For release 10:00 a.m. (ET) Wednesday, July 29, 2026 USDL-26-1268
Technical information: (202) 691-6553 * BDMInfo@bls.gov * www.bls.gov/bdm
Media contact: (202) 691-5902 * PressOffice@bls.gov
BUSINESS EMPLOYMENT DYNAMICS – FOURTH QUARTER 2025
From September 2025 to December 2025, gross job gains from expanding and opening private-sector
establishments were 7.8 million, an increase of 363,000 jobs from the previous quarter, the U.S.
Bureau of Labor Statistics reported today. Over this period, gross job losses from contracting and
closing private-sector establishments were 7.2 million, a decrease of 389,000 jobs from the
previous quarter. (See tables A and 1.)
The change in the number of jobs over time is the net result of increases and decreases in employment
that occur at all private businesses in the economy. Business Employment Dynamics (BED) statistics track
these changes in employment at private-sector establishments from the third month of one quarter to the
third month of the next. The difference between the number of gross job gains and the number of gross
job losses is the net change in employment. (See Technical Note.) The BED data series include gross job
gains and gross job losses by industry subsector for the 50 states, the District of Columbia, Puerto Rico,
and the Virgin Islands, as well as gross job gains and gross job losses at the firm level by employer size
class.
Gross Job Gains
In the fourth quarter of 2025, gross job gains represented 5.9 percent of private-sector employment.
Gross job gains are the sum of increases in employment due to expansions at existing establishments and
the addition of new jobs at opening establishments. Expanding establishments gained 6.2 million jobs
in the fourth quarter of 2025, and opening establishments gained 1.6 million jobs.
(See tables A, 1, 2, and 3.)
Gross Job Losses
In the fourth quarter of 2025, gross job losses represented 5.5 percent of private-sector employment. Gross
job losses are the result of contractions in employment at existing establishments and the loss of jobs at
closing establishments. Contracting establishments lost 5.8 million jobs in the fourth quarter of 2025,
and closing establishments lost 1.4 million jobs. (See tables A, 1, 2, and 3.)
Establishment Births and Deaths
In the fourth quarter of 2025, there were 338,000 establishment births which accounted for 1,006,000
jobs. Data for establishment deaths are available through the first quarter of 2025, when 809,000 jobs
were lost at 284,000 establishments. (See Technical Note and table 8.)
Firm Size
In the fourth quarter of 2025, firms with 1 to 49 employees had a net employment increase of 194,000.
Firms with 50 to 249 employees experienced a net employment gain of 138,000. Firms with 250 or more
employees added 126,000 net jobs. (See tables 4 and 5.)
States
Gross job gains surpassed gross job losses in 42 states, the District of Columbia, and the Virgin
Islands in the fourth quarter of 2025. (See tables 6 and 7.)
Industries
Gross job gains exceeded gross job losses in 10 out of 13 industry sectors in the fourth quarter of
2025. The service-providing industries experienced a net job gain of 588,000. The goods-producing
industries had a net job increase of 5,000. (See table 3.)
Table A. Three-month private-sector gross job gains and losses, seasonally adjusted
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
| 3 months ended
Category | Dec. | Mar. | June | Sept. | Dec.
| 2024 | 2025 | 2025 | 2025 | 2025
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
| Levels (in thousands)
|--------------------------------------------------
Gross job gains......................... | 7,802 | 7,448 | 7,585 | 7,475 | 7,838
At expanding establishments...... | 6,142 | 5,859 | 6,058 | 5,878 | 6,197
At opening establishments........ | 1,660 | 1,589 | 1,527 | 1,597 | 1,641
| | | | |
Gross job losses........................ | 7,496 | 7,238 | 7,906 | 7,634 | 7,245
At contracting establishments.... | 5,964 | 5,850 | 6,336 | 6,142 | 5,812
At closing establishments........ | 1,532 | 1,388 | 1,570 | 1,492 | 1,433
| | | | |
Net employment change (1)............... | 306 | 210 | -321 | -159 | 593
| | | | |
|--------------------------------------------------
| Rates (percent)
|--------------------------------------------------
Gross job gains......................... | 5.9 | 5.6 | 5.7 | 5.6 | 5.9
At expanding establishments...... | 4.6 | 4.4 | 4.6 | 4.4 | 4.7
At opening establishments........ | 1.3 | 1.2 | 1.1 | 1.2 | 1.2
| | | | |
Gross job losses........................ | 5.7 | 5.4 | 6.0 | 5.7 | 5.5
At contracting establishments.... | 4.5 | 4.4 | 4.8 | 4.6 | 4.4
At closing establishments........ | 1.2 | 1.0 | 1.2 | 1.1 | 1.1
| | | | |
Net employment change (1)............... | 0.2 | 0.2 | -0.3 | -0.1 | 0.4
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
(1) The net employment change is the difference between total gross job gains and total gross
job losses. See the Technical Note for further information.
For More Information
Additional information on gross job gains and gross job losses is available online at www.bls.gov/bdm.
This information includes data for the levels and rates of gross job gains and gross job losses by firm
size, not seasonally adjusted data and seasonally adjusted time series not presented in this release,
charts of gross job gains and gross job losses by industry and firm size, and answers to frequently asked
questions. Additional information about the Business Employment Dynamics data can be found
in the Technical Note of this release or can be obtained by emailing BDMinfo@bls.gov.
_____________
The Business Employment Dynamics news release for First Quarter 2026 is scheduled to be published on
Wednesday, October 28, 2026, at 10:00 a.m. (ET).
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| Revisions to Business Employment Dynamics (BED) Data |
| |
| The release of First Quarter 2026 Business Employment Dynamics data, scheduled for October 28, |
| 2026, will incorporate annual revisions in accordance with standard procedures. The revisions |
| will include the previous four quarters of not seasonally adjusted data and five years of |
| seasonally adjusted data. Charts in the PDF version of the press release will be modified to |
| show the most recent five years of seasonally adjusted data. |
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Technical Note
The Business Employment Dynamics (BED) data are a product of a federal-state cooperative
program known as the Quarterly Census of Employment and Wages (QCEW). The BED data are
compiled by the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) from existing QCEW records. Most
employers in the U.S. are required to file quarterly reports on the employment and wages of
workers covered by unemployment insurance (UI) laws and to pay quarterly UI taxes. The QCEW
is based largely on quarterly UI reports which are sent by businesses to the State Workforce
Agencies (SWAs). These UI reports are supplemented by two additional BLS data collections to
render administrative data into economic statistics. Together these data comprise the QCEW and
form the basis of the Bureau’s establishment universe sampling frame.
These reports are used to produce the quarterly QCEW data on total employment and wages and
the longitudinal BED data on gross job gains and losses. The QCEW is also the employment
benchmark for the Current Employment Statistics (CES), Occupational Employment Statistics
(OES), and Job Openings and Labor Turnover Survey (JOLTS) programs and is a major input to
the Bureau of Economic Analysis’s Personal Income Accounts.
In the BED program, the quarterly QCEW records are linked across quarters to provide a
longitudinal history for each establishment. The linkage process allows the tracking of net
employment changes at the establishment level, which in turn allows the estimation of jobs gained
at opening and expanding units and jobs lost at closing and contracting units.
Differences between QCEW, BED, and CES employment measures
The Bureau publishes three different establishment-based employment measures for any given
quarter. Each of these measures—Quarterly Census of Employment and Wages, Business
Employment Dynamics, and Current Employment Statistics—makes use of the
quarterly UI employment reports in producing data; however, each measure has a somewhat
different universe coverage, estimation procedure, and publication product.
Differences in coverage and estimation methods can result in somewhat different measures of
employment change over time. It is important to understand program differences and the intended
uses of the program products. (See table.) Additional information on each program can be obtained
from the program websites shown in the table.
Coverage
Employment and wage data for workers covered by state UI and Unemployment Compensation for
Federal Employees (UCFE) laws are compiled from quarterly contribution reports submitted to the
SWAs by employers. In addition to the quarterly contribution reports, employers who operate
multiple establishments within a state complete a questionnaire, called the “Multiple Worksite
Report,” which provides detailed information on the location of their establishments. These reports
are based on place of employment rather than place of residence. UI and UCFE coverage is broad
and basically comparable from state to state.
Major exclusions from UI coverage are self-employed workers, religious organizations, most
agricultural workers on small farms, all members of the Armed Forces, elected officials in most
states, most employees of railroads, some domestic workers, most student workers at schools, and
employees of certain small nonprofit organizations.
Gross job gains and gross job losses in this release are derived from longitudinal histories of 9.5
million private-sector employer reports out of 12.2 million total reports of employment and wages
submitted by states to BLS in the first quarter of 2025. Gross job gains and gross job losses data in
this release do not report estimates for government employees or private households (NAICS
814110) and do not include establishments with zero employment in both previous and current
quarters. Data from Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands are also excluded from the national data.
The table below shows, in millions of establishments, the number of establishments excluded from
the national gross job gains and gross job losses data in the first quarter of 2025.
Number of active establishments included in
Business Employment Dynamics data at the national level
Millions
Total establishments QCEW program....................................................12.2
Excluded: Public sector............................................................ 0.3
Private households......................................................... 0.2
Zero employment............................................................ 2.2
Total establishments included in Business
Employment Dynamics data............................................................. 9.5
Summary of Major Differences between QCEW, BED, and CES Employment Measures
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
| QCEW | BED | CES
-----------|---------------------|----------------------|------------------------
Source |--Count of UI admini-|--Count of longitudi- |--Sample survey:
| strative records | nally-linked UI ad- | 631,000 establish-
| submitted by 12.2 | ministrative records| ments
| million establish- | submitted by 9.5 |
| ments in first qu- | million private-sec-|
| arter of 2025 | tor establishments |
-----------|---------------------|----------------------|------------------------
Coverage |--UI and UCFE cover- |--UI coverage, exclud-|Nonfarm wage and salary
| age, including all | ing government, pri-| jobs:
| employers subject | vate households, and|--UI coverage, exclud-
| to state and feder-| establishments with | ing agriculture, pri-
| ral UI Laws | zero employment | vate households, and
| | | self-employed workers
| | |--Other employment,
| | | including railroads,
| | | religious organiza-
| | | tions, and other non-
| | | UI-covered jobs
| | |
-----------|---------------------|----------------------|------------------------
Publication|--Quarterly |--Quarterly |--Monthly
frequency | -6 months after the| -7 months after the | -Usually the 3rd Fri-
| end of each quar- | end of each quarter| day after the end of
| ter | | the week including
| | | the 12th of the month
-----------|---------------------|----------------------|------------------------
Use of UI |--Directly summarizes|--Links each new UI |--Uses UI file as a sam-
file | and publishes each | quarter to longitu- | pling frame and to ann-
| new quarter of UI | dinal database and | ually realign sample-
| data | directly summarizes | based estimates to pop-
| | gross job gains and | ulation counts (bench-
| | losses | marking)
-----------|---------------------|----------------------|------------------------
Principal |--Provides a quarter-|--Provides quarterly |--Provides current month-
products | ly and annual uni- | employer dynamics | ly estimates of employ-
| verse count of es- | data on establish- | ment, hours, and earn-
| tablishments, em- | ment openings, clos-| ings at the MSA, state,
| ployment, and wages| ings, expansions, | and national levels by
| at the county, met-| and contractions at | industry
| ropolitan statisti-| the national level |
| cal area (MSA), st-| by NAICS super- |
| ate, and national | sectors, 3-digit |
| levels by detailed | NAICS, and by size |
| industry | of firm, and at the |
| | state private-sector|
| | total level |
| |--Future expansions |
| | will include |
| | data with greater |
| | industry detail and |
| | data at the county |
| | and MSA levels |
-----------|---------------------|----------------------|------------------------
Principal |--Major uses include:|--Major uses include: |--Major uses include:
uses | -Detailed locality | -Business cycle | -Principal federal
| data | analysis | economic indicator
| -Periodic universe | -Analysis of employ-| -Official time series
| counts for bench- | er dynamics under- | for employment change
| marking sample | lying economic ex- | measures
| survey estimates | pansions and con- | -Input into other ma-
| -Sample frame for | tractions | jor economic indi-
| BLS establishment | -Analysis of employ-| cators
| surveys | ment expansion and |
| | contraction by size|
| | of firm |
-----------|---------------------|----------------------|------------------------
Program |--www.bls.gov/cew |--www.bls.gov/bdm |--www.bls.gov/ces
web sites | | |
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Unit of analysis
Establishments are used in the tabulation of the BED statistics by industry, and firms are used in the
tabulation of the BED size class statistics. An establishment is defined as an economic unit that
produces goods or services, usually at a single physical location, and engages in one or
predominantly one activity. A firm is a legal business, either corporate or otherwise, and may
consist of several establishments. Firm-level data are compiled based on an aggregation of
establishments under common ownership by a corporate parent using employer tax identification
numbers. The firm level aggregation, which is consistent with the role of corporations as the
economic decision makers, is used for the measurement of BED data elements by size class.
Because of the difference in the unit of analysis, total gross job gains and gross job losses by size
class are lower than total gross job gains and gross job losses by industry, as some establishment
gains and losses within a firm are offset during the aggregation process. However, the total net
changes in employment are the same for not seasonally adjusted data and are similar for seasonally
adjusted data.
Concepts and methodology
The Business Employment Dynamics data measure the net change in employment at the
establishment or firm level. These changes come about in one of four ways. A net increase in
employment can come from either opening units or expanding units. A net decrease in
employment can come from either closing units or contracting units. Gross job gains include the
sum of all jobs added at either opening or expanding units. Gross job losses include the sum of all
jobs lost in either closing or contracting units. The net change in employment is the difference
between gross job gains and gross job losses.
The formal definitions of employment changes are as follows:
Openings. These are either units with positive third month employment for the first time in the
current quarter, with no links to the prior quarter, or with positive third month employment in the
current quarter following zero employment in the previous quarter.
Expansions. These are units with positive employment in the third month in both the previous and
current quarters, with a net increase in employment over this period.
Closings. These are units with positive third month employment in the previous quarter and either
not reported, or reported with zero employment, in the current quarter.
Contractions. These are units with positive employment in the third month in both the previous and
current quarters, with a net decrease in employment over this period.
Births. These are units with positive third month employment for the first time in the current
quarter with no links to the prior quarter, or units with positive third month employment in the
current quarter and zero employment in the third month of the previous four quarters. Births are a
subset of openings not including re-openings of seasonal businesses.
Deaths. These are units with no employment or zero employment reported in the third month of
four consecutive quarters following the last quarter with positive employment. Deaths are a subset
of closings not including temporary shutdowns of seasonal businesses. A unit that closes during the
quarter may be a death, but we wait three quarters to determine whether it is a permanent closing
or a temporary shutdown. Therefore, there is always a lag of three quarters for the publication of
death statistics.
All employment changes are measured from the third month of the previous quarter to the third
month of the current quarter. Not all establishments and firms change their employment levels.
Units with no change in employment count towards estimates of total employment, but not for
levels of gross job gains and gross job losses.
Gross job gains and gross job losses are expressed as rates by dividing their levels by the average
of employment in the current and previous quarters. This provides a symmetric growth rate. The
rates are calculated for the components of gross job gains and gross job losses and then summed to
form their respective totals. These rates can be added and subtracted just as their levels can. For
instance, the difference between the gross job gains rate and the gross job losses rate is the net
growth rate.
Establishment Births and Deaths
For the purpose of BED statistics, births are defined as establishments that appear in the
longitudinal database for the first time with positive employment in the third month of a quarter, or
showed four consecutive quarters of zero employment in the third month followed by a quarter in
which it shows positive employment in the third month. Similarly, deaths are defined as
establishments that either drop out of the longitudinal database or establishments that had
positive employment in the third month of a given quarter followed by four consecutive quarters of
showing zero employment in the third month. Although the data for establishment births and
deaths are tabulated independently from the data for openings and closings, the concepts are not
mutually exclusive. An establishment that is defined as a birth in a given quarter is necessarily an
opening as well, and an establishment defined as a death in a quarter must also be a closing. Since
openings include seasonal and other re-openings, and closings include temporary shutdowns, the
not seasonally adjusted values for births and deaths must be less than those for openings and
closings. However, because some BED series do not have many re-openings or temporary
shutdowns, as well as the fact that births and deaths are independently seasonally adjusted from
openings and closings, there may be instances in which the seasonally adjusted value of the former
is greater than the latter.
Linkage methodology
Prior to the measurement of gross job gains and gross job losses, QCEW records are linked across
two quarters. The linkage process matches establishments' unique SWA identification numbers
(SWA-ID). Between 95 and 97 percent of establishments identified as continuous from quarter to
quarter are matched by SWA-ID. The rest are linked in one of three ways. The first method uses
predecessor and successor information, identified by the states, which relates records with different
SWA-IDs across quarters. Predecessor and successor relations can come about for a variety of
reasons, including a change in ownership, a firm restructuring, or a UI account restructuring. If a
match cannot be attained in this manner, a probability-based match is used. This match attempts to
identify two establishments with different SWA-IDs as continuous. The match is based upon
comparisons such as the same name, address, and phone number. Third, an analyst examines
unmatched records individually and makes a possible match.
In order to ensure the highest possible quality of data, SWAs verify with employers and update, if
necessary, the industry, location, and ownership classification of all establishments on a 3-year
cycle. Changes in establishment classification codes resulting from the verification process are
introduced with the data reported for the first quarter of the year. Changes resulting from improved
employer reporting also are introduced in the first quarter.
Sizing methodology
The method of dynamic sizing is used in calculations for the BED size class data series. Dynamic
sizing allocates each firm’s employment gain or loss during a quarter to each respective size class
in which the change occurred. For example, if a firm grew from 2 employees in quarter 1 to 38
employees in quarter 2, then, of the 36-employee increase, 2 would be allocated to the first size
class, 5 to the size class 5 to 9, 10 to size class 10 to 19, and 19 to size class 20 to 49.
Dynamic sizing provides symmetrical firm-size estimates and eliminates any systematic effects
which may be caused by the transitory and reverting changes in firms’ sizes over time.
Additionally, it allocates each job gain or loss to the actual size class where it occurred.
Annual Data
The annual gross job gains and gross job losses measure the net change in employment at the
establishment level from the third month of a quarter in the previous year to the third month of the
same quarter in the current year. The BLS publishes annual BED data based on March-to-March
changes once a year with the release of the first quarter BED data. The annual data based on over-
the-year changes for other quarters of the year are available upon request. The definitions and
methodology in measuring annual gross job gains and gross job losses are similar to the quarterly
measures. The linkage method considers all predecessor and successor relations that may come
about due to changes in ownership and corporate restructuring over the entire year. At the
establishment level, some of the quarterly job gains and job losses are offset during the estimation
over the year. Therefore, the sum of four quarters of gross job gains and gross job losses are not
equal to annual gross job gains and gross job losses. The net change in employment over the year,
however, is equal to the sum of four quarterly net changes on a not seasonally adjusted basis.
Seasonal adjustment
Over the course of a year, the levels of employment and the associated job flows undergo sharp
fluctuations due to such seasonal events as changes in the weather, reduced or expanded
production, harvests, major holidays, and the opening and closing of schools. The effect of such
seasonal variation can be very large.
Because these seasonal events follow a more or less regular pattern each year, their influence can
be eliminated by adjusting these statistics from quarter to quarter. These adjustments make
nonseasonal developments, such as declines in economic activity, easier to recognize. For
example, the large number of youths taking summer jobs is likely to obscure other changes that
have taken place in June relative to March, making it difficult to determine if the level of economic
activity has risen or declined. However, because the effect of students finishing school in previous
years is known, the statistics for the current year can be adjusted to allow for a comparable change.
The adjusted figures provide a more useful tool with which to analyze changes in economic
activity.
The employment data series for opening, expanding, closing, and contracting units are
independently seasonally adjusted; net changes are calculated based on the difference between
gross job gains and gross job losses. Similarly, for industry data, the establishment counts data
series for opening, expanding, closing, and contracting establishments are independently adjusted,
and the net changes are calculated based on the difference between the number of opening and
closing establishments. Additionally, establishment and employment levels are independently
seasonally adjusted to calculate the seasonally adjusted rates. Concurrent seasonal adjustment is
run using X-13 ARIMA-SEATS. Seasonally adjusted data series for total private are the sum of
seasonally adjusted data of all sectors including the unclassified sector, which is not separately
published.
The net over-the-quarter change derived by summing the BED component series will differ from
the net employment change estimated from the seasonally adjusted total private employment series
from the CES program. The intended use of BED statistics is to show the dynamic labor market
changes that underlie the net employment change statistic. As such, data users interested
particularly in the net employment change and not in the gross job flows underlying this change
should refer to CES data for over-the-quarter net employment changes.
Reliability of the data
Since the data series on Business Employment Dynamics are based on administrative rather than
sample data, there are no issues related to sampling error. Nonsampling error, however, still exists.
Nonsampling errors can occur for many reasons, such as the employer submitting corrected
employment data after the end of the quarter or typographical errors made by businesses when
providing information. Such errors, however, are likely to be distributed randomly throughout the
dataset.
Changes in administrative data sometimes create complications for the linkage process. This can
result in overstating openings and closings while understating expansions and contractions. The
BLS continues to refine methods for improving the linkage process to alleviate the effects of these
complications.
The BED data series are subject to periodic minor changes based on corrections in QCEW records,
updates on predecessors and successors information, and seasonal adjustment revisions.
Annual revisions are published each year with the release of the first quarter data. These revisions
cover the last four quarters of not seasonally adjusted data and 5 years of seasonally adjusted data.
Additional statistics and other information
Several other programs within BLS produce closely related information. The QCEW program
provides both quarterly and annual estimates of employment by state, county, and detailed
industry. News releases on quarterly county employment and wages and the annual bulletin also
are available upon request from the Division of Administrative Statistics and Labor Turnover
(Quarterly Census of Employment and Wages), phone number: (202) 691-6567; (www.bls.gov/cew/);
(e-mail: QCEWInfo@bls.gov).
The Current Employment Statistics program produces monthly estimates of employment, its
net change, hours, and earnings by detailed industry. These estimates are part of the Employment
Situation report put out monthly by BLS.
The Job Openings and Labor Turnover Survey program provides monthly measures of
job openings, as well as employee hires and separations.
If you are deaf, hard of hearing, or have a speech disability, please dial 7-1-1 to access
telecommunications relay services.
Table 1. Private sector gross job gains and job losses, seasonally adjusted
Total private
(In thousands)
Gross job gains Gross job losses
Year 3 months ended Net change(1) Total Expanding Opening Total Contracting Closing
establishments establishments establishments establishments
2015 March 216 7,046 5,733 1,313 6,830 5,626 1,204
June 849 7,580 6,235 1,345 6,731 5,540 1,191
September 475 7,344 5,983 1,361 6,869 5,657 1,212
December 944 7,817 6,360 1,457 6,873 5,607 1,266
2016 March 249 7,163 5,875 1,288 6,914 5,706 1,208
June 318 7,443 6,070 1,373 7,125 5,820 1,305
September 748 7,710 6,250 1,460 6,962 5,718 1,244
December 308 7,413 6,007 1,406 7,105 5,806 1,299
2017 March 651 7,434 6,090 1,344 6,783 5,599 1,184
June 526 7,639 6,265 1,374 7,113 5,844 1,269
September -39 7,321 5,975 1,346 7,360 6,065 1,295
December 883 7,772 6,344 1,428 6,889 5,593 1,296
2018 March 683 7,494 6,135 1,359 6,811 5,616 1,195
June 498 7,688 6,286 1,402 7,190 5,907 1,283
September 86 7,485 6,113 1,372 7,399 6,083 1,316
December 723 7,719 6,283 1,436 6,996 5,665 1,331
2019 March 472 7,453 6,088 1,365 6,981 5,727 1,254
June 259 7,654 6,267 1,387 7,395 6,039 1,356
September 72 7,385 6,011 1,374 7,313 6,049 1,264
December 762 7,838 6,350 1,488 7,076 5,748 1,328
2020 March -861 7,034 5,713 1,321 7,895 6,415 1,480
June -14,479 5,731 4,439 1,292 20,210 17,291 2,919
September 4,023 10,853 8,805 2,048 6,830 5,462 1,368
December 2,022 8,785 7,098 1,687 6,763 5,413 1,350
2021 March 1,772 8,328 6,784 1,544 6,556 5,405 1,151
June 998 8,204 6,650 1,554 7,206 5,948 1,258
September 1,487 8,868 7,184 1,684 7,381 5,932 1,449
December 2,885 9,563 7,706 1,857 6,678 5,340 1,338
2022 March 1,561 8,558 6,977 1,581 6,997 5,576 1,421
June 389 8,341 6,616 1,725 7,952 6,433 1,519
September 1,362 8,845 7,184 1,661 7,483 5,984 1,499
December 488 8,107 6,448 1,659 7,619 6,104 1,515
2023 March 1,026 8,182 6,612 1,570 7,156 5,720 1,436
June 358 8,132 6,524 1,608 7,774 6,308 1,466
September -54 7,699 6,113 1,586 7,753 6,231 1,522
December 393 7,884 6,247 1,637 7,491 5,990 1,501
2024 March 565 7,748 6,217 1,531 7,183 5,775 1,408
June -77 7,639 6,078 1,561 7,716 6,183 1,533
September 58 7,665 6,101 1,564 7,607 6,065 1,542
December 306 7,802 6,142 1,660 7,496 5,964 1,532
2025 March 210 7,448 5,859 1,589 7,238 5,850 1,388
June -321 7,585 6,058 1,527 7,906 6,336 1,570
September -159 7,475 5,878 1,597 7,634 6,142 1,492
December 593 7,838 6,197 1,641 7,245 5,812 1,433
(1) Net change is the difference between total gross job gains and total gross job losses.
Table 2. Private sector gross job gains and losses, as a percent of employment(1), seasonally adjusted
Total private
(Percent)
Gross job gains Gross job losses
Year 3 months ended Net change(2) Total Expanding Opening Total Contracting Closing
establishments establishments establishments establishments
2015 March 0.2 6.0 4.9 1.1 5.8 4.8 1.0
June 0.7 6.4 5.3 1.1 5.7 4.7 1.0
September 0.5 6.3 5.1 1.2 5.8 4.8 1.0
December 0.7 6.5 5.3 1.2 5.8 4.7 1.1
2016 March 0.2 6.0 4.9 1.1 5.8 4.8 1.0
June 0.2 6.2 5.1 1.1 6.0 4.9 1.1
September 0.6 6.4 5.2 1.2 5.8 4.8 1.0
December 0.3 6.2 5.0 1.2 5.9 4.8 1.1
2017 March 0.5 6.1 5.0 1.1 5.6 4.6 1.0
June 0.4 6.2 5.1 1.1 5.8 4.8 1.0
September -0.1 6.0 4.9 1.1 6.1 5.0 1.1
December 0.7 6.4 5.2 1.2 5.7 4.6 1.1
2018 March 0.6 6.1 5.0 1.1 5.5 4.5 1.0
June 0.4 6.2 5.1 1.1 5.8 4.8 1.0
September 0.0 6.0 4.9 1.1 6.0 4.9 1.1
December 0.6 6.2 5.0 1.2 5.6 4.5 1.1
2019 March 0.3 5.9 4.8 1.1 5.6 4.6 1.0
June 0.2 6.1 5.0 1.1 5.9 4.8 1.1
September 0.1 5.9 4.8 1.1 5.8 4.8 1.0
December 0.7 6.2 5.0 1.2 5.5 4.5 1.0
2020 March -0.8 5.5 4.5 1.0 6.3 5.1 1.2
June -12.0 4.8 3.7 1.1 16.8 14.4 2.4
September 3.5 9.4 7.6 1.8 5.9 4.7 1.2
December 1.7 7.4 6.0 1.4 5.7 4.6 1.1
2021 March 1.5 7.0 5.7 1.3 5.5 4.5 1.0
June 0.9 6.8 5.5 1.3 5.9 4.9 1.0
September 1.3 7.3 5.9 1.4 6.0 4.8 1.2
December 2.3 7.7 6.2 1.5 5.4 4.3 1.1
2022 March 1.2 6.7 5.5 1.2 5.5 4.4 1.1
June 0.3 6.5 5.2 1.3 6.2 5.0 1.2
September 1.0 6.9 5.6 1.3 5.9 4.7 1.2
December 0.4 6.3 5.0 1.3 5.9 4.7 1.2
2023 March 0.8 6.3 5.1 1.2 5.5 4.4 1.1
June 0.3 6.2 5.0 1.2 5.9 4.8 1.1
September 0.0 5.9 4.7 1.2 5.9 4.7 1.2
December 0.3 6.0 4.8 1.2 5.7 4.6 1.1
2024 March 0.4 5.9 4.7 1.2 5.5 4.4 1.1
June -0.1 5.8 4.6 1.2 5.9 4.7 1.2
September 0.0 5.8 4.6 1.2 5.8 4.6 1.2
December 0.2 5.9 4.6 1.3 5.7 4.5 1.2
2025 March 0.2 5.6 4.4 1.2 5.4 4.4 1.0
June -0.3 5.7 4.6 1.1 6.0 4.8 1.2
September -0.1 5.6 4.4 1.2 5.7 4.6 1.1
December 0.4 5.9 4.7 1.2 5.5 4.4 1.1
(1) The rates measure gross job gains and job losses as a percentage of the average of the previous and current quarter
employment levels.
(2) Net change is the difference between total gross job gains and total gross job losses.
Table 3. Private sector gross job gains and losses by industry, seasonally adjusted
Gross job gains and job losses Gross job gains and job losses
(in thousands) as a percent of employment
Category 3 months ended 3 months ended
Dec. Mar. June Sept. Dec. Dec. Mar. June Sept. Dec.
2024 2025 2025 2025 2025 2024 2025 2025 2025 2025
Total private(1)
Gross job gains 7,802 7,448 7,585 7,475 7,838 5.9 5.6 5.7 5.6 5.9
At expanding establishments 6,142 5,859 6,058 5,878 6,197 4.6 4.4 4.6 4.4 4.7
At opening establishments 1,660 1,589 1,527 1,597 1,641 1.3 1.2 1.1 1.2 1.2
Gross job losses 7,496 7,238 7,906 7,634 7,245 5.7 5.4 6.0 5.7 5.5
At contracting establishments 5,964 5,850 6,336 6,142 5,812 4.5 4.4 4.8 4.6 4.4
At closing establishments 1,532 1,388 1,570 1,492 1,433 1.2 1.0 1.2 1.1 1.1
Net employment change 306 210 -321 -159 593 0.2 0.2 -0.3 -0.1 0.4
Goods-producing
Gross job gains 1,258 1,282 1,240 1,182 1,280 5.5 5.6 5.4 5.3 5.7
At expanding establishments 1,044 1,069 1,050 986 1,065 4.6 4.7 4.6 4.4 4.7
At opening establishments 214 213 190 196 215 0.9 0.9 0.8 0.9 1.0
Gross job losses 1,319 1,241 1,337 1,325 1,275 5.9 5.5 5.9 5.9 5.6
At contracting establishments 1,099 1,043 1,105 1,108 1,064 4.9 4.6 4.9 4.9 4.7
At closing establishments 220 198 232 217 211 1.0 0.9 1.0 1.0 0.9
Net employment change -61 41 -97 -143 5 -0.4 0.1 -0.5 -0.6 0.1
Natural resources and mining
Gross job gains 197 214 219 213 197 10.8 11.7 12.2 11.9 11.1
At expanding establishments 169 184 190 186 171 9.3 10.1 10.6 10.4 9.6
At opening establishments 28 30 29 27 26 1.5 1.6 1.6 1.5 1.5
Gross job losses 248 227 206 201 237 13.6 12.4 11.4 11.3 13.3
At contracting establishments 219 199 180 176 211 12.0 10.9 10.0 9.9 11.8
At closing establishments 29 28 26 25 26 1.6 1.5 1.4 1.4 1.5
Net employment change -51 -13 13 12 -40 -2.8 -0.7 0.8 0.6 -2.2
Construction
Gross job gains 678 699 646 623 684 8.3 8.4 7.8 7.6 8.3
At expanding establishments 539 560 527 498 543 6.6 6.7 6.4 6.1 6.6
At opening establishments 139 139 119 125 141 1.7 1.7 1.4 1.5 1.7
Gross job losses 633 608 687 678 643 7.8 7.4 8.3 8.3 7.8
At contracting establishments 497 486 544 539 509 6.1 5.9 6.6 6.6 6.2
At closing establishments 136 122 143 139 134 1.7 1.5 1.7 1.7 1.6
Net employment change 45 91 -41 -55 41 0.5 1.0 -0.5 -0.7 0.5
Manufacturing
Gross job gains 383 369 375 346 399 3.0 2.9 2.9 2.8 3.2
At expanding establishments 336 325 333 302 351 2.6 2.6 2.6 2.4 2.8
At opening establishments 47 44 42 44 48 0.4 0.3 0.3 0.4 0.4
Gross job losses 438 406 444 446 395 3.4 3.2 3.5 3.5 3.1
At contracting establishments 383 358 381 393 344 3.0 2.8 3.0 3.1 2.7
At closing establishments 55 48 63 53 51 0.4 0.4 0.5 0.4 0.4
Net employment change -55 -37 -69 -100 4 -0.4 -0.3 -0.6 -0.7 0.1
Service-providing(1)
Gross job gains 6,544 6,166 6,345 6,293 6,558 5.9 5.5 5.7 5.7 6.0
At expanding establishments 5,098 4,790 5,008 4,892 5,132 4.6 4.3 4.5 4.4 4.7
At opening establishments 1,446 1,376 1,337 1,401 1,426 1.3 1.2 1.2 1.3 1.3
Gross job losses 6,177 5,997 6,569 6,309 5,970 5.6 5.5 5.9 5.8 5.4
At contracting establishments 4,865 4,807 5,231 5,034 4,748 4.4 4.4 4.7 4.6 4.3
At closing establishments 1,312 1,190 1,338 1,275 1,222 1.2 1.1 1.2 1.2 1.1
Net employment change 367 169 -224 -16 588 0.3 0.0 -0.2 -0.1 0.6
Wholesale trade
Gross job gains 251 255 250 235 248 4.2 4.2 4.2 3.9 4.2
At expanding establishments 199 207 203 189 202 3.3 3.4 3.4 3.1 3.4
At opening establishments 52 48 47 46 46 0.9 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8
Gross job losses 264 254 275 257 247 4.4 4.2 4.5 4.3 4.1
At contracting establishments 206 200 213 205 193 3.4 3.3 3.5 3.4 3.2
At closing establishments 58 54 62 52 54 1.0 0.9 1.0 0.9 0.9
Net employment change -13 1 -25 -22 1 -0.2 0.0 -0.3 -0.4 0.1
Retail trade
Gross job gains 745 841 786 789 721 4.8 5.4 5.0 5.1 4.7
At expanding establishments 633 731 670 676 609 4.1 4.7 4.3 4.4 4.0
At opening establishments 112 110 116 113 112 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.7
Gross job losses 879 707 914 838 868 5.7 4.6 5.9 5.4 5.7
At contracting establishments 750 602 777 708 752 4.9 3.9 5.0 4.6 4.9
At closing establishments 129 105 137 130 116 0.8 0.7 0.9 0.8 0.8
Net employment change -134 134 -128 -49 -147 -0.9 0.8 -0.9 -0.3 -1.0
Transportation and warehousing
Gross job gains 477 342 313 349 514 7.3 5.1 4.8 5.3 7.6
At expanding establishments 425 220 269 292 464 6.5 3.3 4.1 4.4 6.9
At opening establishments 52 122 44 57 50 0.8 1.8 0.7 0.9 0.7
Gross job losses 281 428 380 330 304 4.3 6.5 5.8 5.0 4.5
At contracting establishments 228 384 333 281 254 3.5 5.8 5.1 4.3 3.8
At closing establishments 53 44 47 49 50 0.8 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.7
Net employment change 196 -86 -67 19 210 3.0 -1.4 -1.0 0.3 3.1
Utilities
Gross job gains 18 16 18 17 19 3.0 2.6 3.0 2.8 3.1
At expanding establishments 15 14 15 14 16 2.5 2.3 2.5 2.3 2.6
At opening establishments 3 2 3 3 3 0.5 0.3 0.5 0.5 0.5
Gross job losses 13 13 16 14 14 2.2 2.1 2.6 2.3 2.3
At contracting establishments 11 11 14 12 11 1.9 1.8 2.3 2.0 1.8
At closing establishments 2 2 2 2 3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.5
Net employment change 5 3 2 3 5 0.8 0.5 0.4 0.5 0.8
Information
Gross job gains 139 123 143 147 141 4.8 4.2 5.0 5.1 5.0
At expanding establishments 107 96 118 106 108 3.7 3.3 4.1 3.7 3.8
At opening establishments 32 27 25 41 33 1.1 0.9 0.9 1.4 1.2
Gross job losses 166 156 164 163 155 5.7 5.5 5.8 5.8 5.5
At contracting establishments 128 128 117 130 122 4.4 4.5 4.1 4.6 4.3
At closing establishments 38 28 47 33 33 1.3 1.0 1.7 1.2 1.2
Net employment change -27 -33 -21 -16 -14 -0.9 -1.3 -0.8 -0.7 -0.5
Financial activities
Gross job gains 391 371 403 369 404 4.5 4.2 4.7 4.2 4.7
At expanding establishments 282 289 310 280 294 3.2 3.3 3.6 3.2 3.4
At opening establishments 109 82 93 89 110 1.3 0.9 1.1 1.0 1.3
Gross job losses 392 367 402 389 374 4.5 4.2 4.6 4.5 4.3
At contracting establishments 287 269 296 294 278 3.3 3.1 3.4 3.4 3.2
At closing establishments 105 98 106 95 96 1.2 1.1 1.2 1.1 1.1
Net employment change -1 4 1 -20 30 0.0 0.0 0.1 -0.3 0.4
Professional and business services
Gross job gains 1,434 1,340 1,439 1,449 1,481 6.3 6.0 6.5 6.5 6.6
At expanding establishments 1,089 1,051 1,132 1,119 1,148 4.8 4.7 5.1 5.0 5.1
At opening establishments 345 289 307 330 333 1.5 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.5
Gross job losses 1,536 1,359 1,509 1,490 1,431 6.9 6.1 6.7 6.7 6.4
At contracting establishments 1,186 1,055 1,186 1,157 1,111 5.3 4.7 5.3 5.2 5.0
At closing establishments 350 304 323 333 320 1.6 1.4 1.4 1.5 1.4
Net employment change -102 -19 -70 -41 50 -0.6 -0.1 -0.2 -0.2 0.2
Education and health services
Gross job gains 1,247 1,169 1,219 1,208 1,200 4.9 4.5 4.6 4.6 4.5
At expanding establishments 966 933 973 974 933 3.8 3.6 3.7 3.7 3.5
At opening establishments 281 236 246 234 267 1.1 0.9 0.9 0.9 1.0
Gross job losses 1,044 983 1,156 1,044 1,001 4.1 3.8 4.5 4.0 3.8
At contracting establishments 797 771 907 815 768 3.1 3.0 3.5 3.1 2.9
At closing establishments 247 212 249 229 233 1.0 0.8 1.0 0.9 0.9
Net employment change 203 186 63 164 199 0.8 0.7 0.1 0.6 0.7
Leisure and hospitality
Gross job gains 1,476 1,302 1,364 1,305 1,447 8.8 7.7 8.1 7.8 8.6
At expanding establishments 1,141 1,000 1,063 1,002 1,122 6.8 5.9 6.3 6.0 6.7
At opening establishments 335 302 301 303 325 2.0 1.8 1.8 1.8 1.9
Gross job losses 1,262 1,400 1,401 1,440 1,259 7.5 8.3 8.4 8.7 7.5
At contracting establishments 1,027 1,148 1,137 1,181 1,033 6.1 6.8 6.8 7.1 6.2
At closing establishments 235 252 264 259 226 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.6 1.3
Net employment change 214 -98 -37 -135 188 1.3 -0.6 -0.3 -0.9 1.1
Other services
Gross job gains 308 302 313 293 296 6.9 6.8 7.0 6.5 6.6
At expanding establishments 231 232 240 224 223 5.2 5.2 5.4 5.0 5.0
At opening establishments 77 70 73 69 73 1.7 1.6 1.6 1.5 1.6
Gross job losses 311 300 318 312 284 7.0 6.7 7.1 7.0 6.3
At contracting establishments 237 229 241 241 216 5.3 5.1 5.4 5.4 4.8
At closing establishments 74 71 77 71 68 1.7 1.6 1.7 1.6 1.5
Net employment change -3 2 -5 -19 12 -0.1 0.1 -0.1 -0.5 0.3
(1) Includes unclassified sector, not shown separately.
Table 4. Private sector gross job gains and losses by firm size, seasonally adjusted
(In thousands)
Total private by firm(1) Firm size 1 - 49 employees Firm size 50 - 249 employees Firm size 250 or more employees
Year 3 months Net Gross job Net Gross job Net Gross job Net Gross job
ended change gains losses change gains losses change gains losses change gains losses
2015 March 226 5,677 5,451 168 3,098 2,930 75 1,025 950 -17 1,554 1,571
June 846 6,243 5,397 323 3,196 2,873 187 1,128 941 336 1,919 1,583
September 456 5,914 5,458 148 3,057 2,909 79 1,047 968 229 1,810 1,581
December 830 6,245 5,415 227 3,172 2,945 90 1,074 984 513 1,999 1,486
2016 March 254 5,754 5,500 191 3,114 2,923 59 1,022 963 4 1,618 1,614
June 331 6,048 5,717 74 3,123 3,049 114 1,101 987 143 1,824 1,681
September 752 6,266 5,514 192 3,160 2,968 102 1,089 987 458 2,017 1,559
December 245 5,886 5,641 71 3,065 2,994 37 1,026 989 137 1,795 1,658
2017 March 662 6,007 5,345 346 3,236 2,890 191 1,085 894 125 1,686 1,561
June 570 6,216 5,646 145 3,161 3,016 151 1,127 976 274 1,928 1,654
September -90 5,826 5,916 -100 2,999 3,099 -44 1,013 1,057 54 1,814 1,760
December 804 6,185 5,381 235 3,184 2,949 142 1,082 940 427 1,919 1,492
2018 March 729 6,072 5,343 297 3,210 2,913 164 1,071 907 268 1,791 1,523
June 515 6,214 5,699 134 3,194 3,060 162 1,135 973 219 1,885 1,666
September 24 5,967 5,943 -83 3,027 3,110 -34 1,025 1,059 141 1,915 1,774
December 663 6,087 5,424 198 3,171 2,973 138 1,076 938 327 1,840 1,513
2019 March 536 5,998 5,462 254 3,191 2,937 151 1,064 913 131 1,743 1,612
June 269 6,157 5,888 64 3,161 3,097 104 1,121 1,017 101 1,875 1,774
September 13 5,865 5,852 4 3,050 3,046 -30 1,017 1,047 39 1,798 1,759
December 660 6,206 5,546 195 3,180 2,985 94 1,065 971 371 1,961 1,590
2020 March -707 5,590 6,297 -382 3,023 3,405 -104 968 1,072 -221 1,599 1,820
June -15,021 4,510 19,531 -4,666 2,561 7,227 -2,793 581 3,374 -7,562 1,368 8,930
September 4,039 9,434 5,395 1,530 4,489 2,959 543 1,423 880 1,966 3,522 1,556
December 1,871 7,079 5,208 488 3,480 2,992 343 1,188 845 1,040 2,411 1,371
2021 March 1,792 6,871 5,079 960 3,636 2,676 221 1,101 880 611 2,134 1,523
June 1,030 6,656 5,626 744 3,529 2,785 218 1,143 925 68 1,984 1,916
September 1,439 7,152 5,713 410 3,532 3,122 257 1,197 940 772 2,423 1,651
December 2,756 7,660 4,904 896 3,761 2,865 465 1,304 839 1,395 2,595 1,200
2022 March 1,619 6,966 5,347 299 3,384 3,085 271 1,163 892 1,049 2,419 1,370
June 346 6,594 6,248 194 3,357 3,163 143 1,154 1,011 9 2,083 2,074
September 1,391 7,111 5,720 86 3,325 3,239 260 1,236 976 1,045 2,550 1,505
December 480 6,303 5,823 188 3,298 3,110 153 1,128 975 139 1,877 1,738
2023 March 1,124 6,618 5,494 348 3,393 3,045 291 1,198 907 485 2,027 1,542
June 320 6,455 6,135 36 3,257 3,221 140 1,169 1,029 144 2,029 1,885
September -111 6,035 6,146 -109 3,101 3,210 6 1,055 1,049 -8 1,879 1,887
December 350 6,142 5,792 245 3,272 3,027 113 1,104 991 -8 1,766 1,774
2024 March 644 6,188 5,544 123 3,180 3,057 120 1,094 974 401 1,914 1,513
June -125 5,981 6,106 -177 3,070 3,247 69 1,096 1,027 -17 1,815 1,832
September 38 6,057 6,019 -96 3,130 3,226 -31 1,033 1,064 165 1,894 1,729
December 250 6,079 5,829 140 3,195 3,055 118 1,097 979 -8 1,787 1,795
2025 March 333 5,923 5,590 88 3,113 3,025 -22 991 1,013 267 1,819 1,552
June -382 5,939 6,321 -180 3,045 3,225 33 1,090 1,057 -235 1,804 2,039
September -209 5,913 6,122 -138 3,029 3,167 -75 1,008 1,083 4 1,876 1,872
December 458 6,058 5,600 194 3,135 2,941 138 1,092 954 126 1,831 1,705
(1) Total gross job gains and gross job losses by firm are lower than total gross job gains and gross job losses by establishment, as some
establishment gains and losses within a firm are offset during the aggregation process.
NOTE: Net change is the difference between total gross job gains and total gross job losses. Net change totals for the firm-level data differ from
the establishment-level data due to independent seasonal adjustment. The unit of analysis section in the technical note provides additional detail.
See www.bls.gov/bdm/bdmfirmsize.htm for more detailed firm size class data.
Table 5. Components of private sector gross job gains and losses by firm size, seasonally adjusted
Gross job gains and job losses Gross job gains and job losses
(in thousands) as a percent of employment
Category 3 months ended 3 months ended
Dec. Mar. June Sept. Dec. Dec. Mar. June Sept. Dec.
2024 2025 2025 2025 2025 2024 2025 2025 2025 2025
Total private by firm(1)
Gross job gains 6,079 5,923 5,939 5,913 6,058 4.6 4.4 4.4 4.5 4.6
At expanding firms 4,970 4,927 4,986 4,885 4,984 3.8 3.7 3.7 3.7 3.8
At opening firms 1,109 996 953 1,028 1,074 0.8 0.7 0.7 0.8 0.8
Gross job losses 5,829 5,590 6,321 6,122 5,600 4.4 4.2 4.8 4.6 4.2
At contracting firms 4,851 4,649 5,309 5,162 4,689 3.7 3.5 4.0 3.9 3.5
At closing firms 978 941 1,012 960 911 0.7 0.7 0.8 0.7 0.7
Net employment change 250 333 -382 -209 458 0.2 0.2 -0.4 -0.1 0.4
Firm size 1 to 49 employees
Gross job gains 3,195 3,113 3,045 3,029 3,135 9.0 8.8 8.6 8.7 8.9
At expanding firms 2,158 2,152 2,138 2,060 2,108 6.1 6.1 6.0 5.9 6.0
At opening firms 1,037 961 907 969 1,027 2.9 2.7 2.6 2.8 2.9
Gross job losses 3,055 3,025 3,225 3,167 2,941 8.6 8.6 9.1 9.0 8.4
At contracting firms 2,125 2,113 2,255 2,247 2,067 6.0 6.0 6.4 6.4 5.9
At closing firms 930 912 970 920 874 2.6 2.6 2.7 2.6 2.5
Net employment change 140 88 -180 -138 194 0.4 0.2 -0.5 -0.3 0.5
Firm size 50 to 249 employees
Gross job gains 1,097 991 1,090 1,008 1,092 4.8 4.2 4.8 4.4 4.8
At expanding firms 1,060 960 1,050 970 1,053 4.6 4.1 4.6 4.2 4.6
At opening firms 37 31 40 38 39 0.2 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.2
Gross job losses 979 1,013 1,057 1,083 954 4.2 4.4 4.6 4.8 4.1
At contracting firms 945 986 1,021 1,048 922 4.1 4.3 4.4 4.6 4.0
At closing firms 34 27 36 35 32 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.1
Net employment change 118 -22 33 -75 138 0.6 -0.2 0.2 -0.4 0.7
Firm size 250 or more employees
Gross job gains 1,787 1,819 1,804 1,876 1,831 2.4 2.4 2.4 2.5 2.4
At expanding firms 1,752 1,815 1,798 1,855 1,823 2.4 2.4 2.4 2.5 2.4
At opening firms 35 4 6 21 8 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Gross job losses 1,795 1,552 2,039 1,872 1,705 2.4 2.1 2.7 2.5 2.3
At contracting firms 1,781 1,550 2,033 1,867 1,700 2.4 2.1 2.7 2.5 2.3
At closing firms 14 2 6 5 5 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Net employment change -8 267 -235 4 126 0.0 0.3 -0.3 0.0 0.1
(1) Total gross job gains and gross job losses by firm are lower than total gross job gains and gross job losses by
establishment, as some establishment gains and losses within a firm are offset during the aggregation process.
NOTE: Net change is the difference between total gross job gains and total gross job losses. Net change totals for
the firm-level data differ from the establishment-level data due to independent seasonal adjustment. The unit of
analysis section in the technical note provides additional detail. See www.bls.gov/bdm/bdmfirmsize.htm for more
detailed firm size class data.
Table 6. Private sector gross job gains and losses by state, seasonally adjusted
Gross job gains Gross job losses
State 3 months ended 3 months ended
Dec. Mar. June Sept. Dec. Dec. Mar. June Sept. Dec.
2024 2025 2025 2025 2025 2024 2025 2025 2025 2025
United States(1).... 7,802,000 7,448,000 7,585,000 7,475,000 7,838,000 7,496,000 7,238,000 7,906,000 7,634,000 7,245,000
Alabama............. 98,916 92,217 94,286 93,102 105,062 92,228 95,520 95,829 94,794 93,120
Alaska.............. 26,004 25,748 25,669 19,077 30,293 24,030 21,061 26,831 25,554 23,914
Arizona............. 169,532 163,781 147,357 161,622 160,261 164,857 151,984 178,260 154,202 152,309
Arkansas............ 64,055 56,374 55,899 58,645 66,161 52,715 56,305 61,370 58,386 55,956
California.......... 1,037,801 932,658 1,017,298 961,945 1,048,011 985,054 952,704 1,026,067 924,772 935,872
Colorado............ 150,476 152,515 156,569 158,104 151,319 158,090 162,902 170,250 158,487 155,471
Connecticut......... 80,108 82,000 84,618 78,267 81,169 81,008 76,626 84,499 86,020 80,578
Delaware............ 24,969 24,351 24,683 21,709 22,438 25,605 21,986 25,110 25,321 22,626
District of Columbia 26,158 24,816 29,227 23,161 26,640 28,243 30,225 30,372 30,293 25,773
Florida............. 525,857 510,563 497,568 520,491 519,408 544,968 480,933 509,088 528,715 498,999
Georgia............. 252,707 231,169 231,057 237,554 248,272 224,795 238,711 236,595 240,319 228,446
Hawaii.............. 27,275 25,339 25,197 26,510 26,090 25,923 26,079 27,078 24,980 24,274
Idaho............... 60,204 54,147 57,950 49,570 59,982 49,934 54,943 53,376 56,370 47,337
Illinois............ 266,402 262,450 276,218 244,806 278,325 267,989 261,424 274,601 262,060 277,132
Indiana............. 151,200 148,910 140,120 143,512 154,915 141,890 144,300 155,374 144,176 144,379
Iowa................ 73,268 75,001 73,435 62,023 81,954 73,301 71,372 76,285 77,197 70,010
Kansas.............. 69,865 66,217 64,878 68,196 68,157 62,140 64,219 74,984 68,987 62,900
Kentucky............ 89,383 88,175 84,012 89,334 89,043 92,668 81,258 90,592 94,098 84,843
Louisiana........... 101,158 91,400 90,043 95,240 96,274 88,252 91,443 102,204 96,227 95,441
Maine............... 37,679 40,436 39,621 33,705 37,135 38,602 34,390 40,995 38,086 37,985
Maryland............ 133,596 132,241 126,989 125,735 134,168 131,199 128,205 139,324 144,091 123,799
Massachusetts....... 170,570 158,717 174,708 166,426 169,611 174,947 164,107 183,284 186,564 174,549
Michigan............ 205,581 200,702 219,328 187,766 213,098 224,680 202,820 210,470 224,430 202,447
Minnesota........... 137,436 129,481 146,717 133,813 142,428 129,174 139,190 141,771 143,206 140,940
Mississippi......... 58,948 53,782 58,239 60,412 60,684 57,777 57,475 61,024 56,933 54,989
Missouri............ 142,578 132,889 137,718 139,784 152,488 131,868 131,147 151,600 144,804 136,139
Montana............. 35,562 34,215 32,645 30,082 35,942 32,993 32,323 35,948 33,545 31,534
Nebraska............ 48,182 44,853 45,767 46,993 48,047 46,354 45,662 46,638 49,776 44,866
Nevada.............. 84,468 74,494 84,177 95,623 88,011 78,017 81,055 86,086 71,414 76,254
New Hampshire....... 38,202 39,329 37,863 33,981 37,656 35,438 37,279 40,721 40,781 34,577
New Jersey.......... 221,965 208,276 215,139 196,150 212,322 200,880 201,117 203,480 212,804 194,752
New Mexico.......... 41,732 40,523 40,258 39,864 41,947 40,727 39,440 41,495 42,961 41,037
New York............ 463,032 547,829 494,678 489,252 464,179 455,330 415,859 584,210 482,473 468,850
North Carolina...... 255,168 227,385 234,654 225,364 251,507 232,265 230,646 229,071 239,026 212,979
North Dakota........ 22,979 23,803 22,520 21,835 24,570 23,431 23,167 23,754 23,400 22,853
Ohio................ 258,047 250,334 250,648 244,141 253,289 244,140 237,068 258,974 255,285 238,742
Oklahoma............ 81,013 74,761 75,218 80,382 83,371 74,449 72,113 84,979 86,420 70,488
Oregon.............. 105,056 99,652 108,846 96,242 99,479 111,040 105,767 111,030 112,398 100,214
Pennsylvania........ 278,325 265,984 261,792 266,124 276,274 256,763 253,024 281,003 276,261 251,356
Rhode Island........ 31,924 29,048 27,675 26,251 28,673 27,324 26,008 29,304 29,242 26,739
South Carolina...... 124,330 117,725 112,729 120,535 130,511 113,949 107,863 126,572 124,225 107,896
South Dakota........ 25,432 23,881 23,041 22,549 22,937 22,697 25,012 23,436 23,062 21,717
Tennessee........... 156,103 152,502 144,915 161,528 176,311 175,306 146,100 167,565 145,664 146,925
Texas............... 698,310 610,808 622,516 632,135 686,824 611,785 614,624 642,596 626,093 590,952
Utah................ 99,094 96,433 96,089 97,980 95,419 92,157 88,877 97,704 93,100 90,191
Vermont............. 17,096 17,691 17,580 16,739 17,567 17,198 17,366 19,045 19,658 17,872
Virginia............ 194,563 187,135 197,863 200,106 196,698 183,824 174,551 196,049 205,675 174,309
Washington.......... 174,320 172,479 181,397 156,351 168,354 170,900 165,224 164,924 168,029 157,310
West Virginia....... 36,358 36,060 31,484 32,615 32,720 33,990 31,822 35,829 33,816 33,626
Wisconsin........... 135,299 128,770 136,453 124,949 142,131 132,726 124,907 140,018 142,538 129,142
Wyoming............. 19,063 17,407 17,712 16,409 19,197 17,817 18,842 19,124 17,771 17,023
Puerto Rico......... 32,899 47,009 53,345 40,869 33,967 41,286 40,521 46,382 43,998 39,659
Virgin Islands...... 1,238 1,239 3,514 1,658 2,172 2,534 1,735 2,230 1,982 1,727
(1) The sum of the states will not necessarily add to the U.S. total because of the independent seasonal adjustment of each state.
NOTE: Totals for the United States do not include data for Puerto Rico or the Virgin Islands.
Table 7. Private sector gross job gains and losses, as a percent of total employment by state, seasonally adjusted
Gross job gains as a percent of employment Gross job losses as a percent of employment
State 3 months ended 3 months ended
Dec. Mar. June Sept. Dec. Dec. Mar. June Sept. Dec.
2024 2025 2025 2025 2025 2024 2025 2025 2025 2025
United States....... 5.9 5.6 5.7 5.6 5.9 5.7 5.4 6.0 5.7 5.5
Alabama............. 5.8 5.3 5.5 5.4 6.1 5.3 5.6 5.6 5.5 5.4
Alaska.............. 10.3 10.0 9.9 7.5 11.8 9.5 8.1 10.3 10.0 9.3
Arizona............. 6.1 5.8 5.3 5.8 5.7 5.9 5.3 6.3 5.5 5.4
Arkansas............ 5.8 5.1 5.1 5.3 6.0 4.8 5.1 5.5 5.3 5.0
California.......... 6.7 6.0 6.6 6.2 6.8 6.4 6.2 6.7 6.0 6.1
Colorado............ 6.2 6.2 6.4 6.5 6.2 6.5 6.8 7.1 6.5 6.4
Connecticut......... 5.5 5.6 5.8 5.3 5.5 5.5 5.3 5.8 5.9 5.5
Delaware............ 6.1 5.9 5.9 5.3 5.5 6.3 5.3 6.1 6.1 5.5
District of Columbia 5.0 4.8 5.7 4.6 5.2 5.5 5.8 5.9 5.9 5.0
Florida............. 6.0 5.8 5.7 5.9 5.9 6.2 5.5 5.8 6.0 5.7
Georgia............. 6.0 5.5 5.5 5.7 5.9 5.4 5.7 5.6 5.8 5.5
Hawaii.............. 5.3 4.9 4.8 5.1 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.2 4.8 4.7
Idaho............... 8.2 7.3 7.7 6.7 8.1 6.8 7.3 7.2 7.6 6.3
Illinois............ 5.1 5.0 5.2 4.7 5.3 5.1 5.0 5.2 5.0 5.3
Indiana............. 5.5 5.4 5.0 5.1 5.5 5.1 5.2 5.6 5.1 5.1
Iowa................ 5.6 5.8 5.6 4.8 6.3 5.6 5.5 5.8 5.9 5.4
Kansas.............. 5.9 5.5 5.4 5.8 5.7 5.2 5.4 6.3 5.8 5.3
Kentucky............ 5.3 5.2 5.0 5.3 5.2 5.5 4.8 5.4 5.6 5.0
Louisiana........... 6.2 5.6 5.5 5.9 6.0 5.5 5.6 6.3 6.0 5.9
Maine............... 7.0 7.4 7.2 6.2 6.8 7.1 6.3 7.4 7.0 7.0
Maryland............ 6.0 5.9 5.7 5.7 6.0 5.9 5.7 6.2 6.5 5.6
Massachusetts....... 5.3 5.0 5.5 5.3 5.4 5.5 5.1 5.8 5.9 5.6
Michigan............ 5.4 5.2 5.8 4.9 5.6 5.9 5.3 5.5 5.9 5.3
Minnesota........... 5.5 5.1 5.8 5.3 5.6 5.1 5.5 5.5 5.6 5.5
Mississippi......... 6.3 5.7 6.3 6.4 6.4 6.2 6.1 6.5 6.1 5.8
Missouri............ 5.7 5.4 5.5 5.6 6.1 5.3 5.2 6.1 5.9 5.5
Montana............. 8.4 8.0 7.7 7.0 8.4 7.8 7.5 8.3 7.9 7.4
Nebraska............ 5.6 5.2 5.4 5.5 5.7 5.5 5.3 5.5 5.8 5.2
Nevada.............. 6.1 5.4 6.2 6.9 6.2 5.6 5.9 6.3 5.2 5.4
New Hampshire....... 6.3 6.5 6.3 5.6 6.2 5.9 6.1 6.7 6.8 5.7
New Jersey.......... 6.0 5.6 5.8 5.3 5.7 5.5 5.4 5.5 5.8 5.3
New Mexico.......... 6.1 5.9 5.9 5.8 6.1 5.9 5.8 6.0 6.2 6.0
New York............ 5.7 6.6 5.9 5.9 5.6 5.5 5.0 7.0 5.8 5.6
North Carolina...... 6.1 5.4 5.6 5.4 6.0 5.5 5.5 5.4 5.7 5.1
North Dakota........ 6.5 6.7 6.4 6.2 6.9 6.6 6.5 6.7 6.6 6.4
Ohio................ 5.4 5.2 5.3 5.1 5.3 5.1 4.9 5.4 5.3 5.0
Oklahoma............ 6.0 5.5 5.5 6.0 6.2 5.5 5.3 6.2 6.4 5.1
Oregon.............. 6.2 5.8 6.4 5.7 6.0 6.6 6.2 6.5 6.7 6.0
Pennsylvania........ 5.2 5.0 4.9 5.0 5.1 4.8 4.7 5.2 5.2 4.7
Rhode Island........ 7.3 6.6 6.3 6.0 6.6 6.3 5.9 6.7 6.7 6.2
South Carolina...... 6.4 6.1 5.8 6.3 6.7 5.9 5.5 6.6 6.5 5.5
South Dakota........ 6.7 6.2 6.0 5.9 6.0 5.9 6.5 6.1 6.0 5.6
Tennessee........... 5.5 5.4 5.1 5.7 6.2 6.2 5.1 5.9 5.2 5.2
Texas............... 5.8 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.6 5.2 5.1 5.4 5.3 4.9
Utah................ 6.8 6.6 6.6 6.7 6.5 6.3 6.0 6.6 6.4 6.1
Vermont............. 6.7 6.9 6.9 6.6 6.9 6.7 6.8 7.5 7.8 7.0
Virginia............ 5.8 5.6 5.8 5.9 5.8 5.5 5.1 5.8 6.1 5.1
Washington.......... 5.8 5.7 6.0 5.2 5.6 5.7 5.5 5.4 5.6 5.3
West Virginia....... 6.5 6.4 5.5 5.8 5.9 6.1 5.7 6.3 6.0 6.0
Wisconsin........... 5.3 5.0 5.3 4.9 5.6 5.2 4.9 5.5 5.6 5.1
Wyoming............. 8.9 8.1 8.3 7.7 9.0 8.3 8.7 8.9 8.4 8.0
Puerto Rico......... 4.3 6.3 7.0 5.4 4.4 5.4 5.4 6.1 5.7 5.2
Virgin Islands...... 5.2 5.4 15.0 7.1 9.1 10.8 7.6 9.5 8.4 7.2
NOTE: Totals for the United States do not include data for Puerto Rico or the Virgin Islands.
Table 8. Private sector establishment births and deaths, seasonally adjusted
Total private
(Levels in thousands)
Number of Establishments Employment
Births Deaths(1) Births Deaths
Year 3 months ended Level Rate(2) Level Rate Level Rate Level Rate
2015 March 233 3.0 207 2.7 818 0.7 696 0.6
June 234 3.1 211 2.8 838 0.7 728 0.6
September 243 3.2 207 2.7 881 0.7 699 0.6
December 247 3.2 209 2.7 892 0.7 733 0.6
2016 March 236 3.0 204 2.6 789 0.7 671 0.6
June 241 3.1 213 2.7 838 0.7 719 0.6
September 238 3.0 214 2.7 872 0.7 745 0.6
December 238 3.0 217 2.8 865 0.7 729 0.6
2017 March 242 3.0 203 2.6 806 0.7 668 0.5
June 240 3.0 223 2.8 848 0.7 752 0.6
September 244 3.1 225 2.8 851 0.7 760 0.6
December 246 3.1 216 2.7 849 0.7 731 0.6
2018 March 248 3.1 215 2.7 816 0.7 668 0.5
June 263 3.3 228 2.8 879 0.7 769 0.6
September 250 3.1 231 2.8 863 0.7 785 0.6
December 249 3.1 222 2.7 855 0.7 758 0.6
2019 March 260 3.2 220 2.7 814 0.6 700 0.6
June 258 3.1 240 2.9 846 0.7 801 0.6
September 251 3.0 230 2.8 847 0.7 763 0.6
December 269 3.2 235 2.8 903 0.7 783 0.6
2020 March 278 3.3 240 2.9 813 0.6 738 0.6
June 227 2.8 325 4.0 658 0.5 1,150 1.0
September 278 3.4 232 2.8 820 0.7 686 0.6
December 286 3.4 218 2.6 913 0.8 687 0.6
2021 March 308 3.6 210 2.5 837 0.7 609 0.5
June 350 4.1 226 2.6 979 0.8 663 0.5
September 359 4.1 244 2.8 1,025 0.8 732 0.6
December 380 4.3 254 2.9 1,116 0.9 777 0.6
2022 March 350 3.9 256 2.9 963 0.8 751 0.6
June 364 4.0 321 3.6 1,060 0.8 924 0.7
September 351 3.9 294 3.3 1,031 0.8 910 0.7
December 343 3.8 289 3.2 1,043 0.8 896 0.7
2023 March 329 3.6 291 3.2 945 0.7 818 0.6
June 332 3.6 293 3.2 1,012 0.8 887 0.7
September 319 3.5 295 3.2 980 0.7 925 0.7
December 327 3.5 322 3.5 1,019 0.8 920 0.7
2024 March 327 3.5 281 3.0 936 0.7 809 0.6
June 324 3.5 333 3.6 973 0.7 931 0.7
September 317 3.4 306 3.3 974 0.7 919 0.7
December 324 3.5 306 3.3 1,006 0.8 939 0.7
2025 March 328 3.5 284 3.0 1,012 0.8 809 0.6
June 309 3.3 N/A N/A 955 0.7 N/A N/A
September 323 3.4 N/A N/A 967 0.7 N/A N/A
December 338 3.6 N/A N/A 1,006 0.8 N/A N/A
(1) Values for deaths are not available for the most recent three quarters. See the
Technical Note for more information.
(2) The rates measure births and deaths as a percentage of the average of the previous and current
quarter employment levels or total number of establishments.
United States Department of Labor
