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For release 10:00 a.m. (ET) Wednesday, July 30, 2025 USDL-25-1200 Technical information: (202) 691-6553 * BDMInfo@bls.gov * www.bls.gov/bdm Media contact: (202) 691-5902 * PressOffice@bls.gov BUSINESS EMPLOYMENT DYNAMICS – FOURTH QUARTER 2024 From September 2024 to December 2024, gross job gains from opening and expanding private-sector establishments were 7.8 million, an increase of 145,000 jobs from the previous quarter, the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics reported today. Over this period, gross job losses from closing and contracting private-sector establishments were 7.5 million, a decrease of 143,000 jobs from the previous quarter. (See tables A and 1.) The change in the number of jobs over time is the net result of increases and decreases in employment that occur at all private businesses in the economy. Business Employment Dynamics (BED) statistics track these changes in employment at private-sector establishments from the third month of one quarter to the third month of the next. The difference between the number of gross job gains and the number of gross job losses is the net change in employment. (See Technical Note.) The BED data series include gross job gains and gross job losses by industry subsector for the 50 states, the District of Columbia, Puerto Rico, and the Virgin Islands, as well as gross job gains and gross job losses at the firm level by employer size class. Gross Job Gains In the fourth quarter of 2024, gross job gains represented 5.8 percent of private-sector employment. Gross job gains are the sum of increases in employment due to expansions at existing establishments and the addition of new jobs at opening establishments. Gross job gains at expanding establishments totaled 6.1 million jobs in the fourth quarter of 2024, an increase of 64,000 jobs compared to the previous quarter. Opening establishments accounted for 1.6 million of the jobs gained in the fourth quarter of 2024, which was 81,000 more than the previous quarter. (See tables A, 1, 2, and 3.) Gross Job Losses In the fourth quarter of 2024, gross job losses represented 5.7 percent of private-sector employment. Gross job losses are the result of contractions in employment at existing establishments and the loss of jobs at closing establishments. Contracting establishments lost 6.0 million jobs in the fourth quarter of 2024, a decrease of 97,000 jobs from the prior quarter. In the fourth quarter of 2024, closing establishments lost 1.5 million jobs, a decrease of 46,000 jobs from the previous quarter. (See tables A, 1, 2, and 3.) Establishment Births and Deaths In the fourth quarter of 2024, the number of establishment births (a subset of the openings data) increased by 6,000 to a total of 322,000 establishments. These new establishments accounted for 995,000 jobs, an increase of 22,000 jobs from the previous quarter. Data for establishment deaths (a subset of the closings data) are available through the first quarter of 2024, when 810,000 jobs were lost at 282,000 establishments, a decrease of 111,000 jobs from the fourth quarter of 2023. (See Technical Note and table 8.) Table A. Three-month private-sector gross job gains and losses, seasonally adjusted --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | 3 months ended Category | Dec. | Mar. | June | Sept. | Dec. | 2023 | 2024 | 2024 | 2024 | 2024 --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | Levels (in thousands) |-------------------------------------------------- Gross job gains......................... | 7,902 | 7,608 | 7,591 | 7,622 | 7,767 At expanding establishments...... | 6,262 | 6,131 | 6,040 | 6,071 | 6,135 At opening establishments........ | 1,640 | 1,477 | 1,551 | 1,551 | 1,632 | | | | | Gross job losses........................ | 7,499 | 7,115 | 7,754 | 7,623 | 7,480 At contracting establishments.... | 5,995 | 5,714 | 6,162 | 6,052 | 5,995 At closing establishments........ | 1,504 | 1,401 | 1,592 | 1,571 | 1,525 | | | | | Net employment change (1)............... | 403 | 493 | -163 | -1 | 287 | | | | | |-------------------------------------------------- | Rates (percent) |-------------------------------------------------- Gross job gains......................... | 6.0 | 5.7 | 5.8 | 5.8 | 5.8 At expanding establishments...... | 4.8 | 4.6 | 4.6 | 4.6 | 4.6 At opening establishments........ | 1.2 | 1.1 | 1.2 | 1.2 | 1.2 | | | | | Gross job losses........................ | 5.7 | 5.4 | 5.9 | 5.8 | 5.7 At contracting establishments.... | 4.6 | 4.3 | 4.7 | 4.6 | 4.5 At closing establishments........ | 1.1 | 1.1 | 1.2 | 1.2 | 1.2 | | | | | Net employment change (1)............... | 0.3 | 0.3 | -0.1 | 0.0 | 0.1 --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- (1) The net employment change is the difference between total gross job gains and total gross job losses. See the Technical Note for further information. Firm Size In the fourth quarter of 2024, firms with 1 to 49 employees had a net employment gain of 115,000. Firms with 50 to 249 employees had a net employment increase of 116,000. Firms with 250 or more employees had a net employment drop of 4,000. (See tables 4 and 5.) Industries Gross job losses exceeded gross job gains in 8 out of the 13 industry sectors in the fourth quarter of 2024. The service-providing industries experienced a net job gain of 360,000. The goods-producing industries had a net job decrease of 73,000. (See table 3.) States Gross job gains surpassed gross job losses in 36 states in the fourth quarter of 2024. (See tables 6 and 7.) For More Information Additional information on gross job gains and gross job losses is available online at www.bls.gov/bdm. This information includes data for the levels and rates of gross job gains and gross job losses by firm size, not seasonally adjusted data and seasonally adjusted time series not presented in this release, charts of gross job gains and gross job losses by industry and firm size, and answers to frequently asked questions. Additional information about the Business Employment Dynamics data can be found in the Technical Note of this release or can be obtained by emailing BDMinfo@bls.gov. _____________ The Business Employment Dynamics for First Quarter 2025 are scheduled to be released on Wednesday, October 29, 2025, at 10:00 a.m. (ET). --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | | | Revisions to Business Employment Dynamics (BED) Data | | | | The release of First Quarter 2025 Business Employment Dynamics data, scheduled for October 29, | | 2025, will incorporate annual revisions in accordance with standard procedures. The revisions | | will include the previous four quarters of not seasonally adjusted data and five years of | | seasonally adjusted data. | ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Technical Note The Business Employment Dynamics (BED) data are a product of a federal-state cooperative program known as the Quarterly Census of Employment and Wages (QCEW). The BED data are compiled by the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) from existing QCEW records. Most employers in the U.S. are required to file quarterly reports on the employment and wages of workers covered by unemployment insurance (UI) laws and to pay quarterly UI taxes. The QCEW is based largely on quarterly UI reports which are sent by businesses to the State Workforce Agencies (SWAs). These UI reports are supplemented by two additional BLS data collections to render administrative data into economic statistics. Together these data comprise the QCEW and form the basis of the Bureau’s establishment universe sampling frame. These reports are used to produce the quarterly QCEW data on total employment and wages and the longitudinal BED data on gross job gains and losses. The QCEW is also the employment benchmark for the Current Employment Statistics (CES), Occupational Employment Statistics (OES), and Job Openings and Labor Turnover Survey (JOLTS) programs and is a major input to the Bureau of Economic Analysis’s Personal Income Accounts. In the BED program, the quarterly QCEW records are linked across quarters to provide a longitudinal history for each establishment. The linkage process allows the tracking of net employment changes at the establishment level, which in turn allows the estimation of jobs gained at opening and expanding units and jobs lost at closing and contracting units. Differences between QCEW, BED, and CES employment measures The Bureau publishes three different establishment-based employment measures for any given quarter. Each of these measures—Quarterly Census of Employment and Wages, Business Employment Dynamics, and Current Employment Statistics—makes use of the quarterly UI employment reports in producing data; however, each measure has a somewhat different universe coverage, estimation procedure, and publication product. Differences in coverage and estimation methods can result in somewhat different measures of employment change over time. It is important to understand program differences and the intended uses of the program products. (See table.) Additional information on each program can be obtained from the program websites shown in the table. Coverage Employment and wage data for workers covered by state UI and Unemployment Compensation for Federal Employees (UCFE) laws are compiled from quarterly contribution reports submitted to the SWAs by employers. In addition to the quarterly contribution reports, employers who operate multiple establishments within a state complete a questionnaire, called the “Multiple Worksite Report,” which provides detailed information on the location of their establishments. These reports are based on place of employment rather than place of residence. UI and UCFE coverage is broad and basically comparable from state to state. Major exclusions from UI coverage are self-employed workers, religious organizations, most agricultural workers on small farms, all members of the Armed Forces, elected officials in most states, most employees of railroads, some domestic workers, most student workers at schools, and employees of certain small nonprofit organizations. Gross job gains and gross job losses in this release are derived from longitudinal histories of 9.2 million private-sector employer reports out of 11.9 million total reports of employment and wages submitted by states to BLS in the first quarter of 2024. Gross job gains and gross job losses data in this release do not report estimates for government employees or private households (NAICS 814110) and do not include establishments with zero employment in both previous and current quarters. Data from Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands are also excluded from the national data. The table below shows, in millions of establishments, the number of establishments excluded from the national gross job gains and gross job losses data in the first quarter of 2024. Number of active establishments included in Business Employment Dynamics data at the national level Millions Total establishments QCEW program....................................................11.9 Excluded: Public sector............................................................ 0.3 Private households......................................................... 0.2 Zero employment............................................................ 2.2 Total establishments included in Business Employment Dynamics data............................................................. 9.2 Summary of Major Differences between QCEW, BED, and CES Employment Measures --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | QCEW | BED | CES -----------|---------------------|----------------------|------------------------ Source |--Count of UI admini-|--Count of longitudi- |--Sample survey: | strative records | nally-linked UI ad- | 629,000 establish- | submitted by 11.9 | ministrative records| ments | million establish- | submitted by 9.2 | | ments in first qu- | million private-sec-| | arter of 2024 | tor establishments | -----------|---------------------|----------------------|------------------------ Coverage |--UI and UCFE cover- |--UI coverage, exclud-|Nonfarm wage and salary | age, including all | ing government, pri-| jobs: | employers subject | vate households, and|--UI coverage, exclud- | to state and feder-| establishments with | ing agriculture, pri- | ral UI Laws | zero employment | vate households, and | | | self-employed workers | | |--Other employment, | | | including railroads, | | | religious organiza- | | | tions, and other non- | | | UI-covered jobs | | | -----------|---------------------|----------------------|------------------------ Publication|--Quarterly |--Quarterly |--Monthly frequency | -6 months after the| -7 months after the | -Usually the 3rd Fri- | end of each quar- | end of each quarter| day after the end of | ter | | the week including | | | the 12th of the month -----------|---------------------|----------------------|------------------------ Use of UI |--Directly summarizes|--Links each new UI |--Uses UI file as a sam- file | and publishes each | quarter to longitu- | pling frame and to ann- | new quarter of UI | dinal database and | ually realign sample- | data | directly summarizes | based estimates to pop- | | gross job gains and | ulation counts (bench- | | losses | marking) -----------|---------------------|----------------------|------------------------ Principal |--Provides a quarter-|--Provides quarterly |--Provides current month- products | ly and annual uni- | employer dynamics | ly estimates of employ- | verse count of es- | data on establish- | ment, hours, and earn- | tablishments, em- | ment openings, clos-| ings at the MSA, state, | ployment, and wages| ings, expansions, | and national levels by | at the county, met-| and contractions at | industry | ropolitan statisti-| the national level | | cal area (MSA), st-| by NAICS super- | | ate, and national | sectors, 3-digit | | levels by detailed | NAICS, and by size | | industry | of firm, and at the | | | state private-sector| | | total level | | |--Future expansions | | | will include | | | data with greater | | | industry detail and | | | data at the county | | | and MSA levels | -----------|---------------------|----------------------|------------------------ Principal |--Major uses include:|--Major uses include: |--Major uses include: uses | -Detailed locality | -Business cycle | -Principal federal | data | analysis | economic indicator | -Periodic universe | -Analysis of employ-| -Official time series | counts for bench- | er dynamics under- | for employment change | marking sample | lying economic ex- | measures | survey estimates | pansions and con- | -Input into other ma- | -Sample frame for | tractions | jor economic indi- | BLS establishment | -Analysis of employ-| cators | surveys | ment expansion and | | | contraction by size| | | of firm | -----------|---------------------|----------------------|------------------------ Program |--www.bls.gov/cew |--www.bls.gov/bdm |--www.bls.gov/ces web sites | | | --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Unit of analysis Establishments are used in the tabulation of the BED statistics by industry, and firms are used in the tabulation of the BED size class statistics. An establishment is defined as an economic unit that produces goods or services, usually at a single physical location, and engages in one or predominantly one activity. A firm is a legal business, either corporate or otherwise, and may consist of several establishments. Firm-level data are compiled based on an aggregation of establishments under common ownership by a corporate parent using employer tax identification numbers. The firm level aggregation, which is consistent with the role of corporations as the economic decision makers, is used for the measurement of BED data elements by size class. Because of the difference in the unit of analysis, total gross job gains and gross job losses by size class are lower than total gross job gains and gross job losses by industry, as some establishment gains and losses within a firm are offset during the aggregation process. However, the total net changes in employment are the same for not seasonally adjusted data and are similar for seasonally adjusted data. Concepts and methodology The Business Employment Dynamics data measure the net change in employment at the establishment or firm level. These changes come about in one of four ways. A net increase in employment can come from either opening units or expanding units. A net decrease in employment can come from either closing units or contracting units. Gross job gains include the sum of all jobs added at either opening or expanding units. Gross job losses include the sum of all jobs lost in either closing or contracting units. The net change in employment is the difference between gross job gains and gross job losses. The formal definitions of employment changes are as follows: Openings. These are either units with positive third month employment for the first time in the current quarter, with no links to the prior quarter, or with positive third month employment in the current quarter following zero employment in the previous quarter. Expansions. These are units with positive employment in the third month in both the previous and current quarters, with a net increase in employment over this period. Closings. These are units with positive third month employment in the previous quarter and either not reported, or reported with zero employment, in the current quarter. Contractions. These are units with positive employment in the third month in both the previous and current quarters, with a net decrease in employment over this period. Births. These are units with positive third month employment for the first time in the current quarter with no links to the prior quarter, or units with positive third month employment in the current quarter and zero employment in the third month of the previous four quarters. Births are a subset of openings not including re-openings of seasonal businesses. Deaths. These are units with no employment or zero employment reported in the third month of four consecutive quarters following the last quarter with positive employment. Deaths are a subset of closings not including temporary shutdowns of seasonal businesses. A unit that closes during the quarter may be a death, but we wait three quarters to determine whether it is a permanent closing or a temporary shutdown. Therefore, there is always a lag of three quarters for the publication of death statistics. All employment changes are measured from the third month of the previous quarter to the third month of the current quarter. Not all establishments and firms change their employment levels. Units with no change in employment count towards estimates of total employment, but not for levels of gross job gains and gross job losses. Gross job gains and gross job losses are expressed as rates by dividing their levels by the average of employment in the current and previous quarters. This provides a symmetric growth rate. The rates are calculated for the components of gross job gains and gross job losses and then summed to form their respective totals. These rates can be added and subtracted just as their levels can. For instance, the difference between the gross job gains rate and the gross job losses rate is the net growth rate. Establishment Births and Deaths For the purpose of BED statistics, births are defined as establishments that appear in the longitudinal database for the first time with positive employment in the third month of a quarter, or showed four consecutive quarters of zero employment in the third month followed by a quarter in which it shows positive employment in the third month. Similarly, deaths are defined as establishments that either drop out of the longitudinal database or establishments that had positive employment in the third month of a given quarter followed by four consecutive quarters of showing zero employment in the third month. Although the data for establishment births and deaths are tabulated independently from the data for openings and closings, the concepts are not mutually exclusive. An establishment that is defined as a birth in a given quarter is necessarily an opening as well, and an establishment defined as a death in a quarter must also be a closing. Since openings include seasonal and other re-openings, and closings include temporary shutdowns, the not seasonally adjusted values for births and deaths must be less than those for openings and closings. However, because some BED series do not have many re-openings or temporary shutdowns, as well as the fact that births and deaths are independently seasonally adjusted from openings and closings, there may be instances in which the seasonally adjusted value of the former is greater than the latter. Linkage methodology Prior to the measurement of gross job gains and gross job losses, QCEW records are linked across two quarters. The linkage process matches establishments' unique SWA identification numbers (SWA-ID). Between 95 and 97 percent of establishments identified as continuous from quarter to quarter are matched by SWA-ID. The rest are linked in one of three ways. The first method uses predecessor and successor information, identified by the states, which relates records with different SWA-IDs across quarters. Predecessor and successor relations can come about for a variety of reasons, including a change in ownership, a firm restructuring, or a UI account restructuring. If a match cannot be attained in this manner, a probability-based match is used. This match attempts to identify two establishments with different SWA-IDs as continuous. The match is based upon comparisons such as the same name, address, and phone number. Third, an analyst examines unmatched records individually and makes a possible match. In order to ensure the highest possible quality of data, SWAs verify with employers and update, if necessary, the industry, location, and ownership classification of all establishments on a 3-year cycle. Changes in establishment classification codes resulting from the verification process are introduced with the data reported for the first quarter of the year. Changes resulting from improved employer reporting also are introduced in the first quarter. Sizing methodology The method of dynamic sizing is used in calculations for the BED size class data series. Dynamic sizing allocates each firm’s employment gain or loss during a quarter to each respective size class in which the change occurred. For example, if a firm grew from 2 employees in quarter 1 to 38 employees in quarter 2, then, of the 36-employee increase, 2 would be allocated to the first size class, 5 to the size class 5 to 9, 10 to size class 10 to 19, and 19 to size class 20 to 49. Dynamic sizing provides symmetrical firm-size estimates and eliminates any systematic effects which may be caused by the transitory and reverting changes in firms’ sizes over time. Additionally, it allocates each job gain or loss to the actual size class where it occurred. Annual Data The annual gross job gains and gross job losses measure the net change in employment at the establishment level from the third month of a quarter in the previous year to the third month of the same quarter in the current year. The BLS publishes annual BED data based on March-to-March changes once a year with the release of the first quarter BED data. The annual data based on over- the-year changes for other quarters of the year are available upon request. The definitions and methodology in measuring annual gross job gains and gross job losses are similar to the quarterly measures. The linkage method considers all predecessor and successor relations that may come about due to changes in ownership and corporate restructuring over the entire year. At the establishment level, some of the quarterly job gains and job losses are offset during the estimation over the year. Therefore, the sum of four quarters of gross job gains and gross job losses are not equal to annual gross job gains and gross job losses. The net change in employment over the year, however, is equal to the sum of four quarterly net changes on a not seasonally adjusted basis. Seasonal adjustment Over the course of a year, the levels of employment and the associated job flows undergo sharp fluctuations due to such seasonal events as changes in the weather, reduced or expanded production, harvests, major holidays, and the opening and closing of schools. The effect of such seasonal variation can be very large. Because these seasonal events follow a more or less regular pattern each year, their influence can be eliminated by adjusting these statistics from quarter to quarter. These adjustments make nonseasonal developments, such as declines in economic activity, easier to recognize. For example, the large number of youths taking summer jobs is likely to obscure other changes that have taken place in June relative to March, making it difficult to determine if the level of economic activity has risen or declined. However, because the effect of students finishing school in previous years is known, the statistics for the current year can be adjusted to allow for a comparable change. The adjusted figures provide a more useful tool with which to analyze changes in economic activity. The employment data series for opening, expanding, closing, and contracting units are independently seasonally adjusted; net changes are calculated based on the difference between gross job gains and gross job losses. Similarly, for industry data, the establishment counts data series for opening, expanding, closing, and contracting establishments are independently adjusted, and the net changes are calculated based on the difference between the number of opening and closing establishments. Additionally, establishment and employment levels are independently seasonally adjusted to calculate the seasonally adjusted rates. Concurrent seasonal adjustment is run using X-13 ARIMA-SEATS. Seasonally adjusted data series for total private are the sum of seasonally adjusted data of all sectors including the unclassified sector, which is not separately published. The net over-the-quarter change derived by summing the BED component series will differ from the net employment change estimated from the seasonally adjusted total private employment series from the CES program. The intended use of BED statistics is to show the dynamic labor market changes that underlie the net employment change statistic. As such, data users interested particularly in the net employment change and not in the gross job flows underlying this change should refer to CES data for over-the-quarter net employment changes. Reliability of the data Since the data series on Business Employment Dynamics are based on administrative rather than sample data, there are no issues related to sampling error. Nonsampling error, however, still exists. Nonsampling errors can occur for many reasons, such as the employer submitting corrected employment data after the end of the quarter or typographical errors made by businesses when providing information. Such errors, however, are likely to be distributed randomly throughout the dataset. Changes in administrative data sometimes create complications for the linkage process. This can result in overstating openings and closings while understating expansions and contractions. The BLS continues to refine methods for improving the linkage process to alleviate the effects of these complications. The BED data series are subject to periodic minor changes based on corrections in QCEW records, updates on predecessors and successors information, and seasonal adjustment revisions. Annual revisions are published each year with the release of the first quarter data. These revisions cover the last four quarters of not seasonally adjusted data and 5 years of seasonally adjusted data. Additional statistics and other information Several other programs within BLS produce closely related information. The QCEW program provides both quarterly and annual estimates of employment by state, county, and detailed industry. News releases on quarterly county employment and wages and the annual bulletin also are available upon request from the Division of Administrative Statistics and Labor Turnover (Quarterly Census of Employment and Wages), phone number: (202) 691-6567; (www.bls.gov/cew/); (e-mail: QCEWInfo@bls.gov). The Current Employment Statistics program produces monthly estimates of employment, its net change, hours, and earnings by detailed industry. These estimates are part of the Employment Situation report put out monthly by BLS. The Job Openings and Labor Turnover Survey program provides monthly measures of job openings, as well as employee hires and separations. If you are deaf, hard of hearing, or have a speech disability, please dial 7-1-1 to access telecommunications relay services.
Table 1. Private sector gross job gains and job losses, seasonally adjusted Total private (In thousands) Gross job gains Gross job losses Year 3 months ended Net change(1) Total Expanding Opening Total Contracting Closing establishments establishments establishments establishments 2014 March 419 6,953 5,687 1,266 6,534 5,380 1,154 June 895 7,454 6,114 1,340 6,559 5,342 1,217 September 577 7,247 5,918 1,329 6,670 5,487 1,183 December 1,038 7,617 6,248 1,369 6,579 5,346 1,233 2015 March 216 7,046 5,733 1,313 6,830 5,626 1,204 June 849 7,580 6,235 1,345 6,731 5,540 1,191 September 475 7,344 5,983 1,361 6,869 5,657 1,212 December 944 7,817 6,360 1,457 6,873 5,607 1,266 2016 March 249 7,163 5,875 1,288 6,914 5,706 1,208 June 318 7,443 6,070 1,373 7,125 5,820 1,305 September 748 7,710 6,250 1,460 6,962 5,718 1,244 December 308 7,413 6,007 1,406 7,105 5,806 1,299 2017 March 651 7,434 6,090 1,344 6,783 5,599 1,184 June 526 7,639 6,265 1,374 7,113 5,844 1,269 September -39 7,321 5,975 1,346 7,360 6,065 1,295 December 883 7,772 6,344 1,428 6,889 5,593 1,296 2018 March 683 7,494 6,135 1,359 6,811 5,616 1,195 June 498 7,688 6,286 1,402 7,190 5,907 1,283 September 86 7,485 6,113 1,372 7,399 6,083 1,316 December 723 7,719 6,283 1,436 6,996 5,665 1,331 2019 March 472 7,453 6,088 1,365 6,981 5,727 1,254 June 259 7,654 6,267 1,387 7,395 6,039 1,356 September 72 7,385 6,011 1,374 7,313 6,049 1,264 December 762 7,838 6,350 1,488 7,076 5,748 1,328 2020 March -862 7,024 5,702 1,322 7,886 6,408 1,478 June -14,509 5,725 4,433 1,292 20,234 17,311 2,923 September 4,021 10,855 8,808 2,047 6,834 5,465 1,369 December 2,036 8,808 7,118 1,690 6,772 5,418 1,354 2021 March 1,769 8,313 6,769 1,544 6,544 5,394 1,150 June 985 8,200 6,646 1,554 7,215 5,955 1,260 September 1,483 8,870 7,186 1,684 7,387 5,937 1,450 December 2,900 9,587 7,727 1,860 6,687 5,345 1,342 2022 March 1,551 8,541 6,962 1,579 6,990 5,569 1,421 June 378 8,337 6,611 1,726 7,959 6,440 1,519 September 1,362 8,851 7,191 1,660 7,489 5,989 1,500 December 496 8,121 6,462 1,659 7,625 6,109 1,516 2023 March 1,023 8,169 6,599 1,570 7,146 5,712 1,434 June 345 8,129 6,521 1,608 7,784 6,316 1,468 September -58 7,700 6,116 1,584 7,758 6,237 1,521 December 403 7,902 6,262 1,640 7,499 5,995 1,504 2024 March 493 7,608 6,131 1,477 7,115 5,714 1,401 June -163 7,591 6,040 1,551 7,754 6,162 1,592 September -1 7,622 6,071 1,551 7,623 6,052 1,571 December 287 7,767 6,135 1,632 7,480 5,955 1,525 (1) Net change is the difference between total gross job gains and total gross job losses.
Table 2. Private sector gross job gains and losses, as a percent of employment(1), seasonally adjusted Total private (Percent) Gross job gains Gross job losses Year 3 months ended Net change(2) Total Expanding Opening Total Contracting Closing establishments establishments establishments establishments 2014 March 0.4 6.1 5.0 1.1 5.7 4.7 1.0 June 0.8 6.5 5.3 1.2 5.7 4.6 1.1 September 0.5 6.2 5.1 1.1 5.7 4.7 1.0 December 0.9 6.6 5.4 1.2 5.7 4.6 1.1 2015 March 0.2 6.0 4.9 1.1 5.8 4.8 1.0 June 0.7 6.4 5.3 1.1 5.7 4.7 1.0 September 0.5 6.3 5.1 1.2 5.8 4.8 1.0 December 0.7 6.5 5.3 1.2 5.8 4.7 1.1 2016 March 0.2 6.0 4.9 1.1 5.8 4.8 1.0 June 0.2 6.2 5.1 1.1 6.0 4.9 1.1 September 0.6 6.4 5.2 1.2 5.8 4.8 1.0 December 0.3 6.2 5.0 1.2 5.9 4.8 1.1 2017 March 0.5 6.1 5.0 1.1 5.6 4.6 1.0 June 0.4 6.2 5.1 1.1 5.8 4.8 1.0 September -0.1 6.0 4.9 1.1 6.1 5.0 1.1 December 0.7 6.4 5.2 1.2 5.7 4.6 1.1 2018 March 0.6 6.1 5.0 1.1 5.5 4.5 1.0 June 0.4 6.2 5.1 1.1 5.8 4.8 1.0 September 0.0 6.0 4.9 1.1 6.0 4.9 1.1 December 0.6 6.2 5.0 1.2 5.6 4.5 1.1 2019 March 0.3 5.9 4.8 1.1 5.6 4.6 1.0 June 0.2 6.1 5.0 1.1 5.9 4.8 1.1 September 0.1 5.9 4.8 1.1 5.8 4.8 1.0 December 0.7 6.2 5.0 1.2 5.5 4.5 1.0 2020 March -0.8 5.5 4.5 1.0 6.3 5.1 1.2 June -12.0 4.8 3.7 1.1 16.8 14.4 2.4 September 3.6 9.5 7.7 1.8 5.9 4.7 1.2 December 1.7 7.4 6.0 1.4 5.7 4.6 1.1 2021 March 1.4 6.9 5.6 1.3 5.5 4.5 1.0 June 0.9 6.8 5.5 1.3 5.9 4.9 1.0 September 1.2 7.3 5.9 1.4 6.1 4.9 1.2 December 2.3 7.7 6.2 1.5 5.4 4.3 1.1 2022 March 1.2 6.7 5.5 1.2 5.5 4.4 1.1 June 0.3 6.5 5.2 1.3 6.2 5.0 1.2 September 1.0 6.9 5.6 1.3 5.9 4.7 1.2 December 0.4 6.3 5.0 1.3 5.9 4.7 1.2 2023 March 0.8 6.3 5.1 1.2 5.5 4.4 1.1 June 0.3 6.2 5.0 1.2 5.9 4.8 1.1 September -0.1 5.9 4.7 1.2 6.0 4.8 1.2 December 0.3 6.0 4.8 1.2 5.7 4.6 1.1 2024 March 0.3 5.7 4.6 1.1 5.4 4.3 1.1 June -0.1 5.8 4.6 1.2 5.9 4.7 1.2 September 0.0 5.8 4.6 1.2 5.8 4.6 1.2 December 0.1 5.8 4.6 1.2 5.7 4.5 1.2 (1) The rates measure gross job gains and job losses as a percentage of the average of the previous and current quarter employment levels. (2) Net change is the difference between total gross job gains and total gross job losses.
Table 3. Private sector gross job gains and losses by industry, seasonally adjusted Gross job gains and job losses Gross job gains and job losses (in thousands) as a percent of employment Category 3 months ended 3 months ended Dec. Mar. June Sept. Dec. Dec. Mar. June Sept. Dec. 2023 2024 2024 2024 2024 2023 2024 2024 2024 2024 Total private(1) Gross job gains 7,902 7,608 7,591 7,622 7,767 6.0 5.7 5.8 5.8 5.8 At expanding establishments 6,262 6,131 6,040 6,071 6,135 4.8 4.6 4.6 4.6 4.6 At opening establishments 1,640 1,477 1,551 1,551 1,632 1.2 1.1 1.2 1.2 1.2 Gross job losses 7,499 7,115 7,754 7,623 7,480 5.7 5.4 5.9 5.8 5.7 At contracting establishments 5,995 5,714 6,162 6,052 5,955 4.6 4.3 4.7 4.6 4.5 At closing establishments 1,504 1,401 1,592 1,571 1,525 1.1 1.1 1.2 1.2 1.2 Net employment change 403 493 -163 -1 287 0.3 0.3 -0.1 0.0 0.1 Goods-producing Gross job gains 1,319 1,357 1,248 1,216 1,243 5.8 6.0 5.4 5.4 5.5 At expanding establishments 1,097 1,161 1,055 1,012 1,037 4.8 5.1 4.6 4.5 4.6 At opening establishments 222 196 193 204 206 1.0 0.9 0.8 0.9 0.9 Gross job losses 1,300 1,226 1,332 1,309 1,316 5.7 5.4 5.8 5.8 5.9 At contracting establishments 1,091 1,021 1,101 1,082 1,099 4.8 4.5 4.8 4.8 4.9 At closing establishments 209 205 231 227 217 0.9 0.9 1.0 1.0 1.0 Net employment change 19 131 -84 -93 -73 0.1 0.6 -0.4 -0.4 -0.4 Natural resources and mining Gross job gains 207 230 217 222 194 11.2 12.3 11.8 12.2 10.6 At expanding establishments 175 205 190 191 167 9.5 11.0 10.3 10.5 9.1 At opening establishments 32 25 27 31 27 1.7 1.3 1.5 1.7 1.5 Gross job losses 242 223 208 203 248 13.1 12.0 11.3 11.2 13.5 At contracting establishments 214 195 180 176 220 11.6 10.5 9.8 9.7 12.0 At closing establishments 28 28 28 27 28 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 Net employment change -35 7 9 19 -54 -1.9 0.3 0.5 1.0 -2.9 Construction Gross job gains 695 720 634 627 669 8.7 8.9 7.8 7.8 8.2 At expanding establishments 553 593 514 500 535 6.9 7.3 6.3 6.2 6.6 At opening establishments 142 127 120 127 134 1.8 1.6 1.5 1.6 1.6 Gross job losses 621 596 692 655 630 7.8 7.3 8.5 8.2 7.8 At contracting establishments 494 470 546 513 495 6.2 5.8 6.7 6.4 6.1 At closing establishments 127 126 146 142 135 1.6 1.5 1.8 1.8 1.7 Net employment change 74 124 -58 -28 39 0.9 1.6 -0.7 -0.4 0.4 Manufacturing Gross job gains 417 407 397 367 380 3.3 3.1 3.1 2.9 3.0 At expanding establishments 369 363 351 321 335 2.9 2.8 2.7 2.5 2.6 At opening establishments 48 44 46 46 45 0.4 0.3 0.4 0.4 0.4 Gross job losses 437 407 432 451 438 3.4 3.2 3.3 3.6 3.4 At contracting establishments 383 356 375 393 384 3.0 2.8 2.9 3.1 3.0 At closing establishments 54 51 57 58 54 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.5 0.4 Net employment change -20 0 -35 -84 -58 -0.1 -0.1 -0.2 -0.7 -0.4 Service-providing(1) Gross job gains 6,583 6,251 6,343 6,406 6,524 6.0 5.7 5.8 5.8 5.9 At expanding establishments 5,165 4,970 4,985 5,059 5,098 4.7 4.5 4.6 4.6 4.6 At opening establishments 1,418 1,281 1,358 1,347 1,426 1.3 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.3 Gross job losses 6,199 5,889 6,422 6,314 6,164 5.7 5.4 5.8 5.7 5.6 At contracting establishments 4,904 4,693 5,061 4,970 4,856 4.5 4.3 4.6 4.5 4.4 At closing establishments 1,295 1,196 1,361 1,344 1,308 1.2 1.1 1.2 1.2 1.2 Net employment change 384 362 -79 92 360 0.3 0.3 0.0 0.1 0.3 Wholesale trade Gross job gains 276 261 257 255 247 4.5 4.3 4.2 4.2 4.1 At expanding establishments 222 214 208 207 198 3.6 3.5 3.4 3.4 3.3 At opening establishments 54 47 49 48 49 0.9 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 Gross job losses 255 253 269 266 265 4.1 4.1 4.4 4.3 4.4 At contracting establishments 198 196 208 203 207 3.2 3.2 3.4 3.3 3.4 At closing establishments 57 57 61 63 58 0.9 0.9 1.0 1.0 1.0 Net employment change 21 8 -12 -11 -18 0.4 0.2 -0.2 -0.1 -0.3 Retail trade Gross job gains 762 826 803 814 740 5.0 5.3 5.1 5.2 4.8 At expanding establishments 642 716 689 701 631 4.2 4.6 4.4 4.5 4.1 At opening establishments 120 110 114 113 109 0.8 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.7 Gross job losses 873 725 874 858 879 5.7 4.7 5.6 5.5 5.7 At contracting establishments 753 615 746 743 750 4.9 4.0 4.8 4.8 4.9 At closing establishments 120 110 128 115 129 0.8 0.7 0.8 0.7 0.8 Net employment change -111 101 -71 -44 -139 -0.7 0.6 -0.5 -0.3 -0.9 Transportation and warehousing Gross job gains 504 272 294 351 478 7.7 4.1 4.6 5.4 7.2 At expanding establishments 449 232 249 299 429 6.9 3.5 3.9 4.6 6.5 At opening establishments 55 40 45 52 49 0.8 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.7 Gross job losses 292 452 338 297 279 4.5 6.9 5.3 4.6 4.2 At contracting establishments 241 406 287 244 226 3.7 6.2 4.5 3.8 3.4 At closing establishments 51 46 51 53 53 0.8 0.7 0.8 0.8 0.8 Net employment change 212 -180 -44 54 199 3.2 -2.8 -0.7 0.8 3.0 Utilities Gross job gains 19 15 16 15 18 3.3 2.5 2.7 2.5 3.0 At expanding establishments 16 13 13 13 15 2.8 2.2 2.2 2.2 2.5 At opening establishments 3 2 3 2 3 0.5 0.3 0.5 0.3 0.5 Gross job losses 15 13 16 14 13 2.6 2.2 2.7 2.3 2.2 At contracting establishments 12 11 14 12 11 2.1 1.9 2.4 2.0 1.9 At closing establishments 3 2 2 2 2 0.5 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 Net employment change 4 2 0 1 5 0.7 0.3 0.0 0.2 0.8 Information Gross job gains 157 146 130 141 137 5.4 5.0 4.5 4.9 4.8 At expanding establishments 122 120 101 109 106 4.2 4.1 3.5 3.8 3.7 At opening establishments 35 26 29 32 31 1.2 0.9 1.0 1.1 1.1 Gross job losses 160 139 175 153 164 5.5 4.8 6.0 5.3 5.7 At contracting establishments 127 111 136 118 127 4.4 3.8 4.7 4.1 4.4 At closing establishments 33 28 39 35 37 1.1 1.0 1.3 1.2 1.3 Net employment change -3 7 -45 -12 -27 -0.1 0.2 -1.5 -0.4 -0.9 Financial activities Gross job gains 399 363 396 392 385 4.6 4.2 4.6 4.5 4.4 At expanding establishments 291 284 304 302 280 3.4 3.3 3.5 3.5 3.2 At opening establishments 108 79 92 90 105 1.2 0.9 1.1 1.0 1.2 Gross job losses 425 383 387 402 390 4.9 4.4 4.5 4.7 4.5 At contracting establishments 323 286 278 301 286 3.7 3.3 3.2 3.5 3.3 At closing establishments 102 97 109 101 104 1.2 1.1 1.3 1.2 1.2 Net employment change -26 -20 9 -10 -5 -0.3 -0.2 0.1 -0.2 -0.1 Professional and business services Gross job gains 1,426 1,364 1,437 1,449 1,420 6.4 6.0 6.4 6.5 6.3 At expanding establishments 1,098 1,087 1,120 1,138 1,088 4.9 4.8 5.0 5.1 4.8 At opening establishments 328 277 317 311 332 1.5 1.2 1.4 1.4 1.5 Gross job losses 1,550 1,351 1,523 1,491 1,531 6.9 6.0 6.8 6.7 6.9 At contracting establishments 1,216 1,050 1,193 1,138 1,182 5.4 4.7 5.3 5.1 5.3 At closing establishments 334 301 330 353 349 1.5 1.3 1.5 1.6 1.6 Net employment change -124 13 -86 -42 -111 -0.5 0.0 -0.4 -0.2 -0.6 Education and health services Gross job gains 1,184 1,196 1,221 1,237 1,242 4.8 4.8 4.9 4.9 4.9 At expanding establishments 937 975 973 1,008 967 3.8 3.9 3.9 4.0 3.8 At opening establishments 247 221 248 229 275 1.0 0.9 1.0 0.9 1.1 Gross job losses 1,024 921 1,073 1,005 1,041 4.2 3.6 4.2 3.9 4.1 At contracting establishments 758 709 815 770 794 3.1 2.8 3.2 3.0 3.1 At closing establishments 266 212 258 235 247 1.1 0.8 1.0 0.9 1.0 Net employment change 160 275 148 232 201 0.6 1.2 0.7 1.0 0.8 Leisure and hospitality Gross job gains 1,460 1,360 1,368 1,332 1,465 8.8 8.1 8.2 8.0 8.7 At expanding establishments 1,131 1,067 1,065 1,020 1,141 6.8 6.4 6.4 6.1 6.8 At opening establishments 329 293 303 312 324 2.0 1.7 1.8 1.9 1.9 Gross job losses 1,278 1,315 1,421 1,482 1,259 7.7 7.8 8.5 8.9 7.5 At contracting establishments 1,047 1,073 1,141 1,197 1,026 6.3 6.4 6.8 7.2 6.1 At closing establishments 231 242 280 285 233 1.4 1.4 1.7 1.7 1.4 Net employment change 182 45 -53 -150 206 1.1 0.3 -0.3 -0.9 1.2 Other services Gross job gains 320 312 323 314 305 7.2 7.0 7.3 7.0 6.9 At expanding establishments 244 244 248 246 231 5.5 5.5 5.6 5.5 5.2 At opening establishments 76 68 75 68 74 1.7 1.5 1.7 1.5 1.7 Gross job losses 290 298 313 313 312 6.6 6.8 7.0 7.1 7.0 At contracting establishments 219 225 233 235 238 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.3 At closing establishments 71 73 80 78 74 1.6 1.7 1.8 1.8 1.7 Net employment change 30 14 10 1 -7 0.6 0.2 0.3 -0.1 -0.1 (1) Includes unclassified sector, not shown separately.
Table 4. Private sector gross job gains and losses by firm size, seasonally adjusted (In thousands) Total private by firm(1) Firm size 1 - 49 employees Firm size 50 - 249 employees Firm size 250 or more employees Year 3 months Net Gross job Net Gross job Net Gross job Net Gross job ended change gains losses change gains losses change gains losses change gains losses 2014 March 442 5,665 5,223 231 3,070 2,839 149 1,035 886 62 1,560 1,498 June 893 6,134 5,241 302 3,178 2,876 214 1,119 905 377 1,837 1,460 September 560 5,865 5,305 197 3,064 2,867 117 1,066 949 246 1,735 1,489 December 951 6,155 5,204 212 3,105 2,893 150 1,085 935 589 1,965 1,376 2015 March 226 5,677 5,451 168 3,098 2,930 75 1,025 950 -17 1,554 1,571 June 846 6,243 5,397 323 3,196 2,873 187 1,128 941 336 1,919 1,583 September 456 5,914 5,458 148 3,057 2,909 79 1,047 968 229 1,810 1,581 December 830 6,245 5,415 227 3,172 2,945 90 1,074 984 513 1,999 1,486 2016 March 254 5,754 5,500 191 3,114 2,923 59 1,022 963 4 1,618 1,614 June 331 6,048 5,717 74 3,123 3,049 114 1,101 987 143 1,824 1,681 September 752 6,266 5,514 192 3,160 2,968 102 1,089 987 458 2,017 1,559 December 245 5,886 5,641 71 3,065 2,994 37 1,026 989 137 1,795 1,658 2017 March 662 6,007 5,345 346 3,236 2,890 191 1,085 894 125 1,686 1,561 June 570 6,216 5,646 145 3,161 3,016 151 1,127 976 274 1,928 1,654 September -90 5,826 5,916 -100 2,999 3,099 -44 1,013 1,057 54 1,814 1,760 December 804 6,185 5,381 235 3,184 2,949 142 1,082 940 427 1,919 1,492 2018 March 729 6,072 5,343 297 3,210 2,913 164 1,071 907 268 1,791 1,523 June 515 6,214 5,699 134 3,194 3,060 162 1,135 973 219 1,885 1,666 September 24 5,967 5,943 -83 3,027 3,110 -34 1,025 1,059 141 1,915 1,774 December 663 6,087 5,424 198 3,171 2,973 138 1,076 938 327 1,840 1,513 2019 March 536 5,998 5,462 254 3,191 2,937 151 1,064 913 131 1,743 1,612 June 269 6,157 5,888 64 3,161 3,097 104 1,121 1,017 101 1,875 1,774 September 13 5,865 5,852 4 3,050 3,046 -30 1,017 1,047 39 1,798 1,759 December 660 6,206 5,546 195 3,180 2,985 94 1,065 971 371 1,961 1,590 2020 March -689 5,595 6,284 -373 3,027 3,400 -103 968 1,071 -213 1,600 1,813 June -15,060 4,506 19,566 -4,689 2,557 7,246 -2,793 581 3,374 -7,578 1,368 8,946 September 4,049 9,442 5,393 1,531 4,492 2,961 539 1,421 882 1,979 3,529 1,550 December 1,870 7,083 5,213 498 3,483 2,985 348 1,191 843 1,024 2,409 1,385 2021 March 1,804 6,872 5,068 968 3,639 2,671 220 1,099 879 616 2,134 1,518 June 1,015 6,650 5,635 731 3,523 2,792 218 1,143 925 66 1,984 1,918 September 1,445 7,156 5,711 409 3,534 3,125 254 1,196 942 782 2,426 1,644 December 2,754 7,661 4,907 903 3,762 2,859 469 1,306 837 1,382 2,593 1,211 2022 March 1,633 6,970 5,337 308 3,389 3,081 270 1,161 891 1,055 2,420 1,365 June 329 6,591 6,262 180 3,353 3,173 144 1,155 1,011 5 2,083 2,078 September 1,394 7,115 5,721 83 3,327 3,244 256 1,234 978 1,055 2,554 1,499 December 475 6,306 5,831 197 3,299 3,102 157 1,131 974 121 1,876 1,755 2023 March 1,139 6,623 5,484 359 3,398 3,039 289 1,196 907 491 2,029 1,538 June 304 6,450 6,146 22 3,252 3,230 141 1,169 1,028 141 2,029 1,888 September -106 6,037 6,143 -114 3,101 3,215 2 1,053 1,051 6 1,883 1,877 December 341 6,143 5,802 252 3,273 3,021 115 1,106 991 -26 1,764 1,790 2024 March 582 6,106 5,524 71 3,115 3,044 105 1,084 979 406 1,907 1,501 June -227 5,953 6,180 -259 3,033 3,292 57 1,094 1,037 -25 1,826 1,851 September -20 6,034 6,054 -146 3,092 3,238 -33 1,041 1,074 159 1,901 1,742 December 227 6,049 5,822 115 3,162 3,047 116 1,097 981 -4 1,790 1,794 (1) Total gross job gains and gross job losses by firm are lower than total gross job gains and gross job losses by establishment, as some establishment gains and losses within a firm are offset during the aggregation process. NOTE: Net change is the difference between total gross job gains and total gross job losses. Net change totals for the firm-level data differ from the establishment-level data due to independent seasonal adjustment. The unit of analysis section in the technical note provides additional detail. See www.bls.gov/bdm/bdmfirmsize.htm for more detailed firm size class data.
Table 5. Components of private sector gross job gains and losses by firm size, seasonally adjusted Gross job gains and job losses Gross job gains and job losses (in thousands) as a percent of employment Category 3 months ended 3 months ended Dec. Mar. June Sept. Dec. Dec. Mar. June Sept. Dec. 2023 2024 2024 2024 2024 2023 2024 2024 2024 2024 Total private by firm(1) Gross job gains 6,143 6,106 5,953 6,034 6,049 4.7 4.6 4.5 4.5 4.6 At expanding firms 5,074 5,154 5,006 5,048 4,970 3.9 3.9 3.8 3.8 3.8 At opening firms 1,069 952 947 986 1,079 0.8 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.8 Gross job losses 5,802 5,524 6,180 6,054 5,822 4.4 4.2 4.6 4.6 4.4 At contracting firms 4,875 4,559 5,092 5,008 4,851 3.7 3.5 3.8 3.8 3.7 At closing firms 927 965 1,088 1,046 971 0.7 0.7 0.8 0.8 0.7 Net employment change 341 582 -227 -20 227 0.3 0.4 -0.1 -0.1 0.2 Firm size 1 to 49 employees Gross job gains 3,273 3,115 3,033 3,092 3,162 9.2 8.8 8.6 8.8 9.0 At expanding firms 2,241 2,197 2,128 2,144 2,149 6.3 6.2 6.0 6.1 6.1 At opening firms 1,032 918 905 948 1,013 2.9 2.6 2.6 2.7 2.9 Gross job losses 3,021 3,044 3,292 3,238 3,047 8.5 8.5 9.3 9.2 8.6 At contracting firms 2,125 2,114 2,258 2,230 2,122 6.0 5.9 6.4 6.3 6.0 At closing firms 896 930 1,034 1,008 925 2.5 2.6 2.9 2.9 2.6 Net employment change 252 71 -259 -146 115 0.7 0.3 -0.7 -0.4 0.4 Firm size 50 to 249 employees Gross job gains 1,106 1,084 1,094 1,041 1,097 4.8 4.7 4.7 4.5 4.8 At expanding firms 1,072 1,053 1,060 1,007 1,060 4.7 4.6 4.6 4.4 4.6 At opening firms 34 31 34 34 37 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.2 Gross job losses 991 979 1,037 1,074 981 4.3 4.2 4.5 4.7 4.2 At contracting firms 962 951 1,006 1,039 947 4.2 4.1 4.4 4.5 4.1 At closing firms 29 28 31 35 34 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.1 Net employment change 115 105 57 -33 116 0.5 0.5 0.2 -0.2 0.6 Firm size 250 or more employees Gross job gains 1,764 1,907 1,826 1,901 1,790 2.4 2.6 2.5 2.6 2.4 At expanding firms 1,761 1,904 1,818 1,897 1,761 2.4 2.6 2.5 2.6 2.4 At opening firms 3 3 8 4 29 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Gross job losses 1,790 1,501 1,851 1,742 1,794 2.5 2.0 2.5 2.4 2.4 At contracting firms 1,788 1,494 1,828 1,739 1,782 2.5 2.0 2.5 2.4 2.4 At closing firms 2 7 23 3 12 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Net employment change -26 406 -25 159 -4 -0.1 0.6 0.0 0.2 0.0 (1) Total gross job gains and gross job losses by firm are lower than total gross job gains and gross job losses by establishment, as some establishment gains and losses within a firm are offset during the aggregation process. NOTE: Net change is the difference between total gross job gains and total gross job losses. Net change totals for the firm-level data differ from the establishment-level data due to independent seasonal adjustment. The unit of analysis section in the technical note provides additional detail. See www.bls.gov/bdm/bdmfirmsize.htm for more detailed firm size class data.
Table 6. Private sector gross job gains and losses by state, seasonally adjusted Gross job gains Gross job losses State 3 months ended 3 months ended Dec. Mar. June Sept. Dec. Dec. Mar. June Sept. Dec. 2023 2024 2024 2024 2024 2023 2024 2024 2024 2024 United States(1).... 7,902,000 7,608,000 7,591,000 7,622,000 7,767,000 7,499,000 7,115,000 7,754,000 7,623,000 7,480,000 Alabama............. 105,481 97,926 95,330 97,896 98,242 98,028 94,618 96,686 100,992 92,388 Alaska.............. 25,419 26,560 25,867 20,199 25,948 24,585 21,647 24,387 24,474 24,328 Arizona............. 179,807 235,926 157,818 176,001 172,016 184,201 177,592 190,055 181,686 166,669 Arkansas............ 67,364 60,550 58,006 57,836 63,913 54,535 57,049 64,586 57,171 52,723 California.......... 989,074 901,094 947,453 972,785 1,023,137 992,517 859,064 1,058,196 951,839 989,188 Colorado............ 199,676 155,829 156,577 153,828 149,827 184,285 189,072 150,359 161,619 161,424 Connecticut......... 81,927 82,391 84,522 79,977 79,617 83,179 75,630 81,499 82,868 81,141 Delaware............ 24,771 24,458 24,091 27,803 24,900 23,563 20,535 26,580 26,116 26,076 District of Columbia 27,126 26,690 26,758 25,795 25,908 29,050 25,610 31,369 26,070 28,722 Florida............. 522,115 502,352 525,051 571,958 521,957 511,720 468,811 506,987 496,748 540,707 Georgia............. 259,589 251,318 239,513 239,213 251,395 236,746 236,982 239,487 256,335 225,757 Hawaii.............. 31,427 28,206 26,588 29,296 27,644 25,549 26,471 27,880 25,577 25,481 Idaho............... 61,176 57,320 54,946 52,410 59,977 41,703 60,854 54,254 55,436 50,407 Illinois............ 257,689 265,871 272,769 260,095 265,278 264,465 254,116 273,224 264,055 271,534 Indiana............. 151,352 146,170 143,472 147,798 150,227 142,846 138,756 154,540 149,688 143,582 Iowa................ 79,668 80,687 72,286 67,501 71,806 75,075 74,669 74,255 78,906 73,013 Kansas.............. 68,723 67,587 68,607 63,050 69,958 63,206 65,919 67,960 65,980 61,651 Kentucky............ 95,856 97,949 88,544 91,559 89,576 87,816 83,470 99,857 92,252 92,249 Louisiana........... 101,138 99,148 91,781 97,338 101,060 92,509 91,885 101,154 93,417 87,799 Maine............... 39,721 39,538 39,918 33,293 36,372 37,744 33,379 38,552 38,390 37,653 Maryland............ 136,697 126,204 157,499 133,728 132,842 126,936 125,028 144,265 135,573 129,929 Massachusetts....... 172,906 168,574 180,080 156,495 169,582 176,465 162,277 179,585 184,588 175,796 Michigan............ 207,909 207,857 217,106 205,436 206,259 210,627 198,797 211,860 224,686 229,928 Minnesota........... 172,857 147,189 145,354 127,681 137,345 173,549 145,765 137,582 149,264 129,525 Mississippi......... 57,103 53,493 53,402 57,605 59,357 52,763 56,662 59,048 52,855 60,319 Missouri............ 146,769 143,939 139,204 136,374 142,511 138,564 133,471 143,983 142,963 131,989 Montana............. 36,942 34,688 34,086 30,775 35,935 30,420 32,351 32,579 34,462 33,039 Nebraska............ 50,016 49,388 46,138 47,392 47,579 47,749 43,759 47,711 48,081 46,743 Nevada.............. 91,350 80,893 78,551 84,153 84,530 74,522 85,249 78,922 81,040 79,788 New Hampshire....... 37,421 39,118 37,146 33,438 38,152 35,364 35,326 36,583 40,371 35,434 New Jersey.......... 215,567 204,533 216,712 198,486 221,665 214,035 198,422 198,464 212,693 198,616 New Mexico.......... 47,356 41,391 40,841 42,147 40,172 39,377 41,064 43,179 42,998 40,066 New York............ 461,485 488,342 482,351 465,057 461,956 459,785 409,509 458,336 466,086 454,675 North Carolina...... 261,585 226,681 235,180 229,777 253,655 203,579 226,676 238,434 252,538 232,606 North Dakota........ 23,549 24,451 23,370 23,018 22,969 22,048 21,536 23,336 23,154 23,700 Ohio................ 254,665 263,201 249,753 242,810 258,130 247,346 228,393 260,330 259,564 243,535 Oklahoma............ 82,628 76,918 76,038 81,143 80,656 77,515 71,037 86,024 75,489 73,255 Oregon.............. 104,824 107,689 103,160 108,285 104,007 104,873 103,780 108,998 112,115 114,982 Pennsylvania........ 277,807 272,677 262,548 272,019 277,634 257,613 244,174 274,960 272,942 258,001 Rhode Island........ 28,835 29,862 28,453 27,098 31,503 27,265 24,846 29,251 28,237 27,276 South Carolina...... 118,122 123,861 114,024 119,795 124,945 100,598 120,378 122,940 112,487 114,560 South Dakota........ 25,014 24,201 22,857 22,296 25,412 22,271 22,300 24,131 22,152 22,744 Tennessee........... 173,332 157,457 156,914 158,243 159,446 155,145 137,922 162,432 164,578 143,965 Texas............... 677,439 638,289 636,642 670,526 696,494 609,870 610,710 624,731 634,000 617,830 Utah................ 95,280 95,737 92,068 95,601 96,534 93,465 86,315 96,024 86,981 89,740 Vermont............. 18,369 18,497 17,149 16,898 17,101 16,626 16,093 19,330 18,470 17,426 Virginia............ 199,237 191,176 190,520 192,774 193,916 183,131 174,641 189,462 186,146 185,156 Washington.......... 178,596 172,535 172,461 171,788 171,820 162,462 160,252 160,867 160,949 157,680 West Virginia....... 35,511 38,745 37,030 32,411 35,496 32,129 31,878 38,023 36,631 33,648 Wisconsin........... 138,483 140,097 135,842 128,396 135,439 130,816 124,737 141,043 138,797 128,853 Wyoming............. 19,120 17,964 17,535 18,460 18,894 17,843 18,063 19,341 19,089 18,048 Puerto Rico......... 36,870 40,330 42,167 41,064 32,667 36,472 34,865 37,153 38,892 41,795 Virgin Islands...... 1,521 1,423 1,087 1,100 932 1,471 1,140 1,292 1,526 2,914 (1) The sum of the states will not necessarily add to the U.S. total because of the independent seasonal adjustment of each state. NOTE: Totals for the United States do not include data for Puerto Rico or the Virgin Islands.
Table 7. Private sector gross job gains and losses, as a percent of total employment by state, seasonally adjusted Gross job gains as a percent of employment Gross job losses as a percent of employment State 3 months ended 3 months ended Dec. Mar. June Sept. Dec. Dec. Mar. June Sept. Dec. 2023 2024 2024 2024 2024 2023 2024 2024 2024 2024 United States....... 6.0 5.7 5.8 5.8 5.8 5.7 5.4 5.9 5.8 5.7 Alabama............. 6.2 5.7 5.6 5.7 5.7 5.7 5.5 5.6 5.9 5.3 Alaska.............. 10.2 10.5 10.2 7.9 10.3 9.9 8.6 9.6 9.7 9.6 Arizona............. 6.5 8.4 5.6 6.3 6.1 6.6 6.4 6.8 6.5 6.0 Arkansas............ 6.2 5.6 5.2 5.2 5.8 5.0 5.2 5.8 5.2 4.8 California.......... 6.4 5.8 6.1 6.4 6.6 6.4 5.6 6.8 6.1 6.4 Colorado............ 8.2 6.4 6.5 6.3 6.1 7.6 7.7 6.2 6.7 6.7 Connecticut......... 5.6 5.6 5.8 5.5 5.5 5.7 5.2 5.6 5.7 5.6 Delaware............ 6.1 6.0 5.9 6.8 6.1 5.8 5.1 6.5 6.4 6.4 District of Columbia 5.2 5.1 5.1 4.9 5.0 5.6 4.9 6.0 5.0 5.5 Florida............. 6.1 5.8 6.0 6.6 6.0 5.9 5.4 5.9 5.7 6.2 Georgia............. 6.2 6.0 5.7 5.7 6.0 5.7 5.7 5.7 6.1 5.4 Hawaii.............. 6.1 5.4 5.1 5.6 5.3 5.0 5.1 5.4 5.0 4.9 Idaho............... 8.5 7.9 7.5 7.2 8.2 5.8 8.3 7.4 7.6 6.8 Illinois............ 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.0 5.1 5.1 4.8 5.3 5.1 5.2 Indiana............. 5.5 5.3 5.2 5.3 5.4 5.1 5.0 5.5 5.4 5.2 Iowa................ 6.1 6.1 5.5 5.2 5.5 5.7 5.6 5.7 6.0 5.6 Kansas.............. 5.8 5.7 5.8 5.3 5.9 5.3 5.6 5.7 5.6 5.2 Kentucky............ 5.7 5.7 5.2 5.4 5.3 5.2 5.0 5.9 5.5 5.5 Louisiana........... 6.3 6.2 5.7 6.1 6.2 5.8 5.7 6.3 5.8 5.4 Maine............... 7.4 7.2 7.3 6.2 6.7 7.0 6.1 7.0 7.0 7.0 Maryland............ 6.2 5.8 7.2 6.1 6.0 5.8 5.7 6.5 6.1 5.9 Massachusetts....... 5.5 5.2 5.7 4.9 5.3 5.5 5.1 5.6 5.8 5.6 Michigan............ 5.5 5.4 5.7 5.4 5.4 5.5 5.2 5.6 5.8 6.0 Minnesota........... 6.9 5.8 5.7 5.1 5.5 6.9 5.7 5.4 5.9 5.1 Mississippi......... 6.1 5.7 5.8 6.1 6.3 5.7 6.1 6.3 5.7 6.4 Missouri............ 6.0 5.7 5.6 5.5 5.7 5.6 5.3 5.8 5.8 5.3 Montana............. 8.8 8.1 7.9 7.3 8.4 7.2 7.5 7.6 8.1 7.8 Nebraska............ 5.9 5.8 5.4 5.6 5.6 5.7 5.1 5.6 5.6 5.5 Nevada.............. 6.7 5.9 5.8 6.1 6.2 5.4 6.2 5.7 5.9 5.8 New Hampshire....... 6.2 6.5 6.1 5.5 6.3 5.9 5.8 6.0 6.7 5.9 New Jersey.......... 5.9 5.5 5.9 5.3 6.0 5.8 5.4 5.4 5.8 5.3 New Mexico.......... 6.9 6.0 6.0 6.2 5.8 5.8 6.0 6.3 6.3 5.9 New York............ 5.7 5.9 5.9 5.6 5.6 5.6 5.0 5.5 5.7 5.5 North Carolina...... 6.3 5.4 5.6 5.6 6.1 4.9 5.5 5.7 6.1 5.5 North Dakota........ 6.7 6.9 6.6 6.5 6.5 6.3 6.1 6.6 6.6 6.7 Ohio................ 5.4 5.5 5.2 5.1 5.4 5.2 4.8 5.4 5.4 5.1 Oklahoma............ 6.1 5.6 5.6 6.0 5.9 5.8 5.2 6.4 5.6 5.4 Oregon.............. 6.2 6.4 6.0 6.3 6.2 6.2 6.1 6.4 6.6 6.8 Pennsylvania........ 5.2 5.1 4.9 5.1 5.2 4.8 4.6 5.1 5.1 4.8 Rhode Island........ 6.8 6.9 6.6 6.2 7.2 6.3 5.7 6.7 6.5 6.3 South Carolina...... 6.2 6.4 5.9 6.2 6.5 5.3 6.3 6.4 5.9 6.0 South Dakota........ 6.6 6.3 6.0 5.9 6.7 5.8 5.8 6.3 5.9 5.9 Tennessee........... 6.2 5.5 5.5 5.6 5.6 5.5 4.9 5.7 5.8 5.0 Texas............... 5.7 5.4 5.4 5.6 5.8 5.2 5.1 5.3 5.3 5.1 Utah................ 6.6 6.7 6.4 6.6 6.6 6.5 6.0 6.6 6.1 6.2 Vermont............. 7.3 7.2 6.6 6.6 6.7 6.6 6.3 7.5 7.3 6.8 Virginia............ 5.9 5.7 5.7 5.8 5.8 5.5 5.2 5.6 5.5 5.5 Washington.......... 6.0 5.7 5.7 5.7 5.7 5.4 5.3 5.3 5.4 5.3 West Virginia....... 6.5 6.9 6.6 5.8 6.4 5.8 5.7 6.8 6.6 6.1 Wisconsin........... 5.5 5.5 5.3 5.0 5.3 5.2 4.8 5.5 5.4 5.0 Wyoming............. 8.9 8.4 8.2 8.6 8.8 8.4 8.3 9.0 9.0 8.4 Puerto Rico......... 4.9 5.4 5.6 5.4 4.4 4.8 4.6 4.9 5.1 5.5 Virgin Islands...... 6.0 5.6 4.3 4.4 4.0 5.9 4.5 5.1 6.1 12.6 NOTE: Totals for the United States do not include data for Puerto Rico or the Virgin Islands.
Table 8. Private sector establishment births and deaths, seasonally adjusted Total private (Levels in thousands) Number of Establishments Employment Births Deaths(1) Births Deaths Year 3 months ended Level Rate(2) Level Rate Level Rate Level Rate 2014 March 220 2.9 190 2.5 784 0.7 635 0.6 June 221 2.9 204 2.7 806 0.7 711 0.6 September 225 3.0 199 2.6 825 0.7 703 0.6 December 224 2.9 198 2.6 836 0.7 705 0.6 2015 March 233 3.0 207 2.7 818 0.7 696 0.6 June 234 3.1 211 2.8 838 0.7 728 0.6 September 243 3.2 207 2.7 881 0.7 699 0.6 December 247 3.2 209 2.7 892 0.7 733 0.6 2016 March 236 3.0 204 2.6 789 0.7 671 0.6 June 241 3.1 213 2.7 838 0.7 719 0.6 September 238 3.0 214 2.7 872 0.7 745 0.6 December 238 3.0 217 2.8 865 0.7 729 0.6 2017 March 242 3.0 203 2.6 806 0.7 668 0.5 June 240 3.0 223 2.8 848 0.7 752 0.6 September 244 3.1 225 2.8 851 0.7 760 0.6 December 246 3.1 216 2.7 849 0.7 731 0.6 2018 March 248 3.1 215 2.7 816 0.7 668 0.5 June 263 3.3 228 2.8 879 0.7 769 0.6 September 250 3.1 231 2.8 863 0.7 785 0.6 December 249 3.1 222 2.7 855 0.7 758 0.6 2019 March 260 3.2 220 2.7 814 0.6 700 0.6 June 258 3.1 240 2.9 846 0.7 801 0.6 September 251 3.0 230 2.8 847 0.7 763 0.6 December 269 3.2 235 2.8 903 0.7 783 0.6 2020 March 278 3.3 240 2.9 812 0.6 737 0.6 June 228 2.8 326 4.0 659 0.5 1,150 1.0 September 278 3.4 232 2.8 821 0.7 689 0.6 December 287 3.5 218 2.6 913 0.8 688 0.6 2021 March 308 3.6 210 2.5 836 0.7 607 0.5 June 351 4.1 226 2.6 978 0.8 663 0.5 September 359 4.1 244 2.8 1,026 0.8 734 0.6 December 380 4.3 254 2.9 1,115 0.9 779 0.6 2022 March 350 3.9 255 2.9 962 0.8 748 0.6 June 365 4.1 322 3.6 1,062 0.8 926 0.7 September 350 3.9 294 3.3 1,031 0.8 912 0.7 December 343 3.8 289 3.2 1,044 0.8 897 0.7 2023 March 329 3.6 291 3.2 945 0.7 817 0.6 June 332 3.6 293 3.2 1,011 0.8 887 0.7 September 318 3.5 295 3.2 980 0.7 927 0.7 December 327 3.5 322 3.5 1,019 0.8 921 0.7 2024 March 322 3.5 282 3.0 934 0.7 810 0.6 June 326 3.5 N/A N/A 975 0.7 N/A N/A September 316 3.4 N/A N/A 973 0.7 N/A N/A December 322 3.4 N/A N/A 995 0.8 N/A N/A (1) Values for deaths are not available for the most recent three quarters by definition. See the Technical Note for more informations. (2) The rates measure births and deaths as a percentage of the average of the previous and current quarter employment levels or total number of establishments.