For release 10:00 a.m. (EDT) USDL-14-1388
Wednesday, July 30, 2014
Technical information: (202) 691-6553 * BDMInfo@bls.gov * www.bls.gov/bdm
Media contact: (202) 691-5902 * PressOffice@bls.gov
BUSINESS EMPLOYMENT DYNAMICS: FOURTH QUARTER 2013
From September 2013 to December 2013, gross job gains from opening and
expanding private sector establishments were 7.3 million, an increase
of 290,000 jobs from the previous quarter, the U.S. Bureau of Labor
Statistics reported today. Over this period, gross job losses from
closing and contracting private sector establishments were 6.5 million,
a decrease of 34,000 jobs from the previous quarter.
The difference between the number of gross job gains and the number of
gross job losses yielded a net employment gain of 745,000 jobs in the
private sector during the fourth quarter of 2013. (See table 1.)
The change in the number of jobs over time is the net result of
increases and decreases in employment that occur at all businesses
in the economy. Business Employment Dynamics (BED) statistics track
these changes in employment at private business units from the third
month of one quarter to the third month of the next. Gross job gains
are the sum of increases in employment from expansions at existing
units and the addition of new jobs at opening units. Gross job losses
are the result of contractions in employment at existing units and the
loss of jobs at closing units. The difference between the number of
gross job gains and the number of gross job losses is the net change
in employment. (See the Technical Note for more information.)
The BED data series include gross job gains and gross job losses at the
establishment level by industry subsector and for the 50 states, the
District of Columbia, Puerto Rico, and the Virgin Islands, as well as
gross job gains and gross job losses at the firm level by employer size
class.
Gross job gains at expanding establishments totaled 5.9 million in
the fourth quarter of 2013, an increase of 260,000 jobs from the
previous quarter.
Opening establishments accounted for 1.3 million jobs gained in the
fourth quarter of 2013, an increase of 30,000 jobs from the previous
quarter.
Contracting establishments lost 5.3 million jobs in the fourth quarter
of 2013. This is a decrease of 100,000 jobs from the prior quarter.
In the fourth quarter of 2013, closing establishments lost 1.2 million
jobs, an increase of 66,000 jobs from the previous quarter.
(See tables 1 and 3.)
Gross job gains represented 6.4 percent of private sector employment
in the fourth quarter of 2013, while gross job losses represented 5.8
percent of private sector employment. (See table 2.)
In the fourth quarter of 2013, the number of establishment births
(a subset of the openings data, see the Technical Note for more
information) decreased by 1,000 to 214,000. These new establishments
accounted for 795,000 jobs, an increase of 3,000 from the previous
quarter. (See table 8.)
Data for establishment deaths (a subset of the closings data) are
available through the first quarter of 2013, when 638,000 jobs were
lost at 185,000 establishments. In the prior quarter 675,000 jobs were
lost at 182,000 establishments.
During the fourth quarter of 2013, gross job gains exceeded gross job
losses in all industry sectors except the utilities sector and the
other services sector. The professional and business services sector,
which includes temporary help services, experienced a net increase of
193,000 jobs as a result of higher gross job gains this quarter. The
retail trade sector experienced a net increase of 113,000 jobs. This
represents an increase of 76,000 jobs compared to the prior quarter.
The transportation and warehousing sector experienced the largest net
change in the history of the series for that industry sector, a gain
of 79,000 jobs. (See table 3.)
Table A. Three-month private sector gross job gains and losses,
seasonally adjusted
Category 3 months ended
Dec. Mar. June Sept. Dec.
2012 2013 2013 2013 2013
Levels (in thousands)
Gross job gains................ 7,110 7,200 7,143 6,975 7,265
At expanding establishments... 5,769 5,623 5,839 5,686 5,946
At opening establishments..... 1,341 1,577 1,304 1,289 1,319
Gross job losses............... 6,401 6,286 6,477 6,554 6,520
At contracting establishments. 5,199 5,136 5,267 5,403 5,303
At closing establishments..... 1,202 1,150 1,210 1,151 1,217
Net employment change(1)....... 709 914 666 421 745
Rates (percent)
Gross job gains................ 6.4 6.4 6.4 6.1 6.4
At expanding establishments... 5.2 5.0 5.2 5.0 5.2
At opening establishments..... 1.2 1.4 1.2 1.1 1.2
Gross job losses............... 5.8 5.6 5.8 5.8 5.8
At contracting establishments. 4.7 4.6 4.7 4.8 4.7
At closing establishments..... 1.1 1.0 1.1 1.0 1.1
Net employment change(1)....... .6 .8 .6 .3 .6
(1) The net employment change is the difference between total
gross job gains and total gross job losses. See the Technical
Note for further information.
Firms with 250 or more employees accounted for 68 percent of total net
job growth in the fourth quarter of 2013. Firms with 1-49 employees and
firms with 50-249 employees each accounted for 16 percent of net job
growth. This quarter is the fifteenth consecutive quarter of positive
net employment change for all three major firm size categories. Of the
8.6 million net new jobs created between the second quarter of 2010 and
the fourth quarter of 2013, firms with 1-49 employees contributed 29
percent of net job growth, while firms with 50-249 employees
contributed 22 percent, and firms with 250 or more employees
contributed 49 percent. (See tables 4 and 5.)
In the fourth quarter of 2013, gross job gains exceeded gross job
losses in 47 states. California had the largest net employment gain of
141,341 jobs, followed by Texas with 81,451 jobs. (See table 6.) Alaska
had the largest rate of gross job gains as a percent of employment at
10.1 percent, above the U.S. rate of 6.4 percent. Hawaii had the lowest
rate of gross job losses as a percent of employment at 4.5 percent,
below the U.S. rate of 5.8 percent. (See table 7.)
More Information
Additional information on gross job gains and gross job losses is
available online at www.bls.gov/bdm. This information includes data
on the levels and rates of gross job gains and gross job losses by
firm size, not seasonally adjusted data and other seasonally adjusted
time series not presented in this release, charts of gross job gains
and gross job losses by industry and firm size, and frequently asked
questions on firm size data. Additional information about the Business
Employment Dynamics data can be found in the Technical Note of this
release or may be obtained by e-mailing BDMinfo@bls.gov.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
| The Business Employment Dynamics for First Quarter 2014 are scheduled |
| to be released on Wednesday, November 19, 2014 at 10:00 a.m. (EST). |
------------------------------------------------------------------------
------------------------------------------------------------------------
| Changes to Business Employment Dynamics (BED) Data |
| Data in the next release, published on Wednesday, November 19, 2014, |
| will incorporate annual revisions to the BED series. Annual revisions |
| are published each year with the release of first quarter data. |
| These revisions will cover the last four quarters of not seasonally |
| adjusted data and five years of seasonally adjusted data. |
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Technical Note
The Business Employment Dynamics (BED) data are a product of a federal-
state cooperative program known as Quarterly Census of Employment and Wages
(QCEW). The BED data are compiled by the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics
(BLS) from existing QCEW records. Most employers in the U.S. are required
to file quarterly reports on the employment and wages of workers covered by
unemployment insurance (UI) laws, and to pay quarterly UI taxes. The QCEW
is based largely on quarterly UI reports which are sent by businesses to
the State Employment Security Agencies (SESAs). These UI reports are
supplemented by two additional BLS data collections to render administrative
data into economic statistics. Together these data comprise the QCEW and
form the basis of the Bureau’s establishment universe sampling frame.
These reports are used to produce the quarterly QCEW data on total
employment and wages and the longitudinal BED data on gross job gains and
losses. The QCEW is also the employment benchmark for the Current
Employment Statistics (CES), Occupational Employment Statistics (OES), and
Job Openings and Labor Turnover Survey (JOLTS) programs and is a major input
to the Bureau of Economic Analysis’s Personal Income Accounts.
In the BED program, the quarterly QCEW records are linked across quarters
to provide a longitudinal history for each establishment. The linkage
process allows the tracking of net employment changes at the establishment
level, which in turn allows the estimation of jobs gained at opening and
expanding units and jobs lost at closing and contracting units.
Differences between QCEW, BED, and CES employment measures
The Bureau publishes three different establishment-based employment mea-
sures for any given quarter. Each of these measures -- QCEW, BED, and CES--
makes use of the quarterly UI employment reports in producing data; how-
ever, each measure has a somewhat different universe coverage, estimation
procedure, and publication product.
Differences in coverage and estimation methods can result in somewhat
different measures of over-the-quarter employment change. It is important to
understand program differences and the intended uses of the program products.
(See table below.)
Additional information on each program can be obtained from the program
web sites shown in the table below.
Summary of Major Differences between QCEW, BED, and CES Employment Measures
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
| QCEW | BED | CES
-----------|---------------------|----------------------|------------------------
Source |--Count of UI admini-|--Count of longitudi- |--Sample survey:
| strative records | nally-linked UI ad- | 557,000 establish-
| submitted by 9.2 | ministrative records| ments
| million employers | submitted by 7.3 |
| | million private sec-|
| | tor employers |
-----------|---------------------|----------------------|------------------------
Coverage |--UI and UCFE cover- |--UI Coverage, exclud-|Nonfarm wage and sal-
| age: all employers| ing government, pri-| ary jobs:
| subject to state | vate households, and|--UI Coverage, exclud-
| and federal UI Laws| establishments with | ing: agriculture, pri-
| | zero employment | vate households, and
| | | self-employed;
| | | including: railroads,
| | | religious organiza-
| | | tions, and other non-
| | | UI-covered jobs
| | |
-----------|---------------------|----------------------|------------------------
Publication|--Quarterly |--Quarterly |--Monthly
frequency | -6 months after the| -7 months after the | -First Friday
| end of each quar- | end of each quarter| of following month
| ter | |
-----------|---------------------|----------------------|------------------------
Use of UI |--Directly summarizes|--Links each new UI |--Uses UI file as a sam-
file | and publishes each | quarter to longitu- | pling frame and annu-
| new quarter of UI | dinal database and | ally realigns (bench-
| data | directly summarizes | marks) sample esti-
| | gross job gains and | mates to first quar-
| | losses | ter UI levels
-----------|---------------------|----------------------|------------------------
Principal |--Provides a quarter-|--Provides quarterly |--Provides current month-
products | ly and annual uni- | employer dynamics | ly estimates of employ-
| verse count of es- | data on establish- | ment, hours, and earn-
| tablishments, em- | ment openings, clos-| ings at the MSA, state,
| ployment, and wages| ings, expansions, | and national level by
| at the county, MSA,| and contractions at | industry
| State, and national| the national level |
| levels by detailed | by NAICS super- |
| industry | sectors,3-digit |
| | NAICS, and by size |
| | of firm, and at the |
| | state private-sector|
| | total level |
| |--Future expansions |
| | will include |
| | data at the county |
| | and MSA level |
-----------|---------------------|----------------------|------------------------
Principal |--Major uses include:|--Major uses include: |--Major uses include:
uses | -Detailed locality | -Business cycle | -Principal national
| data | analysis | economic indicator
| -Periodic universe | -Analysis of employ-| -Official time series
| counts for bench- | er dynamics under- | for employment change
| marking sample | lying economic ex- | measures
| survey estimates | pansions and con- | -Input into other ma-
| -Sample frame for | tractions | jor economic indi-
| BLS establishment | -Analysis of employ-| cators
| surveys | ment expansion and |
| | contraction by size|
| | of firm |
| | |
-----------|---------------------|----------------------|------------------------
Program |--www.bls.gov/cew/ |--www.bls.gov/bdm/ |--www.bls.gov/ces/
Web sites | | |
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Coverage
Employment and wage data for workers covered by state UI and Unemployment
Compensation for Federal Employees (UCFE) laws are compiled from quarterly
contribution reports submitted to the SESAs by employers. In addition to the
quarterly contribution reports, employers who operate multiple establishments
within a state complete a questionnaire, called the "Multiple Worksite Report,"
which provides detailed information on the location of their establishments.
These reports are based on place of employment rather than place of residence.
UI and UCFE coverage is broad and basically comparable from state to state.
Major exclusions from UI coverage are self-employed workers, religious or-
ganizations, most agricultural workers on small farms, all members of the
Armed Forces, elected officials in most states, most employees of railroads,
some domestic workers, most student workers at schools, and employees of cer-
tain small nonprofit organizations.
Gross job gains and gross job losses in this release are derived from lon-
gitudinal histories of 7.3 million private sector employer reports out
of 9.2 million total reports of employment and wages submitted by states to
BLS in the first quarter of 2013. Gross job gains and gross job losses data
in this release do not report estimates for government employees or private
households (NAICS 814110), and do not include establishments with zero employ-
ment in both previous and current quarters. Data from Puerto Rico and the
Virgin Islands (49,972 units rounded to 0.0 million) also are excluded from
the national data. As an illustration, the table below shows, in millions of
establishments, the number of establishments excluded from the national gross
job gains and gross job losses data in the first quarter 2013:
Number of active establishments included in
Business Employment Dynamics data at the
national level
Millions
Total establishments QCEW program....................................9.2
Excluded: Public sector.........................................0.3
Private households....................................0.2
Zero employment.......................................1.3
Establishments in Puerto Rico
and the Virgin Islands..............................0.1
Total establishments included in Business
Employment Dynamics data.............................................7.3
Unit of analysis
Establishments are used in the tabulation of the BED statistics by in-
dustry and firms are used in the tabulation of the BED size class sta-
tistics. An establishment is defined as an economic unit that produces
goods or services, usually at a single physical location, and engages in
one or predominantly one activity. A firm is a legal business, either
corporate or otherwise, and may consist of several establishments. Firm-
level data are compiled based on an aggregation of establishments under
common ownership by a corporate parent using employer tax identification
numbers. The firm level aggregation which is consistent with the role of
corporations as the economic decision makers are used for the measurement
of the BED data elements by size class.
Because of the difference in the unit of analysis, total gross job gains
and gross job losses by size class are lower than total gross job gains and
gross job losses by industry, as some establishment gains and losses within
a firm are offset during the aggregation process. However, the total net
changes in employment are the same for not seasonally adjusted data and are
similar for seasonally adjusted data.
Concepts and methodology
The Business Employment Dynamics data measure the net change in employ-
ment at the establishment or firm level. These changes come about in one
of four ways. A net increase in employment can come from either opening
units or expanding units. A net decrease in employment can come from either
closing units or contracting units. Gross job gains include the sum of all
jobs added at either opening or expanding units. Gross job losses include
the sum of all jobs lost in either closing or contracting units. The net
change in employment is the difference between gross job gains and gross
job losses.
The formal definitions of employment changes are as follows:
Openings. These are either units with positive third month employment for
the first time in the current quarter, with no links to the prior quarter, or
with positive third month employment in the current quarter following zero em-
ployment in the previous quarter.
Expansions. These are units with positive employment in the third month
in both the previous and current quarters, with a net increase in employment
over this period.
Closings. These are either units with positive third month employment in
the previous quarter, with no employment or zero employment reported in the
current quarter.
Contractions. These are units with positive employment in the third month
in both the previous and current quarters, with a net decrease in employment
over this period.
Births. These are units with positive third month employment for the
first time in the current quarter with no links to the prior quarter, or
units with positive third month employment in the current quarter and zero
employment in the third month of the previous four quarters. Births are a
subset of openings not including re-openings of seasonal businesses.
Deaths. These are units with no employment or zero employment reported in
the third month of four consecutive quarters following the last quarter with
positive employment. Deaths are a subset of closings not including temporary
shutdowns of seasonal businesses. A unit that closes during the quarter may
be a death, but we wait three quarters to determine whether it is a permanent
closing or a temporary shutdown. Therefore, there is always a lag of three
quarters for the publication of death statistics.
All employment changes are measured from the third month of the previous
quarter to the third month of the current quarter. Not all establishments and
firms change their employment levels. Units with no change in employment
count towards estimates of total employment, but not for levels of gross job
gains and gross job losses.
Gross job gains and gross job losses are expressed as rates by dividing
their levels by the average of employment in the current and previous quar-
ters. This provides a symmetric growth rate. The rates are calculated for
the components of gross job gains and gross job losses and then summed to
form their respective totals. These rates can be added and subtracted just
as their levels can. For instance, the difference between the gross job
gains rate and the gross job losses rate is the net growth rate.
Establishment Births and Deaths
For the purpose of BED statistics, births are defined as establishments
that appear in the longitudinal database for the first time with positive
employment in the third month of a quarter, or showed four consecutive
quarters of zero employment in the third month followed by a quarter in
which it shows positive employment in the third month. Similarly, deaths
are defined as establishments that either drop out of the longitudinal
database or an establishment that had positive employment in the third
month of a given quarter followed by four consecutive quarters of showing
zero employment in the third month. Although the data for establishment
births and deaths are tabulated independently from the data for openings
and closings, the concepts are not mutually exclusive. An establishment
that is defined as a birth in a given quarter is necessarily an opening
as well, and an establishment defined as a death in a quarter must also be
a closing. Since openings include seasonal and other re-openings and
closings include temporary shutdowns, the not seasonally adjusted values
for births and deaths must be less than those for openings and closings.
However, because some BED series do not have many re-openings or temporary
shutdowns, as well as the fact that births and deaths are independently
seasonally adjusted from openings and closings, there may be instances in
which the seasonally adjusted value of the former is greater than the latter.
Linkage methodology
Prior to the measurement of gross job gains and gross job losses, QCEW
records are linked across two quarters. The linkage process matches estab-
lishments' unique SESA identification numbers (SESA-ID). Between 95 to 97
percent of establishments identified as continuous from quarter to quarter
are matched by SESA-ID. The rest are linked in one of three ways. The first
method uses predecessor and successor information, identified by the States,
which relates records with different SESA-IDs across quarters. Predecessor
and successor relations can come about for a variety of reasons, including
a change in ownership, a firm restructuring, or a UI account restructuring.
If a match cannot be attained in this manner, a probability-based match is
used. This match attempts to identify two establishments with different SESA-
IDs as continuous. The match is based upon comparisons such as the same
name, address, and phone number. Third, an analyst examines unmatched re-
cords individually and makes a possible match.
In order to ensure the highest possible quality of data, SESAs verify with
employers and update, if necessary, the industry, location, and ownership
classification of all establishments on a 4-year cycle. Changes in establish-
ment classification codes resulting from the verification process are intro-
duced with the data reported for the first quarter of the year. Changes re-
sulting from improved employer reporting also are introduced in the first
quarter.
Sizing methodology
The method of dynamic sizing is used in calculations for the BED size
class data series. Dynamic sizing allocates each firm’s employment gain or
loss during a quarter to each respective size class in which the change
occurred. For example, if a firm grew from 2 employees in quarter 1 to 38
employees in quarter 2, then, of the 36-employee increase, 2 would be al-
located to the first size class, 5 to the size class 5 to 9, 10 to size
class 10 to 19, and 19 to size class 20 to 49.
Dynamic sizing provides symmetrical firm size estimates and eliminates
any systematic effects which may be caused by the transitory and reverting
changes in firms’ sizes over time. Additionally, it allocates each job
gain or loss to the actual size class where it occurred.
Annual Data
The annual gross job gains and gross job losses measure the net change
in employment at the establishment level from the third month of a quarter
in the previous year to the third month of the same quarter in the current
year. The BLS publishes annual BED data based on March-to-March changes
once a year with the release of the first quarter BED data. The annual
data based on over-the-year changes for other quarters of the year are
available upon request. The definitions and methodology in measuring
annual gross job gains and gross job losses are similar to the quarterly
measures. The linkage method considers all predecessor and successor
relations that may come about due to changes in ownership and corporate
restructuring over the entire year. At the establishment level, some of
the quarterly job gains and job losses are offset during the estimation
over the year. Therefore, the sum of four quarters of gross job gains
and gross job losses are not equal to annual gross job gains and gross
job losses. The net change in employment over the year, however, is
equal to the sum of four quarterly net changes on a not seasonally
adjusted basis.
Seasonal adjustment
Over the course of a year, the levels of employment and the associated
job flows undergo sharp fluctuations due to such seasonal events as changes
in the weather, reduced or expanded production, harvests, major holidays,
and the opening and closing of schools. The effect of such seasonal vari-
ation can be very large.
Because these seasonal events follow a more or less regular pattern each
year, their influence can be eliminated by adjusting these statistics from
quarter to quarter. These adjustments make nonseasonal developments, such as
declines in economic activity, easier to recognize. For example, the large
number of youths taking summer jobs is likely to obscure other changes that
have taken place in June relative to March, making it difficult to determine
if the level of economic activity has risen or declined. However, because
the effect of students finishing school in previous years is known, the
statistics for the current year can be adjusted to allow for a comparable
change. The adjusted figures provide a more useful tool with which to ana-
lyze changes in economic activity.
The employment data series for opening, expanding, closing, and contrac-
ting units are independently seasonally adjusted; net changes are calculated
based on the difference between gross job gains and gross job losses. Simi-
larly, for industry data, the establishment counts data series for opening,
expanding, closing, and contracting establishments are independently adjusted,
and the net changes are calculated based on the difference between the number
of opening and closing establishments. Additionally establishment and em-
ployment levels are independently seasonally adjusted to calculate the sea-
sonally adjusted rates. Concurrent seasonal adjustment is run using X-12
ARIMA. Seasonally adjusted data series for total private are the sum of
seasonally adjusted data of all sectors including the unclassified sector,
which is not separately published.
The net over-the-quarter change derived by summing the BED component series
will differ from the net employment change estimated from the seasonally ad-
justed total private employment series from the CES program. The intended use
of BED statistics is to show the dynamic labor market changes that underlie
the net employment change statistic. As such, data users interested particu-
larly in the net employment change and not in the gross job flows underlying
this change should refer to CES data for over-the-quarter net employment
changes.
Reliability of the data
Since the data series on Business Employment Dynamics are based on admini-
strative rather than sample data, there are no issues related to sampling
error. Nonsampling error, however, still exists. Nonsampling errors can oc-
cur for many reasons, such as the employer submitting corrected employment
data after the end of the quarter or typographical errors made by businesses
when providing information. Such errors, however, are likely to be distri-
buted randomly throughout the dataset.
Changes in administrative data sometimes create complications for the
linkage process. This can result in overstating openings and closings while
understating expansions and contractions. The BLS continues to refine methods
for improving the linkage process to alleviate the effects of these compli-
cations.
The BED data series are subject to periodic minor changes based on correc-
tions in QCEW records, updates on predecessors and successors information, and
seasonal adjustment revisions.
Annual revisions are published each year with the release of the first qua-
rter data. These revisions cover the last four quarters of not seasonally adj-
usted data and 5 years of seasonally adjusted data.
Additional statistics and other information
Several other programs within BLS produce closely related information.
The QCEW program provides both quarterly and annual estimates of employment
by state, county, and detailed industry. News releases on quarterly county e
mployment and wages and an annual bulletin: Employment and Wages Annual
Averages, are available upon request from the Division of Administrative
Statistics and Labor Turnover, Bureau of Labor Statistics, U.S. Department
of Labor, Washington, DC 20212; telephone 202-691-6567;
(http://www.bls.gov/cew/); (e-mail: QCEWInfo@bls.gov).
The CES program produces monthly estimates of employment, its net change,
and earnings by detailed industry. These estimates are part of the Employ-
ment Situation report put out monthly by BLS.
The Job Openings and Labor Turnover Survey (JOLTS) program provides month-
ly measures of job openings, as well as employee hires and separations.
Information in this release will be made available to sensory impaired in-
dividuals upon request. Voice phone: 202-691-5200; TDD message referral
number: 1-800-877-8339.
Table 1. Private sector gross job gains and job losses, seasonally adjusted
Total private
(In thousands)
Gross job gains Gross job losses
Year 3 months ended Net change(1) Total Expanding Opening Total Contracting Closing
establishments establishments establishments establishments
2003 March -393 7,467 5,928 1,539 7,860 6,307 1,553
June -90 7,398 5,929 1,469 7,488 6,030 1,458
September 204 7,392 5,923 1,469 7,188 5,828 1,360
December 297 7,521 6,005 1,516 7,224 5,800 1,424
2004 March 470 7,715 6,204 1,511 7,245 5,795 1,450
June 644 7,754 6,235 1,519 7,110 5,639 1,471
September 206 7,633 6,060 1,573 7,427 5,888 1,539
December 757 7,844 6,243 1,601 7,087 5,663 1,424
2005 March 384 7,620 6,131 1,489 7,236 5,801 1,435
June 593 7,774 6,231 1,543 7,181 5,776 1,405
September 677 7,965 6,387 1,578 7,288 5,844 1,444
December 494 7,807 6,252 1,555 7,313 5,948 1,365
2006 March 874 7,797 6,354 1,443 6,923 5,636 1,287
June 371 7,758 6,246 1,512 7,387 6,015 1,372
September 52 7,499 6,061 1,438 7,447 6,097 1,350
December 455 7,740 6,223 1,517 7,285 5,941 1,344
2007 March 549 7,727 6,297 1,430 7,178 5,881 1,297
June 149 7,632 6,222 1,410 7,483 6,079 1,404
September -252 7,318 5,847 1,471 7,570 6,215 1,355
December 299 7,658 6,196 1,462 7,359 6,012 1,347
2008 March -225 7,246 5,834 1,412 7,471 6,102 1,369
June -578 7,254 5,846 1,408 7,832 6,352 1,480
September -944 6,886 5,523 1,363 7,830 6,448 1,382
December -1,809 6,706 5,354 1,352 8,515 7,034 1,481
2009 March -2,710 5,844 4,655 1,189 8,554 7,132 1,422
June -1,659 6,391 5,088 1,303 8,050 6,667 1,383
September -880 6,340 5,125 1,215 7,220 5,863 1,357
December -229 6,640 5,316 1,324 6,869 5,589 1,280
2010 March -262 6,256 5,086 1,170 6,518 5,313 1,205
June 715 6,966 5,684 1,282 6,251 5,086 1,165
September 210 6,675 5,423 1,252 6,465 5,240 1,225
December 591 7,015 5,642 1,373 6,424 5,202 1,222
2011 March 296 6,448 5,278 1,170 6,152 5,015 1,137
June 602 6,940 5,642 1,298 6,338 5,108 1,230
September 819 7,144 5,785 1,359 6,325 5,181 1,144
December 368 6,896 5,549 1,347 6,528 5,250 1,278
2012 March 847 6,946 5,702 1,244 6,099 4,995 1,104
June 613 7,027 5,738 1,289 6,414 5,259 1,155
September 233 6,847 5,552 1,295 6,614 5,436 1,178
December 709 7,110 5,769 1,341 6,401 5,199 1,202
2013 March 914 7,200 5,623 1,577 6,286 5,136 1,150
June 666 7,143 5,839 1,304 6,477 5,267 1,210
September 421 6,975 5,686 1,289 6,554 5,403 1,151
December 745 7,265 5,946 1,319 6,520 5,303 1,217
(1) Net change is the difference between total gross job gains and total gross job losses.
Table 2. Private sector gross job gains and losses, as a percent of employment(1), seasonally adjusted
Total private
(Percent)
Gross job gains Gross job losses
Year 3 months ended Net change(2) Total Expanding Opening Total Contracting Closing
establishments establishments establishments establishments
2003 March -.5 6.9 5.5 1.4 7.4 5.9 1.5
June .0 7.0 5.6 1.4 7.0 5.6 1.4
September .1 6.9 5.5 1.4 6.8 5.5 1.3
December .3 7.0 5.6 1.4 6.7 5.4 1.3
2004 March .5 7.2 5.8 1.4 6.7 5.4 1.3
June .6 7.2 5.8 1.4 6.6 5.2 1.4
September .3 7.1 5.6 1.5 6.8 5.4 1.4
December .7 7.2 5.7 1.5 6.5 5.2 1.3
2005 March .4 7.0 5.6 1.4 6.6 5.3 1.3
June .6 7.1 5.7 1.4 6.5 5.2 1.3
September .6 7.2 5.8 1.4 6.6 5.3 1.3
December .4 7.0 5.6 1.4 6.6 5.4 1.2
2006 March .9 7.0 5.7 1.3 6.1 5.0 1.1
June .3 6.8 5.5 1.3 6.5 5.3 1.2
September .1 6.7 5.4 1.3 6.6 5.4 1.2
December .3 6.8 5.5 1.3 6.5 5.3 1.2
2007 March .5 6.8 5.5 1.3 6.3 5.2 1.1
June .2 6.7 5.5 1.2 6.5 5.3 1.2
September -.3 6.4 5.1 1.3 6.7 5.5 1.2
December .2 6.7 5.4 1.3 6.5 5.3 1.2
2008 March -.3 6.3 5.1 1.2 6.6 5.4 1.2
June -.6 6.3 5.1 1.2 6.9 5.6 1.3
September -.8 6.1 4.9 1.2 6.9 5.7 1.2
December -1.6 6.0 4.8 1.2 7.6 6.3 1.3
2009 March -2.4 5.4 4.3 1.1 7.8 6.5 1.3
June -1.6 5.9 4.7 1.2 7.5 6.2 1.3
September -.9 5.9 4.8 1.1 6.8 5.5 1.3
December -.2 6.3 5.0 1.3 6.5 5.3 1.2
2010 March -.2 5.9 4.8 1.1 6.1 5.0 1.1
June .7 6.6 5.4 1.2 5.9 4.8 1.1
September .2 6.3 5.1 1.2 6.1 4.9 1.2
December .6 6.6 5.3 1.3 6.0 4.9 1.1
2011 March .2 6.0 4.9 1.1 5.8 4.7 1.1
June .6 6.5 5.3 1.2 5.9 4.8 1.1
September .8 6.7 5.4 1.3 5.9 4.8 1.1
December .3 6.3 5.1 1.2 6.0 4.8 1.2
2012 March .7 6.3 5.2 1.1 5.6 4.6 1.0
June .5 6.4 5.2 1.2 5.9 4.8 1.1
September .2 6.2 5.0 1.2 6.0 4.9 1.1
December .6 6.4 5.2 1.2 5.8 4.7 1.1
2013 March .8 6.4 5.0 1.4 5.6 4.6 1.0
June .6 6.4 5.2 1.2 5.8 4.7 1.1
September .3 6.1 5.0 1.1 5.8 4.8 1.0
December .6 6.4 5.2 1.2 5.8 4.7 1.1
(1) The rates measure gross job gains and gross job losses as a percentage
of the previous and current quarter employment levels.
(2) Net change is the difference between total gross job gains and total gross job losses.
Table 3. Private sector gross job gains and losses by industry, seasonally adjusted
Gross job gains and job losses Gross job gains and job losses
(in thousands) as a percent of employment
Category 3 months ended 3 months ended
Dec. Mar. June Sept Dec. Dec. Mar. June Sept Dec.
2012 2013 2013 2013 2013 2012 2013 2013 2013 2013
Total private(1)
Gross job gains 7,110 7,200 7,143 6,975 7,265 6.4 6.4 6.4 6.1 6.4
At expanding establishments 5,769 5,623 5,839 5,686 5,946 5.2 5.0 5.2 5.0 5.2
At opening establishments 1,341 1,577 1,304 1,289 1,319 1.2 1.4 1.2 1.1 1.2
Gross job losses 6,401 6,286 6,477 6,554 6,520 5.8 5.6 5.8 5.8 5.8
At contracting establishments 5,199 5,136 5,267 5,403 5,303 4.7 4.6 4.7 4.8 4.7
At closing establishments 1,202 1,150 1,210 1,151 1,217 1.1 1.0 1.1 1.0 1.1
Net employment change 709 914 666 421 745 .6 .8 .6 .3 .6
Goods-producing
Gross job gains 1,359 1,345 1,370 1,309 1,344 7.0 6.8 6.9 6.6 6.8
At expanding establishments 1,147 1,151 1,165 1,109 1,149 5.9 5.8 5.9 5.6 5.8
At opening establishments 212 194 205 200 195 1.1 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0
Gross job losses 1,315 1,224 1,273 1,248 1,306 6.7 6.2 6.4 6.3 6.5
At contracting establishments 1,097 1,020 1,067 1,053 1,099 5.6 5.2 5.4 5.3 5.5
At closing establishments 218 204 206 195 207 1.1 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0
Net employment change 44 121 97 61 38 .3 .6 .5 .3 .3
Natural resources and mining
Gross job gains 279 277 287 257 279 14.0 13.7 14.2 12.7 13.7
At expanding establishments 238 238 249 220 242 11.9 11.8 12.3 10.9 11.9
At opening establishments 41 39 38 37 37 2.1 1.9 1.9 1.8 1.8
Gross job losses 288 250 272 262 278 14.4 12.4 13.4 13.0 13.7
At contracting establishments 250 214 235 228 242 12.5 10.6 11.6 11.3 11.9
At closing establishments 38 36 37 34 36 1.9 1.8 1.8 1.7 1.8
Net employment change -9 27 15 -5 1 -.4 1.3 .8 -.3 .0
Construction
Gross job gains 667 674 661 655 643 11.9 11.7 11.4 11.3 11.0
At expanding establishments 534 553 534 529 522 9.5 9.6 9.2 9.1 8.9
At opening establishments 133 121 127 126 121 2.4 2.1 2.2 2.2 2.1
Gross job losses 604 600 616 588 635 10.7 10.5 10.6 10.1 10.8
At contracting establishments 474 476 494 473 509 8.4 8.3 8.5 8.1 8.7
At closing establishments 130 124 122 115 126 2.3 2.2 2.1 2.0 2.1
Net employment change 63 74 45 67 8 1.2 1.2 .8 1.2 .2
Manufacturing
Gross job gains 413 394 422 397 422 3.4 3.3 3.5 3.3 3.5
At expanding establishments 375 360 382 360 385 3.1 3.0 3.2 3.0 3.2
At opening establishments 38 34 40 37 37 .3 .3 .3 .3 .3
Gross job losses 423 374 385 398 393 3.5 3.2 3.2 3.3 3.3
At contracting establishments 373 330 338 352 348 3.1 2.8 2.8 2.9 2.9
At closing establishments 50 44 47 46 45 .4 .4 .4 .4 .4
Net employment change -10 20 37 -1 29 -.1 .1 .3 .0 .2
Service-providing(1)
Gross job gains 5,751 5,855 5,773 5,666 5,921 6.3 6.4 6.2 6.1 6.3
At expanding establishments 4,622 4,472 4,674 4,577 4,797 5.1 4.9 5.0 4.9 5.1
At opening establishments 1,129 1,383 1,099 1,089 1,124 1.2 1.5 1.2 1.2 1.2
Gross job losses 5,086 5,062 5,204 5,306 5,214 5.6 5.5 5.6 5.7 5.6
At contracting establishments 4,102 4,116 4,200 4,350 4,204 4.5 4.5 4.5 4.7 4.5
At closing establishments 984 946 1,004 956 1,010 1.1 1.0 1.1 1.0 1.1
Net employment change 665 793 569 360 707 .7 .9 .6 .4 .7
Wholesale trade
Gross job gains 280 273 288 274 284 4.9 4.8 5.0 4.7 4.9
At expanding establishments 227 227 237 227 237 4.0 4.0 4.1 3.9 4.1
At opening establishments 53 46 51 47 47 .9 .8 .9 .8 .8
Gross job losses 257 251 253 258 249 4.5 4.4 4.4 4.5 4.3
At contracting establishments 200 194 199 205 191 3.5 3.4 3.5 3.6 3.3
At closing establishments 57 57 54 53 58 1.0 1.0 .9 .9 1.0
Net employment change 23 22 35 16 35 .4 .4 .6 .2 .6
Retail trade
Gross job gains 921 895 946 888 942 6.2 6.0 6.3 5.8 6.2
At expanding establishments 788 777 816 760 818 5.3 5.2 5.4 5.0 5.4
At opening establishments 133 118 130 128 124 .9 .8 .9 .8 .8
Gross job losses 829 874 768 851 829 5.6 5.8 5.1 5.6 5.5
At contracting establishments 710 768 664 750 714 4.8 5.1 4.4 4.9 4.7
At closing establishments 119 106 104 101 115 .8 .7 .7 .7 .8
Net employment change 92 21 178 37 113 .6 .2 1.2 .2 .7
Transportation and warehousing
Gross job gains 263 207 219 226 283 6.3 4.9 5.2 5.3 6.6
At expanding establishments 231 177 185 195 254 5.5 4.2 4.4 4.6 5.9
At opening establishments 32 30 34 31 29 .8 .7 .8 .7 .7
Gross job losses 211 236 210 209 204 5.0 5.5 5.0 4.9 4.8
At contracting establishments 173 205 177 173 167 4.1 4.8 4.2 4.1 3.9
At closing establishments 38 31 33 36 37 .9 .7 .8 .8 .9
Net employment change 52 -29 9 17 79 1.3 -.6 .2 .4 1.8
Utilities
Gross job gains 14 10 14 11 13 2.6 1.8 2.6 2.0 2.4
At expanding establishments 12 9 12 10 12 2.2 1.6 2.2 1.8 2.2
At opening establishments 2 1 2 1 1 .4 .2 .4 .2 .2
Gross job losses 12 11 14 13 16 2.2 2.0 2.6 2.4 3.0
At contracting establishments 11 10 13 12 14 2.0 1.8 2.4 2.2 2.6
At closing establishments 1 1 1 1 2 .2 .2 .2 .2 .4
Net employment change 2 -1 0 -2 -3 .4 -.2 .0 -.4 -.6
Information
Gross job gains 141 114 134 129 134 5.2 4.2 4.9 4.8 4.9
At expanding establishments 116 97 114 108 112 4.3 3.6 4.2 4.0 4.1
At opening establishments 25 17 20 21 22 .9 .6 .7 .8 .8
Gross job losses 121 119 125 135 122 4.5 4.4 4.6 5.0 4.5
At contracting establishments 96 99 101 113 100 3.6 3.7 3.7 4.2 3.7
At closing establishments 25 20 24 22 22 .9 .7 .9 .8 .8
Net employment change 20 -5 9 -6 12 .7 -.2 .3 -.2 .4
Financial activities
Gross job gains 376 346 365 350 365 5.0 4.5 4.8 4.6 4.8
At expanding establishments 293 282 296 282 287 3.9 3.7 3.9 3.7 3.8
At opening establishments 83 64 69 68 78 1.1 .8 .9 .9 1.0
Gross job losses 326 325 328 346 354 4.3 4.3 4.4 4.5 4.6
At contracting establishments 251 250 255 275 276 3.3 3.3 3.4 3.6 3.6
At closing establishments 75 75 73 71 78 1.0 1.0 1.0 .9 1.0
Net employment change 50 21 37 4 11 .7 .2 .4 .1 .2
Professional and business services
Gross job gains 1,403 1,255 1,358 1,360 1,441 7.8 6.9 7.3 7.3 7.7
At expanding establishments 1,132 1,035 1,112 1,116 1,179 6.3 5.7 6.0 6.0 6.3
At opening establishments 271 220 246 244 262 1.5 1.2 1.3 1.3 1.4
Gross job losses 1,229 1,179 1,261 1,237 1,248 6.8 6.4 6.8 6.7 6.7
At contracting establishments 977 940 995 994 989 5.4 5.1 5.4 5.4 5.3
At closing establishments 252 239 266 243 259 1.4 1.3 1.4 1.3 1.4
Net employment change 174 76 97 123 193 1.0 .5 .5 .6 1.0
Education and health services
Gross job gains 836 1,200 838 886 887 4.3 6.0 4.1 4.3 4.4
At expanding establishments 701 681 689 737 729 3.6 3.4 3.4 3.6 3.6
At opening establishments 135 519 149 149 158 .7 2.6 .7 .7 .8
Gross job losses 717 743 848 778 778 3.6 3.7 4.2 3.8 3.9
At contracting establishments 590 600 673 630 622 3.0 3.0 3.3 3.1 3.1
At closing establishments 127 143 175 148 156 .6 .7 .9 .7 .8
Net employment change 119 457 -10 108 109 .7 2.3 -.1 .5 .5
Leisure and hospitality
Gross job gains 1,176 1,202 1,245 1,177 1,199 8.5 8.5 8.8 8.2 8.4
At expanding establishments 904 958 978 914 944 6.5 6.8 6.9 6.4 6.6
At opening establishments 272 244 267 263 255 2.0 1.7 1.9 1.8 1.8
Gross job losses 1,091 1,038 1,107 1,183 1,118 7.8 7.4 7.8 8.3 7.7
At contracting establishments 881 844 909 980 911 6.3 6.0 6.4 6.9 6.3
At closing establishments 210 194 198 203 207 1.5 1.4 1.4 1.4 1.4
Net employment change 85 164 138 -6 81 .7 1.1 1.0 -.1 .7
Other services
Gross job gains 269 272 285 274 268 7.0 7.1 7.4 7.0 6.9
At expanding establishments 209 218 227 218 213 5.4 5.7 5.9 5.6 5.5
At opening establishments 60 54 58 56 55 1.6 1.4 1.5 1.4 1.4
Gross job losses 266 256 265 271 272 6.9 6.7 6.9 6.9 7.0
At contracting establishments 207 199 208 212 213 5.4 5.2 5.4 5.4 5.5
At closing establishments 59 57 57 59 59 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5
Net employment change 3 16 20 3 -4 .1 .4 .5 .1 -.1
(1) Includes unclassified sector, not shown separately
Table 4. Private sector gross job gains and losses by firm size, seasonally adjusted
(In thousands)
Total private by firm(1) Firm size 1 - 49 employees Firm size 50 - 249 employees Firm size 250 or more employees
Year 3 months Net Gross job Net Gross job Net Gross job Net Gross job
ended change(2,3) gains losses change gains losses change gains losses change gains losses
2003 March -326 6,112 6,438 -135 3,257 3,392 -56 1,127 1,183 -135 1,728 1,863
June -137 6,108 6,245 112 3,346 3,234 -26 1,133 1,159 -223 1,629 1,852
September 193 6,162 5,969 120 3,327 3,207 21 1,127 1,106 52 1,708 1,656
December 310 6,218 5,908 146 3,340 3,194 32 1,128 1,096 132 1,750 1,618
2004 March 430 6,306 5,876 153 3,392 3,239 137 1,194 1,057 140 1,720 1,580
June 621 6,471 5,850 169 3,387 3,218 141 1,196 1,055 311 1,888 1,577
September 197 6,243 6,046 88 3,379 3,291 88 1,175 1,087 21 1,689 1,668
December 759 6,494 5,735 274 3,480 3,206 101 1,172 1,071 384 1,842 1,458
2005 March 368 6,320 5,952 66 3,416 3,350 97 1,161 1,064 205 1,743 1,538
June 570 6,435 5,865 243 3,476 3,233 146 1,198 1,052 181 1,761 1,580
September 701 6,672 5,971 218 3,510 3,292 85 1,195 1,110 398 1,967 1,569
December 506 6,406 5,900 169 3,462 3,293 45 1,140 1,095 292 1,804 1,512
2006 March 788 6,433 5,645 334 3,547 3,213 222 1,213 991 232 1,673 1,441
June 375 6,349 5,974 117 3,434 3,317 110 1,190 1,080 148 1,725 1,577
September 43 6,103 6,060 -14 3,329 3,343 27 1,127 1,100 30 1,647 1,617
December 447 6,375 5,928 117 3,393 3,276 74 1,147 1,073 256 1,835 1,579
2007 March 466 6,300 5,834 189 3,451 3,262 99 1,153 1,054 178 1,696 1,518
June 174 6,256 6,082 -31 3,337 3,368 108 1,180 1,072 97 1,739 1,642
September -269 5,891 6,160 -132 3,252 3,384 -53 1,073 1,126 -84 1,566 1,650
December 298 6,254 5,956 8 3,315 3,307 63 1,140 1,077 227 1,799 1,572
2008 March -290 5,806 6,096 -154 3,228 3,382 -14 1,073 1,087 -122 1,505 1,627
June -548 5,855 6,403 -284 3,179 3,463 -41 1,095 1,136 -223 1,581 1,804
September -999 5,498 6,497 -346 3,047 3,393 -151 1,015 1,166 -502 1,436 1,938
December -1,869 5,338 7,207 -695 2,907 3,602 -374 948 1,322 -800 1,483 2,283
2009 March -2,664 4,578 7,242 -983 2,715 3,698 -615 806 1,421 -1,066 1,057 2,123
June -1,764 5,170 6,934 -472 2,951 3,423 -277 954 1,231 -1,015 1,265 2,280
September -940 5,134 6,074 -374 2,821 3,195 -118 928 1,046 -448 1,385 1,833
December -289 5,405 5,694 -162 2,938 3,100 -43 964 1,007 -84 1,503 1,587
2010 March -240 5,093 5,333 -198 2,855 3,053 -3 909 912 -39 1,329 1,368
June 692 5,815 5,123 238 3,097 2,859 209 1,076 867 245 1,642 1,397
September 188 5,490 5,302 23 2,939 2,916 79 994 915 86 1,557 1,471
December 519 5,786 5,267 85 3,047 2,962 95 1,035 940 339 1,704 1,365
2011 March 313 5,334 5,021 93 2,968 2,875 118 963 845 102 1,403 1,301
June 548 5,758 5,210 196 3,078 2,882 176 1,069 893 176 1,611 1,435
September 823 5,943 5,120 259 3,123 2,864 161 1,061 900 403 1,759 1,356
December 321 5,612 5,291 39 2,967 2,928 45 987 942 237 1,658 1,421
2012 March 846 5,761 4,915 385 3,157 2,772 217 1,047 830 244 1,557 1,313
June 604 5,825 5,221 178 3,042 2,864 167 1,082 915 259 1,701 1,442
September 213 5,565 5,352 49 2,950 2,901 44 1,002 958 120 1,613 1,493
December 637 5,766 5,129 169 3,014 2,845 90 1,012 922 378 1,740 1,362
2013 March 1,198 6,302 5,104 281 3,098 2,817 156 1,021 865 761 2,183 1,422
June 643 5,911 5,268 217 3,064 2,847 143 1,079 936 283 1,768 1,485
September 386 5,692 5,306 154 2,987 2,833 54 1,014 960 178 1,691 1,513
December 650 5,874 5,224 103 2,990 2,887 104 1,032 928 443 1,852 1,409
(1) Total gross job gains and gross job losses by firm are lower
than total gross job gains and gross job losses by establishment,
as some establishment gains and losses within a firm are offset during the aggregation process.
(2) Net change is the difference between total gross job gains and total gross job losses.
(3) Net change totals for firm-level data shown differ from the establishment-level data
due to independent seasonal adjustment of the series.
NOTE: See http://www.bls.gov/bdm/bdmfirmsize.htm for additional firm size class data.
Table 5. Components of private sector gross job gains and losses by firm size, seasonally adjusted
Gross job gains and job losses Gross job gains and job losses
(in thousands) as a percent of employment
Category 3 months ended 3 months ended
Dec. Mar. June Sept Dec. Dec. Mar. June Sept Dec.
2012 2013 2013 2013 2013 2012 2013 2013 2013 2013
Total private by firm(1)
Gross job gains 5,766 6,302 5,911 5,692 5,874 5.2 5.6 5.3 5.1 5.2
At expanding firms 4,840 5,365 5,039 4,821 4,990 4.4 4.8 4.5 4.3 4.4
At opening firms 926 937 872 871 884 .8 .8 .8 .8 .8
Gross job losses 5,129 5,104 5,268 5,306 5,224 4.7 4.6 4.6 4.7 4.6
At contracting firms 4,282 4,251 4,444 4,496 4,382 3.9 3.8 3.9 4.0 3.9
At closing firms 847 853 824 810 842 .8 .8 .7 .7 .7
Net employment change 637 1,198 643 386 650 .5 1.0 .7 .4 .6
Firm size 1 to 49 employees
Gross job gains 3,014 3,098 3,064 2,987 2,990 9.5 9.7 9.6 9.3 9.2
At expanding firms 2,124 2,194 2,232 2,155 2,147 6.7 6.9 7.0 6.7 6.6
At opening firms 890 904 832 832 843 2.8 2.8 2.6 2.6 2.6
Gross job losses 2,845 2,817 2,847 2,833 2,887 8.9 8.8 8.8 8.8 8.9
At contracting firms 2,040 2,002 2,064 2,058 2,083 6.4 6.3 6.4 6.4 6.4
At closing firms 805 815 783 775 804 2.5 2.5 2.4 2.4 2.5
Net employment change 169 281 217 154 103 .6 .9 .8 .5 .3
Firm size 50 to 249 employees
Gross job gains 1,012 1,021 1,079 1,014 1,032 5.0 4.9 5.3 4.9 4.9
At expanding firms 979 991 1,044 979 1,002 4.8 4.8 5.1 4.7 4.8
At opening firms 33 30 35 35 30 .2 .1 .2 .2 .1
Gross job losses 922 865 936 960 928 4.6 4.3 4.6 4.6 4.5
At contracting firms 888 833 905 929 896 4.4 4.1 4.4 4.5 4.3
At closing firms 34 32 31 31 32 .2 .2 .2 .1 .2
Net employment change 90 156 143 54 104 .4 .6 .7 .3 .4
Firm size 250 or more employees
Gross job gains 1,740 2,183 1,768 1,691 1,852 3.0 3.7 2.9 2.8 3.0
At expanding firms 1,737 2,180 1,763 1,687 1,841 3.0 3.7 2.9 2.8 3.0
At opening firms 3 3 5 4 11 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0
Gross job losses 1,362 1,422 1,485 1,513 1,409 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.5 2.3
At contracting firms 1,354 1,416 1,475 1,509 1,403 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.5 2.3
At closing firms 8 6 10 4 6 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0
Net employment change 378 761 283 178 443 .7 1.3 .4 .3 .7
(1) Total gross job gains and gross job losses by firm are lower
than total gross job gains and gross job losses by establishment,
as some establishment gains and losses within a firm are offset during the aggregation process.
Table 6. Private sector gross job gains and losses by state, seasonally adjusted
Gross job gains Gross job losses
State (3 months ended) (3 months ended)
Dec. Mar. June Sept. Dec. Dec. Mar. June Sept. Dec.
2012 2013 2013 2013 2013 2012 2013 2013 2013 2013
United States(1)... 7,110,000 7,200,000 7,143,000 6,975,000 7,265,000 6,401,000 6,286,000 6,477,000 6,554,000 6,520,000
Alabama..... 85,704 89,056 87,744 81,342 88,320 80,669 80,275 82,081 83,875 78,999
Alaska..... 24,240 26,662 26,706 24,229 25,575 25,260 23,917 25,115 24,892 26,148
Arizona..... 142,500 128,935 129,196 134,517 143,254 119,631 121,218 126,066 116,992 115,269
Arkansas..... 56,703 54,198 48,982 54,326 54,163 50,392 52,714 55,245 51,476 50,908
California..... 919,234 1,149,953 913,484 879,014 959,078 774,546 756,150 834,318 801,420 817,737
Colorado..... 134,421 135,946 137,839 135,926 137,980 117,054 120,012 120,105 122,797 120,171
Connecticut..... 75,395 70,949 78,215 73,457 72,578 71,198 72,020 67,043 75,657 74,636
Delaware..... 23,491 22,621 22,484 22,844 22,951 19,541 20,532 20,386 21,220 20,704
District of Columbia 31,906 27,106 29,043 28,154 26,089 25,818 25,558 26,928 25,021 26,703
Florida..... 455,616 425,622 461,241 458,172 457,408 399,755 383,394 409,372 398,680 394,174
Georgia..... 217,427 212,850 216,172 217,516 223,018 188,763 186,171 200,027 193,856 192,746
Hawaii..... 26,609 25,203 25,642 26,481 26,916 20,912 23,670 25,689 24,498 22,959
Idaho..... 40,125 41,579 41,461 40,067 43,825 36,684 36,854 38,558 37,495 38,347
Illinois..... 258,830 268,730 283,705 279,866 288,592 251,875 265,334 261,498 280,153 265,066
Indiana..... 143,227 136,368 139,661 135,733 150,500 130,952 130,034 129,407 131,184 126,621
Iowa..... 71,392 72,607 75,237 73,752 75,570 68,038 66,921 67,017 68,186 69,514
Kansas..... 67,871 61,140 67,481 67,108 69,066 58,658 59,438 60,483 62,717 58,856
Kentucky..... 93,554 84,328 85,477 85,803 96,986 80,606 84,243 81,754 78,578 79,522
Louisiana..... 107,395 104,541 98,313 104,587 103,939 91,414 94,234 99,533 94,339 96,123
Maine..... 34,238 32,143 39,249 35,517 34,309 36,486 34,202 31,139 36,066 36,638
Maryland..... 129,764 126,945 126,893 125,703 129,126 127,138 118,295 125,056 123,937 129,086
Massachusetts..... 151,216 175,505 173,757 155,978 154,308 148,085 138,023 142,775 158,373 153,419
Michigan..... 205,504 207,947 217,038 203,757 214,196 183,401 171,542 200,728 200,275 194,061
Minnesota..... 134,577 137,595 141,183 129,214 132,609 130,799 120,381 122,226 127,789 131,351
Mississippi..... 57,216 49,609 49,612 52,352 56,135 51,673 47,175 51,657 49,553 47,729
Missouri..... 138,250 142,864 131,513 128,924 133,568 122,509 122,171 119,004 125,534 122,326
Montana..... 29,068 28,651 28,546 27,381 29,623 27,260 26,427 27,473 26,596 26,510
Nebraska..... 44,816 45,864 45,752 47,699 48,905 39,881 40,939 43,811 43,810 44,599
Nevada..... 60,294 62,843 66,018 61,324 63,751 56,082 53,767 55,959 57,965 53,588
New Hampshire..... 34,580 33,735 36,200 31,531 35,816 34,128 32,155 31,552 34,347 31,175
New Jersey..... 203,835 202,206 213,505 201,174 208,013 198,718 187,276 181,131 197,415 202,977
New Mexico..... 44,250 37,762 40,791 39,367 40,640 37,406 39,187 40,789 40,761 37,859
New York..... 466,748 456,587 472,820 466,932 485,531 440,756 429,494 426,420 446,778 440,250
North Carolina..... 211,726 196,443 207,942 206,049 212,479 190,051 184,492 189,804 191,366 188,376
North Dakota..... 29,218 29,398 25,853 29,744 29,913 23,917 23,359 28,021 24,846 25,016
Ohio..... 263,759 256,737 274,779 244,965 262,864 238,558 244,972 234,133 244,391 234,278
Oklahoma..... 82,091 72,957 75,621 76,396 77,182 68,685 74,768 70,293 70,196 76,346
Oregon..... 95,654 99,441 99,417 99,194 96,827 91,054 84,487 85,962 87,165 92,724
Pennsylvania..... 265,032 268,272 262,901 254,554 268,854 252,649 262,407 252,075 255,635 248,868
Rhode Island..... 24,574 24,360 25,911 24,731 24,432 23,675 23,094 22,672 24,044 22,849
South Carolina..... 97,458 87,131 95,628 92,756 101,038 79,795 83,845 82,252 84,223 83,233
South Dakota..... 20,959 20,848 21,611 20,456 22,970 20,519 20,553 19,329 20,886 20,124
Tennessee..... 138,078 123,145 127,303 124,360 143,113 114,673 116,749 121,662 118,445 108,121
Texas..... 553,932 537,115 530,372 547,426 565,937 450,359 465,576 464,465 482,784 484,486
Utah..... 74,490 75,396 72,630 71,225 77,601 61,715 64,502 67,465 65,096 63,304
Vermont..... 18,800 17,248 18,264 17,553 18,657 17,530 16,860 19,400 18,316 16,672
Virginia..... 177,043 165,555 165,372 172,770 168,488 165,510 159,740 164,084 172,320 165,314
Washington..... 166,655 204,649 177,515 171,550 171,909 153,804 148,789 148,500 157,575 155,301
West Virginia..... 36,002 35,950 34,375 33,177 36,135 36,604 34,714 37,260 35,830 35,918
Wisconsin..... 131,552 125,586 134,838 127,659 130,854 122,830 120,242 124,587 126,994 122,070
Wyoming..... 20,277 18,617 18,151 17,341 20,059 17,704 18,333 19,316 17,255 18,037
Puerto Rico..... 46,915 38,510 40,549 41,766 47,592 40,722 43,762 42,254 45,569 37,545
Virgin Islands..... 1,981 1,570 1,419 1,519 1,412 1,599 1,819 1,819 1,891 1,610
(1) Totals for the United States do not include data for Puerto Rico or the Virgin Islands.
Table 7. Private sector gross job gains and losses as a percent of total employment by state, seasonally adjusted
Gross job gains as a percent of employment Gross job losses as a percent of employment
State (3 months ended) (3 months ended)
Dec. Mar. June Sept. Dec. Dec. Mar. June Sept. Dec.
2012 2013 2013 2013 2013 2012 2013 2013 2013 2013
United States1..... 6.4 6.4 6.4 6.1 6.4 5.8 5.6 5.8 5.8 5.8
Alabama..... 5.8 6.0 5.9 5.5 6.0 5.5 5.4 5.5 5.6 5.3
Alaska..... 9.8 10.7 10.6 9.7 10.1 10.1 9.6 10.0 9.8 10.4
Arizona..... 6.9 6.2 6.2 6.4 6.8 5.8 5.9 6.1 5.5 5.4
Arkansas..... 6.0 5.7 5.2 5.8 5.7 5.3 5.5 5.8 5.4 5.4
California..... 7.4 9.0 7.0 6.7 7.3 6.2 5.9 6.4 6.1 6.2
Colorado..... 7.1 7.1 7.1 7.0 6.9 6.2 6.2 6.1 6.3 6.1
Connecticut..... 5.4 5.1 5.6 5.3 5.2 5.1 5.2 4.8 5.4 5.3
Delaware..... 6.8 6.5 6.5 6.5 6.4 5.7 5.9 5.8 6.0 5.8
District of Columbia.. 6.8 5.7 6.1 5.8 5.4 5.5 5.4 5.6 5.3 5.5
Florida..... 7.1 6.7 7.1 7.0 7.0 6.3 6.0 6.3 6.2 6.1
Georgia..... 6.8 6.6 6.6 6.6 6.8 5.9 5.7 6.2 6.0 5.9
Hawaii..... 5.4 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.3 4.3 4.8 5.2 4.9 4.5
Idaho..... 7.9 8.1 8.0 7.7 8.3 7.2 7.2 7.5 7.2 7.4
Illinois..... 5.3 5.5 5.8 5.7 5.9 5.2 5.5 5.3 5.8 5.4
Indiana..... 5.9 5.6 5.7 5.5 6.1 5.4 5.3 5.3 5.3 5.1
Iowa..... 5.7 5.8 6.0 5.8 5.9 5.5 5.4 5.4 5.5 5.5
Kansas..... 6.3 5.6 6.2 6.1 6.3 5.4 5.5 5.5 5.7 5.3
Kentucky..... 6.5 5.8 5.8 5.8 6.5 5.5 5.8 5.6 5.4 5.3
Louisiana..... 7.0 6.7 6.2 6.6 6.6 5.9 6.1 6.3 6.0 6.1
Maine..... 7.0 6.7 8.1 7.3 7.0 7.5 7.0 6.4 7.4 7.4
Maryland..... 6.4 6.3 6.2 6.2 6.3 6.3 5.8 6.1 6.1 6.3
Massachusetts..... 5.4 6.2 6.1 5.4 5.4 5.3 4.9 5.0 5.5 5.4
Michigan..... 6.0 6.0 6.3 5.9 6.1 5.4 5.0 5.8 5.8 5.6
Minnesota..... 5.9 6.0 6.1 5.5 5.7 5.7 5.2 5.2 5.5 5.7
Mississippi..... 6.8 5.9 5.8 6.1 6.5 6.1 5.5 6.0 5.8 5.5
Missouri..... 6.4 6.5 5.9 5.8 6.0 5.6 5.5 5.4 5.7 5.5
Montana..... 8.3 8.1 8.0 7.7 8.3 7.8 7.4 7.7 7.5 7.4
Nebraska..... 5.9 6.0 6.0 6.1 6.2 5.2 5.4 5.7 5.6 5.7
Nevada..... 6.0 6.3 6.6 6.0 6.3 5.7 5.4 5.5 5.7 5.2
New Hampshire..... 6.5 6.3 6.8 6.0 6.6 6.4 6.1 5.9 6.5 5.8
New Jersey..... 6.4 6.3 6.6 6.2 6.4 6.2 5.8 5.6 6.0 6.2
New Mexico..... 7.4 6.2 6.7 6.5 6.7 6.2 6.5 6.8 6.7 6.2
New York..... 6.4 6.3 6.4 6.4 6.6 6.1 5.9 5.8 6.1 6.0
North Carolina..... 6.5 6.0 6.3 6.2 6.4 5.9 5.7 5.8 5.8 5.7
North Dakota..... 8.3 8.3 7.2 8.3 8.2 6.8 6.6 7.9 6.9 6.9
Ohio..... 6.1 5.9 6.2 5.5 6.0 5.5 5.6 5.3 5.6 5.3
Oklahoma..... 6.7 6.0 6.1 6.1 6.1 5.6 6.0 5.7 5.6 6.1
Oregon..... 7.0 7.2 7.1 7.0 6.8 6.6 6.1 6.2 6.2 6.5
Pennsylvania..... 5.5 5.5 5.3 5.2 5.4 5.1 5.3 5.2 5.2 5.1
Rhode Island..... 6.3 6.1 6.5 6.2 6.2 6.0 5.8 5.7 6.1 5.7
South Carolina..... 6.6 5.8 6.3 6.2 6.6 5.4 5.6 5.5 5.6 5.5
South Dakota..... 6.3 6.3 6.5 6.2 6.9 6.2 6.2 5.8 6.3 6.0
Tennessee..... 6.1 5.4 5.5 5.4 6.3 5.1 5.1 5.4 5.2 4.7
Texas..... 6.1 5.9 5.8 5.9 6.1 5.0 5.1 5.0 5.2 5.1
Utah..... 7.3 7.3 7.0 6.8 7.4 6.1 6.3 6.5 6.2 6.0
Vermont..... 7.6 7.0 7.3 7.1 7.4 7.1 6.7 7.8 7.4 6.7
Virginia..... 6.0 5.7 5.6 5.9 5.7 5.6 5.5 5.6 5.9 5.6
Washington..... 7.1 8.6 7.3 7.0 6.9 6.5 6.2 6.1 6.4 6.3
West Virginia..... 6.4 6.3 6.1 5.9 6.4 6.5 6.1 6.6 6.4 6.4
Wisconsin..... 5.7 5.4 5.8 5.5 5.5 5.3 5.2 5.4 5.4 5.2
Wyoming..... 9.5 8.7 8.5 8.2 9.4 8.4 8.5 9.0 8.1 8.4
Puerto Rico..... 6.8 5.6 5.9 6.1 6.9 5.9 6.4 6.2 6.6 5.5
Virgin Islands..... 7.0 5.6 5.0 5.5 5.2 5.6 6.5 6.5 6.8 5.9
(1) Totals for the United States do not include data for Puerto Rico or the Virgin Islands.
Table 8. Private sector establishment births and deaths, seasonally adjusted
Total private
(Levels in thousands)
Number of Establishments Employment
Births Deaths(1) Births Deaths
Year 3 months ended Level Rate(2) Level Rate Level Rate Level Rate
2003 March 193 3.0 186 2.9 1,004 .9 1,011 .9
June 191 3.0 186 2.9 964 .9 951 .9
September 193 3.0 179 2.8 954 .9 884 .8
December 200 3.1 180 2.8 998 .9 910 .9
2004 March 207 3.2 180 2.8 1,000 .9 917 .9
June 203 3.1 185 2.8 980 .9 909 .8
September 209 3.2 186 2.8 1,016 .9 953 .9
December 210 3.2 180 2.7 997 .9 894 .8
2005 March 209 3.1 185 2.8 944 .9 852 .8
June 216 3.2 180 2.7 951 .9 841 .8
September 221 3.3 186 2.8 996 .9 884 .8
December 221 3.3 186 2.8 979 .9 846 .8
2006 March 220 3.2 180 2.6 924 .8 748 .7
June 221 3.2 194 2.8 973 .9 841 .7
September 210 3.1 196 2.9 927 .8 836 .7
December 221 3.2 194 2.8 959 .8 804 .7
2007 March 214 3.1 193 2.8 897 .8 771 .7
June 206 3.0 202 2.9 884 .8 850 .7
September 216 3.1 203 2.9 941 .8 836 .7
December 208 3.0 206 2.9 902 .8 825 .7
2008 March 207 3.0 211 3.0 900 .8 817 .7
June 202 2.9 228 3.3 873 .8 934 .8
September 191 2.7 223 3.2 826 .7 877 .8
December 187 2.7 238 3.4 798 .7 941 .8
2009 March 172 2.5 236 3.4 705 .6 851 .8
June 178 2.6 226 3.3 743 .7 830 .8
September 169 2.5 216 3.2 692 .7 785 .7
December 183 2.7 199 2.9 712 .7 730 .7
2010 March 175 2.6 195 2.9 688 .7 671 .6
June 179 2.7 185 2.7 713 .7 650 .6
September 187 2.8 189 2.8 741 .7 694 .7
December 200 2.9 186 2.7 787 .7 688 .6
2011 March 189 2.8 184 2.7 698 .7 615 .6
June 192 2.8 190 2.8 749 .7 677 .6
September 199 2.9 187 2.7 788 .7 673 .6
December 202 2.9 191 2.8 801 .7 749 .7
2012 March 201 2.9 181 2.6 748 .7 604 .6
June 197 2.9 184 2.7 778 .7 666 .6
September 201 2.9 185 2.7 796 .7 684 .6
December 201 2.9 182 2.6 795 .7 675 .6
2013 March 578 8.0 185 2.6 1,067 1.0 638 .6
June 226 3.0 N/A N/A 777 .7 N/A N/A
September 215 2.9 N/A N/A 792 .7 N/A N/A
December 214 2.9 N/A N/A 795 .7 N/A N/A
(1) Values for deaths are not available for the most recent three quarters
by definition. See the Technical Note for more information.
(2) The rates measure births and deaths as a percentage
of the average of the previous and current quarter employment levels or
total number of establishments.
United States Department of Labor
