. The retail trade sector experienced a
drop in employment with a net decrease of 96,000 as a result of smaller
gross job gains (788,000) and larger gross job losses (884,000). This
net decrease in employment was notable after this sector recorded a net
increase of 123,000 in June 2010. The manufacturing sector has
recorded two consecutive quarters of net employment increases after 15
consecutive quarters of net decreases from third quarter 2006 to first
quarter 2010. (See table 3.)
Firms with less than 50 employees had a net loss of 28,000 jobs, while
firms with 50 to 249 employees and firms with 250 or more employees
had net gains of 64,000 and 85,000 jobs respectively.
(See tables 4 and 5.)
Table A. Three-month private sector gross job gains and losses,
seasonally adjusted
Category 3 months ended
Sept. Dec. Mar. June Sept.
2009 2009 2010 2010 2010
Levels (in thousands)
Gross job gains................ 6,341 6,662 6,110 6,935 6,593
At expanding establishments... 5,124 5,326 4,996 5,682 5,388
At opening establishments..... 1,217 1,336 1,114 1,253 1,205
Gross job losses............... 7,241 6,890 6,421 6,207 6,442
At contracting establishments. 5,883 5,598 5,231 5,064 5,226
At closing establishments..... 1,358 1,292 1,190 1,143 1,216
Net employment change(1)....... -900 -228 -311 728 151
Rates (percent)
Gross job gains................ 5.9 6.4 5.8 6.6 6.2
At expanding establishments... 4.8 5.1 4.7 5.4 5.1
At opening establishments..... 1.1 1.3 1.1 1.2 1.1
Gross job losses............... 6.9 6.5 6.1 5.9 6.0
At contracting establishments. 5.6 5.3 5.0 4.8 4.9
At closing establishments..... 1.3 1.2 1.1 1.1 1.1
Net employment change(1)....... -1.0 -.1 -.3 .7 .2
(1) The net employment change is the difference between total
gross job gains and total gross job losses. See the Technical
Note for further information.
In the third quarter of 2010, twenty states and the District of
Columbia experienced a net loss in employment, which is an increase
from 6 states in the second quarter 2010. After a notable net gain of
102,764 jobs in second quarter 2010, California had the largest net
decrease in jobs of any state in third quarter 2010 (-30,093).
Texas experienced the largest net job gain (45,790) of any state in
third quarter 2010. (See table 6.) From June 2010 to September 2010,
gross job gains as a percent of total employment increased or remained
unchanged in 12 states, while 38 states and the District of Columbia
showed a decrease. (See table 7.)
More Information
Additional information on gross job gains and gross job losses are
available online at http://www.bls.gov/bdm. This information
includes data on the levels and rates of gross job gains and gross
job losses by firm size, the not seasonally adjusted data and other
seasonally adjusted time series not presented in this release,
charts of gross job gains and gross job losses by industry and firm
size, and frequently asked questions on firm-size data. Additional
information about the Business Employment Dynamics data can be
found in the Technical Note of this release or may be obtained by
e-mailing BDMinfo@bls.gov.
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| The Business Employment Dynamics for Fourth Quarter 2010 are |
| scheduled to be released on Tuesday, August 2, 2011 at 10:00 a.m. (EDT) |
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Technical Note
The Business Employment Dynamics (BED) data are a product of a federal-
state cooperative program known as Quarterly Census of Employment and Wages
(QCEW), or the ES-202 program. The BED data are compiled by the U.S.
Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) from existing quarterly state unemployment
insurance (UI) records. Most employers in the U.S. are required to file
quarterly reports on the employment and wages of workers covered by UI
laws, and to pay quarterly UI taxes. The quarterly UI reports are sent by
the State Workforce Agencies (SWAs) to BLS and form the basis of the BLS
establishment universe sampling frame. These reports also are used to pro-
duce the quarterly QCEW data on total employment and wages and the longitu-
dinal BED data on gross job gains and losses. Other important BLS uses
of the UI reports are in the Current Employment Statistics (CES) program.
(See table below for differences between QCEW, CES, and BED.)
In the BED program, the quarterly UI records are linked across quarters
to provide a longitudinal history for each establishment. The linkage
process allows the tracking of net employment changes at the establishment
level, which in turn allows the estimation of jobs gained at opening and
expanding establishments and jobs lost at closing and contracting establish-
ments.
Differences between QCEW, BED, and CES employment measures
The BLS publishes three different establishment-based employment mea-
sures for any given quarter. Each of these measures--QCEW, BED, and CES--
makes use of the quarterly UI employment reports in producing data; how-
ever, each measure has a somewhat different universe coverage, estimation
procedure, and publication product.
Differences in coverage and estimation methods can result in somewhat
different measures of over-the-quarter employment change. It is important to
understand program differences and the intended uses of the program products.
(See table below.) Additional information on each program can be obtained
from the program Web sites shown in the table.
Summary of Major Differences between QCEW, BED, and CES Employment Measures
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
| QCEW | BED | CES
-----------|---------------------|----------------------|------------------------
Source |--Count of UI admini-|--Count of longitudi- |--Sample survey:
| strative records | nally-linked UI ad- | 410,000 establish-
| submitted by 9.0 | ministrative records| ments
| million employers | submitted by 6.7 |
| | million private sec-|
| | tor employers |
-----------|---------------------|----------------------|------------------------
Coverage |--UI and UCFE cover- |--UI Coverage, exclud-|Nonfarm wage and sal-
| age: all employers| ing government, pri-| ary jobs:
| subject to state | vate households, and|--UI Coverage, exclud-
| and federal UI Laws| establishments with | ing agriculture, pri-
| | zero employment | vate households, and
| | | self-employed workers
| | |--Other employment, in-
| | | cluding railroads,
| | | religious organiza-
| | | tions, and other non-
| | | UI-covered jobs
-----------|---------------------|----------------------|------------------------
Publication|--Quarterly |--Quarterly |--Monthly
frequency | -7 months after the| -8 months after the | -Usually first Friday
| end of each quar- | end of each quarter| of following month
| ter | |
-----------|---------------------|----------------------|------------------------
Use of UI |--Directly summarizes|--Links each new UI |--Uses UI file as a sam-
file | and publishes each | quarter to longitu- | pling frame and annu-
| new quarter of UI | dinal database and | ally realigns (bench-
| data | directly summarizes | marks) sample esti-
| | gross job gains and | mates to first quar-
| | losses | ter UI levels
-----------|---------------------|----------------------|------------------------
Principal |--Provides a quarter-|--Provides quarterly |--Provides current month-
products | ly and annual uni- | employer dynamics | ly estimates of employ-
| verse count of es- | data on establish- | ment, hours, and earn-
| tablishments, em- | ment openings, clos-| ings at the MSA, state,
| ployment, and wages| ings, expansions, | and national level by
| at the county, MSA,| and contractions at | industry
| state, and national| the national level |
| levels by detailed | by NAICS super- |
| industry | sectors and by size |
| | of firm, and at the |
| | state private-sector|
| | total level |
| |--Future expansions |
| | will include data |
| | with greater in- |
| | dustry detail and |
| | data at the county |
| | and MSA level |
-----------|---------------------|----------------------|------------------------
Principal |--Major uses include:|--Major uses include: |--Major uses include:
uses | -Detailed locality | -Business cycle | -Principal national
| data | analysis | economic indicator
| -Periodic universe | -Analysis of employ-| -Official time series
| counts for bench- | er dynamics under- | for employment change
| marking sample | lying economic ex- | measures
| survey estimates | pansions and con- | -Input into other ma-
| -Sample frame for | tractions | jor economic indi-
| BLS establishment | -Analysis of employ-| cators
| surveys | ment expansion and |
| | contraction by size|
| | of firm |
| | |
-----------|---------------------|----------------------|------------------------
Program |--www.bls.gov/cew/ |--www.bls.gov/bdm/ |--www.bls.gov/ces/
Web sites | | |
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Coverage
Employment and wage data for workers covered by state UI and Unemployment
Compensation for Federal Employees (UCFE) laws are compiled from quarterly
contribution reports submitted to the SWAs by employers. In addition to the
quarterly contribution reports, employers who operate multiple establishments
within a state complete a questionnaire, called the "Multiple Worksite Report,"
which provides detailed information on the location of their establishments.
These reports are based on place of employment rather than place of residence.
UI and UCFE coverage is broad and basically comparable from state to state.
Major exclusions from UI coverage are self-employed workers, religious or-
ganizations, most agricultural workers on small farms, all members of the
Armed Forces, elected officials in most states, most employees of railroads,
some domestic workers, most student workers at schools, and employees of cer-
tain small nonprofit organizations.
Gross job gains and gross job losses in this release are derived from lon-
gitudinal histories of 6.7 million private sector employer reports out
of 9.0 million total reports of employment and wages submitted by states to
BLS in the first quarter of 2010. Gross job gains and gross job losses data
in this release do not report estimates for government employees or private
households (NAICS 814110) and do not include establishments with zero employ-
ment in both previous and current quarters. Data from Puerto Rico and the
Virgin Islands also are excluded from the national data. As an illustration,
the table below shows, in millions of establishments, the number of establish-
ments excluded from the gross job gains and gross job losses data in the
first quarter of 2010:
Number of active establishments included in
Business Employment Dynamics data at the
national level
Millions
Total establishments QCEW program....................................9.0
Excluded: Public sector.........................................0.3
Private households....................................0.7
Zero employment.......................................1.3
Establishments in Puerto Rico
and the Virgin Islands..............................0.0
(less than 50,000)
Total establishments included in Business
Employment Dynamics data.............................................6.7
Unit of analysis
Establishments are used in the tabulation of the BED statistics by in-
dustry and firms are used in the tabulation of the BED size class sta-
tistics. An establishment is defined as an economic unit that produces
goods or services, usually at a single physical location, and engages in
one or predominantly one activity. A firm is a legal business, either
corporate or otherwise, and may consist of several establishments. Firm-
level data are compiled based on an aggregation of establishments under
common ownership by a corporate parent using employer tax identification
numbers. The firm-level aggregation, which is consistent with the role of
corporations as the economic decision makers, is used for the measurement
of the BED data elements by size class.
Because of the difference in the unit of analysis, total gross job gains
and gross job losses by size class are lower than total gross job gains and
gross job losses by industry, as some establishment gains and losses within
a firm are offset during the aggregation process. However, the total net
changes in employment are the same for not seasonally adjusted data and are
similar for seasonally adjusted data.
Concepts and methodology
The Business Employment Dynamics data measure the net change in employ-
ment at the establishment or firm level. These changes come about in one
of four ways. A net increase in employment can come from either opening
units or expanding units. A net decrease in employment can come from either
closing units or contracting units. Gross job gains include the sum of all
jobs added at either opening or expanding units. Gross job losses include
the sum of all jobs lost in either closing or contracting units. The net
change in employment is the difference between gross job gains and gross
job losses.
The formal definitions of employment changes are as follows:
Openings. These are either units with positive third month employment for
the first time in the current quarter, with no links to the prior quarter, or
with positive third month employment in the current quarter, following zero em-
ployment in the previous quarter.
Expansions. These are units with positive employment in the third month
in both the previous and current quarters, with a net increase in employment
over this period.
Closings. These are units with positive third month employment in the pre-
vious quarter, with no employment or zero employment reported in the current
quarter.
Contractions. These are units with positive employment in the third month
in both the previous and current quarters, with a net decrease in employment
over this period.
Births. These are units with positive third month employment for the
first time in the current quarter with no links to the prior quarter, or
units with positive third month employment in the current quarter and zero
employment in the third month of the previous four quarters. Births are a
subset of openings not including re-openings of seasonal businesses.
Deaths. These are units with no employment or zero employment reported in
the third month of four consecutive quarters following the last quarter with
positive employment. Deaths are a subset of closings not including temporary
shutdowns of seasonal businesses. A unit that closes during the quarter may
be a death, but we wait three quarters to determine whether it is a permanent
closing or a temporary shutdown. Therefore, there is always a lag of three
quarters for the publication of death statistics.
All establishment-level employment changes are measured from the third
month of each quarter. Not all establishments and firms change their em-
ployment levels. Units with no change in employment count towards estimates
of total employment, but not for levels of gross employment job gains and
gross job losses.
Gross job gains and gross job losses are expressed as rates by dividing
their levels by the average of employment in the current and previous quar-
ters. This provides a symmetric growth rate. The rates are calculated for
the components of gross job gains and gross job losses and then summed to
form their respective totals. These rates can be added and subtracted just
as their levels can. For instance, the difference between the gross job
gains rate and the gross job losses rate is the net growth rate.
Establishment Births and Deaths
For the purpose of BED statistics, births are defined as establishments
that appear in the longitudinal database for the first time with positive
employment in the third month of a quarter, or showed four consecutive
quarters of zero employment in the third month followed by a quarter in
which it shows positive employment in the third month. Similarly, deaths
are defined as establishments that either drop out of the longitudinal
database or an establishment that had positive employment in the third month
of a given quarter followed by four consecutive quarters of showing zero
employment in the third month. Although the data for establishment births
and deaths are tabulated independently from the data for openings and
closings, the concepts are not mutually exclusive. An establishment that
is defined as a birth in a given quarter is necessarily an opening as well,
and an establishment defined as a death in a quarter must also be a closing.
Since openings include seasonal, and other, re-openings and closings include
temporary shutdowns, the not seasonally adjusted values for births and
deaths must be less than those openings and closings. However, because some
BED series do not have many re-openings or temporary shutdowns, as well as
the fact that births and deaths are independently seasonally adjusted from
openings and closings, there may be instances in which the seasonally
adjusted value of the former is greater than the latter.
Linkage methodology
Prior to the measurement of gross job gains and gross job losses, QCEW
records are linked across two quarters. The linkage process matches esta-
blishments' unique SWA identification numbers (SWA-ID). Between 95 to 97
percent of establishments identified as continuous from quarter to quarter
are matched by SWA-ID. The rest are linked in one of three ways. The first
method uses predecessor and successor information, identified by the states,
which relates records with different SWA-IDs across quarters. Predecessor
and successor relations can come about for a variety of reasons, including
a change in ownership, a firm restructuring, or a UI account restructuring.
If a match cannot be attained in this manner, a probability-based match is
used. This match attempts to identify two establishments with different SWA-
IDs as continuous. The match is based upon comparisons such as the same
name, address, and phone number. Third, an analyst examines unmatched re-
cords individually and makes a possible match.
In order to ensure the highest possible quality of data, SWAs verify with
employers and update, if necessary, the industry, location, and ownership
classification of all establishments on a 3-year cycle. Changes in establish-
ment classification codes resulting from the verification process are intro-
duced with the data reported for the first quarter of the year. Changes re-
sulting from improved employer reporting also are introduced in the first
quarter.
Sizing methodology
The method of dynamic sizing is used in calculations for the BED size-
class data series. Dynamic sizing allocates each firm's employment gain or
loss during a quarter to each respective size class in which the change
occurred. For example, if a firm grew from 2 employees in quarter 1 to 38
employees in quarter 2, then, of the 36-employee increase, 2 would be al-
located to the first size class, 5 to the size class 5 to 9, 10 to size
class 10 to 19, and 19 to size class 20 to 49.
Dynamic sizing provides symmetrical firm-size estimates and eliminates
any systematic effects which may be caused by the transitory and reverting
changes in firms' sizes over time. Additionally, it allocates each job
gain or loss to the actual size class where it occurred.
Annual Data
The annual gross job gains and gross job losses measure the net change
in employment at the establishment level from the third month of a quarter
in the previous year to the third month of the same quarter in the current
year. The BLS publishes annual BED data based on March-to-March changes
once a year with the release of the first quarter BED data. The annual
data based on over-the-year changes for other quarters of the year are
available upon request. The definitions and methodology in measuring
annual gross job gains and gross job losses are similar to the quarterly
measures. The linkage method considers all predecessor and successor
relations that may come about due to changes in ownership and corporate
restructuring over the entire year. At the establishment level, some of
the quarterly job gains and job losses are offset during the estimation
over the year. Therefore, the sum of four quarters of gross job gains
and gross job losses are not equal to annual gross job gains and gross
job losses. The net change in employment over the year, however, is
equal to the sum of four quarterly net changes on a not seasonally
adjusted basis.
Seasonal adjustment
Over the course of a year, the levels of employment and the associated
job flows undergo sharp fluctuations due to such seasonal events as changes
in the weather, reduced or expanded production, harvests, major holidays,
and the opening and closing of schools. The effect of such seasonal vari-
ation can be very large.
Because these seasonal events follow a more or less regular pattern each
year, their influence can be eliminated by adjusting these statistics from
quarter to quarter. These adjustments make nonseasonal developments, such as
declines in economic activity, easier to recognize. For example, the large
number of youths taking summer jobs is likely to obscure other changes that
have taken place in June relative to March, making it difficult to determine
if the level of economic activity has risen or declined. However, because
the effect of students finishing school in previous years is known, the
statistics for the current year can be adjusted to allow for a comparable
change. The adjusted figures provide a more useful tool with which to ana-
lyze changes in economic activity.
The employment data series for opening, expanding, closing, and contract-
ing units are independently seasonally adjusted; net changes are calculated
based on the difference between gross job gains and gross job losses. Simi-
larly, for industry data, the establishment counts data series for opening,
expanding, closing, and contracting establishments are independently adjusted,
and the net changes are calculated based on the difference between the number
of opening and closing establishments. Additionally, establishment and em-
ployment levels are independently seasonally adjusted to calculate the sea-
sonally adjusted rates. Concurrent seasonal adjustment is run using X-12
ARIMA. Seasonally adjusted data series for the total private sector are cal-
culated by summing the seasonally adjusted data for all sectors, including
the unclassified sector, which is not published separately.
The employment data series for opening, expanding, closing, and contracting
units for each of the 50 states and the District of Columbia are seasonally
adjusted at the total private level only. The sum of the state series for
opening, expanding, closing, and contracting units will not necessarily be
equal to the national total private series because of the independent seasonal
adjustment of these series.
The net over-the-quarter change derived by summing the BED component series
will differ from the net employment change estimated from the seasonally ad-
justed total private employment series from the CES program. The intended use
of BED statistics is to show the dynamic labor market changes that underlie
the net employment change statistic. As such, data users interested particu-
larly in the net employment change and not in the gross job flows underlying
this change should refer to CES data for over-the-quarter net employment
changes.
Reliability of the data
Since the data series on Business Employment Dynamics are based on admini-
strative rather than sample data, there are no issues related to sampling
error. Nonsampling error, however, still exists. Nonsampling errors can oc-
cur for many reasons, such as the employer submitting corrected employment
data after the end of the quarter or typographical errors made by businesses
when providing information. Such errors, however, are likely to be distri-
buted randomly throughout the dataset.
Changes in administrative data sometimes create complications for the
linkage process. This can result in overstating openings and closings while
understating expansions and contractions. The BLS continues to refine methods
for improving the linkage process to alleviate the effects of these compli-
cations.
The BED data series are subject to periodic minor changes based on correc-
tions in QCEW records, updates on predecessors and successors information, and
seasonal adjustment revisions.
Annual revisions are published each year with the release of the first quarter
data. These revisions cover the last four quarters of not seasonally adjusted
data and 5 years of seasonally adjusted data.
Additional statistics and other information
Several other programs within BLS produce closely related information.
The QCEW program, also known as the ES-202 program, provides both quarterly
and annual estimates of employment by state, county, and detailed industry.
News releases on quarterly county employment and wages are available upon
request from the Division of Administrative Statistics and Labor Turnover,
Bureau of Labor Statistics, U.S. Department of Labor, Washington, DC 20212;
telephone 202-691-6567; (http://www.bls.gov/cew/); (e-mail: QCEWInfo@bls.gov).
The CES program produces monthly estimates of employment, its net change,
and earnings by detailed industry. These estimates are part of the Employ-
ment Situation report put out monthly by BLS.
The Job Openings and Labor Turnover Survey (JOLTS) program provides month-
ly measures of job openings, as well as employee hires and separations.
Information in this release will be made available to sensory impaired in-
dividuals upon request. Voice phone: 202-691-5200; TDD message referral
number: 1-800-877-8339.
Table 1. Private sector gross job gains and job losses, seasonally adjusted
Total private
(In thousands)
Gross job gains Gross job losses
Year 3 months ended Net change(1) Total Expanding Opening Total Contracting Closing
establishments establishments establishments establishments
2000 March 827 8,849 6,960 1,889 8,022 6,342 1,680
June 503 8,479 6,794 1,685 7,976 6,373 1,603
September 324 8,525 6,756 1,769 8,201 6,479 1,722
December 251 8,351 6,673 1,678 8,100 6,444 1,656
2001 March -119 8,491 6,728 1,763 8,610 6,717 1,893
June -780 7,991 6,302 1,689 8,771 7,036 1,735
September -1,148 7,630 5,945 1,685 8,778 6,990 1,788
December -1,009 7,547 5,912 1,635 8,556 6,870 1,686
2002 March -10 8,071 6,298 1,773 8,081 6,434 1,647
June -30 7,868 6,145 1,723 7,898 6,274 1,624
September -151 7,630 6,039 1,591 7,781 6,248 1,533
December -241 7,483 5,938 1,545 7,724 6,185 1,539
2003 March -393 7,467 5,928 1,539 7,860 6,307 1,553
June -90 7,398 5,929 1,469 7,488 6,030 1,458
September 204 7,392 5,923 1,469 7,188 5,828 1,360
December 297 7,521 6,005 1,516 7,224 5,800 1,424
2004 March 470 7,715 6,204 1,511 7,245 5,795 1,450
June 644 7,754 6,235 1,519 7,110 5,639 1,471
September 206 7,633 6,060 1,573 7,427 5,888 1,539
December 757 7,844 6,243 1,601 7,087 5,663 1,424
2005 March 384 7,620 6,131 1,489 7,236 5,801 1,435
June 593 7,774 6,231 1,543 7,181 5,776 1,405
September 677 7,965 6,387 1,578 7,288 5,844 1,444
December 494 7,807 6,252 1,555 7,313 5,948 1,365
2006 March 806 7,726 6,293 1,433 6,920 5,635 1,285
June 424 7,789 6,273 1,516 7,365 5,998 1,367
September 45 7,495 6,057 1,438 7,450 6,098 1,352
December 462 7,765 6,241 1,524 7,303 5,954 1,349
2007 March 491 7,657 6,243 1,414 7,166 5,870 1,296
June 207 7,661 6,250 1,411 7,454 6,056 1,398
September -249 7,328 5,855 1,473 7,577 6,223 1,354
December 286 7,670 6,197 1,473 7,384 6,028 1,356
2008 March -275 7,172 5,778 1,394 7,447 6,083 1,364
June -520 7,285 5,878 1,407 7,805 6,332 1,473
September -966 6,888 5,521 1,367 7,854 6,469 1,385
December -1,814 6,720 5,357 1,363 8,534 7,041 1,493
2009 March -2,741 5,783 4,611 1,172 8,524 7,109 1,415
June -1,604 6,421 5,117 1,304 8,025 6,644 1,381
September -900 6,341 5,124 1,217 7,241 5,883 1,358
December -228 6,662 5,326 1,336 6,890 5,598 1,292
2010 March -311 6,110 4,996 1,114 6,421 5,231 1,190
June 728 6,935 5,682 1,253 6,207 5,064 1,143
September 151 6,593 5,388 1,205 6,442 5,226 1,216
(1) Net change is the difference between total gross job gains and total gross job losses.
Table 2. Private sector gross job gains and losses, as a percent of employment(1), seasonally adjusted
Total private
(Percent)
Gross job gains Gross job losses
Year 3 months ended Net change(2) Total Expanding Opening Total Contracting Closing
establishments establishments establishments establishments
2000 March .8 8.1 6.4 1.7 7.3 5.8 1.5
June .4 7.7 6.2 1.5 7.3 5.8 1.5
September .2 7.7 6.1 1.6 7.5 5.9 1.6
December .2 7.5 6.0 1.5 7.3 5.8 1.5
2001 March -.1 7.7 6.1 1.6 7.8 6.1 1.7
June -.8 7.2 5.7 1.5 8.0 6.4 1.6
September -1.1 6.9 5.4 1.5 8.0 6.4 1.6
December -1.0 7.0 5.5 1.5 8.0 6.4 1.6
2002 March .0 7.5 5.9 1.6 7.5 6.0 1.5
June .0 7.3 5.7 1.6 7.3 5.8 1.5
September -.1 7.1 5.6 1.5 7.2 5.8 1.4
December -.3 6.9 5.5 1.4 7.2 5.8 1.4
2003 March -.5 6.9 5.5 1.4 7.4 5.9 1.5
June .0 7.0 5.6 1.4 7.0 5.6 1.4
September .1 6.9 5.5 1.4 6.8 5.5 1.3
December .3 7.0 5.6 1.4 6.7 5.4 1.3
2004 March .5 7.2 5.8 1.4 6.7 5.4 1.3
June .6 7.2 5.8 1.4 6.6 5.2 1.4
September .3 7.1 5.6 1.5 6.8 5.4 1.4
December .7 7.2 5.7 1.5 6.5 5.2 1.3
2005 March .4 7.0 5.6 1.4 6.6 5.3 1.3
June .6 7.1 5.7 1.4 6.5 5.2 1.3
September .6 7.2 5.8 1.4 6.6 5.3 1.3
December .4 7.0 5.6 1.4 6.6 5.4 1.2
2006 March .8 6.9 5.6 1.3 6.1 5.0 1.1
June .4 6.9 5.6 1.3 6.5 5.3 1.2
September .1 6.7 5.4 1.3 6.6 5.4 1.2
December .3 6.8 5.5 1.3 6.5 5.3 1.2
2007 March .4 6.7 5.5 1.2 6.3 5.2 1.1
June .2 6.7 5.5 1.2 6.5 5.3 1.2
September -.3 6.4 5.1 1.3 6.7 5.5 1.2
December .2 6.7 5.4 1.3 6.5 5.3 1.2
2008 March -.2 6.3 5.1 1.2 6.5 5.3 1.2
June -.5 6.4 5.2 1.2 6.9 5.6 1.3
September -.8 6.1 4.9 1.2 6.9 5.7 1.2
December -1.6 6.0 4.8 1.2 7.6 6.3 1.3
2009 March -2.5 5.3 4.2 1.1 7.8 6.5 1.3
June -1.5 6.0 4.8 1.2 7.5 6.2 1.3
September -1.0 5.9 4.8 1.1 6.9 5.6 1.3
December -.1 6.4 5.1 1.3 6.5 5.3 1.2
2010 March -.3 5.8 4.7 1.1 6.1 5.0 1.1
June .7 6.6 5.4 1.2 5.9 4.8 1.1
September .2 6.2 5.1 1.1 6.0 4.9 1.1
(1) The rates measure gross job gains and gross job losses as a percentage
of the previous and current quarter employment levels.
(2) Net change is the difference between total gross job gains and total gross job losses.
Table 3. Private sector gross job gains and losses by industry, seasonally adjusted
Gross job gains and job losses Gross job gains and job losses
(in thousands) as a percent of employment
Category 3 months ended 3 months ended
Sept Dec. Mar. June Sept Sept Dec. Mar. June Sept
2009 2009 2010 2010 2010 2009 2009 2010 2010 2010
Total private(1)
Gross job gains 6,341 6,662 6,110 6,935 6,593 5.9 6.4 5.8 6.6 6.2
At expanding establishments 5,124 5,326 4,996 5,682 5,388 4.8 5.1 4.7 5.4 5.1
At opening establishments 1,217 1,336 1,114 1,253 1,205 1.1 1.3 1.1 1.2 1.1
Gross job losses 7,241 6,890 6,421 6,207 6,442 6.9 6.5 6.1 5.9 6.0
At contracting establishments 5,883 5,598 5,231 5,064 5,226 5.6 5.3 5.0 4.8 4.9
At closing establishments 1,358 1,292 1,190 1,143 1,216 1.3 1.2 1.1 1.1 1.1
Net employment change -900 -228 -311 728 151 -1.0 -.1 -.3 .7 .2
Goods-producing
Gross job gains 1,343 1,313 1,266 1,461 1,360 7.0 6.9 6.7 7.8 7.3
At expanding establishments 1,136 1,080 1,072 1,238 1,158 5.9 5.7 5.7 6.6 6.2
At opening establishments 207 233 194 223 202 1.1 1.2 1.0 1.2 1.1
Gross job losses 1,675 1,590 1,459 1,305 1,315 8.7 8.4 7.8 7.0 7.0
At contracting establishments 1,385 1,321 1,204 1,082 1,082 7.2 7.0 6.4 5.8 5.8
At closing establishments 290 269 255 223 233 1.5 1.4 1.4 1.2 1.2
Net employment change -332 -277 -193 156 45 -1.7 -1.5 -1.1 .8 .3
Natural resources and mining
Gross job gains 256 285 270 305 268 14.5 16.3 15.4 17.2 14.8
At expanding establishments 222 243 235 263 234 12.6 13.9 13.4 14.8 12.9
At opening establishments 34 42 35 42 34 1.9 2.4 2.0 2.4 1.9
Gross job losses 287 292 271 235 263 16.3 16.7 15.4 13.2 14.5
At contracting establishments 250 253 232 202 228 14.2 14.5 13.2 11.3 12.6
At closing establishments 37 39 39 33 35 2.1 2.2 2.2 1.9 1.9
Net employment change -31 -7 -1 70 5 -1.8 -.4 .0 4.0 .3
Construction
Gross job gains 614 615 591 677 644 10.5 10.9 10.7 12.3 11.8
At expanding establishments 481 470 466 534 514 8.2 8.3 8.4 9.7 9.4
At opening establishments 133 145 125 143 130 2.3 2.6 2.3 2.6 2.4
Gross job losses 814 773 728 676 647 13.9 13.6 13.1 12.3 11.8
At contracting establishments 634 606 570 535 503 10.8 10.7 10.3 9.7 9.2
At closing establishments 180 167 158 141 144 3.1 2.9 2.8 2.6 2.6
Net employment change -200 -158 -137 1 -3 -3.4 -2.7 -2.4 .0 .0
Manufacturing
Gross job gains 473 413 405 479 448 4.0 3.6 3.5 4.1 3.9
At expanding establishments 433 367 371 441 410 3.7 3.2 3.2 3.8 3.6
At opening establishments 40 46 34 38 38 .3 .4 .3 .3 .3
Gross job losses 574 525 460 394 405 4.9 4.5 4.0 3.4 3.5
At contracting establishments 501 462 402 345 351 4.3 4.0 3.5 3.0 3.0
At closing establishments 73 63 58 49 54 .6 .5 .5 .4 .5
Net employment change -101 -112 -55 85 43 -.9 -.9 -.5 .7 .4
Service-providing(1)
Gross job gains 4,998 5,349 4,844 5,474 5,233 5.8 6.2 5.6 6.3 6.1
At expanding establishments 3,988 4,246 3,924 4,444 4,230 4.6 4.9 4.5 5.1 4.9
At opening establishments 1,010 1,103 920 1,030 1,003 1.2 1.3 1.1 1.2 1.2
Gross job losses 5,566 5,300 4,962 4,902 5,127 6.4 6.2 5.8 5.7 5.9
At contracting establishments 4,498 4,277 4,027 3,982 4,144 5.2 5.0 4.7 4.6 4.8
At closing establishments 1,068 1,023 935 920 983 1.2 1.2 1.1 1.1 1.1
Net employment change -568 49 -118 572 106 -.6 .0 -.2 .6 .2
Wholesale trade
Gross job gains 235 259 248 280 263 4.3 4.7 4.6 5.2 4.8
At expanding establishments 188 203 201 232 216 3.4 3.7 3.7 4.3 3.9
At opening establishments 47 56 47 48 47 .9 1.0 .9 .9 .9
Gross job losses 306 283 274 248 259 5.5 5.1 5.0 4.5 4.7
At contracting establishments 238 220 213 191 199 4.3 4.0 3.9 3.5 3.6
At closing establishments 68 63 61 57 60 1.2 1.1 1.1 1.0 1.1
Net employment change -71 -24 -26 32 4 -1.2 -.4 -.4 .7 .1
Retail trade
Gross job gains 832 816 784 892 788 5.7 5.7 5.4 6.2 5.4
At expanding establishments 700 702 676 766 666 4.8 4.9 4.7 5.3 4.6
At opening establishments 132 114 108 126 122 .9 .8 .7 .9 .8
Gross job losses 940 936 805 769 884 6.5 6.5 5.6 5.3 6.1
At contracting establishments 800 808 690 665 772 5.5 5.6 4.8 4.6 5.3
At closing establishments 140 128 115 104 112 1.0 .9 .8 .7 .8
Net employment change -108 -120 -21 123 -96 -.8 -.8 -.2 .9 -.7
Transportation and warehousing
Gross job gains 188 220 183 216 211 4.7 5.5 4.7 5.4 5.4
At expanding establishments 159 187 157 183 181 4.0 4.7 4.0 4.6 4.6
At opening establishments 29 33 26 33 30 .7 .8 .7 .8 .8
Gross job losses 238 222 223 189 195 6.0 5.7 5.6 4.8 4.9
At contracting establishments 196 184 190 156 158 4.9 4.7 4.8 4.0 4.0
At closing establishments 42 38 33 33 37 1.1 1.0 .8 .8 .9
Net employment change -50 -2 -40 27 16 -1.3 -.2 -.9 .6 .5
Utilities
Gross job gains 12 11 9 11 9 2.2 2.0 1.6 2.0 1.7
At expanding establishments 11 10 8 10 8 2.0 1.8 1.4 1.8 1.5
At opening establishments 1 1 1 1 1 .2 .2 .2 .2 .2
Gross job losses 12 14 9 12 12 2.2 2.5 1.6 2.2 2.2
At contracting establishments 11 12 8 11 11 2.0 2.1 1.4 2.0 2.0
At closing establishments 1 2 1 1 1 .2 .4 .2 .2 .2
Net employment change 0 -3 0 -1 -3 .0 -.5 .0 -.2 -.5
Information
Gross job gains 113 123 106 128 135 4.0 4.4 3.8 4.7 5.0
At expanding establishments 95 97 89 107 116 3.4 3.5 3.2 3.9 4.3
At opening establishments 18 26 17 21 19 .6 .9 .6 .8 .7
Gross job losses 161 144 130 129 136 5.8 5.2 4.7 4.7 5.0
At contracting establishments 131 121 111 109 114 4.7 4.4 4.0 4.0 4.2
At closing establishments 30 23 19 20 22 1.1 .8 .7 .7 .8
Net employment change -48 -21 -24 -1 -1 -1.8 -.8 -.9 .0 .0
Financial activities
Gross job gains 327 356 326 347 346 4.4 4.8 4.3 4.6 4.7
At expanding establishments 254 267 263 277 275 3.4 3.6 3.5 3.7 3.7
At opening establishments 73 89 63 70 71 1.0 1.2 .8 .9 1.0
Gross job losses 420 400 369 372 369 5.6 5.4 5.0 5.0 5.0
At contracting establishments 322 305 281 288 275 4.3 4.1 3.8 3.9 3.7
At closing establishments 98 95 88 84 94 1.3 1.3 1.2 1.1 1.3
Net employment change -93 -44 -43 -25 -23 -1.2 -.6 -.7 -.4 -.3
Professional and business services
Gross job gains 1,152 1,368 1,125 1,340 1,258 7.1 8.3 6.8 8.1 7.5
At expanding establishments 929 1,100 920 1,096 1,029 5.7 6.7 5.6 6.6 6.1
At opening establishments 223 268 205 244 229 1.4 1.6 1.2 1.5 1.4
Gross job losses 1,302 1,184 1,130 1,144 1,185 8.0 7.2 6.8 6.9 7.1
At contracting establishments 1,031 920 898 890 933 6.3 5.6 5.4 5.4 5.6
At closing establishments 271 264 232 254 252 1.7 1.6 1.4 1.5 1.5
Net employment change -150 184 -5 196 73 -.9 1.1 .0 1.2 .4
Education and health services
Gross job gains 769 825 730 767 784 4.1 4.5 3.9 4.1 4.2
At expanding establishments 650 685 619 655 664 3.5 3.7 3.3 3.5 3.6
At opening establishments 119 140 111 112 120 .6 .8 .6 .6 .6
Gross job losses 727 677 690 718 729 4.0 3.7 3.7 3.8 3.9
At contracting establishments 601 555 578 601 597 3.3 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.2
At closing establishments 126 122 112 117 132 .7 .7 .6 .6 .7
Net employment change 42 148 40 49 55 .1 .8 .2 .3 .3
Leisure and hospitality
Gross job gains 1,047 1,032 1,000 1,143 1,089 8.0 7.9 7.7 8.8 8.4
At expanding establishments 796 783 783 890 859 6.1 6.0 6.0 6.9 6.6
At opening establishments 251 249 217 253 230 1.9 1.9 1.7 1.9 1.8
Gross job losses 1,135 1,141 1,037 1,043 1,062 8.8 8.8 8.0 8.0 8.2
At contracting establishments 932 933 845 868 870 7.2 7.2 6.5 6.7 6.7
At closing establishments 203 208 192 175 192 1.6 1.6 1.5 1.3 1.5
Net employment change -88 -109 -37 100 27 -.8 -.9 -.3 .8 .2
Other services
Gross job gains 250 262 247 278 259 6.7 7.0 6.7 7.5 7.0
At expanding establishments 195 202 196 220 207 5.2 5.4 5.3 5.9 5.6
At opening establishments 55 60 51 58 52 1.5 1.6 1.4 1.6 1.4
Gross job losses 293 272 263 253 274 7.8 7.3 7.1 6.8 7.3
At contracting establishments 229 211 205 197 210 6.1 5.7 5.5 5.3 5.6
At closing establishments 64 61 58 56 64 1.7 1.6 1.6 1.5 1.7
Net employment change -43 -10 -16 25 -15 -1.1 -.3 -.4 .7 -.3
(1) Includes unclassified sector, not shown separately
Table 4. Private sector gross job gains and losses by firm size, seasonally adjusted
(In thousands)
Total private by firm(1) Firm size 1 - 49 employees Firm size 50 - 249 employees Firm size 250 or more employees
Year 3 months Net Gross job Net Gross job Net Gross job Net Gross job
ended change(2,3) gains losses change gains losses change gains losses change gains losses
2000 March 910 7,443 6,533 308 3,745 3,437 191 1,417 1,226 411 2,281 1,870
June 460 6,972 6,512 43 3,528 3,485 80 1,322 1,242 337 2,122 1,785
September 316 7,062 6,746 76 3,627 3,551 92 1,348 1,256 148 2,087 1,939
December 266 6,885 6,619 33 3,512 3,479 60 1,300 1,240 173 2,073 1,900
2001 March 52 7,033 6,981 23 3,508 3,485 -87 1,277 1,364 116 2,248 2,132
June -843 6,432 7,275 -123 3,393 3,516 -180 1,223 1,403 -540 1,816 2,356
September -1,214 6,124 7,338 -271 3,333 3,604 -253 1,142 1,395 -690 1,649 2,339
December -1,041 6,146 7,187 -118 3,325 3,443 -200 1,138 1,338 -723 1,683 2,406
2002 March 70 6,602 6,532 54 3,402 3,348 -52 1,194 1,246 68 2,006 1,938
June -61 6,416 6,477 69 3,379 3,310 -7 1,191 1,198 -123 1,846 1,969
September -176 6,190 6,366 20 3,335 3,315 -46 1,144 1,190 -150 1,711 1,861
December -247 6,114 6,361 -3 3,299 3,302 -73 1,106 1,179 -171 1,709 1,880
2003 March -326 6,112 6,438 -135 3,257 3,392 -56 1,127 1,183 -135 1,728 1,863
June -137 6,108 6,245 112 3,346 3,234 -26 1,133 1,159 -223 1,629 1,852
September 193 6,162 5,969 120 3,327 3,207 21 1,127 1,106 52 1,708 1,656
December 310 6,218 5,908 146 3,340 3,194 32 1,128 1,096 132 1,750 1,618
2004 March 430 6,306 5,876 153 3,392 3,239 137 1,194 1,057 140 1,720 1,580
June 621 6,471 5,850 169 3,387 3,218 141 1,196 1,055 311 1,888 1,577
September 197 6,243 6,046 88 3,379 3,291 88 1,175 1,087 21 1,689 1,668
December 759 6,494 5,735 274 3,480 3,206 101 1,172 1,071 384 1,842 1,458
2005 March 368 6,320 5,952 66 3,416 3,350 97 1,161 1,064 205 1,743 1,538
June 570 6,435 5,865 243 3,476 3,233 146 1,198 1,052 181 1,761 1,580
September 701 6,672 5,971 218 3,510 3,292 85 1,195 1,110 398 1,967 1,569
December 506 6,406 5,900 169 3,462 3,293 45 1,140 1,095 292 1,804 1,512
2006 March 734 6,372 5,638 316 3,530 3,214 217 1,203 986 201 1,639 1,438
June 423 6,381 5,958 138 3,446 3,308 122 1,197 1,075 163 1,738 1,575
September 24 6,099 6,075 -16 3,325 3,341 21 1,128 1,107 19 1,646 1,627
December 449 6,386 5,937 113 3,396 3,283 68 1,145 1,077 268 1,845 1,577
2007 March 430 6,241 5,811 179 3,438 3,259 107 1,146 1,039 144 1,657 1,513
June 216 6,288 6,072 -9 3,348 3,357 118 1,188 1,070 107 1,752 1,645
September -269 5,904 6,173 -130 3,252 3,382 -61 1,075 1,136 -78 1,577 1,655
December 264 6,241 5,977 -13 3,307 3,320 48 1,131 1,083 229 1,803 1,574
2008 March -308 5,755 6,063 -149 3,226 3,375 -4 1,066 1,070 -155 1,463 1,618
June -505 5,891 6,396 -263 3,190 3,453 -27 1,106 1,133 -215 1,595 1,810
September -1,034 5,496 6,530 -355 3,041 3,396 -168 1,015 1,183 -511 1,440 1,951
December -1,883 5,334 7,217 -712 2,901 3,613 -385 941 1,326 -786 1,492 2,278
2009 March -2,652 4,545 7,197 -974 2,715 3,689 -598 801 1,399 -1,080 1,029 2,109
June -1,735 5,198 6,933 -452 2,960 3,412 -266 963 1,229 -1,017 1,275 2,292
September -977 5,131 6,108 -386 2,815 3,201 -134 928 1,062 -457 1,388 1,845
December -306 5,399 5,705 -179 2,931 3,110 -55 956 1,011 -72 1,512 1,584
2010 March -270 4,998 5,268 -220 2,809 3,029 3 899 896 -53 1,290 1,343
June 688 5,802 5,114 237 3,070 2,833 217 1,081 864 234 1,651 1,417
September 121 5,432 5,311 -28 2,879 2,907 64 988 924 85 1,565 1,480
(1) Total gross job gains and gross job losses by firm are lower
than total gross job gains and gross job losses by establishment,
as some establishment gains and losses within a firm are offset during the aggregation process.
(2) Net change is the difference between total gross job gains and total gross job losses.
(3) Net change totals for firm-level data shown differ from the establishment-level data
due to independent seasonal adjustment of the series.
NOTE: See http://www.bls.gov/bdm/bdmfirmsize.htm for additional firm size class data.
Table 5. Components of private sector gross job gains and losses by firm size, seasonally adjusted
Gross job gains and job losses Gross job gains and job losses
(in thousands) as a percent of employment
Category 3 months ended 3 months ended
Sept Dec. Mar. June Sept Sept Dec. Mar. June Sept
2009 2009 2010 2010 2010 2009 2009 2010 2010 2010
Total private by firm(1)
Gross job gains 5,131 5,399 4,998 5,802 5,432 4.8 5.1 4.7 5.4 5.1
At expanding establishments 4,277 4,441 4,147 4,907 4,589 4.0 4.2 3.9 4.6 4.3
At opening establishments 854 958 851 895 843 .8 .9 .8 .8 .8
Gross job losses 6,108 5,705 5,268 5,114 5,311 5.7 5.4 5.1 4.9 5.0
At contracting establishments 5,126 4,783 4,372 4,295 4,439 4.8 4.5 4.2 4.1 4.2
At closing establishments 982 922 896 819 872 .9 .9 .9 .8 .8
Net employment change -977 -306 -270 688 121 -.9 -.3 -.4 .5 .1
Firm size 1 to 49 employees
Gross job gains 2,815 2,931 2,809 3,070 2,879 9.0 9.4 9.0 9.9 9.3
At expanding establishments 2,001 2,017 1,993 2,221 2,074 6.4 6.5 6.4 7.2 6.7
At opening establishments 814 914 816 849 805 2.6 2.9 2.6 2.7 2.6
Gross job losses 3,201 3,110 3,029 2,833 2,907 10.2 10.0 9.8 9.1 9.4
At contracting establishments 2,265 2,233 2,163 2,045 2,074 7.2 7.2 7.0 6.6 6.7
At closing establishments 936 877 866 788 833 3.0 2.8 2.8 2.5 2.7
Net employment change -386 -179 -220 237 -28 -1.2 -.6 -.8 .8 -.1
Firm size 50 to 249 employees
Gross job gains 928 956 899 1,081 988 4.8 4.9 4.6 5.6 5.1
At expanding establishments 892 918 871 1,043 957 4.6 4.7 4.5 5.4 4.9
At opening establishments 36 38 28 38 31 .2 .2 .1 .2 .2
Gross job losses 1,062 1,011 896 864 924 5.5 5.2 4.6 4.4 4.7
At contracting establishments 1,027 974 869 837 895 5.3 5.0 4.5 4.3 4.6
At closing establishments 35 37 27 27 29 .2 .2 .1 .1 .1
Net employment change -134 -55 3 217 64 -.7 -.3 .0 1.2 .4
Firm size 250 or more employees
Gross job gains 1,388 1,512 1,290 1,651 1,565 2.5 2.8 2.3 3.0 2.8
At expanding establishments 1,384 1,506 1,283 1,643 1,558 2.5 2.8 2.3 3.0 2.8
At opening establishments 4 6 7 8 7 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0
Gross job losses 1,845 1,584 1,343 1,417 1,480 3.3 2.9 2.4 2.6 2.7
At contracting establishments 1,834 1,576 1,340 1,413 1,470 3.3 2.9 2.4 2.6 2.7
At closing establishments 11 8 3 4 10 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0
Net employment change -457 -72 -53 234 85 -.8 -.1 -.1 .4 .1
(1) Total gross job gains and gross job losses by firm are lower
than total gross job gains and gross job losses by establishment,
as some establishment gains and losses within a firm are offset during the aggregation process.
Table 6. Private sector gross job gains and losses by state, seasonally adjusted
Gross job gains Gross job losses
State (3 months ended) (3 months ended)
Sept. Dec. Mar. June Sept. Sept. Dec. Mar. June Sept.
2009 2009 2010 2010 2010 2009 2009 2010 2010 2010
United States1..... 6,341,000 6,662,000 6,110,000 6,935,000 6,593,000 7,241,000 6,890,000 6,421,000 6,207,000 6,442,000
Alabama..... 86,122 86,379 82,695 90,438 88,544 103,661 92,544 83,327 83,971 93,826
Alaska..... 22,773 24,288 25,078 26,302 22,312 24,951 25,288 23,147 21,772 23,678
Arizona..... 127,354 131,273 116,334 120,892 125,191 143,497 140,298 123,728 126,749 128,620
Arkansas..... 55,002 57,989 52,233 59,161 54,065 62,142 54,247 49,809 52,001 57,243
California..... 760,570 845,478 759,025 877,920 778,595 942,350 831,793 816,085 775,156 808,688
Colorado..... 117,376 122,327 117,669 134,977 123,839 138,028 132,705 124,210 125,355 123,841
Connecticut..... 70,301 70,946 66,227 84,589 71,786 80,384 77,470 81,300 67,402 66,409
Delaware..... 18,960 20,397 19,505 23,200 22,394 23,740 24,289 20,984 18,817 20,947
District of Columbia 23,127 26,592 23,480 26,793 24,765 26,867 24,332 21,514 23,153 28,738
Florida..... 404,628 440,522 362,571 417,808 404,527 484,765 448,286 370,546 398,220 419,712
Georgia..... 190,528 204,380 197,155 210,870 214,910 229,914 215,423 195,344 206,776 201,871
Hawaii..... 24,230 24,368 23,639 23,154 27,664 27,797 25,953 25,062 27,020 25,508
Idaho..... 39,554 38,431 35,560 36,170 39,190 38,929 40,220 38,578 39,976 35,182
Illinois..... 236,220 255,104 229,254 268,855 254,225 285,983 275,576 243,415 231,470 248,499
Indiana..... 143,632 134,249 129,707 144,840 138,311 142,079 135,204 125,181 130,048 129,856
Iowa..... 66,045 68,771 63,734 66,021 67,723 72,674 74,300 65,573 64,302 68,074
Kansas..... 57,332 62,377 55,897 62,950 60,969 67,642 67,646 61,303 60,033 64,595
Kentucky..... 84,435 89,347 77,786 86,562 82,611 90,271 86,416 83,376 80,238 81,243
Louisiana..... 98,620 100,019 95,060 103,774 99,254 112,255 103,173 94,395 99,189 99,829
Maine..... 36,365 35,430 30,442 37,089 35,485 36,687 37,779 34,497 35,250 34,301
Maryland..... 117,084 119,515 124,598 137,676 125,059 137,169 132,550 125,093 118,452 129,294
Massachusetts..... 147,604 145,704 145,413 161,032 155,260 160,301 160,961 143,996 137,623 152,522
Michigan..... 232,306 210,533 183,635 221,292 216,561 222,019 228,170 191,162 184,025 191,483
Minnesota..... 126,020 123,644 120,648 137,671 122,151 139,662 132,265 131,091 113,426 123,654
Mississippi..... 51,467 51,744 50,450 55,735 55,347 58,923 52,347 49,877 53,286 57,549
Missouri..... 124,865 122,278 123,242 131,143 128,842 143,070 132,033 129,143 129,992 124,464
Montana..... 25,345 27,841 25,855 26,844 27,113 27,383 29,098 27,670 26,442 24,859
Nebraska..... 39,640 40,153 39,893 44,594 43,235 42,323 46,789 40,899 39,950 42,344
Nevada..... 58,646 68,915 51,824 60,877 54,879 74,075 66,626 65,187 55,657 62,955
New Hampshire..... 33,238 33,650 34,318 36,515 32,944 36,849 36,107 35,737 33,092 33,520
New Jersey..... 187,286 196,657 176,313 224,190 191,225 217,472 210,510 193,790 190,949 197,695
New Mexico..... 39,429 37,662 37,821 40,218 38,901 42,791 42,496 37,739 40,379 40,590
New York..... 402,733 420,489 373,307 460,370 427,213 440,840 428,924 390,777 398,109 410,850
North Carolina..... 189,566 196,885 182,350 203,715 197,026 213,945 213,043 188,187 187,704 193,011
North Dakota..... 19,688 19,816 19,787 20,384 22,672 18,154 19,189 18,824 18,476 17,083
Ohio..... 236,910 234,522 219,390 249,715 240,319 262,345 255,910 228,984 217,712 222,822
Oklahoma..... 67,384 68,999 66,668 74,136 74,038 84,628 76,133 66,249 63,918 75,077
Oregon..... 87,415 89,357 87,342 87,560 93,583 94,954 96,934 87,279 85,849 82,215
Pennsylvania..... 255,221 267,074 249,634 280,379 265,581 286,693 274,524 248,312 234,954 252,791
Rhode Island..... 22,109 23,191 22,628 26,103 24,288 26,578 24,865 21,893 25,469 23,157
South Carolina..... 84,871 85,984 87,466 96,184 91,029 96,487 92,731 82,707 86,190 85,292
South Dakota..... 19,792 19,762 19,139 21,984 20,768 21,277 21,189 21,608 19,021 19,553
Tennessee..... 116,655 121,455 108,572 134,652 122,885 136,883 119,337 111,023 118,770 125,005
Texas..... 441,368 476,502 467,608 492,190 494,933 512,968 484,059 434,114 448,103 449,143
Utah..... 63,095 65,512 63,614 66,317 66,278 71,601 67,768 63,688 63,939 63,404
Vermont..... 16,606 19,496 15,542 17,791 18,480 17,421 18,017 17,756 20,659 16,402
Virginia..... 160,078 166,982 151,244 186,533 173,108 183,506 168,916 162,007 166,993 176,544
Washington..... 158,859 151,742 153,771 156,299 161,355 171,447 181,151 155,633 146,072 145,950
West Virginia..... 33,315 37,101 33,246 37,055 36,236 37,630 34,836 34,478 35,887 33,719
Wisconsin..... 122,694 130,553 125,693 134,910 131,286 141,594 138,015 129,422 121,104 126,228
Wyoming..... 17,008 16,108 17,159 17,405 19,989 18,099 18,573 18,274 17,953 16,365
Puerto Rico..... 41,636 45,647 38,617 37,160 39,838 44,872 41,169 44,755 43,997 40,417
Virgin Islands..... 1,931 2,361 2,632 2,006 2,327 2,190 1,899 1,897 2,825 1,758
(1) Totals for the United States do not include data for Puerto Rico or the Virgin Islands.
Table 7. Private sector gross job gains and losses as a percent of total employment by state, seasonally adjusted
Gross job gains as a percent of employment Gross job losses as a percent of employment
State (3 months ended) (3 months ended)
Sept. Dec. Mar. June Sept. Sept. Dec. Mar. June Sept.
2009 2009 2010 2010 2010 2009 2009 2010 2010 2010
United States1..... 5.9 6.4 5.8 6.6 6.2 6.9 6.5 6.1 5.9 6.0
Alabama..... 6.0 6.0 5.8 6.3 6.1 7.1 6.4 5.8 5.8 6.5
Alaska..... 9.7 10.3 10.6 11.1 9.4 10.7 10.8 9.8 9.2 10.0
Arizona..... 6.4 6.7 5.9 6.2 6.4 7.2 7.1 6.3 6.4 6.5
Arkansas..... 6.0 6.3 5.7 6.3 5.8 6.7 5.9 5.4 5.6 6.1
California..... 6.4 7.2 6.5 7.5 6.6 8.0 7.1 7.0 6.6 6.8
Colorado..... 6.5 6.8 6.5 7.5 6.9 7.6 7.3 6.9 7.0 6.9
Connecticut..... 5.2 5.3 4.9 6.3 5.3 5.9 5.7 6.0 5.0 4.9
Delaware..... 5.5 6.0 5.8 6.9 6.6 7.0 7.2 6.3 5.6 6.1
District of Columbia.. 5.3 6.0 5.3 6.0 5.6 6.2 5.5 4.9 5.2 6.5
Florida..... 6.7 7.3 6.1 7.0 6.7 7.9 7.4 6.2 6.6 6.9
Georgia..... 6.2 6.6 6.4 6.9 7.0 7.4 7.0 6.4 6.7 6.6
Hawaii..... 5.2 5.2 5.1 5.0 6.0 5.9 5.5 5.4 5.8 5.5
Idaho..... 8.0 7.8 7.2 7.4 8.0 7.8 8.1 7.8 8.2 7.2
Illinois..... 5.0 5.5 4.9 5.7 5.4 6.1 5.9 5.3 4.9 5.3
Indiana..... 6.3 5.8 5.7 6.3 6.0 6.2 5.9 5.5 5.7 5.6
Iowa..... 5.5 5.8 5.4 5.5 5.7 6.1 6.2 5.5 5.4 5.7
Kansas..... 5.5 6.0 5.4 6.0 5.9 6.4 6.5 5.8 5.7 6.2
Kentucky..... 6.0 6.4 5.6 6.2 5.8 6.5 6.2 5.9 5.7 5.8
Louisiana..... 6.7 6.7 6.4 7.0 6.7 7.5 7.0 6.4 6.7 6.7
Maine..... 7.6 7.4 6.4 7.8 7.5 7.6 8.0 7.3 7.4 7.2
Maryland..... 5.9 6.1 6.4 7.0 6.4 6.9 6.8 6.4 6.0 6.5
Massachusetts..... 5.5 5.5 5.4 6.0 5.7 6.0 6.0 5.4 5.1 5.7
Michigan..... 7.4 6.7 5.9 7.0 6.8 7.1 7.2 6.1 5.8 6.0
Minnesota..... 5.8 5.7 5.6 6.3 5.6 6.4 6.1 6.1 5.2 5.7
Mississippi..... 6.2 6.3 6.1 6.7 6.6 7.1 6.4 6.0 6.4 6.9
Missouri..... 5.8 5.7 5.8 6.1 6.0 6.6 6.2 6.0 6.1 5.9
Montana..... 7.5 8.3 7.7 8.1 8.1 8.1 8.6 8.2 7.9 7.5
Nebraska..... 5.4 5.5 5.4 6.0 5.9 5.7 6.3 5.6 5.4 5.7
Nevada..... 6.0 7.2 5.4 6.4 5.8 7.6 6.9 6.7 5.8 6.6
New Hampshire..... 6.5 6.6 6.7 7.1 6.4 7.1 7.0 7.0 6.5 6.5
New Jersey..... 5.9 6.2 5.6 7.2 6.0 6.8 6.7 6.2 6.1 6.2
New Mexico..... 6.6 6.3 6.4 6.8 6.6 7.2 7.1 6.4 6.8 6.9
New York..... 5.9 6.1 5.5 6.7 6.2 6.4 6.3 5.7 5.7 6.0
North Carolina..... 6.1 6.4 5.9 6.6 6.4 6.9 6.9 6.1 6.0 6.2
North Dakota..... 6.9 7.0 7.0 7.1 7.7 6.4 6.7 6.5 6.4 5.8
Ohio..... 5.7 5.6 5.3 6.0 5.7 6.2 6.2 5.5 5.3 5.4
Oklahoma..... 5.8 6.0 5.8 6.4 6.3 7.3 6.6 5.8 5.5 6.4
Oregon..... 6.7 6.8 6.7 6.7 7.1 7.2 7.4 6.6 6.6 6.3
Pennsylvania..... 5.4 5.7 5.3 5.9 5.6 6.0 5.9 5.3 5.0 5.3
Rhode Island..... 5.7 6.1 5.9 6.8 6.2 6.9 6.5 5.6 6.6 6.0
South Carolina..... 6.0 6.1 6.3 6.8 6.4 6.9 6.6 5.9 6.0 6.0
South Dakota..... 6.2 6.3 6.1 7.0 6.6 6.7 6.7 6.8 6.0 6.1
Tennessee..... 5.5 5.7 5.1 6.3 5.7 6.4 5.6 5.2 5.6 5.8
Texas..... 5.3 5.8 5.7 5.9 5.9 6.2 5.8 5.3 5.4 5.4
Utah..... 6.6 6.9 6.8 7.1 7.0 7.6 7.2 6.8 6.8 6.7
Vermont..... 6.9 8.2 6.5 7.5 7.7 7.3 7.5 7.4 8.8 6.8
Virginia..... 5.6 5.9 5.4 6.6 6.1 6.5 5.9 5.8 5.9 6.2
Washington..... 7.1 6.7 6.9 7.0 7.2 7.6 8.1 7.0 6.6 6.5
West Virginia..... 6.1 6.8 6.0 6.7 6.6 6.8 6.4 6.3 6.6 6.2
Wisconsin..... 5.4 5.9 5.6 6.1 5.9 6.3 6.2 5.8 5.5 5.7
Wyoming..... 8.3 7.8 8.4 8.6 9.8 8.8 9.0 8.9 8.8 8.0
Puerto Rico..... 6.2 6.7 5.7 5.5 6.0 6.7 6.1 6.7 6.5 6.1
Virgin Islands..... 6.4 7.8 8.5 6.5 7.5 7.2 6.3 6.1 9.1 5.6
(1) Totals for the United States do not include data for Puerto Rico or the Virgin Islands.
Table 8. Private sector establishment births and deaths, seasonally adjusted
Total private
(Levels in thousands)
Number of Establishments Employment
Births Deaths(1) Births Deaths
Year 3 months ended Level Rate(2) Level Rate Level Rate Level Rate
2000 March 213 3.4 186 3.0 1,235 1.1 1,125 1.0
June 204 3.3 180 2.9 1,137 1.0 1,058 1.0
September 209 3.3 199 3.2 1,159 1.1 1,160 1.1
December 200 3.2 194 3.1 1,139 1.0 1,105 1.0
2001 March 206 3.3 203 3.2 1,187 1.1 1,303 1.2
June 204 3.2 204 3.2 1,146 1.0 1,226 1.1
September 204 3.2 207 3.3 1,151 1.1 1,219 1.1
December 194 3.1 200 3.2 1,109 1.0 1,142 1.1
2002 March 204 3.2 190 3.0 1,175 1.1 1,089 1.0
June 208 3.3 187 2.9 1,189 1.1 1,080 1.0
September 199 3.1 184 2.9 1,051 1.0 1,023 1.0
December 201 3.1 191 3.0 1,023 1.0 1,021 1.0
2003 March 193 3.0 186 2.9 1,004 .9 1,011 .9
June 191 3.0 186 2.9 964 .9 951 .9
September 193 3.0 179 2.8 954 .9 884 .8
December 200 3.1 180 2.8 998 .9 910 .9
2004 March 207 3.2 180 2.8 1,000 .9 917 .9
June 203 3.1 185 2.8 980 .9 909 .8
September 209 3.2 186 2.8 1,016 .9 953 .9
December 210 3.2 180 2.7 997 .9 894 .8
2005 March 209 3.1 185 2.8 944 .9 852 .8
June 216 3.2 180 2.7 951 .9 841 .8
September 221 3.3 186 2.8 996 .9 884 .8
December 221 3.3 186 2.8 979 .9 846 .8
2006 March 220 3.2 180 2.6 922 .8 743 .7
June 219 3.2 194 2.8 973 .9 843 .7
September 210 3.1 196 2.9 927 .8 837 .7
December 221 3.2 193 2.8 966 .9 809 .7
2007 March 214 3.1 193 2.8 891 .8 764 .7
June 204 2.9 201 2.9 883 .8 851 .7
September 218 3.1 203 2.9 945 .8 840 .7
December 209 3.0 207 3.0 906 .8 831 .7
2008 March 207 3.0 210 3.0 889 .8 809 .7
June 199 2.9 228 3.3 876 .8 936 .8
September 192 2.8 223 3.2 831 .7 882 .8
December 188 2.7 240 3.5 806 .7 952 .9
2009 March 172 2.5 235 3.4 696 .6 844 .8
June 176 2.6 226 3.3 740 .7 831 .8
September 169 2.5 216 3.2 693 .7 793 .7
December 184 2.7 200 3.0 716 .7 745 .7
2010 March 172 2.5 N/A N/A 661 .6 N/A N/A
June 172 2.6 N/A N/A 698 .7 N/A N/A
September 182 2.7 N/A N/A 714 .7 N/A N/A
(1) Values for deaths are not available for the most recent three quarters
by definition. See the Technical Note for more information.
(2) The rates measure births and deaths as a percentage
of the average of the previous and current quarter employment levels or
total number of establishments.
United States Department of Labor
