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For release 10:00 a.m. (EDT) USDL-14-1388 Wednesday, July 30, 2014 Technical information: (202) 691-6553 * BDMInfo@bls.gov * www.bls.gov/bdm Media contact: (202) 691-5902 * PressOffice@bls.gov BUSINESS EMPLOYMENT DYNAMICS: FOURTH QUARTER 2013 From September 2013 to December 2013, gross job gains from opening and expanding private sector establishments were 7.3 million, an increase of 290,000 jobs from the previous quarter, the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics reported today. Over this period, gross job losses from closing and contracting private sector establishments were 6.5 million, a decrease of 34,000 jobs from the previous quarter. The difference between the number of gross job gains and the number of gross job losses yielded a net employment gain of 745,000 jobs in the private sector during the fourth quarter of 2013. (See table 1.) The change in the number of jobs over time is the net result of increases and decreases in employment that occur at all businesses in the economy. Business Employment Dynamics (BED) statistics track these changes in employment at private business units from the third month of one quarter to the third month of the next. Gross job gains are the sum of increases in employment from expansions at existing units and the addition of new jobs at opening units. Gross job losses are the result of contractions in employment at existing units and the loss of jobs at closing units. The difference between the number of gross job gains and the number of gross job losses is the net change in employment. (See the Technical Note for more information.) The BED data series include gross job gains and gross job losses at the establishment level by industry subsector and for the 50 states, the District of Columbia, Puerto Rico, and the Virgin Islands, as well as gross job gains and gross job losses at the firm level by employer size class. Gross job gains at expanding establishments totaled 5.9 million in the fourth quarter of 2013, an increase of 260,000 jobs from the previous quarter. Opening establishments accounted for 1.3 million jobs gained in the fourth quarter of 2013, an increase of 30,000 jobs from the previous quarter. Contracting establishments lost 5.3 million jobs in the fourth quarter of 2013. This is a decrease of 100,000 jobs from the prior quarter. In the fourth quarter of 2013, closing establishments lost 1.2 million jobs, an increase of 66,000 jobs from the previous quarter. (See tables 1 and 3.) Gross job gains represented 6.4 percent of private sector employment in the fourth quarter of 2013, while gross job losses represented 5.8 percent of private sector employment. (See table 2.) In the fourth quarter of 2013, the number of establishment births (a subset of the openings data, see the Technical Note for more information) decreased by 1,000 to 214,000. These new establishments accounted for 795,000 jobs, an increase of 3,000 from the previous quarter. (See table 8.) Data for establishment deaths (a subset of the closings data) are available through the first quarter of 2013, when 638,000 jobs were lost at 185,000 establishments. In the prior quarter 675,000 jobs were lost at 182,000 establishments. During the fourth quarter of 2013, gross job gains exceeded gross job losses in all industry sectors except the utilities sector and the other services sector. The professional and business services sector, which includes temporary help services, experienced a net increase of 193,000 jobs as a result of higher gross job gains this quarter. The retail trade sector experienced a net increase of 113,000 jobs. This represents an increase of 76,000 jobs compared to the prior quarter. The transportation and warehousing sector experienced the largest net change in the history of the series for that industry sector, a gain of 79,000 jobs. (See table 3.) Table A. Three-month private sector gross job gains and losses, seasonally adjusted Category 3 months ended Dec. Mar. June Sept. Dec. 2012 2013 2013 2013 2013 Levels (in thousands) Gross job gains................ 7,110 7,200 7,143 6,975 7,265 At expanding establishments... 5,769 5,623 5,839 5,686 5,946 At opening establishments..... 1,341 1,577 1,304 1,289 1,319 Gross job losses............... 6,401 6,286 6,477 6,554 6,520 At contracting establishments. 5,199 5,136 5,267 5,403 5,303 At closing establishments..... 1,202 1,150 1,210 1,151 1,217 Net employment change(1)....... 709 914 666 421 745 Rates (percent) Gross job gains................ 6.4 6.4 6.4 6.1 6.4 At expanding establishments... 5.2 5.0 5.2 5.0 5.2 At opening establishments..... 1.2 1.4 1.2 1.1 1.2 Gross job losses............... 5.8 5.6 5.8 5.8 5.8 At contracting establishments. 4.7 4.6 4.7 4.8 4.7 At closing establishments..... 1.1 1.0 1.1 1.0 1.1 Net employment change(1)....... .6 .8 .6 .3 .6 (1) The net employment change is the difference between total gross job gains and total gross job losses. See the Technical Note for further information. Firms with 250 or more employees accounted for 68 percent of total net job growth in the fourth quarter of 2013. Firms with 1-49 employees and firms with 50-249 employees each accounted for 16 percent of net job growth. This quarter is the fifteenth consecutive quarter of positive net employment change for all three major firm size categories. Of the 8.6 million net new jobs created between the second quarter of 2010 and the fourth quarter of 2013, firms with 1-49 employees contributed 29 percent of net job growth, while firms with 50-249 employees contributed 22 percent, and firms with 250 or more employees contributed 49 percent. (See tables 4 and 5.) In the fourth quarter of 2013, gross job gains exceeded gross job losses in 47 states. California had the largest net employment gain of 141,341 jobs, followed by Texas with 81,451 jobs. (See table 6.) Alaska had the largest rate of gross job gains as a percent of employment at 10.1 percent, above the U.S. rate of 6.4 percent. Hawaii had the lowest rate of gross job losses as a percent of employment at 4.5 percent, below the U.S. rate of 5.8 percent. (See table 7.) More Information Additional information on gross job gains and gross job losses is available online at www.bls.gov/bdm. This information includes data on the levels and rates of gross job gains and gross job losses by firm size, not seasonally adjusted data and other seasonally adjusted time series not presented in this release, charts of gross job gains and gross job losses by industry and firm size, and frequently asked questions on firm size data. Additional information about the Business Employment Dynamics data can be found in the Technical Note of this release or may be obtained by e-mailing BDMinfo@bls.gov. ------------------------------------------------------------------------ | The Business Employment Dynamics for First Quarter 2014 are scheduled | | to be released on Wednesday, November 19, 2014 at 10:00 a.m. (EST). | ------------------------------------------------------------------------ ------------------------------------------------------------------------ | Changes to Business Employment Dynamics (BED) Data | | Data in the next release, published on Wednesday, November 19, 2014, | | will incorporate annual revisions to the BED series. Annual revisions | | are published each year with the release of first quarter data. | | These revisions will cover the last four quarters of not seasonally | | adjusted data and five years of seasonally adjusted data. | ------------------------------------------------------------------------
Technical Note The Business Employment Dynamics (BED) data are a product of a federal- state cooperative program known as Quarterly Census of Employment and Wages (QCEW). The BED data are compiled by the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) from existing QCEW records. Most employers in the U.S. are required to file quarterly reports on the employment and wages of workers covered by unemployment insurance (UI) laws, and to pay quarterly UI taxes. The QCEW is based largely on quarterly UI reports which are sent by businesses to the State Employment Security Agencies (SESAs). These UI reports are supplemented by two additional BLS data collections to render administrative data into economic statistics. Together these data comprise the QCEW and form the basis of the Bureau’s establishment universe sampling frame. These reports are used to produce the quarterly QCEW data on total employment and wages and the longitudinal BED data on gross job gains and losses. The QCEW is also the employment benchmark for the Current Employment Statistics (CES), Occupational Employment Statistics (OES), and Job Openings and Labor Turnover Survey (JOLTS) programs and is a major input to the Bureau of Economic Analysis’s Personal Income Accounts. In the BED program, the quarterly QCEW records are linked across quarters to provide a longitudinal history for each establishment. The linkage process allows the tracking of net employment changes at the establishment level, which in turn allows the estimation of jobs gained at opening and expanding units and jobs lost at closing and contracting units. Differences between QCEW, BED, and CES employment measures The Bureau publishes three different establishment-based employment mea- sures for any given quarter. Each of these measures -- QCEW, BED, and CES-- makes use of the quarterly UI employment reports in producing data; how- ever, each measure has a somewhat different universe coverage, estimation procedure, and publication product. Differences in coverage and estimation methods can result in somewhat different measures of over-the-quarter employment change. It is important to understand program differences and the intended uses of the program products. (See table below.) Additional information on each program can be obtained from the program web sites shown in the table below. Summary of Major Differences between QCEW, BED, and CES Employment Measures --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | QCEW | BED | CES -----------|---------------------|----------------------|------------------------ Source |--Count of UI admini-|--Count of longitudi- |--Sample survey: | strative records | nally-linked UI ad- | 557,000 establish- | submitted by 9.2 | ministrative records| ments | million employers | submitted by 7.3 | | | million private sec-| | | tor employers | -----------|---------------------|----------------------|------------------------ Coverage |--UI and UCFE cover- |--UI Coverage, exclud-|Nonfarm wage and sal- | age: all employers| ing government, pri-| ary jobs: | subject to state | vate households, and|--UI Coverage, exclud- | and federal UI Laws| establishments with | ing: agriculture, pri- | | zero employment | vate households, and | | | self-employed; | | | including: railroads, | | | religious organiza- | | | tions, and other non- | | | UI-covered jobs | | | -----------|---------------------|----------------------|------------------------ Publication|--Quarterly |--Quarterly |--Monthly frequency | -6 months after the| -7 months after the | -First Friday | end of each quar- | end of each quarter| of following month | ter | | -----------|---------------------|----------------------|------------------------ Use of UI |--Directly summarizes|--Links each new UI |--Uses UI file as a sam- file | and publishes each | quarter to longitu- | pling frame and annu- | new quarter of UI | dinal database and | ally realigns (bench- | data | directly summarizes | marks) sample esti- | | gross job gains and | mates to first quar- | | losses | ter UI levels -----------|---------------------|----------------------|------------------------ Principal |--Provides a quarter-|--Provides quarterly |--Provides current month- products | ly and annual uni- | employer dynamics | ly estimates of employ- | verse count of es- | data on establish- | ment, hours, and earn- | tablishments, em- | ment openings, clos-| ings at the MSA, state, | ployment, and wages| ings, expansions, | and national level by | at the county, MSA,| and contractions at | industry | State, and national| the national level | | levels by detailed | by NAICS super- | | industry | sectors,3-digit | | | NAICS, and by size | | | of firm, and at the | | | state private-sector| | | total level | | |--Future expansions | | | will include | | | data at the county | | | and MSA level | -----------|---------------------|----------------------|------------------------ Principal |--Major uses include:|--Major uses include: |--Major uses include: uses | -Detailed locality | -Business cycle | -Principal national | data | analysis | economic indicator | -Periodic universe | -Analysis of employ-| -Official time series | counts for bench- | er dynamics under- | for employment change | marking sample | lying economic ex- | measures | survey estimates | pansions and con- | -Input into other ma- | -Sample frame for | tractions | jor economic indi- | BLS establishment | -Analysis of employ-| cators | surveys | ment expansion and | | | contraction by size| | | of firm | | | | -----------|---------------------|----------------------|------------------------ Program |--www.bls.gov/cew/ |--www.bls.gov/bdm/ |--www.bls.gov/ces/ Web sites | | | --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Coverage Employment and wage data for workers covered by state UI and Unemployment Compensation for Federal Employees (UCFE) laws are compiled from quarterly contribution reports submitted to the SESAs by employers. In addition to the quarterly contribution reports, employers who operate multiple establishments within a state complete a questionnaire, called the "Multiple Worksite Report," which provides detailed information on the location of their establishments. These reports are based on place of employment rather than place of residence. UI and UCFE coverage is broad and basically comparable from state to state. Major exclusions from UI coverage are self-employed workers, religious or- ganizations, most agricultural workers on small farms, all members of the Armed Forces, elected officials in most states, most employees of railroads, some domestic workers, most student workers at schools, and employees of cer- tain small nonprofit organizations. Gross job gains and gross job losses in this release are derived from lon- gitudinal histories of 7.3 million private sector employer reports out of 9.2 million total reports of employment and wages submitted by states to BLS in the first quarter of 2013. Gross job gains and gross job losses data in this release do not report estimates for government employees or private households (NAICS 814110), and do not include establishments with zero employ- ment in both previous and current quarters. Data from Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands (49,972 units rounded to 0.0 million) also are excluded from the national data. As an illustration, the table below shows, in millions of establishments, the number of establishments excluded from the national gross job gains and gross job losses data in the first quarter 2013: Number of active establishments included in Business Employment Dynamics data at the national level Millions Total establishments QCEW program....................................9.2 Excluded: Public sector.........................................0.3 Private households....................................0.2 Zero employment.......................................1.3 Establishments in Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands..............................0.1 Total establishments included in Business Employment Dynamics data.............................................7.3 Unit of analysis Establishments are used in the tabulation of the BED statistics by in- dustry and firms are used in the tabulation of the BED size class sta- tistics. An establishment is defined as an economic unit that produces goods or services, usually at a single physical location, and engages in one or predominantly one activity. A firm is a legal business, either corporate or otherwise, and may consist of several establishments. Firm- level data are compiled based on an aggregation of establishments under common ownership by a corporate parent using employer tax identification numbers. The firm level aggregation which is consistent with the role of corporations as the economic decision makers are used for the measurement of the BED data elements by size class. Because of the difference in the unit of analysis, total gross job gains and gross job losses by size class are lower than total gross job gains and gross job losses by industry, as some establishment gains and losses within a firm are offset during the aggregation process. However, the total net changes in employment are the same for not seasonally adjusted data and are similar for seasonally adjusted data. Concepts and methodology The Business Employment Dynamics data measure the net change in employ- ment at the establishment or firm level. These changes come about in one of four ways. A net increase in employment can come from either opening units or expanding units. A net decrease in employment can come from either closing units or contracting units. Gross job gains include the sum of all jobs added at either opening or expanding units. Gross job losses include the sum of all jobs lost in either closing or contracting units. The net change in employment is the difference between gross job gains and gross job losses. The formal definitions of employment changes are as follows: Openings. These are either units with positive third month employment for the first time in the current quarter, with no links to the prior quarter, or with positive third month employment in the current quarter following zero em- ployment in the previous quarter. Expansions. These are units with positive employment in the third month in both the previous and current quarters, with a net increase in employment over this period. Closings. These are either units with positive third month employment in the previous quarter, with no employment or zero employment reported in the current quarter. Contractions. These are units with positive employment in the third month in both the previous and current quarters, with a net decrease in employment over this period. Births. These are units with positive third month employment for the first time in the current quarter with no links to the prior quarter, or units with positive third month employment in the current quarter and zero employment in the third month of the previous four quarters. Births are a subset of openings not including re-openings of seasonal businesses. Deaths. These are units with no employment or zero employment reported in the third month of four consecutive quarters following the last quarter with positive employment. Deaths are a subset of closings not including temporary shutdowns of seasonal businesses. A unit that closes during the quarter may be a death, but we wait three quarters to determine whether it is a permanent closing or a temporary shutdown. Therefore, there is always a lag of three quarters for the publication of death statistics. All employment changes are measured from the third month of the previous quarter to the third month of the current quarter. Not all establishments and firms change their employment levels. Units with no change in employment count towards estimates of total employment, but not for levels of gross job gains and gross job losses. Gross job gains and gross job losses are expressed as rates by dividing their levels by the average of employment in the current and previous quar- ters. This provides a symmetric growth rate. The rates are calculated for the components of gross job gains and gross job losses and then summed to form their respective totals. These rates can be added and subtracted just as their levels can. For instance, the difference between the gross job gains rate and the gross job losses rate is the net growth rate. Establishment Births and Deaths For the purpose of BED statistics, births are defined as establishments that appear in the longitudinal database for the first time with positive employment in the third month of a quarter, or showed four consecutive quarters of zero employment in the third month followed by a quarter in which it shows positive employment in the third month. Similarly, deaths are defined as establishments that either drop out of the longitudinal database or an establishment that had positive employment in the third month of a given quarter followed by four consecutive quarters of showing zero employment in the third month. Although the data for establishment births and deaths are tabulated independently from the data for openings and closings, the concepts are not mutually exclusive. An establishment that is defined as a birth in a given quarter is necessarily an opening as well, and an establishment defined as a death in a quarter must also be a closing. Since openings include seasonal and other re-openings and closings include temporary shutdowns, the not seasonally adjusted values for births and deaths must be less than those for openings and closings. However, because some BED series do not have many re-openings or temporary shutdowns, as well as the fact that births and deaths are independently seasonally adjusted from openings and closings, there may be instances in which the seasonally adjusted value of the former is greater than the latter. Linkage methodology Prior to the measurement of gross job gains and gross job losses, QCEW records are linked across two quarters. The linkage process matches estab- lishments' unique SESA identification numbers (SESA-ID). Between 95 to 97 percent of establishments identified as continuous from quarter to quarter are matched by SESA-ID. The rest are linked in one of three ways. The first method uses predecessor and successor information, identified by the States, which relates records with different SESA-IDs across quarters. Predecessor and successor relations can come about for a variety of reasons, including a change in ownership, a firm restructuring, or a UI account restructuring. If a match cannot be attained in this manner, a probability-based match is used. This match attempts to identify two establishments with different SESA- IDs as continuous. The match is based upon comparisons such as the same name, address, and phone number. Third, an analyst examines unmatched re- cords individually and makes a possible match. In order to ensure the highest possible quality of data, SESAs verify with employers and update, if necessary, the industry, location, and ownership classification of all establishments on a 4-year cycle. Changes in establish- ment classification codes resulting from the verification process are intro- duced with the data reported for the first quarter of the year. Changes re- sulting from improved employer reporting also are introduced in the first quarter. Sizing methodology The method of dynamic sizing is used in calculations for the BED size class data series. Dynamic sizing allocates each firm’s employment gain or loss during a quarter to each respective size class in which the change occurred. For example, if a firm grew from 2 employees in quarter 1 to 38 employees in quarter 2, then, of the 36-employee increase, 2 would be al- located to the first size class, 5 to the size class 5 to 9, 10 to size class 10 to 19, and 19 to size class 20 to 49. Dynamic sizing provides symmetrical firm size estimates and eliminates any systematic effects which may be caused by the transitory and reverting changes in firms’ sizes over time. Additionally, it allocates each job gain or loss to the actual size class where it occurred. Annual Data The annual gross job gains and gross job losses measure the net change in employment at the establishment level from the third month of a quarter in the previous year to the third month of the same quarter in the current year. The BLS publishes annual BED data based on March-to-March changes once a year with the release of the first quarter BED data. The annual data based on over-the-year changes for other quarters of the year are available upon request. The definitions and methodology in measuring annual gross job gains and gross job losses are similar to the quarterly measures. The linkage method considers all predecessor and successor relations that may come about due to changes in ownership and corporate restructuring over the entire year. At the establishment level, some of the quarterly job gains and job losses are offset during the estimation over the year. Therefore, the sum of four quarters of gross job gains and gross job losses are not equal to annual gross job gains and gross job losses. The net change in employment over the year, however, is equal to the sum of four quarterly net changes on a not seasonally adjusted basis. Seasonal adjustment Over the course of a year, the levels of employment and the associated job flows undergo sharp fluctuations due to such seasonal events as changes in the weather, reduced or expanded production, harvests, major holidays, and the opening and closing of schools. The effect of such seasonal vari- ation can be very large. Because these seasonal events follow a more or less regular pattern each year, their influence can be eliminated by adjusting these statistics from quarter to quarter. These adjustments make nonseasonal developments, such as declines in economic activity, easier to recognize. For example, the large number of youths taking summer jobs is likely to obscure other changes that have taken place in June relative to March, making it difficult to determine if the level of economic activity has risen or declined. However, because the effect of students finishing school in previous years is known, the statistics for the current year can be adjusted to allow for a comparable change. The adjusted figures provide a more useful tool with which to ana- lyze changes in economic activity. The employment data series for opening, expanding, closing, and contrac- ting units are independently seasonally adjusted; net changes are calculated based on the difference between gross job gains and gross job losses. Simi- larly, for industry data, the establishment counts data series for opening, expanding, closing, and contracting establishments are independently adjusted, and the net changes are calculated based on the difference between the number of opening and closing establishments. Additionally establishment and em- ployment levels are independently seasonally adjusted to calculate the sea- sonally adjusted rates. Concurrent seasonal adjustment is run using X-12 ARIMA. Seasonally adjusted data series for total private are the sum of seasonally adjusted data of all sectors including the unclassified sector, which is not separately published. The net over-the-quarter change derived by summing the BED component series will differ from the net employment change estimated from the seasonally ad- justed total private employment series from the CES program. The intended use of BED statistics is to show the dynamic labor market changes that underlie the net employment change statistic. As such, data users interested particu- larly in the net employment change and not in the gross job flows underlying this change should refer to CES data for over-the-quarter net employment changes. Reliability of the data Since the data series on Business Employment Dynamics are based on admini- strative rather than sample data, there are no issues related to sampling error. Nonsampling error, however, still exists. Nonsampling errors can oc- cur for many reasons, such as the employer submitting corrected employment data after the end of the quarter or typographical errors made by businesses when providing information. Such errors, however, are likely to be distri- buted randomly throughout the dataset. Changes in administrative data sometimes create complications for the linkage process. This can result in overstating openings and closings while understating expansions and contractions. The BLS continues to refine methods for improving the linkage process to alleviate the effects of these compli- cations. The BED data series are subject to periodic minor changes based on correc- tions in QCEW records, updates on predecessors and successors information, and seasonal adjustment revisions. Annual revisions are published each year with the release of the first qua- rter data. These revisions cover the last four quarters of not seasonally adj- usted data and 5 years of seasonally adjusted data. Additional statistics and other information Several other programs within BLS produce closely related information. The QCEW program provides both quarterly and annual estimates of employment by state, county, and detailed industry. News releases on quarterly county e mployment and wages and an annual bulletin: Employment and Wages Annual Averages, are available upon request from the Division of Administrative Statistics and Labor Turnover, Bureau of Labor Statistics, U.S. Department of Labor, Washington, DC 20212; telephone 202-691-6567; (http://www.bls.gov/cew/); (e-mail: QCEWInfo@bls.gov). The CES program produces monthly estimates of employment, its net change, and earnings by detailed industry. These estimates are part of the Employ- ment Situation report put out monthly by BLS. The Job Openings and Labor Turnover Survey (JOLTS) program provides month- ly measures of job openings, as well as employee hires and separations. Information in this release will be made available to sensory impaired in- dividuals upon request. Voice phone: 202-691-5200; TDD message referral number: 1-800-877-8339.
Table 1. Private sector gross job gains and job losses, seasonally adjusted Total private (In thousands) Gross job gains Gross job losses Year 3 months ended Net change(1) Total Expanding Opening Total Contracting Closing establishments establishments establishments establishments 2003 March -393 7,467 5,928 1,539 7,860 6,307 1,553 June -90 7,398 5,929 1,469 7,488 6,030 1,458 September 204 7,392 5,923 1,469 7,188 5,828 1,360 December 297 7,521 6,005 1,516 7,224 5,800 1,424 2004 March 470 7,715 6,204 1,511 7,245 5,795 1,450 June 644 7,754 6,235 1,519 7,110 5,639 1,471 September 206 7,633 6,060 1,573 7,427 5,888 1,539 December 757 7,844 6,243 1,601 7,087 5,663 1,424 2005 March 384 7,620 6,131 1,489 7,236 5,801 1,435 June 593 7,774 6,231 1,543 7,181 5,776 1,405 September 677 7,965 6,387 1,578 7,288 5,844 1,444 December 494 7,807 6,252 1,555 7,313 5,948 1,365 2006 March 874 7,797 6,354 1,443 6,923 5,636 1,287 June 371 7,758 6,246 1,512 7,387 6,015 1,372 September 52 7,499 6,061 1,438 7,447 6,097 1,350 December 455 7,740 6,223 1,517 7,285 5,941 1,344 2007 March 549 7,727 6,297 1,430 7,178 5,881 1,297 June 149 7,632 6,222 1,410 7,483 6,079 1,404 September -252 7,318 5,847 1,471 7,570 6,215 1,355 December 299 7,658 6,196 1,462 7,359 6,012 1,347 2008 March -225 7,246 5,834 1,412 7,471 6,102 1,369 June -578 7,254 5,846 1,408 7,832 6,352 1,480 September -944 6,886 5,523 1,363 7,830 6,448 1,382 December -1,809 6,706 5,354 1,352 8,515 7,034 1,481 2009 March -2,710 5,844 4,655 1,189 8,554 7,132 1,422 June -1,659 6,391 5,088 1,303 8,050 6,667 1,383 September -880 6,340 5,125 1,215 7,220 5,863 1,357 December -229 6,640 5,316 1,324 6,869 5,589 1,280 2010 March -262 6,256 5,086 1,170 6,518 5,313 1,205 June 715 6,966 5,684 1,282 6,251 5,086 1,165 September 210 6,675 5,423 1,252 6,465 5,240 1,225 December 591 7,015 5,642 1,373 6,424 5,202 1,222 2011 March 296 6,448 5,278 1,170 6,152 5,015 1,137 June 602 6,940 5,642 1,298 6,338 5,108 1,230 September 819 7,144 5,785 1,359 6,325 5,181 1,144 December 368 6,896 5,549 1,347 6,528 5,250 1,278 2012 March 847 6,946 5,702 1,244 6,099 4,995 1,104 June 613 7,027 5,738 1,289 6,414 5,259 1,155 September 233 6,847 5,552 1,295 6,614 5,436 1,178 December 709 7,110 5,769 1,341 6,401 5,199 1,202 2013 March 914 7,200 5,623 1,577 6,286 5,136 1,150 June 666 7,143 5,839 1,304 6,477 5,267 1,210 September 421 6,975 5,686 1,289 6,554 5,403 1,151 December 745 7,265 5,946 1,319 6,520 5,303 1,217 (1) Net change is the difference between total gross job gains and total gross job losses.
Table 2. Private sector gross job gains and losses, as a percent of employment(1), seasonally adjusted Total private (Percent) Gross job gains Gross job losses Year 3 months ended Net change(2) Total Expanding Opening Total Contracting Closing establishments establishments establishments establishments 2003 March -.5 6.9 5.5 1.4 7.4 5.9 1.5 June .0 7.0 5.6 1.4 7.0 5.6 1.4 September .1 6.9 5.5 1.4 6.8 5.5 1.3 December .3 7.0 5.6 1.4 6.7 5.4 1.3 2004 March .5 7.2 5.8 1.4 6.7 5.4 1.3 June .6 7.2 5.8 1.4 6.6 5.2 1.4 September .3 7.1 5.6 1.5 6.8 5.4 1.4 December .7 7.2 5.7 1.5 6.5 5.2 1.3 2005 March .4 7.0 5.6 1.4 6.6 5.3 1.3 June .6 7.1 5.7 1.4 6.5 5.2 1.3 September .6 7.2 5.8 1.4 6.6 5.3 1.3 December .4 7.0 5.6 1.4 6.6 5.4 1.2 2006 March .9 7.0 5.7 1.3 6.1 5.0 1.1 June .3 6.8 5.5 1.3 6.5 5.3 1.2 September .1 6.7 5.4 1.3 6.6 5.4 1.2 December .3 6.8 5.5 1.3 6.5 5.3 1.2 2007 March .5 6.8 5.5 1.3 6.3 5.2 1.1 June .2 6.7 5.5 1.2 6.5 5.3 1.2 September -.3 6.4 5.1 1.3 6.7 5.5 1.2 December .2 6.7 5.4 1.3 6.5 5.3 1.2 2008 March -.3 6.3 5.1 1.2 6.6 5.4 1.2 June -.6 6.3 5.1 1.2 6.9 5.6 1.3 September -.8 6.1 4.9 1.2 6.9 5.7 1.2 December -1.6 6.0 4.8 1.2 7.6 6.3 1.3 2009 March -2.4 5.4 4.3 1.1 7.8 6.5 1.3 June -1.6 5.9 4.7 1.2 7.5 6.2 1.3 September -.9 5.9 4.8 1.1 6.8 5.5 1.3 December -.2 6.3 5.0 1.3 6.5 5.3 1.2 2010 March -.2 5.9 4.8 1.1 6.1 5.0 1.1 June .7 6.6 5.4 1.2 5.9 4.8 1.1 September .2 6.3 5.1 1.2 6.1 4.9 1.2 December .6 6.6 5.3 1.3 6.0 4.9 1.1 2011 March .2 6.0 4.9 1.1 5.8 4.7 1.1 June .6 6.5 5.3 1.2 5.9 4.8 1.1 September .8 6.7 5.4 1.3 5.9 4.8 1.1 December .3 6.3 5.1 1.2 6.0 4.8 1.2 2012 March .7 6.3 5.2 1.1 5.6 4.6 1.0 June .5 6.4 5.2 1.2 5.9 4.8 1.1 September .2 6.2 5.0 1.2 6.0 4.9 1.1 December .6 6.4 5.2 1.2 5.8 4.7 1.1 2013 March .8 6.4 5.0 1.4 5.6 4.6 1.0 June .6 6.4 5.2 1.2 5.8 4.7 1.1 September .3 6.1 5.0 1.1 5.8 4.8 1.0 December .6 6.4 5.2 1.2 5.8 4.7 1.1 (1) The rates measure gross job gains and gross job losses as a percentage of the previous and current quarter employment levels. (2) Net change is the difference between total gross job gains and total gross job losses.
Table 3. Private sector gross job gains and losses by industry, seasonally adjusted Gross job gains and job losses Gross job gains and job losses (in thousands) as a percent of employment Category 3 months ended 3 months ended Dec. Mar. June Sept Dec. Dec. Mar. June Sept Dec. 2012 2013 2013 2013 2013 2012 2013 2013 2013 2013 Total private(1) Gross job gains 7,110 7,200 7,143 6,975 7,265 6.4 6.4 6.4 6.1 6.4 At expanding establishments 5,769 5,623 5,839 5,686 5,946 5.2 5.0 5.2 5.0 5.2 At opening establishments 1,341 1,577 1,304 1,289 1,319 1.2 1.4 1.2 1.1 1.2 Gross job losses 6,401 6,286 6,477 6,554 6,520 5.8 5.6 5.8 5.8 5.8 At contracting establishments 5,199 5,136 5,267 5,403 5,303 4.7 4.6 4.7 4.8 4.7 At closing establishments 1,202 1,150 1,210 1,151 1,217 1.1 1.0 1.1 1.0 1.1 Net employment change 709 914 666 421 745 .6 .8 .6 .3 .6 Goods-producing Gross job gains 1,359 1,345 1,370 1,309 1,344 7.0 6.8 6.9 6.6 6.8 At expanding establishments 1,147 1,151 1,165 1,109 1,149 5.9 5.8 5.9 5.6 5.8 At opening establishments 212 194 205 200 195 1.1 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 Gross job losses 1,315 1,224 1,273 1,248 1,306 6.7 6.2 6.4 6.3 6.5 At contracting establishments 1,097 1,020 1,067 1,053 1,099 5.6 5.2 5.4 5.3 5.5 At closing establishments 218 204 206 195 207 1.1 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 Net employment change 44 121 97 61 38 .3 .6 .5 .3 .3 Natural resources and mining Gross job gains 279 277 287 257 279 14.0 13.7 14.2 12.7 13.7 At expanding establishments 238 238 249 220 242 11.9 11.8 12.3 10.9 11.9 At opening establishments 41 39 38 37 37 2.1 1.9 1.9 1.8 1.8 Gross job losses 288 250 272 262 278 14.4 12.4 13.4 13.0 13.7 At contracting establishments 250 214 235 228 242 12.5 10.6 11.6 11.3 11.9 At closing establishments 38 36 37 34 36 1.9 1.8 1.8 1.7 1.8 Net employment change -9 27 15 -5 1 -.4 1.3 .8 -.3 .0 Construction Gross job gains 667 674 661 655 643 11.9 11.7 11.4 11.3 11.0 At expanding establishments 534 553 534 529 522 9.5 9.6 9.2 9.1 8.9 At opening establishments 133 121 127 126 121 2.4 2.1 2.2 2.2 2.1 Gross job losses 604 600 616 588 635 10.7 10.5 10.6 10.1 10.8 At contracting establishments 474 476 494 473 509 8.4 8.3 8.5 8.1 8.7 At closing establishments 130 124 122 115 126 2.3 2.2 2.1 2.0 2.1 Net employment change 63 74 45 67 8 1.2 1.2 .8 1.2 .2 Manufacturing Gross job gains 413 394 422 397 422 3.4 3.3 3.5 3.3 3.5 At expanding establishments 375 360 382 360 385 3.1 3.0 3.2 3.0 3.2 At opening establishments 38 34 40 37 37 .3 .3 .3 .3 .3 Gross job losses 423 374 385 398 393 3.5 3.2 3.2 3.3 3.3 At contracting establishments 373 330 338 352 348 3.1 2.8 2.8 2.9 2.9 At closing establishments 50 44 47 46 45 .4 .4 .4 .4 .4 Net employment change -10 20 37 -1 29 -.1 .1 .3 .0 .2 Service-providing(1) Gross job gains 5,751 5,855 5,773 5,666 5,921 6.3 6.4 6.2 6.1 6.3 At expanding establishments 4,622 4,472 4,674 4,577 4,797 5.1 4.9 5.0 4.9 5.1 At opening establishments 1,129 1,383 1,099 1,089 1,124 1.2 1.5 1.2 1.2 1.2 Gross job losses 5,086 5,062 5,204 5,306 5,214 5.6 5.5 5.6 5.7 5.6 At contracting establishments 4,102 4,116 4,200 4,350 4,204 4.5 4.5 4.5 4.7 4.5 At closing establishments 984 946 1,004 956 1,010 1.1 1.0 1.1 1.0 1.1 Net employment change 665 793 569 360 707 .7 .9 .6 .4 .7 Wholesale trade Gross job gains 280 273 288 274 284 4.9 4.8 5.0 4.7 4.9 At expanding establishments 227 227 237 227 237 4.0 4.0 4.1 3.9 4.1 At opening establishments 53 46 51 47 47 .9 .8 .9 .8 .8 Gross job losses 257 251 253 258 249 4.5 4.4 4.4 4.5 4.3 At contracting establishments 200 194 199 205 191 3.5 3.4 3.5 3.6 3.3 At closing establishments 57 57 54 53 58 1.0 1.0 .9 .9 1.0 Net employment change 23 22 35 16 35 .4 .4 .6 .2 .6 Retail trade Gross job gains 921 895 946 888 942 6.2 6.0 6.3 5.8 6.2 At expanding establishments 788 777 816 760 818 5.3 5.2 5.4 5.0 5.4 At opening establishments 133 118 130 128 124 .9 .8 .9 .8 .8 Gross job losses 829 874 768 851 829 5.6 5.8 5.1 5.6 5.5 At contracting establishments 710 768 664 750 714 4.8 5.1 4.4 4.9 4.7 At closing establishments 119 106 104 101 115 .8 .7 .7 .7 .8 Net employment change 92 21 178 37 113 .6 .2 1.2 .2 .7 Transportation and warehousing Gross job gains 263 207 219 226 283 6.3 4.9 5.2 5.3 6.6 At expanding establishments 231 177 185 195 254 5.5 4.2 4.4 4.6 5.9 At opening establishments 32 30 34 31 29 .8 .7 .8 .7 .7 Gross job losses 211 236 210 209 204 5.0 5.5 5.0 4.9 4.8 At contracting establishments 173 205 177 173 167 4.1 4.8 4.2 4.1 3.9 At closing establishments 38 31 33 36 37 .9 .7 .8 .8 .9 Net employment change 52 -29 9 17 79 1.3 -.6 .2 .4 1.8 Utilities Gross job gains 14 10 14 11 13 2.6 1.8 2.6 2.0 2.4 At expanding establishments 12 9 12 10 12 2.2 1.6 2.2 1.8 2.2 At opening establishments 2 1 2 1 1 .4 .2 .4 .2 .2 Gross job losses 12 11 14 13 16 2.2 2.0 2.6 2.4 3.0 At contracting establishments 11 10 13 12 14 2.0 1.8 2.4 2.2 2.6 At closing establishments 1 1 1 1 2 .2 .2 .2 .2 .4 Net employment change 2 -1 0 -2 -3 .4 -.2 .0 -.4 -.6 Information Gross job gains 141 114 134 129 134 5.2 4.2 4.9 4.8 4.9 At expanding establishments 116 97 114 108 112 4.3 3.6 4.2 4.0 4.1 At opening establishments 25 17 20 21 22 .9 .6 .7 .8 .8 Gross job losses 121 119 125 135 122 4.5 4.4 4.6 5.0 4.5 At contracting establishments 96 99 101 113 100 3.6 3.7 3.7 4.2 3.7 At closing establishments 25 20 24 22 22 .9 .7 .9 .8 .8 Net employment change 20 -5 9 -6 12 .7 -.2 .3 -.2 .4 Financial activities Gross job gains 376 346 365 350 365 5.0 4.5 4.8 4.6 4.8 At expanding establishments 293 282 296 282 287 3.9 3.7 3.9 3.7 3.8 At opening establishments 83 64 69 68 78 1.1 .8 .9 .9 1.0 Gross job losses 326 325 328 346 354 4.3 4.3 4.4 4.5 4.6 At contracting establishments 251 250 255 275 276 3.3 3.3 3.4 3.6 3.6 At closing establishments 75 75 73 71 78 1.0 1.0 1.0 .9 1.0 Net employment change 50 21 37 4 11 .7 .2 .4 .1 .2 Professional and business services Gross job gains 1,403 1,255 1,358 1,360 1,441 7.8 6.9 7.3 7.3 7.7 At expanding establishments 1,132 1,035 1,112 1,116 1,179 6.3 5.7 6.0 6.0 6.3 At opening establishments 271 220 246 244 262 1.5 1.2 1.3 1.3 1.4 Gross job losses 1,229 1,179 1,261 1,237 1,248 6.8 6.4 6.8 6.7 6.7 At contracting establishments 977 940 995 994 989 5.4 5.1 5.4 5.4 5.3 At closing establishments 252 239 266 243 259 1.4 1.3 1.4 1.3 1.4 Net employment change 174 76 97 123 193 1.0 .5 .5 .6 1.0 Education and health services Gross job gains 836 1,200 838 886 887 4.3 6.0 4.1 4.3 4.4 At expanding establishments 701 681 689 737 729 3.6 3.4 3.4 3.6 3.6 At opening establishments 135 519 149 149 158 .7 2.6 .7 .7 .8 Gross job losses 717 743 848 778 778 3.6 3.7 4.2 3.8 3.9 At contracting establishments 590 600 673 630 622 3.0 3.0 3.3 3.1 3.1 At closing establishments 127 143 175 148 156 .6 .7 .9 .7 .8 Net employment change 119 457 -10 108 109 .7 2.3 -.1 .5 .5 Leisure and hospitality Gross job gains 1,176 1,202 1,245 1,177 1,199 8.5 8.5 8.8 8.2 8.4 At expanding establishments 904 958 978 914 944 6.5 6.8 6.9 6.4 6.6 At opening establishments 272 244 267 263 255 2.0 1.7 1.9 1.8 1.8 Gross job losses 1,091 1,038 1,107 1,183 1,118 7.8 7.4 7.8 8.3 7.7 At contracting establishments 881 844 909 980 911 6.3 6.0 6.4 6.9 6.3 At closing establishments 210 194 198 203 207 1.5 1.4 1.4 1.4 1.4 Net employment change 85 164 138 -6 81 .7 1.1 1.0 -.1 .7 Other services Gross job gains 269 272 285 274 268 7.0 7.1 7.4 7.0 6.9 At expanding establishments 209 218 227 218 213 5.4 5.7 5.9 5.6 5.5 At opening establishments 60 54 58 56 55 1.6 1.4 1.5 1.4 1.4 Gross job losses 266 256 265 271 272 6.9 6.7 6.9 6.9 7.0 At contracting establishments 207 199 208 212 213 5.4 5.2 5.4 5.4 5.5 At closing establishments 59 57 57 59 59 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 Net employment change 3 16 20 3 -4 .1 .4 .5 .1 -.1 (1) Includes unclassified sector, not shown separately
Table 4. Private sector gross job gains and losses by firm size, seasonally adjusted (In thousands) Total private by firm(1) Firm size 1 - 49 employees Firm size 50 - 249 employees Firm size 250 or more employees Year 3 months Net Gross job Net Gross job Net Gross job Net Gross job ended change(2,3) gains losses change gains losses change gains losses change gains losses 2003 March -326 6,112 6,438 -135 3,257 3,392 -56 1,127 1,183 -135 1,728 1,863 June -137 6,108 6,245 112 3,346 3,234 -26 1,133 1,159 -223 1,629 1,852 September 193 6,162 5,969 120 3,327 3,207 21 1,127 1,106 52 1,708 1,656 December 310 6,218 5,908 146 3,340 3,194 32 1,128 1,096 132 1,750 1,618 2004 March 430 6,306 5,876 153 3,392 3,239 137 1,194 1,057 140 1,720 1,580 June 621 6,471 5,850 169 3,387 3,218 141 1,196 1,055 311 1,888 1,577 September 197 6,243 6,046 88 3,379 3,291 88 1,175 1,087 21 1,689 1,668 December 759 6,494 5,735 274 3,480 3,206 101 1,172 1,071 384 1,842 1,458 2005 March 368 6,320 5,952 66 3,416 3,350 97 1,161 1,064 205 1,743 1,538 June 570 6,435 5,865 243 3,476 3,233 146 1,198 1,052 181 1,761 1,580 September 701 6,672 5,971 218 3,510 3,292 85 1,195 1,110 398 1,967 1,569 December 506 6,406 5,900 169 3,462 3,293 45 1,140 1,095 292 1,804 1,512 2006 March 788 6,433 5,645 334 3,547 3,213 222 1,213 991 232 1,673 1,441 June 375 6,349 5,974 117 3,434 3,317 110 1,190 1,080 148 1,725 1,577 September 43 6,103 6,060 -14 3,329 3,343 27 1,127 1,100 30 1,647 1,617 December 447 6,375 5,928 117 3,393 3,276 74 1,147 1,073 256 1,835 1,579 2007 March 466 6,300 5,834 189 3,451 3,262 99 1,153 1,054 178 1,696 1,518 June 174 6,256 6,082 -31 3,337 3,368 108 1,180 1,072 97 1,739 1,642 September -269 5,891 6,160 -132 3,252 3,384 -53 1,073 1,126 -84 1,566 1,650 December 298 6,254 5,956 8 3,315 3,307 63 1,140 1,077 227 1,799 1,572 2008 March -290 5,806 6,096 -154 3,228 3,382 -14 1,073 1,087 -122 1,505 1,627 June -548 5,855 6,403 -284 3,179 3,463 -41 1,095 1,136 -223 1,581 1,804 September -999 5,498 6,497 -346 3,047 3,393 -151 1,015 1,166 -502 1,436 1,938 December -1,869 5,338 7,207 -695 2,907 3,602 -374 948 1,322 -800 1,483 2,283 2009 March -2,664 4,578 7,242 -983 2,715 3,698 -615 806 1,421 -1,066 1,057 2,123 June -1,764 5,170 6,934 -472 2,951 3,423 -277 954 1,231 -1,015 1,265 2,280 September -940 5,134 6,074 -374 2,821 3,195 -118 928 1,046 -448 1,385 1,833 December -289 5,405 5,694 -162 2,938 3,100 -43 964 1,007 -84 1,503 1,587 2010 March -240 5,093 5,333 -198 2,855 3,053 -3 909 912 -39 1,329 1,368 June 692 5,815 5,123 238 3,097 2,859 209 1,076 867 245 1,642 1,397 September 188 5,490 5,302 23 2,939 2,916 79 994 915 86 1,557 1,471 December 519 5,786 5,267 85 3,047 2,962 95 1,035 940 339 1,704 1,365 2011 March 313 5,334 5,021 93 2,968 2,875 118 963 845 102 1,403 1,301 June 548 5,758 5,210 196 3,078 2,882 176 1,069 893 176 1,611 1,435 September 823 5,943 5,120 259 3,123 2,864 161 1,061 900 403 1,759 1,356 December 321 5,612 5,291 39 2,967 2,928 45 987 942 237 1,658 1,421 2012 March 846 5,761 4,915 385 3,157 2,772 217 1,047 830 244 1,557 1,313 June 604 5,825 5,221 178 3,042 2,864 167 1,082 915 259 1,701 1,442 September 213 5,565 5,352 49 2,950 2,901 44 1,002 958 120 1,613 1,493 December 637 5,766 5,129 169 3,014 2,845 90 1,012 922 378 1,740 1,362 2013 March 1,198 6,302 5,104 281 3,098 2,817 156 1,021 865 761 2,183 1,422 June 643 5,911 5,268 217 3,064 2,847 143 1,079 936 283 1,768 1,485 September 386 5,692 5,306 154 2,987 2,833 54 1,014 960 178 1,691 1,513 December 650 5,874 5,224 103 2,990 2,887 104 1,032 928 443 1,852 1,409 (1) Total gross job gains and gross job losses by firm are lower than total gross job gains and gross job losses by establishment, as some establishment gains and losses within a firm are offset during the aggregation process. (2) Net change is the difference between total gross job gains and total gross job losses. (3) Net change totals for firm-level data shown differ from the establishment-level data due to independent seasonal adjustment of the series. NOTE: See http://www.bls.gov/bdm/bdmfirmsize.htm for additional firm size class data.
Table 5. Components of private sector gross job gains and losses by firm size, seasonally adjusted Gross job gains and job losses Gross job gains and job losses (in thousands) as a percent of employment Category 3 months ended 3 months ended Dec. Mar. June Sept Dec. Dec. Mar. June Sept Dec. 2012 2013 2013 2013 2013 2012 2013 2013 2013 2013 Total private by firm(1) Gross job gains 5,766 6,302 5,911 5,692 5,874 5.2 5.6 5.3 5.1 5.2 At expanding firms 4,840 5,365 5,039 4,821 4,990 4.4 4.8 4.5 4.3 4.4 At opening firms 926 937 872 871 884 .8 .8 .8 .8 .8 Gross job losses 5,129 5,104 5,268 5,306 5,224 4.7 4.6 4.6 4.7 4.6 At contracting firms 4,282 4,251 4,444 4,496 4,382 3.9 3.8 3.9 4.0 3.9 At closing firms 847 853 824 810 842 .8 .8 .7 .7 .7 Net employment change 637 1,198 643 386 650 .5 1.0 .7 .4 .6 Firm size 1 to 49 employees Gross job gains 3,014 3,098 3,064 2,987 2,990 9.5 9.7 9.6 9.3 9.2 At expanding firms 2,124 2,194 2,232 2,155 2,147 6.7 6.9 7.0 6.7 6.6 At opening firms 890 904 832 832 843 2.8 2.8 2.6 2.6 2.6 Gross job losses 2,845 2,817 2,847 2,833 2,887 8.9 8.8 8.8 8.8 8.9 At contracting firms 2,040 2,002 2,064 2,058 2,083 6.4 6.3 6.4 6.4 6.4 At closing firms 805 815 783 775 804 2.5 2.5 2.4 2.4 2.5 Net employment change 169 281 217 154 103 .6 .9 .8 .5 .3 Firm size 50 to 249 employees Gross job gains 1,012 1,021 1,079 1,014 1,032 5.0 4.9 5.3 4.9 4.9 At expanding firms 979 991 1,044 979 1,002 4.8 4.8 5.1 4.7 4.8 At opening firms 33 30 35 35 30 .2 .1 .2 .2 .1 Gross job losses 922 865 936 960 928 4.6 4.3 4.6 4.6 4.5 At contracting firms 888 833 905 929 896 4.4 4.1 4.4 4.5 4.3 At closing firms 34 32 31 31 32 .2 .2 .2 .1 .2 Net employment change 90 156 143 54 104 .4 .6 .7 .3 .4 Firm size 250 or more employees Gross job gains 1,740 2,183 1,768 1,691 1,852 3.0 3.7 2.9 2.8 3.0 At expanding firms 1,737 2,180 1,763 1,687 1,841 3.0 3.7 2.9 2.8 3.0 At opening firms 3 3 5 4 11 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 Gross job losses 1,362 1,422 1,485 1,513 1,409 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.5 2.3 At contracting firms 1,354 1,416 1,475 1,509 1,403 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.5 2.3 At closing firms 8 6 10 4 6 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 Net employment change 378 761 283 178 443 .7 1.3 .4 .3 .7 (1) Total gross job gains and gross job losses by firm are lower than total gross job gains and gross job losses by establishment, as some establishment gains and losses within a firm are offset during the aggregation process.
Table 6. Private sector gross job gains and losses by state, seasonally adjusted Gross job gains Gross job losses State (3 months ended) (3 months ended) Dec. Mar. June Sept. Dec. Dec. Mar. June Sept. Dec. 2012 2013 2013 2013 2013 2012 2013 2013 2013 2013 United States(1)... 7,110,000 7,200,000 7,143,000 6,975,000 7,265,000 6,401,000 6,286,000 6,477,000 6,554,000 6,520,000 Alabama..... 85,704 89,056 87,744 81,342 88,320 80,669 80,275 82,081 83,875 78,999 Alaska..... 24,240 26,662 26,706 24,229 25,575 25,260 23,917 25,115 24,892 26,148 Arizona..... 142,500 128,935 129,196 134,517 143,254 119,631 121,218 126,066 116,992 115,269 Arkansas..... 56,703 54,198 48,982 54,326 54,163 50,392 52,714 55,245 51,476 50,908 California..... 919,234 1,149,953 913,484 879,014 959,078 774,546 756,150 834,318 801,420 817,737 Colorado..... 134,421 135,946 137,839 135,926 137,980 117,054 120,012 120,105 122,797 120,171 Connecticut..... 75,395 70,949 78,215 73,457 72,578 71,198 72,020 67,043 75,657 74,636 Delaware..... 23,491 22,621 22,484 22,844 22,951 19,541 20,532 20,386 21,220 20,704 District of Columbia 31,906 27,106 29,043 28,154 26,089 25,818 25,558 26,928 25,021 26,703 Florida..... 455,616 425,622 461,241 458,172 457,408 399,755 383,394 409,372 398,680 394,174 Georgia..... 217,427 212,850 216,172 217,516 223,018 188,763 186,171 200,027 193,856 192,746 Hawaii..... 26,609 25,203 25,642 26,481 26,916 20,912 23,670 25,689 24,498 22,959 Idaho..... 40,125 41,579 41,461 40,067 43,825 36,684 36,854 38,558 37,495 38,347 Illinois..... 258,830 268,730 283,705 279,866 288,592 251,875 265,334 261,498 280,153 265,066 Indiana..... 143,227 136,368 139,661 135,733 150,500 130,952 130,034 129,407 131,184 126,621 Iowa..... 71,392 72,607 75,237 73,752 75,570 68,038 66,921 67,017 68,186 69,514 Kansas..... 67,871 61,140 67,481 67,108 69,066 58,658 59,438 60,483 62,717 58,856 Kentucky..... 93,554 84,328 85,477 85,803 96,986 80,606 84,243 81,754 78,578 79,522 Louisiana..... 107,395 104,541 98,313 104,587 103,939 91,414 94,234 99,533 94,339 96,123 Maine..... 34,238 32,143 39,249 35,517 34,309 36,486 34,202 31,139 36,066 36,638 Maryland..... 129,764 126,945 126,893 125,703 129,126 127,138 118,295 125,056 123,937 129,086 Massachusetts..... 151,216 175,505 173,757 155,978 154,308 148,085 138,023 142,775 158,373 153,419 Michigan..... 205,504 207,947 217,038 203,757 214,196 183,401 171,542 200,728 200,275 194,061 Minnesota..... 134,577 137,595 141,183 129,214 132,609 130,799 120,381 122,226 127,789 131,351 Mississippi..... 57,216 49,609 49,612 52,352 56,135 51,673 47,175 51,657 49,553 47,729 Missouri..... 138,250 142,864 131,513 128,924 133,568 122,509 122,171 119,004 125,534 122,326 Montana..... 29,068 28,651 28,546 27,381 29,623 27,260 26,427 27,473 26,596 26,510 Nebraska..... 44,816 45,864 45,752 47,699 48,905 39,881 40,939 43,811 43,810 44,599 Nevada..... 60,294 62,843 66,018 61,324 63,751 56,082 53,767 55,959 57,965 53,588 New Hampshire..... 34,580 33,735 36,200 31,531 35,816 34,128 32,155 31,552 34,347 31,175 New Jersey..... 203,835 202,206 213,505 201,174 208,013 198,718 187,276 181,131 197,415 202,977 New Mexico..... 44,250 37,762 40,791 39,367 40,640 37,406 39,187 40,789 40,761 37,859 New York..... 466,748 456,587 472,820 466,932 485,531 440,756 429,494 426,420 446,778 440,250 North Carolina..... 211,726 196,443 207,942 206,049 212,479 190,051 184,492 189,804 191,366 188,376 North Dakota..... 29,218 29,398 25,853 29,744 29,913 23,917 23,359 28,021 24,846 25,016 Ohio..... 263,759 256,737 274,779 244,965 262,864 238,558 244,972 234,133 244,391 234,278 Oklahoma..... 82,091 72,957 75,621 76,396 77,182 68,685 74,768 70,293 70,196 76,346 Oregon..... 95,654 99,441 99,417 99,194 96,827 91,054 84,487 85,962 87,165 92,724 Pennsylvania..... 265,032 268,272 262,901 254,554 268,854 252,649 262,407 252,075 255,635 248,868 Rhode Island..... 24,574 24,360 25,911 24,731 24,432 23,675 23,094 22,672 24,044 22,849 South Carolina..... 97,458 87,131 95,628 92,756 101,038 79,795 83,845 82,252 84,223 83,233 South Dakota..... 20,959 20,848 21,611 20,456 22,970 20,519 20,553 19,329 20,886 20,124 Tennessee..... 138,078 123,145 127,303 124,360 143,113 114,673 116,749 121,662 118,445 108,121 Texas..... 553,932 537,115 530,372 547,426 565,937 450,359 465,576 464,465 482,784 484,486 Utah..... 74,490 75,396 72,630 71,225 77,601 61,715 64,502 67,465 65,096 63,304 Vermont..... 18,800 17,248 18,264 17,553 18,657 17,530 16,860 19,400 18,316 16,672 Virginia..... 177,043 165,555 165,372 172,770 168,488 165,510 159,740 164,084 172,320 165,314 Washington..... 166,655 204,649 177,515 171,550 171,909 153,804 148,789 148,500 157,575 155,301 West Virginia..... 36,002 35,950 34,375 33,177 36,135 36,604 34,714 37,260 35,830 35,918 Wisconsin..... 131,552 125,586 134,838 127,659 130,854 122,830 120,242 124,587 126,994 122,070 Wyoming..... 20,277 18,617 18,151 17,341 20,059 17,704 18,333 19,316 17,255 18,037 Puerto Rico..... 46,915 38,510 40,549 41,766 47,592 40,722 43,762 42,254 45,569 37,545 Virgin Islands..... 1,981 1,570 1,419 1,519 1,412 1,599 1,819 1,819 1,891 1,610 (1) Totals for the United States do not include data for Puerto Rico or the Virgin Islands.
Table 7. Private sector gross job gains and losses as a percent of total employment by state, seasonally adjusted Gross job gains as a percent of employment Gross job losses as a percent of employment State (3 months ended) (3 months ended) Dec. Mar. June Sept. Dec. Dec. Mar. June Sept. Dec. 2012 2013 2013 2013 2013 2012 2013 2013 2013 2013 United States1..... 6.4 6.4 6.4 6.1 6.4 5.8 5.6 5.8 5.8 5.8 Alabama..... 5.8 6.0 5.9 5.5 6.0 5.5 5.4 5.5 5.6 5.3 Alaska..... 9.8 10.7 10.6 9.7 10.1 10.1 9.6 10.0 9.8 10.4 Arizona..... 6.9 6.2 6.2 6.4 6.8 5.8 5.9 6.1 5.5 5.4 Arkansas..... 6.0 5.7 5.2 5.8 5.7 5.3 5.5 5.8 5.4 5.4 California..... 7.4 9.0 7.0 6.7 7.3 6.2 5.9 6.4 6.1 6.2 Colorado..... 7.1 7.1 7.1 7.0 6.9 6.2 6.2 6.1 6.3 6.1 Connecticut..... 5.4 5.1 5.6 5.3 5.2 5.1 5.2 4.8 5.4 5.3 Delaware..... 6.8 6.5 6.5 6.5 6.4 5.7 5.9 5.8 6.0 5.8 District of Columbia.. 6.8 5.7 6.1 5.8 5.4 5.5 5.4 5.6 5.3 5.5 Florida..... 7.1 6.7 7.1 7.0 7.0 6.3 6.0 6.3 6.2 6.1 Georgia..... 6.8 6.6 6.6 6.6 6.8 5.9 5.7 6.2 6.0 5.9 Hawaii..... 5.4 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.3 4.3 4.8 5.2 4.9 4.5 Idaho..... 7.9 8.1 8.0 7.7 8.3 7.2 7.2 7.5 7.2 7.4 Illinois..... 5.3 5.5 5.8 5.7 5.9 5.2 5.5 5.3 5.8 5.4 Indiana..... 5.9 5.6 5.7 5.5 6.1 5.4 5.3 5.3 5.3 5.1 Iowa..... 5.7 5.8 6.0 5.8 5.9 5.5 5.4 5.4 5.5 5.5 Kansas..... 6.3 5.6 6.2 6.1 6.3 5.4 5.5 5.5 5.7 5.3 Kentucky..... 6.5 5.8 5.8 5.8 6.5 5.5 5.8 5.6 5.4 5.3 Louisiana..... 7.0 6.7 6.2 6.6 6.6 5.9 6.1 6.3 6.0 6.1 Maine..... 7.0 6.7 8.1 7.3 7.0 7.5 7.0 6.4 7.4 7.4 Maryland..... 6.4 6.3 6.2 6.2 6.3 6.3 5.8 6.1 6.1 6.3 Massachusetts..... 5.4 6.2 6.1 5.4 5.4 5.3 4.9 5.0 5.5 5.4 Michigan..... 6.0 6.0 6.3 5.9 6.1 5.4 5.0 5.8 5.8 5.6 Minnesota..... 5.9 6.0 6.1 5.5 5.7 5.7 5.2 5.2 5.5 5.7 Mississippi..... 6.8 5.9 5.8 6.1 6.5 6.1 5.5 6.0 5.8 5.5 Missouri..... 6.4 6.5 5.9 5.8 6.0 5.6 5.5 5.4 5.7 5.5 Montana..... 8.3 8.1 8.0 7.7 8.3 7.8 7.4 7.7 7.5 7.4 Nebraska..... 5.9 6.0 6.0 6.1 6.2 5.2 5.4 5.7 5.6 5.7 Nevada..... 6.0 6.3 6.6 6.0 6.3 5.7 5.4 5.5 5.7 5.2 New Hampshire..... 6.5 6.3 6.8 6.0 6.6 6.4 6.1 5.9 6.5 5.8 New Jersey..... 6.4 6.3 6.6 6.2 6.4 6.2 5.8 5.6 6.0 6.2 New Mexico..... 7.4 6.2 6.7 6.5 6.7 6.2 6.5 6.8 6.7 6.2 New York..... 6.4 6.3 6.4 6.4 6.6 6.1 5.9 5.8 6.1 6.0 North Carolina..... 6.5 6.0 6.3 6.2 6.4 5.9 5.7 5.8 5.8 5.7 North Dakota..... 8.3 8.3 7.2 8.3 8.2 6.8 6.6 7.9 6.9 6.9 Ohio..... 6.1 5.9 6.2 5.5 6.0 5.5 5.6 5.3 5.6 5.3 Oklahoma..... 6.7 6.0 6.1 6.1 6.1 5.6 6.0 5.7 5.6 6.1 Oregon..... 7.0 7.2 7.1 7.0 6.8 6.6 6.1 6.2 6.2 6.5 Pennsylvania..... 5.5 5.5 5.3 5.2 5.4 5.1 5.3 5.2 5.2 5.1 Rhode Island..... 6.3 6.1 6.5 6.2 6.2 6.0 5.8 5.7 6.1 5.7 South Carolina..... 6.6 5.8 6.3 6.2 6.6 5.4 5.6 5.5 5.6 5.5 South Dakota..... 6.3 6.3 6.5 6.2 6.9 6.2 6.2 5.8 6.3 6.0 Tennessee..... 6.1 5.4 5.5 5.4 6.3 5.1 5.1 5.4 5.2 4.7 Texas..... 6.1 5.9 5.8 5.9 6.1 5.0 5.1 5.0 5.2 5.1 Utah..... 7.3 7.3 7.0 6.8 7.4 6.1 6.3 6.5 6.2 6.0 Vermont..... 7.6 7.0 7.3 7.1 7.4 7.1 6.7 7.8 7.4 6.7 Virginia..... 6.0 5.7 5.6 5.9 5.7 5.6 5.5 5.6 5.9 5.6 Washington..... 7.1 8.6 7.3 7.0 6.9 6.5 6.2 6.1 6.4 6.3 West Virginia..... 6.4 6.3 6.1 5.9 6.4 6.5 6.1 6.6 6.4 6.4 Wisconsin..... 5.7 5.4 5.8 5.5 5.5 5.3 5.2 5.4 5.4 5.2 Wyoming..... 9.5 8.7 8.5 8.2 9.4 8.4 8.5 9.0 8.1 8.4 Puerto Rico..... 6.8 5.6 5.9 6.1 6.9 5.9 6.4 6.2 6.6 5.5 Virgin Islands..... 7.0 5.6 5.0 5.5 5.2 5.6 6.5 6.5 6.8 5.9 (1) Totals for the United States do not include data for Puerto Rico or the Virgin Islands.
Table 8. Private sector establishment births and deaths, seasonally adjusted Total private (Levels in thousands) Number of Establishments Employment Births Deaths(1) Births Deaths Year 3 months ended Level Rate(2) Level Rate Level Rate Level Rate 2003 March 193 3.0 186 2.9 1,004 .9 1,011 .9 June 191 3.0 186 2.9 964 .9 951 .9 September 193 3.0 179 2.8 954 .9 884 .8 December 200 3.1 180 2.8 998 .9 910 .9 2004 March 207 3.2 180 2.8 1,000 .9 917 .9 June 203 3.1 185 2.8 980 .9 909 .8 September 209 3.2 186 2.8 1,016 .9 953 .9 December 210 3.2 180 2.7 997 .9 894 .8 2005 March 209 3.1 185 2.8 944 .9 852 .8 June 216 3.2 180 2.7 951 .9 841 .8 September 221 3.3 186 2.8 996 .9 884 .8 December 221 3.3 186 2.8 979 .9 846 .8 2006 March 220 3.2 180 2.6 924 .8 748 .7 June 221 3.2 194 2.8 973 .9 841 .7 September 210 3.1 196 2.9 927 .8 836 .7 December 221 3.2 194 2.8 959 .8 804 .7 2007 March 214 3.1 193 2.8 897 .8 771 .7 June 206 3.0 202 2.9 884 .8 850 .7 September 216 3.1 203 2.9 941 .8 836 .7 December 208 3.0 206 2.9 902 .8 825 .7 2008 March 207 3.0 211 3.0 900 .8 817 .7 June 202 2.9 228 3.3 873 .8 934 .8 September 191 2.7 223 3.2 826 .7 877 .8 December 187 2.7 238 3.4 798 .7 941 .8 2009 March 172 2.5 236 3.4 705 .6 851 .8 June 178 2.6 226 3.3 743 .7 830 .8 September 169 2.5 216 3.2 692 .7 785 .7 December 183 2.7 199 2.9 712 .7 730 .7 2010 March 175 2.6 195 2.9 688 .7 671 .6 June 179 2.7 185 2.7 713 .7 650 .6 September 187 2.8 189 2.8 741 .7 694 .7 December 200 2.9 186 2.7 787 .7 688 .6 2011 March 189 2.8 184 2.7 698 .7 615 .6 June 192 2.8 190 2.8 749 .7 677 .6 September 199 2.9 187 2.7 788 .7 673 .6 December 202 2.9 191 2.8 801 .7 749 .7 2012 March 201 2.9 181 2.6 748 .7 604 .6 June 197 2.9 184 2.7 778 .7 666 .6 September 201 2.9 185 2.7 796 .7 684 .6 December 201 2.9 182 2.6 795 .7 675 .6 2013 March 578 8.0 185 2.6 1,067 1.0 638 .6 June 226 3.0 N/A N/A 777 .7 N/A N/A September 215 2.9 N/A N/A 792 .7 N/A N/A December 214 2.9 N/A N/A 795 .7 N/A N/A (1) Values for deaths are not available for the most recent three quarters by definition. See the Technical Note for more information. (2) The rates measure births and deaths as a percentage of the average of the previous and current quarter employment levels or total number of establishments.