For release 10:00 a.m. (ET) Wednesday, July 26, 2023 USDL-23-1638
Technical information: (202) 691-6553 * BDMInfo@bls.gov * www.bls.gov/bdm
Media contact: (202) 691-5902 * PressOffice@bls.gov
BUSINESS EMPLOYMENT DYNAMICS – FOURTH QUARTER 2022
From September 2022 to December 2022, gross job gains from opening and expanding private-sector
establishments were 8.0 million, a decrease of 769,000 jobs from the previous quarter, the U.S.
Bureau of Labor Statistics reported today. Over this period, gross job losses from closing and contracting
private-sector establishments were 7.6 million, an increase of 133,000 jobs from the previous quarter.
The difference between the number of gross job gains and the number of gross job losses yielded a net
employment gain of 400,000 jobs in the private sector during the fourth quarter of 2022. (See tables A
and 1.)
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| |
| Revisions to Business Employment Dynamics (BED) Data |
| |
| The release of First Quarter 2023 Business Employment Dynamics data, scheduled for October 25, |
| 2023, will incorporate annual revisions in accordance with standard procedures. The revisions |
| will include the previous four quarters of not seasonally adjusted data and five years of |
| seasonally adjusted data. |
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The change in the number of jobs over time is the net result of increases and decreases in employment
that occur at all private businesses in the economy. Business Employment Dynamics (BED) statistics track
these changes in employment at private-sector establishments from the third month of one quarter to the
third month of the next. The difference between the number of gross job gains and the number of gross
job losses is the net change in employment. (See Technical Note.) The BED data series include gross job
gains and gross job losses by industry subsector, for the 50 states, the District of Columbia, Puerto Rico,
and the Virgin Islands, as well as gross job gains and gross job losses at the firm level by employer size
class.
Gross Job Gains
In the fourth quarter of 2022, gross job gains represented 6.2 percent of private-sector employment. Gross
job gains are the sum of increases in employment due to expansions at existing establishments and the
addition of new jobs at opening establishments. Gross job gains at expanding establishments totaled 6.4
million in the fourth quarter of 2022, a decrease of 703,000 jobs compared to the previous quarter.
Opening establishments accounted for 1.7 million of the jobs gained in the fourth quarter of 2022, a
decrease of 66,000 jobs from the previous quarter. (See tables A, 1, 2, and 3.)
Gross Job Losses
In the fourth quarter of 2022, gross job losses represented 5.9 percent of private-sector employment.
Gross job losses are the result of contractions in employment at existing establishments and the loss of
jobs at closing establishments. Contracting establishments lost 6.1 million jobs in the fourth quarter of
2022, an increase of 142,000 jobs from the prior quarter. In the fourth quarter of 2022, closing
establishments lost 1.5 million jobs, a decrease of 9,000 jobs from the previous quarter. (See
tables A, 1, 2, and 3.)
Establishment Births and Deaths
In the fourth quarter of 2022, the number of establishment births (a subset of the openings data)
decreased by 5,000 to a total of 341,000 establishments. These new establishments accounted for
1.0 million jobs, an increase of 17,000 jobs from the previous quarter. Data for establishment deaths (a
subset of the closings data) are available through the first quarter of 2022, when 743,000 jobs were
lost at 253,000 establishments, a decrease of 35,000 jobs from the fourth quarter of 2021. (See
Technical Note and table 8.)
Table A. Three-month private-sector gross job gains and losses, seasonally adjusted
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
| 3 months ended
Category | Dec. | Mar. | June | Sept. | Dec.
| 2021 | 2022 | 2022 | 2022 | 2022
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
| Levels (in thousands)
|--------------------------------------------------
Gross job gains......................... | 9,580 | 8,438 | 8,253 | 8,814 | 8,045
At expanding establishments...... | 7,715 | 6,887 | 6,552 | 7,091 | 6,388
At opening establishments........ | 1,865 | 1,551 | 1,701 | 1,723 | 1,657
| | | | |
Gross job losses........................ | 6,688 | 6,893 | 8,540 | 7,512 | 7,645
At contracting establishments.... | 5,344 | 5,486 | 6,482 | 5,954 | 6,096
At closing establishments........ | 1,344 | 1,407 | 2,058 | 1,558 | 1,549
| | | | |
Net employment change (1)............... | 2,892 | 1,545 | -287 | 1,302 | 400
| | | | |
|--------------------------------------------------
| Rates (percent)
|--------------------------------------------------
Gross job gains......................... | 7.7 | 6.6 | 6.4 | 6.8 | 6.2
At expanding establishments...... | 6.2 | 5.4 | 5.1 | 5.5 | 4.9
At opening establishments........ | 1.5 | 1.2 | 1.3 | 1.3 | 1.3
| | | | |
Gross job losses........................ | 5.4 | 5.4 | 6.7 | 5.8 | 5.9
At contracting establishments.... | 4.3 | 4.3 | 5.1 | 4.6 | 4.7
At closing establishments........ | 1.1 | 1.1 | 1.6 | 1.2 | 1.2
| | | | |
Net employment change (1)............... | 2.3 | 1.2 | -0.3 | 1.0 | 0.3
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
(1) The net employment change is the difference between total gross job gains and total gross
job losses. See the Technical Note for further information.
Firm Size
In the fourth quarter of 2022, firms with 1 to 49 employees had a net employment increase of 166,000. Firms
with 50 to 249 employees had a net employment gain of 146,000. Firms with 250 or more employees had a net
employment increase of 64,000. (See tables 4 and 5.)
Industries
Gross job gains exceeded gross job losses in 8 out of the 13 industry sectors in the fourth quarter of 2022.
The service-providing industries experienced a net job gain of 375,000. The goods-producing industries
had a net job increase of 25,000. (See table 3.)
States
Gross job gains surpassed gross job losses in 42 states, the District of Columbia, Puerto Rico,
and the Virgin Islands in the fourth quarter of 2022. (See tables 6 and 7.)
For More Information
Additional information on gross job gains and gross job losses is available online at www.bls.gov/bdm.
This information includes data for the levels and rates of gross job gains and gross job losses by firm
size, not seasonally adjusted data and seasonally adjusted time series not presented in this release,
charts of gross job gains and gross job losses by industry and firm size, and answers to frequently asked
questions. Additional information about the Business Employment Dynamics data can be found
in the Technical Note of this release or can be obtained by emailing BDMinfo@bls.gov.
_____________
The Business Employment Dynamics for First Quarter 2023 are scheduled to be released on
Wednesday, October 25, 2023, at 10:00 a.m. (ET).
Technical Note
The Business Employment Dynamics (BED) data are a product of a federal-state cooperative
program known as the Quarterly Census of Employment and Wages (QCEW). The BED data are
compiled by the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) from existing QCEW records. Most
employers in the U.S. are required to file quarterly reports on the employment and wages of
workers covered by unemployment insurance (UI) laws and to pay quarterly UI taxes. The QCEW
is based largely on quarterly UI reports which are sent by businesses to the State Workforce
Agencies (SWAs). These UI reports are supplemented by two additional BLS data collections to
render administrative data into economic statistics. Together these data comprise the QCEW and
form the basis of the Bureau’s establishment universe sampling frame.
These reports are used to produce the quarterly QCEW data on total employment and wages and
the longitudinal BED data on gross job gains and losses. The QCEW is also the employment
benchmark for the Current Employment Statistics (CES), Occupational Employment Statistics
(OES), and Job Openings and Labor Turnover Survey (JOLTS) programs and is a major input to
the Bureau of Economic Analysis’s Personal Income Accounts.
In the BED program, the quarterly QCEW records are linked across quarters to provide a
longitudinal history for each establishment. The linkage process allows the tracking of net
employment changes at the establishment level, which in turn allows the estimation of jobs gained
at opening and expanding units and jobs lost at closing and contracting units.
Differences between QCEW, BED, and CES employment measures
The Bureau publishes three different establishment-based employment measures for any given
quarter. Each of these measures—Quarterly Census of Employment and Wages, Business
Employment Dynamics, and Current Employment Statistics—makes use of the
quarterly UI employment reports in producing data; however, each measure has a somewhat
different universe coverage, estimation procedure, and publication product.
Differences in coverage and estimation methods can result in somewhat different measures of
employment change over time. It is important to understand program differences and the intended
uses of the program products. (See table.) Additional information on each program can be obtained
from the program websites shown in the table.
Coverage
Employment and wage data for workers covered by state UI and Unemployment Compensation for
Federal Employees (UCFE) laws are compiled from quarterly contribution reports submitted to the
SWAs by employers. In addition to the quarterly contribution reports, employers who operate
multiple establishments within a state complete a questionnaire, called the “Multiple Worksite
Report,” which provides detailed information on the location of their establishments. These reports
are based on place of employment rather than place of residence. UI and UCFE coverage is broad
and basically comparable from state to state.
Major exclusions from UI coverage are self-employed workers, religious organizations, most
agricultural workers on small farms, all members of the Armed Forces, elected officials in most
states, most employees of railroads, some domestic workers, most student workers at schools, and
employees of certain small nonprofit organizations.
Gross job gains and gross job losses in this release are derived from longitudinal histories of 8.9
million private-sector employer reports out of 11.3 million total reports of employment and wages
submitted by states to BLS in the first quarter of 2022. Gross job gains and gross job losses data in
this release do not report estimates for government employees or private households (NAICS
814110) and do not include establishments with zero employment in both previous and current
quarters. Data from Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands are also excluded from the national data.
The table below shows, in millions of establishments, the number of establishments excluded from
the national gross job gains and gross job losses data in the first quarter of 2022.
Number of active establishments included in
Business Employment Dynamics data at the national level
Millions
Total establishments QCEW program....................................................11.3
Excluded: Public sector............................................................ 0.3
Private households......................................................... 0.2
Zero employment............................................................ 1.9
Total establishments included in Business
Employment Dynamics data............................................................. 8.9
Summary of Major Differences between QCEW, BED, and CES Employment Measures
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
| QCEW | BED | CES
-----------|---------------------|----------------------|------------------------
Source |--Count of UI admini-|--Count of longitudi- |--Sample survey:
| strative records | nally-linked UI ad- | 670,000 establish-
| submitted by 11.3 | ministrative records| ments
| million establish- | submitted by 8.9 |
| ments in first qu- | million private-sec-|
| arter of 2022 | tor establishments |
-----------|---------------------|----------------------|------------------------
Coverage |--UI and UCFE cover- |--UI coverage, exclud-|Nonfarm wage and salary
| age, including all | ing government, pri-| jobs:
| employers subject | vate households, and|--UI coverage, exclud-
| to state and feder-| establishments with | ing agriculture, pri-
| ral UI Laws | zero employment | vate households, and
| | | self-employed workers
| | |--Other employment,
| | | including railroads,
| | | religious organiza-
| | | tions, and other non-
| | | UI-covered jobs
| | |
-----------|---------------------|----------------------|------------------------
Publication|--Quarterly |--Quarterly |--Monthly
frequency | -6 months after the| -7 months after the | -Usually the 3rd Fri-
| end of each quar- | end of each quarter| day after the end of
| ter | | the week including
| | | the 12th of the month
-----------|---------------------|----------------------|------------------------
Use of UI |--Directly summarizes|--Links each new UI |--Uses UI file as a sam-
file | and publishes each | quarter to longitu- | pling frame and to ann-
| new quarter of UI | dinal database and | ually realign sample-
| data | directly summarizes | based estimates to pop-
| | gross job gains and | ulation counts (bench-
| | losses | marking)
-----------|---------------------|----------------------|------------------------
Principal |--Provides a quarter-|--Provides quarterly |--Provides current month-
products | ly and annual uni- | employer dynamics | ly estimates of employ-
| verse count of es- | data on establish- | ment, hours, and earn-
| tablishments, em- | ment openings, clos-| ings at the MSA, state,
| ployment, and wages| ings, expansions, | and national levels by
| at the county, met-| and contractions at | industry
| ropolitan statisti-| the national level |
| cal area (MSA), st-| by NAICS super- |
| ate, and national | sectors, 3-digit |
| levels by detailed | NAICS, and by size |
| industry | of firm, and at the |
| | state private-sector|
| | total level |
| |--Future expansions |
| | will include |
| | data with greater |
| | industry detail and |
| | data at the county |
| | and MSA levels |
-----------|---------------------|----------------------|------------------------
Principal |--Major uses include:|--Major uses include: |--Major uses include:
uses | -Detailed locality | -Business cycle | -Principal federal
| data | analysis | economic indicator
| -Periodic universe | -Analysis of employ-| -Official time series
| counts for bench- | er dynamics under- | for employment change
| marking sample | lying economic ex- | measures
| survey estimates | pansions and con- | -Input into other ma-
| -Sample frame for | tractions | jor economic indi-
| BLS establishment | -Analysis of employ-| cators
| surveys | ment expansion and |
| | contraction by size|
| | of firm |
-----------|---------------------|----------------------|------------------------
Program |--www.bls.gov/cew |--www.bls.gov/bdm |--www.bls.gov/ces
web sites | | |
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Unit of analysis
Establishments are used in the tabulation of the BED statistics by industry, and firms are used in the
tabulation of the BED size class statistics. An establishment is defined as an economic unit that
produces goods or services, usually at a single physical location, and engages in one or
predominantly one activity. A firm is a legal business, either corporate or otherwise, and may
consist of several establishments. Firm-level data are compiled based on an aggregation of
establishments under common ownership by a corporate parent using employer tax identification
numbers. The firm level aggregation, which is consistent with the role of corporations as the
economic decision makers, is used for the measurement of BED data elements by size class.
Because of the difference in the unit of analysis, total gross job gains and gross job losses by size
class are lower than total gross job gains and gross job losses by industry, as some establishment
gains and losses within a firm are offset during the aggregation process. However, the total net
changes in employment are the same for not seasonally adjusted data and are similar for seasonally
adjusted data.
Concepts and methodology
The Business Employment Dynamics data measure the net change in employment at the
establishment or firm level. These changes come about in one of four ways. A net increase in
employment can come from either opening units or expanding units. A net decrease in
employment can come from either closing units or contracting units. Gross job gains include the
sum of all jobs added at either opening or expanding units. Gross job losses include the sum of all
jobs lost in either closing or contracting units. The net change in employment is the difference
between gross job gains and gross job losses.
The formal definitions of employment changes are as follows:
Openings. These are either units with positive third month employment for the first time in the
current quarter, with no links to the prior quarter, or with positive third month employment in the
current quarter following zero employment in the previous quarter.
Expansions. These are units with positive employment in the third month in both the previous and
current quarters, with a net increase in employment over this period.
Closings. These are units with positive third month employment in the previous quarter and either
not reported, or reported with zero employment, in the current quarter.
Contractions. These are units with positive employment in the third month in both the previous and
current quarters, with a net decrease in employment over this period.
Births. These are units with positive third month employment for the first time in the current
quarter with no links to the prior quarter, or units with positive third month employment in the
current quarter and zero employment in the third month of the previous four quarters. Births are a
subset of openings not including re-openings of seasonal businesses.
Deaths. These are units with no employment or zero employment reported in the third month of
four consecutive quarters following the last quarter with positive employment. Deaths are a subset
of closings not including temporary shutdowns of seasonal businesses. A unit that closes during the
quarter may be a death, but we wait three quarters to determine whether it is a permanent closing
or a temporary shutdown. Therefore, there is always a lag of three quarters for the publication of
death statistics.
All employment changes are measured from the third month of the previous quarter to the third
month of the current quarter. Not all establishments and firms change their employment levels.
Units with no change in employment count towards estimates of total employment, but not for
levels of gross job gains and gross job losses.
Gross job gains and gross job losses are expressed as rates by dividing their levels by the average
of employment in the current and previous quarters. This provides a symmetric growth rate. The
rates are calculated for the components of gross job gains and gross job losses and then summed to
form their respective totals. These rates can be added and subtracted just as their levels can. For
instance, the difference between the gross job gains rate and the gross job losses rate is the net
growth rate.
Establishment Births and Deaths
For the purpose of BED statistics, births are defined as establishments that appear in the
longitudinal database for the first time with positive employment in the third month of a quarter, or
showed four consecutive quarters of zero employment in the third month followed by a quarter in
which it shows positive employment in the third month. Similarly, deaths are defined as
establishments that either drop out of the longitudinal database or establishments that had
positive employment in the third month of a given quarter followed by four consecutive quarters of
showing zero employment in the third month. Although the data for establishment births and
deaths are tabulated independently from the data for openings and closings, the concepts are not
mutually exclusive. An establishment that is defined as a birth in a given quarter is necessarily an
opening as well, and an establishment defined as a death in a quarter must also be a closing. Since
openings include seasonal and other re-openings, and closings include temporary shutdowns, the
not seasonally adjusted values for births and deaths must be less than those for openings and
closings. However, because some BED series do not have many re-openings or temporary
shutdowns, as well as the fact that births and deaths are independently seasonally adjusted from
openings and closings, there may be instances in which the seasonally adjusted value of the former
is greater than the latter.
Linkage methodology
Prior to the measurement of gross job gains and gross job losses, QCEW records are linked across
two quarters. The linkage process matches establishments' unique SWA identification numbers
(SWA-ID). Between 95 and 97 percent of establishments identified as continuous from quarter to
quarter are matched by SWA-ID. The rest are linked in one of three ways. The first method uses
predecessor and successor information, identified by the states, which relates records with different
SWA-IDs across quarters. Predecessor and successor relations can come about for a variety of
reasons, including a change in ownership, a firm restructuring, or a UI account restructuring. If a
match cannot be attained in this manner, a probability-based match is used. This match attempts to
identify two establishments with different SWA-IDs as continuous. The match is based upon
comparisons such as the same name, address, and phone number. Third, an analyst examines
unmatched records individually and makes a possible match.
In order to ensure the highest possible quality of data, SWAs verify with employers and update, if
necessary, the industry, location, and ownership classification of all establishments on a 3-year
cycle. Changes in establishment classification codes resulting from the verification process are
introduced with the data reported for the first quarter of the year. Changes resulting from improved
employer reporting also are introduced in the first quarter.
Sizing methodology
The method of dynamic sizing is used in calculations for the BED size class data series. Dynamic
sizing allocates each firm’s employment gain or loss during a quarter to each respective size class
in which the change occurred. For example, if a firm grew from 2 employees in quarter 1 to 38
employees in quarter 2, then, of the 36-employee increase, 2 would be allocated to the first size
class, 5 to the size class 5 to 9, 10 to size class 10 to 19, and 19 to size class 20 to 49.
Dynamic sizing provides symmetrical firm-size estimates and eliminates any systematic effects
which may be caused by the transitory and reverting changes in firms’ sizes over time.
Additionally, it allocates each job gain or loss to the actual size class where it occurred.
Annual Data
The annual gross job gains and gross job losses measure the net change in employment at the
establishment level from the third month of a quarter in the previous year to the third month of the
same quarter in the current year. The BLS publishes annual BED data based on March-to-March
changes once a year with the release of the first quarter BED data. The annual data based on over-
the-year changes for other quarters of the year are available upon request. The definitions and
methodology in measuring annual gross job gains and gross job losses are similar to the quarterly
measures. The linkage method considers all predecessor and successor relations that may come
about due to changes in ownership and corporate restructuring over the entire year. At the
establishment level, some of the quarterly job gains and job losses are offset during the estimation
over the year. Therefore, the sum of four quarters of gross job gains and gross job losses are not
equal to annual gross job gains and gross job losses. The net change in employment over the year,
however, is equal to the sum of four quarterly net changes on a not seasonally adjusted basis.
Seasonal adjustment
Over the course of a year, the levels of employment and the associated job flows undergo sharp
fluctuations due to such seasonal events as changes in the weather, reduced or expanded
production, harvests, major holidays, and the opening and closing of schools. The effect of such
seasonal variation can be very large.
Because these seasonal events follow a more or less regular pattern each year, their influence can
be eliminated by adjusting these statistics from quarter to quarter. These adjustments make
nonseasonal developments, such as declines in economic activity, easier to recognize. For
example, the large number of youths taking summer jobs is likely to obscure other changes that
have taken place in June relative to March, making it difficult to determine if the level of economic
activity has risen or declined. However, because the effect of students finishing school in previous
years is known, the statistics for the current year can be adjusted to allow for a comparable change.
The adjusted figures provide a more useful tool with which to analyze changes in economic
activity.
The employment data series for opening, expanding, closing, and contracting units are
independently seasonally adjusted; net changes are calculated based on the difference between
gross job gains and gross job losses. Similarly, for industry data, the establishment counts data
series for opening, expanding, closing, and contracting establishments are independently adjusted,
and the net changes are calculated based on the difference between the number of opening and
closing establishments. Additionally, establishment and employment levels are independently
seasonally adjusted to calculate the seasonally adjusted rates. Concurrent seasonal adjustment is
run using X-13 ARIMA-SEATS. Seasonally adjusted data series for total private are the sum of
seasonally adjusted data of all sectors including the unclassified sector, which is not separately
published.
The net over-the-quarter change derived by summing the BED component series will differ from
the net employment change estimated from the seasonally adjusted total private employment series
from the CES program. The intended use of BED statistics is to show the dynamic labor market
changes that underlie the net employment change statistic. As such, data users interested
particularly in the net employment change and not in the gross job flows underlying this change
should refer to CES data for over-the-quarter net employment changes.
Reliability of the data
Since the data series on Business Employment Dynamics are based on administrative rather than
sample data, there are no issues related to sampling error. Nonsampling error, however, still exists.
Nonsampling errors can occur for many reasons, such as the employer submitting corrected
employment data after the end of the quarter or typographical errors made by businesses when
providing information. Such errors, however, are likely to be distributed randomly throughout the
dataset.
Changes in administrative data sometimes create complications for the linkage process. This can
result in overstating openings and closings while understating expansions and contractions. The
BLS continues to refine methods for improving the linkage process to alleviate the effects of these
complications.
The BED data series are subject to periodic minor changes based on corrections in QCEW records,
updates on predecessors and successors information, and seasonal adjustment revisions.
Annual revisions are published each year with the release of the first quarter data. These revisions
cover the last four quarters of not seasonally adjusted data and 5 years of seasonally adjusted data.
Additional statistics and other information
Several other programs within BLS produce closely related information. The QCEW program
provides both quarterly and annual estimates of employment by state, county, and detailed
industry. News releases on quarterly county employment and wages and the annual bulletin also
are available upon request from the Division of Administrative Statistics and Labor Turnover
(Quarterly Census of Employment and Wages), phone number: (202) 691-6567; (www.bls.gov/cew/);
(e-mail: QCEWInfo@bls.gov).
The Current Employment Statistics program produces monthly estimates of employment, its
net change, hours, and earnings by detailed industry. These estimates are part of the Employment
Situation report put out monthly by BLS.
The Job Openings and Labor Turnover Survey program provides monthly measures of
job openings, as well as employee hires and separations.
If you are deaf, hard of hearing, or have a speech disability, please dial 7-1-1 to access
telecommunications relay services.
Table 1. Private sector gross job gains and job losses, seasonally adjusted
Total private
(In thousands)
Gross job gains Gross job losses
Year 3 months ended Net change(1) Total Expanding Opening Total Contracting Closing
establishments establishments establishments establishments
2012 March 948 7,080 5,746 1,334 6,132 5,005 1,127
June 616 7,051 5,724 1,327 6,435 5,266 1,169
September 252 6,881 5,571 1,310 6,629 5,430 1,199
December 695 7,110 5,753 1,357 6,415 5,225 1,190
2013 March 558 6,941 5,705 1,236 6,383 5,201 1,182
June 674 7,152 5,830 1,322 6,478 5,271 1,207
September 507 7,058 5,719 1,339 6,551 5,408 1,143
December 700 7,255 5,926 1,329 6,555 5,353 1,202
2014 March 419 6,953 5,687 1,266 6,534 5,380 1,154
June 895 7,454 6,114 1,340 6,559 5,342 1,217
September 577 7,247 5,918 1,329 6,670 5,487 1,183
December 1,038 7,617 6,248 1,369 6,579 5,346 1,233
2015 March 216 7,046 5,733 1,313 6,830 5,626 1,204
June 849 7,580 6,235 1,345 6,731 5,540 1,191
September 475 7,344 5,983 1,361 6,869 5,657 1,212
December 944 7,817 6,360 1,457 6,873 5,607 1,266
2016 March 249 7,163 5,875 1,288 6,914 5,706 1,208
June 318 7,443 6,070 1,373 7,125 5,820 1,305
September 748 7,710 6,250 1,460 6,962 5,718 1,244
December 308 7,413 6,007 1,406 7,105 5,806 1,299
2017 March 651 7,434 6,090 1,344 6,783 5,599 1,184
June 526 7,639 6,265 1,374 7,113 5,844 1,269
September -39 7,321 5,975 1,346 7,360 6,065 1,295
December 883 7,772 6,344 1,428 6,889 5,593 1,296
2018 March 712 7,497 6,139 1,358 6,785 5,595 1,190
June 458 7,673 6,270 1,403 7,215 5,930 1,285
September 91 7,500 6,130 1,370 7,409 6,090 1,319
December 731 7,724 6,287 1,437 6,993 5,660 1,333
2019 March 524 7,464 6,101 1,363 6,940 5,691 1,249
June 218 7,653 6,265 1,388 7,435 6,073 1,362
September 66 7,398 6,025 1,373 7,332 6,062 1,270
December 750 7,831 6,340 1,491 7,081 5,750 1,331
2020 March -803 7,035 5,717 1,318 7,838 6,367 1,471
June -14,621 5,719 4,425 1,294 20,340 17,410 2,930
September 4,025 10,874 8,828 2,046 6,849 5,476 1,373
December 2,024 8,797 7,104 1,693 6,773 5,416 1,357
2021 March 1,810 8,322 6,781 1,541 6,512 5,367 1,145
June 936 8,196 6,641 1,555 7,260 5,997 1,263
September 1,474 8,882 7,201 1,681 7,408 5,953 1,455
December 2,892 9,580 7,715 1,865 6,688 5,344 1,344
2022 March 1,545 8,438 6,887 1,551 6,893 5,486 1,407
June -287 8,253 6,552 1,701 8,540 6,482 2,058
September 1,302 8,814 7,091 1,723 7,512 5,954 1,558
December 400 8,045 6,388 1,657 7,645 6,096 1,549
(1) Net change is the difference between total gross job gains and total gross job losses.
Table 2. Private sector gross job gains and losses, as a percent of employment(1), seasonally adjusted
Total private
(Percent)
Gross job gains Gross job losses
Year 3 months ended Net change(2) Total Expanding Opening Total Contracting Closing
establishments establishments establishments establishments
2012 March 0.8 6.4 5.2 1.2 5.6 4.6 1.0
June 0.5 6.4 5.2 1.2 5.9 4.8 1.1
September 0.2 6.2 5.0 1.2 6.0 4.9 1.1
December 0.6 6.4 5.2 1.2 5.8 4.7 1.1
2013 March 0.5 6.2 5.1 1.1 5.7 4.6 1.1
June 0.6 6.4 5.2 1.2 5.8 4.7 1.1
September 0.5 6.3 5.1 1.2 5.8 4.8 1.0
December 0.6 6.4 5.2 1.2 5.8 4.7 1.1
2014 March 0.4 6.1 5.0 1.1 5.7 4.7 1.0
June 0.8 6.5 5.3 1.2 5.7 4.6 1.1
September 0.5 6.2 5.1 1.1 5.7 4.7 1.0
December 0.9 6.6 5.4 1.2 5.7 4.6 1.1
2015 March 0.2 6.0 4.9 1.1 5.8 4.8 1.0
June 0.7 6.4 5.3 1.1 5.7 4.7 1.0
September 0.5 6.3 5.1 1.2 5.8 4.8 1.0
December 0.7 6.5 5.3 1.2 5.8 4.7 1.1
2016 March 0.2 6.0 4.9 1.1 5.8 4.8 1.0
June 0.2 6.2 5.1 1.1 6.0 4.9 1.1
September 0.6 6.4 5.2 1.2 5.8 4.8 1.0
December 0.3 6.2 5.0 1.2 5.9 4.8 1.1
2017 March 0.5 6.1 5.0 1.1 5.6 4.6 1.0
June 0.4 6.2 5.1 1.1 5.8 4.8 1.0
September -0.1 6.0 4.9 1.1 6.1 5.0 1.1
December 0.7 6.4 5.2 1.2 5.7 4.6 1.1
2018 March 0.6 6.1 5.0 1.1 5.5 4.5 1.0
June 0.3 6.1 5.0 1.1 5.8 4.8 1.0
September 0.0 6.0 4.9 1.1 6.0 4.9 1.1
December 0.6 6.2 5.0 1.2 5.6 4.5 1.1
2019 March 0.5 6.0 4.9 1.1 5.5 4.5 1.0
June 0.2 6.1 5.0 1.1 5.9 4.8 1.1
September 0.1 5.9 4.8 1.1 5.8 4.8 1.0
December 0.6 6.2 5.0 1.2 5.6 4.5 1.1
2020 March -0.7 5.5 4.5 1.0 6.2 5.0 1.2
June -12.1 4.8 3.7 1.1 16.9 14.5 2.4
September 3.5 9.5 7.7 1.8 6.0 4.8 1.2
December 1.6 7.4 6.0 1.4 5.8 4.6 1.2
2021 March 1.5 7.0 5.7 1.3 5.5 4.5 1.0
June 0.9 6.8 5.5 1.3 5.9 4.9 1.0
September 1.2 7.3 5.9 1.4 6.1 4.9 1.2
December 2.3 7.7 6.2 1.5 5.4 4.3 1.1
2022 March 1.2 6.6 5.4 1.2 5.4 4.3 1.1
June -0.3 6.4 5.1 1.3 6.7 5.1 1.6
September 1.0 6.8 5.5 1.3 5.8 4.6 1.2
December 0.3 6.2 4.9 1.3 5.9 4.7 1.2
(1) The rates measure gross job gains and job losses as a percentage of the average of the previous and current quarter
employment levels.
(2) Net change is the difference between total gross job gains and total gross job losses.
Table 3. Private sector gross job gains and losses by industry, seasonally adjusted
Gross job gains and job losses Gross job gains and job losses
(in thousands) as a percent of employment
Category 3 months ended 3 months ended
Dec. Mar. June Sept. Dec. Dec. Mar. June Sept. Dec.
2021 2022 2022 2022 2022 2021 2022 2022 2022 2022
Total private(1)
Gross job gains 9,580 8,438 8,253 8,814 8,045 7.7 6.6 6.4 6.8 6.2
At expanding establishments 7,715 6,887 6,552 7,091 6,388 6.2 5.4 5.1 5.5 4.9
At opening establishments 1,865 1,551 1,701 1,723 1,657 1.5 1.2 1.3 1.3 1.3
Gross job losses 6,688 6,893 8,540 7,512 7,645 5.4 5.4 6.7 5.8 5.9
At contracting establishments 5,344 5,486 6,482 5,954 6,096 4.3 4.3 5.1 4.6 4.7
At closing establishments 1,344 1,407 2,058 1,558 1,549 1.1 1.1 1.6 1.2 1.2
Net employment change 2,892 1,545 -287 1,302 400 2.3 1.2 -0.3 1.0 0.3
Goods-producing
Gross job gains 1,526 1,426 1,331 1,361 1,318 7.1 6.4 6.0 6.1 5.9
At expanding establishments 1,290 1,220 1,130 1,155 1,111 6.0 5.5 5.1 5.2 5.0
At opening establishments 236 206 201 206 207 1.1 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.9
Gross job losses 1,138 1,144 1,359 1,232 1,293 5.3 5.2 6.1 5.6 5.8
At contracting establishments 946 941 1,072 1,014 1,073 4.4 4.3 4.8 4.6 4.8
At closing establishments 192 203 287 218 220 0.9 0.9 1.3 1.0 1.0
Net employment change 388 282 -28 129 25 1.8 1.2 -0.1 0.5 0.1
Natural resources and mining
Gross job gains 230 238 224 229 201 13.0 13.1 12.5 12.8 11.0
At expanding establishments 200 210 197 202 174 11.3 11.6 11.0 11.3 9.5
At opening establishments 30 28 27 27 27 1.7 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5
Gross job losses 218 223 226 180 240 12.4 12.3 12.6 10.1 13.2
At contracting establishments 192 191 192 155 215 10.9 10.5 10.7 8.7 11.8
At closing establishments 26 32 34 25 25 1.5 1.8 1.9 1.4 1.4
Net employment change 12 15 -2 49 -39 0.6 0.8 -0.1 2.7 -2.2
Construction
Gross job gains 725 710 643 638 652 9.7 9.3 8.3 8.3 8.4
At expanding establishments 575 574 519 514 521 7.7 7.5 6.7 6.7 6.7
At opening establishments 150 136 124 124 131 2.0 1.8 1.6 1.6 1.7
Gross job losses 573 573 672 623 630 7.7 7.5 8.8 8.2 8.2
At contracting establishments 454 452 506 488 493 6.1 5.9 6.6 6.4 6.4
At closing establishments 119 121 166 135 137 1.6 1.6 2.2 1.8 1.8
Net employment change 152 137 -29 15 22 2.0 1.8 -0.5 0.1 0.2
Manufacturing
Gross job gains 571 478 464 494 465 4.6 3.8 3.7 3.8 3.6
At expanding establishments 515 436 414 439 416 4.1 3.5 3.3 3.4 3.2
At opening establishments 56 42 50 55 49 0.5 0.3 0.4 0.4 0.4
Gross job losses 347 348 461 429 423 2.8 2.8 3.6 3.4 3.3
At contracting establishments 300 298 374 371 365 2.4 2.4 2.9 2.9 2.8
At closing establishments 47 50 87 58 58 0.4 0.4 0.7 0.5 0.5
Net employment change 224 130 3 65 42 1.8 1.0 0.1 0.4 0.3
Service-providing(1)
Gross job gains 8,054 7,012 6,922 7,453 6,727 7.8 6.7 6.5 7.0 6.3
At expanding establishments 6,425 5,667 5,422 5,936 5,277 6.2 5.4 5.1 5.6 4.9
At opening establishments 1,629 1,345 1,500 1,517 1,450 1.6 1.3 1.4 1.4 1.4
Gross job losses 5,550 5,749 7,181 6,280 6,352 5.4 5.4 6.8 5.9 5.9
At contracting establishments 4,398 4,545 5,410 4,940 5,023 4.3 4.3 5.1 4.6 4.7
At closing establishments 1,152 1,204 1,771 1,340 1,329 1.1 1.1 1.7 1.3 1.2
Net employment change 2,504 1,263 -259 1,173 375 2.4 1.3 -0.3 1.1 0.4
Wholesale trade
Gross job gains 357 307 306 335 290 6.2 5.3 5.2 5.6 4.8
At expanding establishments 286 257 248 272 237 5.0 4.4 4.2 4.5 3.9
At opening establishments 71 50 58 63 53 1.2 0.9 1.0 1.1 0.9
Gross job losses 224 237 311 257 252 3.9 4.0 5.3 4.3 4.2
At contracting establishments 171 177 211 197 193 3.0 3.0 3.6 3.3 3.2
At closing establishments 53 60 100 60 59 0.9 1.0 1.7 1.0 1.0
Net employment change 133 70 -5 78 38 2.3 1.3 -0.1 1.3 0.6
Retail trade
Gross job gains 931 1,010 841 940 798 6.0 6.5 5.4 6.1 5.1
At expanding establishments 801 900 717 816 684 5.2 5.8 4.6 5.3 4.4
At opening establishments 130 110 124 124 114 0.8 0.7 0.8 0.8 0.7
Gross job losses 823 731 1,059 912 897 5.3 4.7 6.8 5.8 5.9
At contracting establishments 714 626 898 798 780 4.6 4.0 5.8 5.1 5.1
At closing establishments 109 105 161 114 117 0.7 0.7 1.0 0.7 0.8
Net employment change 108 279 -218 28 -99 0.7 1.8 -1.4 0.3 -0.8
Transportation and warehousing
Gross job gains 696 366 321 381 466 11.2 5.7 5.0 6.0 7.2
At expanding establishments 578 320 269 329 404 9.3 5.0 4.2 5.2 6.2
At opening establishments 118 46 52 52 62 1.9 0.7 0.8 0.8 1.0
Gross job losses 237 393 477 326 331 3.9 6.1 7.5 5.1 5.1
At contracting establishments 196 353 406 276 276 3.2 5.5 6.4 4.3 4.3
At closing establishments 41 40 71 50 55 0.7 0.6 1.1 0.8 0.8
Net employment change 459 -27 -156 55 135 7.3 -0.4 -2.5 0.9 2.1
Utilities
Gross job gains 18 14 16 19 20 3.4 2.6 2.9 3.5 3.6
At expanding establishments 15 12 13 17 16 2.8 2.2 2.4 3.1 2.9
At opening establishments 3 2 3 2 4 0.6 0.4 0.5 0.4 0.7
Gross job losses 14 13 16 12 14 2.6 2.4 2.9 2.2 2.5
At contracting establishments 12 11 13 10 11 2.2 2.0 2.4 1.8 2.0
At closing establishments 2 2 3 2 3 0.4 0.4 0.5 0.4 0.5
Net employment change 4 1 0 7 6 0.8 0.2 0.0 1.3 1.1
Information
Gross job gains 226 201 207 201 165 7.7 6.8 6.9 6.6 5.3
At expanding establishments 179 168 169 162 127 6.1 5.7 5.6 5.3 4.1
At opening establishments 47 33 38 39 38 1.6 1.1 1.3 1.3 1.2
Gross job losses 169 150 195 175 189 5.8 5.0 6.5 5.7 6.2
At contracting establishments 133 113 148 135 150 4.6 3.8 4.9 4.4 4.9
At closing establishments 36 37 47 40 39 1.2 1.2 1.6 1.3 1.3
Net employment change 57 51 12 26 -24 1.9 1.8 0.4 0.9 -0.9
Financial activities
Gross job gains 518 467 478 493 440 6.1 5.5 5.6 5.7 5.1
At expanding establishments 388 376 370 387 334 4.6 4.4 4.3 4.5 3.9
At opening establishments 130 91 108 106 106 1.5 1.1 1.3 1.2 1.2
Gross job losses 399 421 501 434 466 4.8 4.9 5.8 5.0 5.4
At contracting establishments 301 310 353 329 356 3.6 3.6 4.1 3.8 4.1
At closing establishments 98 111 148 105 110 1.2 1.3 1.7 1.2 1.3
Net employment change 119 46 -23 59 -26 1.3 0.6 -0.2 0.7 -0.3
Professional and business services
Gross job gains 1,961 1,613 1,648 1,757 1,503 9.0 7.2 7.3 7.8 6.6
At expanding establishments 1,585 1,295 1,281 1,380 1,163 7.3 5.8 5.7 6.1 5.1
At opening establishments 376 318 367 377 340 1.7 1.4 1.6 1.7 1.5
Gross job losses 1,302 1,361 1,702 1,501 1,603 6.0 6.1 7.6 6.6 7.0
At contracting establishments 988 1,050 1,277 1,153 1,252 4.6 4.7 5.7 5.1 5.5
At closing establishments 314 311 425 348 351 1.4 1.4 1.9 1.5 1.5
Net employment change 659 252 -54 256 -100 3.0 1.1 -0.3 1.2 -0.4
Education and health services
Gross job gains 1,231 1,150 1,161 1,306 1,153 5.4 5.0 5.0 5.6 4.9
At expanding establishments 944 929 925 1,077 911 4.1 4.0 4.0 4.6 3.9
At opening establishments 287 221 236 229 242 1.3 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0
Gross job losses 985 937 1,224 965 1,020 4.3 4.1 5.3 4.1 4.4
At contracting establishments 771 727 851 724 769 3.4 3.2 3.7 3.1 3.3
At closing establishments 214 210 373 241 251 0.9 0.9 1.6 1.0 1.1
Net employment change 246 213 -63 341 133 1.1 0.9 -0.3 1.5 0.5
Leisure and hospitality
Gross job gains 1,669 1,405 1,441 1,497 1,441 11.2 9.2 9.3 9.6 9.0
At expanding establishments 1,358 1,136 1,150 1,203 1,137 9.1 7.4 7.4 7.7 7.1
At opening establishments 311 269 291 294 304 2.1 1.8 1.9 1.9 1.9
Gross job losses 1,108 1,183 1,324 1,356 1,228 7.4 7.7 8.6 8.6 7.7
At contracting establishments 907 953 1,019 1,088 993 6.1 6.2 6.6 6.9 6.2
At closing establishments 201 230 305 268 235 1.3 1.5 2.0 1.7 1.5
Net employment change 561 222 117 141 213 3.8 1.5 0.7 1.0 1.3
Other services
Gross job gains 367 322 332 343 316 9.1 7.8 8.1 8.1 7.4
At expanding establishments 276 251 254 266 243 6.8 6.1 6.2 6.3 5.7
At opening establishments 91 71 78 77 73 2.3 1.7 1.9 1.8 1.7
Gross job losses 263 287 331 294 306 6.5 7.0 8.0 7.1 7.2
At contracting establishments 198 213 220 212 229 4.9 5.2 5.3 5.1 5.4
At closing establishments 65 74 111 82 77 1.6 1.8 2.7 2.0 1.8
Net employment change 104 35 1 49 10 2.6 0.8 0.1 1.0 0.2
(1) Includes unclassified sector, not shown separately.
Table 4. Private sector gross job gains and losses by firm size, seasonally adjusted
(In thousands)
Total private by firm(1) Firm size 1 - 49 employees Firm size 50 - 249 employees Firm size 250 or more employees
Year 3 months Net Gross job Net Gross job Net Gross job Net Gross job
ended change gains losses change gains losses change gains losses change gains losses
2012 March 972 5,904 4,932 388 3,173 2,785 220 1,054 834 364 1,677 1,313
June 612 5,828 5,216 174 3,039 2,865 158 1,074 916 280 1,715 1,435
September 226 5,581 5,355 55 2,963 2,908 54 1,006 952 117 1,612 1,495
December 637 5,779 5,142 180 3,025 2,845 94 1,014 920 363 1,740 1,377
2013 March 582 5,743 5,161 212 3,071 2,859 156 1,029 873 214 1,643 1,429
June 650 5,906 5,256 226 3,085 2,859 135 1,071 936 289 1,750 1,461
September 473 5,764 5,291 225 3,063 2,838 69 1,021 952 179 1,680 1,501
December 631 5,886 5,255 122 3,021 2,899 105 1,034 929 404 1,831 1,427
2014 March 442 5,665 5,223 231 3,070 2,839 149 1,035 886 62 1,560 1,498
June 893 6,134 5,241 302 3,178 2,876 214 1,119 905 377 1,837 1,460
September 560 5,865 5,305 197 3,064 2,867 117 1,066 949 246 1,735 1,489
December 951 6,155 5,204 212 3,105 2,893 150 1,085 935 589 1,965 1,376
2015 March 226 5,677 5,451 168 3,098 2,930 75 1,025 950 -17 1,554 1,571
June 846 6,243 5,397 323 3,196 2,873 187 1,128 941 336 1,919 1,583
September 456 5,914 5,458 148 3,057 2,909 79 1,047 968 229 1,810 1,581
December 830 6,245 5,415 227 3,172 2,945 90 1,074 984 513 1,999 1,486
2016 March 254 5,754 5,500 191 3,114 2,923 59 1,022 963 4 1,618 1,614
June 331 6,048 5,717 74 3,123 3,049 114 1,101 987 143 1,824 1,681
September 752 6,266 5,514 192 3,160 2,968 102 1,089 987 458 2,017 1,559
December 245 5,886 5,641 71 3,065 2,994 37 1,026 989 137 1,795 1,658
2017 March 662 6,007 5,345 346 3,236 2,890 191 1,085 894 125 1,686 1,561
June 570 6,216 5,646 145 3,161 3,016 151 1,127 976 274 1,928 1,654
September -90 5,826 5,916 -100 2,999 3,099 -44 1,013 1,057 54 1,814 1,760
December 804 6,185 5,381 235 3,184 2,949 142 1,082 940 427 1,919 1,492
2018 March 731 6,066 5,335 298 3,210 2,912 165 1,072 907 268 1,784 1,516
June 477 6,202 5,725 127 3,192 3,065 156 1,133 977 194 1,877 1,683
September 43 5,981 5,938 -78 3,031 3,109 -26 1,028 1,054 147 1,922 1,775
December 670 6,094 5,424 203 3,172 2,969 132 1,074 942 335 1,848 1,513
2019 March 572 6,010 5,438 260 3,193 2,933 154 1,065 911 158 1,752 1,594
June 225 6,154 5,929 46 3,156 3,110 98 1,122 1,024 81 1,876 1,795
September 7 5,867 5,860 -2 3,047 3,049 -29 1,016 1,045 38 1,804 1,766
December 656 6,199 5,543 210 3,186 2,976 91 1,062 971 355 1,951 1,596
2020 March -652 5,606 6,258 -368 3,027 3,395 -99 970 1,069 -185 1,609 1,794
June -15,224 4,506 19,730 -4,719 2,555 7,274 -2,812 581 3,393 -7,693 1,370 9,063
September 4,046 9,448 5,402 1,519 4,486 2,967 541 1,421 880 1,986 3,541 1,555
December 1,862 7,073 5,211 510 3,487 2,977 345 1,189 844 1,007 2,397 1,390
2021 March 1,837 6,887 5,050 973 3,642 2,669 225 1,102 877 639 2,143 1,504
June 974 6,650 5,676 719 3,522 2,803 213 1,143 930 42 1,985 1,943
September 1,440 7,159 5,719 400 3,530 3,130 255 1,195 940 785 2,434 1,649
December 2,744 7,650 4,906 914 3,767 2,853 466 1,304 838 1,364 2,579 1,215
2022 March 1,646 6,958 5,312 291 3,348 3,057 267 1,162 895 1,088 2,448 1,360
June -430 6,511 6,941 -229 3,281 3,510 39 1,151 1,112 -240 2,079 2,319
September 1,338 7,116 5,778 34 3,302 3,268 249 1,233 984 1,055 2,581 1,526
December 376 6,249 5,873 166 3,272 3,106 146 1,125 979 64 1,852 1,788
(1) Total gross job gains and gross job losses by firm are lower than total gross job gains and gross job losses by establishment, as some
establishment gains and losses within a firm are offset during the aggregation process.
NOTE: Net change is the difference between total gross job gains and total gross job losses. Net change totals for the firm-level data differ from
the establishment-level data due to independent seasonal adjustment. The unit of analysis section in the technical note provides additional detail.
See www.bls.gov/bdm/bdmfirmsize.htm for more detailed firm size class data.
Table 5. Components of private sector gross job gains and losses by firm size, seasonally adjusted
Gross job gains and job losses Gross job gains and job losses
(in thousands) as a percent of employment
Category 3 months ended 3 months ended
Dec. Mar. June Sept. Dec. Dec. Mar. June Sept. Dec.
2021 2022 2022 2022 2022 2021 2022 2022 2022 2022
Total private by firm(1)
Gross job gains 7,650 6,958 6,511 7,116 6,249 6.1 5.5 5.1 5.5 4.8
At expanding firms 6,468 5,987 5,498 6,093 5,193 5.2 4.7 4.3 4.7 4.0
At opening firms 1,182 971 1,013 1,023 1,056 0.9 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8
Gross job losses 4,906 5,312 6,941 5,778 5,873 4.0 4.2 5.4 4.5 4.5
At contracting firms 4,050 4,323 5,661 4,724 4,903 3.3 3.4 4.4 3.7 3.8
At closing firms 856 989 1,280 1,054 970 0.7 0.8 1.0 0.8 0.7
Net employment change 2,744 1,646 -430 1,338 376 2.1 1.3 -0.3 1.0 0.3
Firm size 1 to 49 employees
Gross job gains 3,767 3,348 3,281 3,302 3,272 10.8 9.6 9.3 9.4 9.3
At expanding firms 2,627 2,414 2,315 2,322 2,257 7.5 6.9 6.6 6.6 6.4
At opening firms 1,140 934 966 980 1,015 3.3 2.7 2.7 2.8 2.9
Gross job losses 2,853 3,057 3,510 3,268 3,106 8.2 8.7 10.0 9.3 8.8
At contracting firms 2,029 2,107 2,292 2,257 2,176 5.8 6.0 6.5 6.4 6.2
At closing firms 824 950 1,218 1,011 930 2.4 2.7 3.5 2.9 2.6
Net employment change 914 291 -229 34 166 2.6 0.9 -0.7 0.1 0.5
Firm size 50 to 249 employees
Gross job gains 1,304 1,162 1,151 1,233 1,125 6.0 5.2 5.2 5.6 5.0
At expanding firms 1,268 1,131 1,109 1,194 1,088 5.8 5.1 5.0 5.4 4.8
At opening firms 36 31 42 39 37 0.2 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.2
Gross job losses 838 895 1,112 984 979 3.8 4.1 5.0 4.5 4.4
At contracting firms 812 861 1,060 947 944 3.7 3.9 4.8 4.3 4.2
At closing firms 26 34 52 37 35 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2
Net employment change 466 267 39 249 146 2.2 1.1 0.2 1.1 0.6
Firm size 250 or more employees
Gross job gains 2,579 2,448 2,079 2,581 1,852 3.8 3.5 2.9 3.6 2.6
At expanding firms 2,573 2,442 2,074 2,577 1,848 3.8 3.5 2.9 3.6 2.6
At opening firms 6 6 5 4 4 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Gross job losses 1,215 1,360 2,319 1,526 1,788 1.8 1.9 3.3 2.1 2.5
At contracting firms 1,209 1,355 2,309 1,520 1,783 1.8 1.9 3.3 2.1 2.5
At closing firms 6 5 10 6 5 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Net employment change 1,364 1,088 -240 1,055 64 2.0 1.6 -0.4 1.5 0.1
(1) Total gross job gains and gross job losses by firm are lower than total gross job gains and gross job losses by
establishment, as some establishment gains and losses within a firm are offset during the aggregation process.
NOTE: Net change is the difference between total gross job gains and total gross job losses. Net change totals for
the firm-level data differ from the establishment-level data due to independent seasonal adjustment. The unit of
analysis section in the technical note provides additional detail. See www.bls.gov/bdm/bdmfirmsize.htm for more
detailed firm size class data.
Table 6. Private sector gross job gains and losses by state, seasonally adjusted
Gross job gains Gross job losses
State 3 months ended 3 months ended
Dec. Mar. June Sept. Dec. Dec. Mar. June Sept. Dec.
2021 2022 2022 2022 2022 2021 2022 2022 2022 2022
United States(1).... 9,580,000 8,438,000 8,253,000 8,814,000 8,045,000 6,688,000 6,893,000 8,540,000 7,512,000 7,645,000
Alabama............. 123,011 101,635 106,999 118,322 109,189 84,977 98,513 114,899 101,714 99,273
Alaska.............. 27,704 24,382 24,504 20,442 26,232 20,460 22,348 22,953 24,828 22,405
Arizona............. 176,081 177,728 176,676 210,182 180,777 129,874 149,379 192,227 148,128 166,560
Arkansas............ 79,698 61,175 58,938 67,192 64,529 48,806 55,459 63,128 57,587 56,306
California.......... 1,262,060 1,125,393 1,021,819 1,029,433 1,009,955 819,248 854,366 1,109,727 953,183 1,013,298
Colorado............ 176,521 176,404 173,472 118,445 180,372 140,744 147,988 157,258 135,759 164,924
Connecticut......... 96,011 90,157 89,453 89,467 83,780 74,432 74,954 93,111 87,560 84,460
Delaware............ 31,109 28,247 24,768 33,568 26,573 22,407 21,636 31,432 23,995 30,024
District of Columbia 36,343 30,589 30,221 36,868 29,047 24,348 24,466 33,946 24,371 28,894
Florida............. 617,316 528,678 610,483 650,116 527,992 473,940 460,834 557,231 458,810 510,581
Georgia............. 309,130 268,652 265,027 286,221 267,138 216,525 226,310 267,349 243,232 242,334
Hawaii.............. 34,180 29,910 29,078 31,526 30,523 24,407 25,187 29,509 24,178 24,551
Idaho............... 57,952 59,454 49,524 58,556 58,821 42,358 43,197 63,804 52,078 47,952
Illinois............ 376,431 314,250 300,049 312,763 279,561 241,926 259,113 303,622 273,395 268,827
Indiana............. 195,577 164,473 151,587 176,553 156,061 127,405 129,843 185,172 151,514 143,098
Iowa................ 84,654 83,938 75,454 75,274 82,624 67,805 67,785 86,309 77,531 81,148
Kansas.............. 85,411 70,885 73,978 87,263 73,955 59,286 61,952 85,352 63,457 65,965
Kentucky............ 117,441 107,884 102,311 108,709 97,861 78,247 81,658 140,172 88,180 86,827
Louisiana........... 146,643 101,345 102,644 115,243 95,312 87,586 109,685 112,436 88,312 102,524
Maine............... 42,590 42,068 93,397 39,102 38,968 35,914 32,315 42,750 38,701 36,302
Maryland............ 154,823 142,556 142,056 160,211 138,556 111,842 126,978 173,246 128,050 144,737
Massachusetts....... 216,317 207,793 194,864 194,546 171,527 176,714 158,999 172,892 192,065 183,473
Michigan............ 272,209 233,378 223,946 212,386 222,452 189,714 191,047 241,965 220,132 195,934
Minnesota........... 175,591 147,775 159,872 169,625 154,448 126,717 133,464 175,747 146,300 147,488
Mississippi......... 71,413 56,306 59,418 65,827 63,191 50,814 55,380 64,134 58,329 57,468
Missouri............ 174,351 154,875 151,307 165,076 146,218 131,101 130,222 143,601 153,125 140,653
Montana............. 39,683 38,089 33,900 35,038 38,132 28,758 34,500 38,543 31,586 32,720
Nebraska............ 56,712 55,634 49,079 56,330 49,006 46,629 48,798 54,250 50,617 47,457
Nevada.............. 103,429 87,043 89,922 100,627 85,755 59,997 66,378 86,475 75,404 81,575
New Hampshire....... 43,659 44,904 38,334 40,603 39,450 36,729 31,555 46,290 39,163 35,783
New Jersey.......... 303,908 250,014 233,195 246,502 243,710 187,278 195,389 225,337 228,764 214,434
New Mexico.......... 52,440 47,735 42,315 50,834 42,944 40,038 39,948 46,113 38,631 40,959
New York............ 590,453 520,705 555,282 529,981 476,570 415,910 408,276 519,707 480,134 486,839
North Carolina...... 311,730 257,489 253,196 264,952 236,909 193,867 208,837 245,495 234,775 217,955
North Dakota........ 25,483 25,143 22,853 25,738 21,764 21,569 21,779 22,736 21,647 22,717
Ohio................ 320,621 284,863 265,564 269,541 277,230 234,473 226,562 291,178 265,688 275,749
Oklahoma............ 96,147 80,662 83,248 93,595 87,704 74,418 73,118 79,286 71,515 79,138
Oregon.............. 125,828 124,997 101,997 108,658 107,720 99,966 94,957 118,845 141,016 105,924
Pennsylvania........ 345,124 324,890 282,938 314,901 289,557 243,523 251,630 292,347 269,585 271,017
Rhode Island........ 34,456 32,775 29,293 28,029 29,126 26,984 23,799 30,573 31,069 27,355
South Carolina...... 138,775 124,981 116,074 133,770 129,401 93,629 111,267 123,560 104,011 116,568
South Dakota........ 26,002 28,210 24,337 26,906 23,945 21,492 22,324 24,811 23,650 23,634
Tennessee........... 193,621 175,955 171,823 192,682 160,168 146,914 127,316 173,111 149,353 155,756
Texas............... 837,491 700,110 728,431 831,097 709,243 517,170 593,644 686,471 598,858 614,649
Utah................ 102,357 108,640 96,779 111,431 97,121 80,736 80,947 96,262 93,651 92,737
Vermont............. 19,701 19,574 18,262 17,756 19,263 16,817 15,566 20,951 20,040 17,786
Virginia............ 226,887 207,429 206,792 243,003 204,931 168,955 185,781 224,658 197,440 191,873
Washington.......... 221,756 211,204 206,539 209,693 178,012 150,693 147,789 209,618 180,789 158,185
West Virginia....... 41,652 39,495 34,221 36,658 36,005 31,478 31,871 42,530 35,073 35,559
Wisconsin........... 160,882 160,365 146,548 152,158 152,450 127,962 117,824 171,335 146,159 141,055
Wyoming............. 20,688 18,653 17,431 18,938 19,383 15,914 17,325 18,873 17,445 16,700
Puerto Rico......... 45,326 50,478 47,053 46,034 49,566 38,654 35,144 44,098 38,179 45,516
Virgin Islands...... 1,963 1,658 2,062 1,904 1,482 2,327 2,459 2,945 1,164 1,058
(1) The sum of the states will not necessarily add to the U.S. total because of the independent seasonal adjustment of each state.
NOTE: Totals for the United States do not include data for Puerto Rico or the Virgin Islands.
Table 7. Private sector gross job gains and losses, as a percent of total employment by state, seasonally adjusted
Gross job gains as a percent of employment Gross job losses as a percent of employment
State 3 months ended 3 months ended
Dec. Mar. June Sept. Dec. Dec. Mar. June Sept. Dec.
2021 2022 2022 2022 2022 2021 2022 2022 2022 2022
United States....... 7.7 6.6 6.4 6.8 6.2 5.4 5.4 6.7 5.8 5.9
Alabama............. 7.6 6.2 6.6 7.1 6.5 5.2 6.0 7.0 6.2 6.0
Alaska.............. 11.8 10.1 10.1 8.6 10.9 8.7 9.3 9.6 10.3 9.3
Arizona............. 6.8 6.8 6.7 7.9 6.7 5.0 5.7 7.3 5.5 6.1
Arkansas............ 7.8 5.9 5.6 6.4 6.1 4.8 5.4 6.0 5.5 5.3
California.......... 8.5 7.4 6.6 6.7 6.5 5.5 5.6 7.2 6.1 6.6
Colorado............ 7.6 7.5 7.3 5.0 7.6 6.1 6.3 6.7 5.8 6.9
Connecticut......... 6.9 6.3 6.3 6.3 5.9 5.3 5.3 6.5 6.2 6.0
Delaware............ 8.2 7.3 6.5 8.6 6.7 6.0 5.6 8.2 6.1 7.6
District of Columbia 7.3 6.0 6.0 7.2 5.6 4.9 4.9 6.8 4.8 5.6
Florida............. 7.7 6.5 7.5 7.8 6.2 6.0 5.7 6.9 5.5 6.1
Georgia............. 7.9 6.8 6.6 7.0 6.5 5.5 5.7 6.7 6.0 5.9
Hawaii.............. 7.1 6.1 5.9 6.2 6.0 5.1 5.1 5.9 4.8 4.8
Idaho............... 8.5 8.5 7.1 8.5 8.4 6.3 6.2 9.1 7.5 6.9
Illinois............ 7.5 6.2 5.9 6.0 5.4 4.9 5.0 5.9 5.3 5.2
Indiana............. 7.3 6.0 5.6 6.4 5.7 4.7 4.8 6.8 5.5 5.2
Iowa................ 6.6 6.5 5.8 5.8 6.4 5.4 5.3 6.7 6.0 6.3
Kansas.............. 7.6 6.2 6.5 7.6 6.3 5.3 5.4 7.5 5.6 5.6
Kentucky............ 7.4 6.6 6.3 6.7 5.9 4.9 5.0 8.7 5.4 5.3
Louisiana........... 9.6 6.5 6.6 7.3 6.0 5.8 7.1 7.3 5.7 6.5
Maine............... 8.2 8.0 17.7 7.4 7.3 6.9 6.1 8.1 7.4 6.9
Maryland............ 7.3 6.6 6.7 7.5 6.4 5.3 5.9 8.1 6.0 6.7
Massachusetts....... 7.0 6.6 6.1 6.2 5.5 5.7 5.1 5.4 6.1 5.8
Michigan............ 7.5 6.3 6.0 5.7 5.9 5.2 5.1 6.5 5.9 5.2
Minnesota........... 7.3 6.0 6.6 6.8 6.2 5.2 5.4 7.1 6.0 6.0
Mississippi......... 7.9 6.1 6.5 7.2 6.8 5.7 6.0 7.0 6.3 6.2
Missouri............ 7.4 6.5 6.3 6.8 6.0 5.5 5.4 5.9 6.3 5.8
Montana............. 9.9 9.3 8.2 8.5 9.2 7.2 8.5 9.4 7.7 7.8
Nebraska............ 7.0 6.8 6.0 6.9 5.9 5.8 5.9 6.6 6.2 5.7
Nevada.............. 8.3 6.8 6.9 7.6 6.4 4.8 5.2 6.7 5.7 6.2
New Hampshire....... 7.6 7.7 6.6 6.9 6.7 6.4 5.4 7.9 6.7 6.0
New Jersey.......... 8.7 7.1 6.5 6.8 6.8 5.4 5.5 6.3 6.3 5.9
New Mexico.......... 8.2 7.4 6.5 7.7 6.5 6.3 6.2 7.1 5.9 6.2
New York............ 7.7 6.7 7.1 6.7 6.0 5.4 5.2 6.6 6.0 6.2
North Carolina...... 8.1 6.5 6.3 6.6 5.9 5.0 5.3 6.2 5.9 5.4
North Dakota........ 7.6 7.5 6.8 7.6 6.4 6.5 6.5 6.7 6.4 6.7
Ohio................ 7.0 6.1 5.7 5.8 5.9 5.2 4.8 6.3 5.6 5.8
Oklahoma............ 7.6 6.3 6.4 7.1 6.6 5.9 5.7 6.2 5.5 6.0
Oregon.............. 7.8 7.5 6.1 6.7 6.5 6.1 5.7 7.1 8.6 6.4
Pennsylvania........ 6.8 6.3 5.5 6.1 5.5 4.8 4.9 5.6 5.2 5.1
Rhode Island........ 8.5 7.9 7.0 6.7 6.9 6.6 5.7 7.3 7.4 6.5
South Carolina...... 7.9 6.9 6.4 7.3 7.0 5.3 6.2 6.9 5.6 6.2
South Dakota........ 7.2 7.7 6.6 7.3 6.5 5.9 6.1 6.8 6.4 6.4
Tennessee........... 7.3 6.6 6.3 7.0 5.8 5.6 4.7 6.4 5.4 5.7
Texas............... 7.7 6.3 6.5 7.4 6.2 4.8 5.4 6.1 5.2 5.3
Utah................ 7.5 7.8 7.0 7.9 6.8 6.0 5.9 6.8 6.7 6.6
Vermont............. 8.1 8.0 7.3 7.2 7.8 6.9 6.3 8.4 8.0 7.1
Virginia............ 7.2 6.4 6.5 7.5 6.2 5.3 5.8 7.0 6.1 5.8
Washington.......... 7.8 7.3 7.0 7.1 5.9 5.3 5.0 7.1 6.1 5.3
West Virginia....... 7.9 7.3 6.3 6.8 6.7 6.0 5.9 7.9 6.5 6.6
Wisconsin........... 6.6 6.5 5.9 6.1 6.1 5.2 4.8 6.8 5.9 5.6
Wyoming............. 10.1 8.9 8.4 9.2 9.2 7.8 8.3 9.1 8.5 8.0
Puerto Rico......... 6.4 7.0 6.5 6.2 6.7 5.5 4.9 6.1 5.2 6.1
Virgin Islands...... 8.0 6.9 8.8 7.9 6.0 9.5 10.3 12.6 4.9 4.3
NOTE: Totals for the United States do not include data for Puerto Rico or the Virgin Islands.
Table 8. Private sector establishment births and deaths, seasonally adjusted
Total private
(Levels in thousands)
Number of Establishments Employment
Births Deaths(1) Births Deaths
Year 3 months ended Level Rate(2) Level Rate Level Rate Level Rate
2012 March 236 3.3 188 2.6 787 0.7 614 0.6
June 217 3.0 194 2.7 799 0.7 673 0.6
September 210 2.9 196 2.7 804 0.7 692 0.6
December 218 3.0 183 2.5 809 0.7 673 0.6
2013 March 205 2.8 193 2.6 748 0.7 648 0.6
June 222 3.0 215 2.9 789 0.7 695 0.6
September 219 2.9 195 2.6 818 0.7 678 0.6
December 215 2.9 187 2.5 803 0.7 670 0.6
2014 March 220 2.9 190 2.5 784 0.7 635 0.6
June 221 2.9 204 2.7 806 0.7 711 0.6
September 225 3.0 199 2.6 825 0.7 703 0.6
December 224 2.9 198 2.6 836 0.7 705 0.6
2015 March 233 3.0 207 2.7 818 0.7 696 0.6
June 234 3.1 211 2.8 838 0.7 728 0.6
September 243 3.2 207 2.7 881 0.7 699 0.6
December 247 3.2 209 2.7 892 0.7 733 0.6
2016 March 236 3.0 204 2.6 789 0.7 671 0.6
June 241 3.1 213 2.7 838 0.7 719 0.6
September 238 3.0 214 2.7 872 0.7 745 0.6
December 238 3.0 217 2.8 865 0.7 729 0.6
2017 March 242 3.0 203 2.6 806 0.7 668 0.5
June 240 3.0 223 2.8 848 0.7 752 0.6
September 244 3.1 225 2.8 851 0.7 760 0.6
December 246 3.1 216 2.7 849 0.7 731 0.6
2018 March 248 3.1 214 2.7 813 0.7 667 0.5
June 264 3.3 229 2.8 879 0.7 767 0.6
September 250 3.1 231 2.8 864 0.7 785 0.6
December 249 3.1 223 2.7 857 0.7 760 0.6
2019 March 260 3.2 219 2.7 809 0.6 695 0.6
June 257 3.1 241 2.9 849 0.7 803 0.6
September 250 3.0 232 2.8 847 0.7 769 0.6
December 269 3.2 235 2.8 905 0.7 789 0.6
2020 March 278 3.3 239 2.9 807 0.6 731 0.6
June 228 2.8 326 4.0 661 0.6 1,151 1.0
September 277 3.4 235 2.9 822 0.7 693 0.6
December 287 3.5 218 2.6 916 0.8 689 0.6
2021 March 308 3.6 210 2.5 832 0.7 602 0.5
June 352 4.1 225 2.6 981 0.8 663 0.5
September 359 4.1 245 2.8 1,028 0.8 734 0.6
December 379 4.3 254 2.9 1,119 0.9 778 0.6
2022 March 347 3.9 253 2.8 960 0.8 743 0.6
June 359 4.0 N/A N/A 1,050 0.8 N/A N/A
September 346 3.8 N/A N/A 1,032 0.8 N/A N/A
December 341 3.8 N/A N/A 1,049 0.8 N/A N/A
(1) Values for deaths are not available for the most recent three quarters by definition. See the
Technical Note for more informations.
(2) The rates measure births and deaths as a percentage of the average of the previous and current
quarter employment levels or total number of establishments.
United States Department of Labor
