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For release: 10:00 A.M. EDT USDL 10-1141 Wednesday, August 18, 2010 Technical information: (202) 691-6553 * BDMinfo@bls.gov * www.bls.gov/bdm Media contact: (202) 691-5902 * PressOffice@bls.gov BUSINESS EMPLOYMENT DYNAMICS: FOURTH QUARTER 2009 From September to December 2009 the number of gross job gains from opening and expanding private sector establishments increased to 6.6 million, the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics reported today. Over this period, gross job losses from closing and contracting private sector establishments were 6.8 million. Job losses have steadily decreased from a recent high of 8.5 million in December 2008 to their lowest level since June 1994. Firms of all sizes experienced continued net job losses in the fourth quarter of 2009. Firms with 1 to 49 employees accounted for 61.8 percent of all net losses. The change in the number of jobs over time is the net result of increases and decreases in employment that occur at all businesses in the economy. Business Employment Dynamics (BED) statistics track these changes in employment at private business units from the third month of one quarter to the third month of the next. Gross job gains are the sum of increases in employment from expansions at existing units and the addition of new jobs at opening units. Gross job losses are the result of contractions in employment at existing units and the loss of jobs at closing units. The difference between the number of gross job gains and the number of gross job losses is the net change in employment. (See the Technical Note for more information.) ------------------------------------------------------------------------ | New data on establishment age and survival | | | | New Business Employment Dynamics (BED) data by establishment age will | | be available later today on the BLS Web site | | (www.bls.gov/bdm/bdmage.htm). These data are available at the national | | level by NAICS sector and at the state level by total private sector | | annually from 1994 through 2009. These data will be updated once a year| | with the release of first quarter data. | ------------------------------------------------------------------------ The BED data series include gross job gains and gross job losses at the establishment level by major industry sector and for the 50 states, the District of Columbia, Puerto Rico, and the Virgin Islands, as well as gross job gains and gross job losses at the firm level by employer size class. Contracting establishments lost 5.5 million jobs in the fourth quarter of 2009. Since peaking in March 2009 at 7.0 million, job losses at contracting establishments have fallen sharply. Fourth quarter job gains at expanding establishments were 5.3 million, after reaching a series-low 4.6 million in first quarter 2009. From September to December 2009 closing establishments lost 1.3 million jobs, a decrease from the previous quarter’s loss of 1.4 million. Opening establishments gained 1.3 million jobs, an increase from the previous quarter when opening establishments created 1.2 million jobs. (See tables 1 and 3.) There were 180,000 establishment births in the fourth quarter 2009 (a subset of the openings data, see the Technical Note for more information); these new establishments added 701,000 jobs, essentially unchanged from the previous quarter. Data for establishment deaths, a subset of the closings data, are available through March 2009, when 891,000 jobs were lost at 240,000 establishments. (See table 7.) The difference between the number of gross jobs gained and the number of gross jobs lost yielded a net change of -193,000 jobs in the private sector for fourth quarter 2009. (See table 1.) Gross job gains represented 6.3 percent of private sector employment, while gross job losses represented 6.5 percent of private sector employment. (See table 2.) Only the professional and business services sector, which includes temporary help services, experienced a change from net losses in third quarter 2009 to net gains in fourth quarter 2009. Gross job gains in this sector increased to 1.4 million jobs from 1.1 million, while gross job losses decreased to 1.2 million jobs from 1.3 million. The construction sector continues to experience the highest net losses as a percent of total employment. From September to December 2009, job gains increased slightly from 10.4 to 10.7 percent, while job losses fell slightly from 13.7 to 13.5 percent. (See table 3.) The share of total gross job losses at firms with 1 to 249 employees increased from 69.4 percent to 72.3. The share of gross job gains increased at firms with 1 to 4 employees and 1000 or more employees and decreased at all other firm size classes. (See table 4.) Table A. Three-month private sector gross job gains and losses, seasonally adjusted Category 3 months ended Dec. Mar. June Sept. Dec. 2008 2009 2009 2009 2009 Levels (in thousands) Gross job gains................ 6,738 5,746 6,420 6,296 6,628 At expanding establishments... 5,363 4,603 5,116 5,112 5,322 At opening establishments..... 1,375 1,143 1,304 1,184 1,306 Gross job losses............... 8,539 8,486 7,999 7,260 6,821 At contracting establishments. 7,038 7,045 6,598 5,852 5,546 At closing establishments..... 1,501 1,441 1,401 1,408 1,275 Net employment change(1).......-1,801 -2,740 -1,579 -964 -193 Rates (percent) Gross job gains................ 6.0 5.2 6.0 5.9 6.3 At expanding establishments... 4.8 4.2 4.8 4.8 5.1 At opening establishments..... 1.2 1.0 1.2 1.1 1.2 Gross job losses............... 7.6 7.7 7.5 6.8 6.5 At contracting establishments. 6.3 6.4 6.2 5.5 5.3 At closing establishments..... 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.2 Net employment change(1)....... -1.6 -2.5 -1.5 -.9 -.2 (1) The net employment change is the difference between total gross job gains and total gross job losses. See the Technical Note for further information. In the fourth quarter of 2009, eight states, the District of Columbia, Puerto Rico, and the Virgin Islands experienced changes from negative to positive net employment as compared to the prior quarter. The net employment change turned negative from positive in Indiana and Idaho and remained negative in the rest of states. California and New York experienced the largest net employment gains. Gross job gains in the state of California increased to 843,902, while gross job losses decreased to 820,701. In the state of New York, gross job gains increased to 439,309, while gross job losses decreased to 432,668. (See table 5.) From September to December 2009, gross job gains as a percent of total employment decreased in 11 states, and gross job losses as a percent of total employment increased in 13 states. (See table 6.) More Information Additional information on gross job gains and gross job losses are available online at http://www.bls.gov/bdm. This information includes data on the levels and rates of gross job gains and gross job losses by firm size, the not seasonally adjusted data and other seasonally adjusted time series not presented in this release, charts of gross job gains and gross job losses by industry and firm size, and frequently asked questions on firm-size data. Additional information about the Business Employment Dynamics data can be found in the Technical Note of this release or may be obtained by e-mailing BDMinfo@bls.gov. ----------------------------------------------------------------------- | The Business Employment Dynamics for First Quarter 2010 are scheduled | | to be released on Thursday, November 18, 2010 at 10:00 a.m.(EST). Data| | in this release will incorporate annual revisions to the BED series. | -----------------------------------------------------------------------
Technical Note The Business Employment Dynamics (BED) data are a product of a federal- state cooperative program known as Quarterly Census of Employment and Wages (QCEW), or the ES-202 program. The BED data are compiled by the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) from existing quarterly state unemployment insurance (UI) records. Most employers in the U.S. are required to file quarterly reports on the employment and wages of workers covered by UI laws, and to pay quarterly UI taxes. The quarterly UI reports are sent by the State Workforce Agencies (SWAs) to BLS and form the basis of the BLS establishment universe sampling frame. These reports also are used to pro- duce the quarterly QCEW data on total employment and wages and the longitu- dinal BED data on gross job gains and losses. Other important BLS uses of the UI reports are in the Current Employment Statistics (CES) program. (See table below for differences between QCEW, CES, and BED.) In the BED program, the quarterly UI records are linked across quarters to provide a longitudinal history for each establishment. The linkage process allows the tracking of net employment changes at the establishment level, which in turn allows the estimation of jobs gained at opening and expanding establishments and jobs lost at closing and contracting establish- ments. Differences between QCEW, BED, and CES employment measures The BLS publishes three different establishment-based employment mea- sures for any given quarter. Each of these measures--QCEW, BED, and CES-- makes use of the quarterly UI employment reports in producing data; how- ever, each measure has a somewhat different universe coverage, estimation procedure, and publication product. Differences in coverage and estimation methods can result in somewhat different measures of over-the-quarter employment change. It is important to understand program differences and the intended uses of the program products. (See table below.) Additional information on each program can be obtained from the program Web sites shown in the table. Summary of Major Differences between QCEW, BED, and CES Employment Measures --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | QCEW | BED | CES -----------|---------------------|----------------------|------------------------ Source |--Count of UI admini-|--Count of longitudi- |--Sample survey: | strative records | nally-linked UI ad- | 410,000 establish- | submitted by 9.1 | ministrative records| ments | million employers | submitted by 6.8 | | | million private sec-| | | tor employers | -----------|---------------------|----------------------|------------------------ Coverage |--UI and UCFE cover- |--UI Coverage, exclud-|Nonfarm wage and sal- | age: all employers| ing government, pri-| ary jobs: | subject to state | vate households, and|--UI Coverage, exclud- | and federal UI Laws| establishments with | ing agriculture, pri- | | zero employment | vate households, and | | | self-employed workers | | |--Other employment, in- | | | cluding railroads, | | | religious organiza- | | | tions, and other non- | | | UI-covered jobs -----------|---------------------|----------------------|------------------------ Publication|--Quarterly |--Quarterly |--Monthly frequency | -7 months after the| -8 months after the | -Usually first Friday | end of each quar- | end of each quarter| of following month | ter | | -----------|---------------------|----------------------|------------------------ Use of UI |--Directly summarizes|--Links each new UI |--Uses UI file as a sam- file | and publishes each | quarter to longitu- | pling frame and annu- | new quarter of UI | dinal database and | ally realigns (bench- | data | directly summarizes | marks) sample esti- | | gross job gains and | mates to first quar- | | losses | ter UI levels -----------|---------------------|----------------------|------------------------ Principal |--Provides a quarter-|--Provides quarterly |--Provides current month- products | ly and annual uni- | employer dynamics | ly estimates of employ- | verse count of es- | data on establish- | ment, hours, and earn- | tablishments, em- | ment openings, clos-| ings at the MSA, state, | ployment, and wages| ings, expansions, | and national level by | at the county, MSA,| and contractions at | industry | state, and national| the national level | | levels by detailed | by NAICS super- | | industry | sectors and by size | | | of firm, and at the | | | state private-sector| | | total level | | |--Future expansions | | | will include data | | | with greater in- | | | dustry detail and | | | data at the county | | | and MSA level | -----------|---------------------|----------------------|------------------------ Principal |--Major uses include:|--Major uses include: |--Major uses include: uses | -Detailed locality | -Business cycle | -Principal national | data | analysis | economic indicator | -Periodic universe | -Analysis of employ-| -Official time series | counts for bench- | er dynamics under- | for employment change | marking sample | lying economic ex- | measures | survey estimates | pansions and con- | -Input into other ma- | -Sample frame for | tractions | jor economic indi- | BLS establishment | -Analysis of employ-| cators | surveys | ment expansion and | | | contraction by size| | | of firm | | | | -----------|---------------------|----------------------|------------------------ Program |--www.bls.gov/cew/ |--www.bls.gov/bdm/ |--www.bls.gov/ces/ Web sites | | | --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Coverage Employment and wage data for workers covered by state UI and Unemployment Compensation for Federal Employees (UCFE) laws are compiled from quarterly contribution reports submitted to the SWAs by employers. In addition to the quarterly contribution reports, employers who operate multiple establishments within a state complete a questionnaire, called the "Multiple Worksite Report," which provides detailed information on the location of their establishments. These reports are based on place of employment rather than place of residence. UI and UCFE coverage is broad and basically comparable from state to state. Major exclusions from UI coverage are self-employed workers, religious or- ganizations, most agricultural workers on small farms, all members of the Armed Forces, elected officials in most states, most employees of railroads, some domestic workers, most student workers at schools, and employees of cer- tain small nonprofit organizations. Gross job gains and gross job losses in this release are derived from lon- gitudinal histories of 6.8 million private sector employer reports out of 9.1 million total reports of employment and wages submitted by states to BLS in the fourth quarter of 2009. Gross job gains and gross job losses data in this release do not report estimates for government employees or private households (NAICS 814110) and do not include establishments with zero employ- ment in both previous and current quarters. Data from Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands also are excluded from the national data. As an illustration, the table below shows, in millions of establishments, the number of establish- ments excluded from the gross job gains and gross job losses data in the fourth quarter of 2009: Number of active establishments included in Business Employment Dynamics data at the national level Millions Total establishments QCEW program....................................9.1 Excluded: Public sector.........................................0.3 Private households....................................0.7 Zero employment.......................................1.3 Establishments in Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands..............................0.0 (less than 50,000) Total establishments included in Business Employment Dynamics data.............................................6.8 Unit of analysis Establishments are used in the tabulation of the BED statistics by in- dustry and firms are used in the tabulation of the BED size class sta- tistics. An establishment is defined as an economic unit that produces goods or services, usually at a single physical location, and engages in one or predominantly one activity. A firm is a legal business, either corporate or otherwise, and may consist of several establishments. Firm- level data are compiled based on an aggregation of establishments under common ownership by a corporate parent using employer tax identification numbers. The firm-level aggregation, which is consistent with the role of corporations as the economic decision makers, is used for the measurement of the BED data elements by size class. Because of the difference in the unit of analysis, total gross job gains and gross job losses by size class are lower than total gross job gains and gross job losses by industry, as some establishment gains and losses within a firm are offset during the aggregation process. However, the total net changes in employment are the same for not seasonally adjusted data and are similar for seasonally adjusted data. Concepts and methodology The Business Employment Dynamics data measure the net change in employ- ment at the establishment or firm level. These changes come about in one of four ways. A net increase in employment can come from either opening units or expanding units. A net decrease in employment can come from either closing units or contracting units. Gross job gains include the sum of all jobs added at either opening or expanding units. Gross job losses include the sum of all jobs lost in either closing or contracting units. The net change in employment is the difference between gross job gains and gross job losses. The formal definitions of employment changes are as follows: Openings. These are either units with positive third month employment for the first time in the current quarter, with no links to the prior quarter, or with positive third month employment in the current quarter, following zero em- ployment in the previous quarter. Expansions. These are units with positive employment in the third month in both the previous and current quarters, with a net increase in employment over this period. Closings. These are units with positive third month employment in the pre- vious quarter, with no employment or zero employment reported in the current quarter. Contractions. These are units with positive employment in the third month in both the previous and current quarters, with a net decrease in employment over this period. Births. These are units with positive third month employment for the first time in the current quarter with no links to the prior quarter, or units with positive third month employment in the current quarter and zero employment in the third month of the previous four quarters. Births are a subset of openings not including re-openings of seasonal businesses. Deaths. These are units with no employment or zero employment reported in the third month of four consecutive quarters following the last quarter with positive employment. Deaths are a subset of closings not including temporary shutdowns of seasonal businesses. A unit that closes during the quarter may be a death, but we wait three quarters to determine whether it is a permanent closing or a temporary shutdown. Therefore, there is always a lag of three quarters for the publication of death statistics. All establishment-level employment changes are measured from the third month of each quarter. Not all establishments and firms change their em- ployment levels. Units with no change in employment count towards estimates of total employment, but not for levels of gross employment job gains and gross job losses. Gross job gains and gross job losses are expressed as rates by dividing their levels by the average of employment in the current and previous quar- ters. This provides a symmetric growth rate. The rates are calculated for the components of gross job gains and gross job losses and then summed to form their respective totals. These rates can be added and subtracted just as their levels can. For instance, the difference between the gross job gains rate and the gross job losses rate is the net growth rate. Establishment Births and Deaths For the purpose of BED statistics, births are defined as establishments that appear in the longitudinal database for the first time with positive employment in the third month of a quarter, or showed four consecutive quarters of zero employment in the third month followed by a quarter in which it shows positive employment in the third month. Similarly, deaths are defined as establishments that either drop out of the longitudinal database or an establishment that had positive employment in the third month of a given quarter followed by four consecutive quarters of showing zero employment in the third month. Although the data for establishment births and deaths are tabulated independently from the data for openings and closings, the concepts are not mutually exclusive. An establishment that is defined as a birth in a given quarter is necessarily an opening as well, and an establishment defined as a death in a quarter must also be a closing. Since openings include seasonal, and other, re-openings and closings include temporary shutdowns, the not seasonally adjusted values for births and deaths must be less than those openings and closings. However, because some BED series do not have many re-openings or temporary shutdowns, as well as the fact that births and deaths are independently seasonally adjusted from openings and closings, there may be instances in which the seasonally adjusted value of the former is greater than the latter. Linkage methodology Prior to the measurement of gross job gains and gross job losses, QCEW records are linked across two quarters. The linkage process matches esta- blishments' unique SWA identification numbers (SWA-ID). Between 95 to 97 percent of establishments identified as continuous from quarter to quarter are matched by SWA-ID. The rest are linked in one of three ways. The first method uses predecessor and successor information, identified by the states, which relates records with different SWA-IDs across quarters. Predecessor and successor relations can come about for a variety of reasons, including a change in ownership, a firm restructuring, or a UI account restructuring. If a match cannot be attained in this manner, a probability-based match is used. This match attempts to identify two establishments with different SWA- IDs as continuous. The match is based upon comparisons such as the same name, address, and phone number. Third, an analyst examines unmatched re- cords individually and makes a possible match. In order to ensure the highest possible quality of data, SWAs verify with employers and update, if necessary, the industry, location, and ownership classification of all establishments on a 3-year cycle. Changes in establish- ment classification codes resulting from the verification process are intro- duced with the data reported for the first quarter of the year. Changes re- sulting from improved employer reporting also are introduced in the first quarter. Sizing methodology The method of dynamic sizing is used in calculations for the BED size- class data series. Dynamic sizing allocates each firm's employment gain or loss during a quarter to each respective size class in which the change occurred. For example, if a firm grew from 2 employees in quarter 1 to 38 employees in quarter 2, then, of the 36-employee increase, 2 would be al- located to the first size class, 5 to the size class 5 to 9, 10 to size class 10 to 19, and 19 to size class 20 to 49. Dynamic sizing provides symmetrical firm-size estimates and eliminates any systematic effects which may be caused by the transitory and reverting changes in firms' sizes over time. Additionally, it allocates each job gain or loss to the actual size class where it occurred. Annual Data The annual gross job gains and gross job losses measure the net change in employment at the establishment level from the third month of a quarter in the previous year to the third month of the same quarter in the current year. The BLS publishes annual BED data based on March-to-March changes once a year with the release of the first quarter BED data. The annual data based on over-the-year changes for other quarters of the year are available upon request. The definitions and methodology in measuring annual gross job gains and gross job losses are similar to the quarterly measures. The linkage method considers all predecessor and successor relations that may come about due to changes in ownership and corporate restructuring over the entire year. At the establishment level, some of the quarterly job gains and job losses are offset during the estimation over the year. Therefore, the sum of four quarters of gross job gains and gross job losses are not equal to annual gross job gains and gross job losses. The net change in employment over the year, however, is equal to the sum of four quarterly net changes on a not seasonally adjusted basis. Seasonal adjustment Over the course of a year, the levels of employment and the associated job flows undergo sharp fluctuations due to such seasonal events as changes in the weather, reduced or expanded production, harvests, major holidays, and the opening and closing of schools. The effect of such seasonal vari- ation can be very large. Because these seasonal events follow a more or less regular pattern each year, their influence can be eliminated by adjusting these statistics from quarter to quarter. These adjustments make nonseasonal developments, such as declines in economic activity, easier to recognize. For example, the large number of youths taking summer jobs is likely to obscure other changes that have taken place in June relative to March, making it difficult to determine if the level of economic activity has risen or declined. However, because the effect of students finishing school in previous years is known, the statistics for the current year can be adjusted to allow for a comparable change. The adjusted figures provide a more useful tool with which to ana- lyze changes in economic activity. The employment data series for opening, expanding, closing, and contract- ing units are independently seasonally adjusted; net changes are calculated based on the difference between gross job gains and gross job losses. Simi- larly, for industry data, the establishment counts data series for opening, expanding, closing, and contracting establishments are independently adjusted, and the net changes are calculated based on the difference between the number of opening and closing establishments. Additionally, establishment and em- ployment levels are independently seasonally adjusted to calculate the sea- sonally adjusted rates. Concurrent seasonal adjustment is run using X-12 ARIMA. Seasonally adjusted data series for the total private sector are cal- culated by summing the seasonally adjusted data for all sectors, including the unclassified sector, which is not published separately. The employment data series for opening, expanding, closing, and contracting units for each of the 50 states and the District of Columbia are seasonally adjusted at the total private level only. The sum of the state series for opening, expanding, closing, and contracting units will not necessarily be equal to the national total private series because of the independent seasonal adjustment of these series. The net over-the-quarter change derived by summing the BED component series will differ from the net employment change estimated from the seasonally ad- justed total private employment series from the CES program. The intended use of BED statistics is to show the dynamic labor market changes that underlie the net employment change statistic. As such, data users interested particu- larly in the net employment change and not in the gross job flows underlying this change should refer to CES data for over-the-quarter net employment changes. Reliability of the data Since the data series on Business Employment Dynamics are based on admini- strative rather than sample data, there are no issues related to sampling error. Nonsampling error, however, still exists. Nonsampling errors can oc- cur for many reasons, such as the employer submitting corrected employment data after the end of the quarter or typographical errors made by businesses when providing information. Such errors, however, are likely to be distri- buted randomly throughout the dataset. Changes in administrative data sometimes create complications for the linkage process. This can result in overstating openings and closings while understating expansions and contractions. The BLS continues to refine methods for improving the linkage process to alleviate the effects of these compli- cations. The BED data series are subject to periodic minor changes based on correc- tions in QCEW records, updates on predecessors and successors information, and seasonal adjustment revisions. Annual revisions are published each year with the release of the first quarter data. These revisions cover the last four quarters of not seasonally adjusted data and 5 years of seasonally adjusted data. Additional statistics and other information Several other programs within BLS produce closely related information. The QCEW program, also known as the ES-202 program, provides both quarterly and annual estimates of employment by state, county, and detailed industry. News releases on quarterly county employment and wages are available upon request from the Division of Administrative Statistics and Labor Turnover, Bureau of Labor Statistics, U.S. Department of Labor, Washington, DC 20212; telephone 202-691-6567; (http://www.bls.gov/cew/); (e-mail: QCEWInfo@bls.gov). The CES program produces monthly estimates of employment, its net change, and earnings by detailed industry. These estimates are part of the Employ- ment Situation report put out monthly by BLS. The Job Openings and Labor Turnover Survey (JOLTS) program provides month- ly measures of job openings, as well as employee hires and separations. Information in this release will be made available to sensory impaired in- dividuals upon request. Voice phone: 202-691-5200; TDD message referral number: 1-800-877-8339.
Table 1. Private sector gross job gains and job losses, seasonally adjusted Total private (In thousands) Gross job gains Gross job losses Year 3 months ended Net change(1) Total Expanding Opening Total Contracting Closing establishments establishments establishments establishments 1999 March 353 8,585 6,626 1,959 8,232 6,395 1,837 June 644 8,539 6,661 1,878 7,895 6,210 1,685 September 588 8,571 6,734 1,837 7,983 6,250 1,733 December 1,005 8,749 6,956 1,793 7,744 6,076 1,668 2000 March 789 8,792 6,924 1,868 8,003 6,341 1,662 June 492 8,499 6,814 1,685 8,007 6,387 1,620 September 296 8,506 6,728 1,778 8,210 6,483 1,727 December 295 8,400 6,702 1,698 8,105 6,433 1,672 2001 March -156 8,436 6,694 1,742 8,592 6,717 1,875 June -792 8,009 6,319 1,690 8,801 7,050 1,751 September -1,184 7,608 5,917 1,691 8,792 6,991 1,801 December -960 7,591 5,932 1,659 8,551 6,858 1,693 2002 March -39 8,049 6,259 1,790 8,088 6,424 1,664 June -38 7,890 6,164 1,726 7,928 6,290 1,638 September -171 7,608 6,015 1,593 7,779 6,248 1,531 December -198 7,522 5,960 1,562 7,720 6,171 1,549 2003 March -412 7,439 5,917 1,522 7,851 6,311 1,540 June -104 7,401 5,928 1,473 7,505 6,040 1,465 September 204 7,383 5,918 1,465 7,179 5,818 1,361 December 309 7,549 6,016 1,533 7,240 5,802 1,438 2004 March 465 7,709 6,207 1,502 7,244 5,802 1,442 June 634 7,747 6,228 1,519 7,113 5,644 1,469 September 212 7,635 6,062 1,573 7,423 5,880 1,543 December 775 7,860 6,248 1,612 7,085 5,658 1,427 2005 March 381 7,618 6,139 1,479 7,237 5,805 1,432 June 586 7,771 6,223 1,548 7,185 5,779 1,406 September 676 7,963 6,389 1,574 7,287 5,840 1,447 December 514 7,826 6,258 1,568 7,312 5,942 1,370 2006 March 800 7,720 6,294 1,426 6,920 5,639 1,281 June 417 7,784 6,267 1,517 7,367 6,000 1,367 September 37 7,493 6,058 1,435 7,456 6,101 1,355 December 493 7,793 6,254 1,539 7,300 5,947 1,353 2007 March 485 7,651 6,244 1,407 7,166 5,873 1,293 June 196 7,653 6,242 1,411 7,457 6,061 1,396 September -248 7,325 5,853 1,472 7,573 6,214 1,359 December 310 7,670 6,214 1,456 7,360 6,010 1,350 2008 March -280 7,167 5,781 1,386 7,447 6,090 1,357 June -536 7,296 5,869 1,427 7,832 6,334 1,498 September -967 6,884 5,520 1,364 7,851 6,461 1,390 December -1,801 6,738 5,363 1,375 8,539 7,038 1,501 2009 March -2,740 5,746 4,603 1,143 8,486 7,045 1,441 June -1,579 6,420 5,116 1,304 7,999 6,598 1,401 September -964 6,296 5,112 1,184 7,260 5,852 1,408 December -193 6,628 5,322 1,306 6,821 5,546 1,275 (1) Net change is the difference between total gross job gains and total gross job losses.
Table 2. Private sector gross job gains and losses, as a percent of employment(1), seasonally adjusted Total private (Percent) Gross job gains Gross job losses Year 3 months ended Net change(2) Total Expanding Opening Total Contracting Closing establishments establishments establishments establishments 1999 March .3 8.0 6.2 1.8 7.7 6.0 1.7 June .6 8.0 6.2 1.8 7.4 5.8 1.6 September .6 8.0 6.3 1.7 7.4 5.8 1.6 December 1.0 8.1 6.4 1.7 7.1 5.6 1.5 2000 March .7 8.0 6.3 1.7 7.3 5.8 1.5 June .4 7.7 6.2 1.5 7.3 5.8 1.5 September .2 7.7 6.1 1.6 7.5 5.9 1.6 December .3 7.6 6.1 1.5 7.3 5.8 1.5 2001 March -.1 7.7 6.1 1.6 7.8 6.1 1.7 June -.8 7.2 5.7 1.5 8.0 6.4 1.6 September -1.2 6.9 5.4 1.5 8.1 6.4 1.7 December -.9 7.0 5.5 1.5 7.9 6.3 1.6 2002 March .0 7.5 5.8 1.7 7.5 6.0 1.5 June .0 7.3 5.7 1.6 7.3 5.8 1.5 September -.1 7.1 5.6 1.5 7.2 5.8 1.4 December .0 7.1 5.6 1.5 7.1 5.7 1.4 2003 March -.4 6.9 5.5 1.4 7.3 5.9 1.4 June -.1 7.0 5.6 1.4 7.1 5.7 1.4 September .2 6.9 5.5 1.4 6.7 5.4 1.3 December .3 7.0 5.6 1.4 6.7 5.4 1.3 2004 March .5 7.2 5.8 1.4 6.7 5.4 1.3 June .6 7.2 5.8 1.4 6.6 5.2 1.4 September .3 7.1 5.6 1.5 6.8 5.4 1.4 December .7 7.2 5.7 1.5 6.5 5.2 1.3 2005 March .3 6.9 5.6 1.3 6.6 5.3 1.3 June .5 7.1 5.7 1.4 6.6 5.3 1.3 September .6 7.2 5.8 1.4 6.6 5.3 1.3 December .5 7.0 5.6 1.4 6.5 5.3 1.2 2006 March .8 6.9 5.6 1.3 6.1 5.0 1.1 June .4 6.9 5.6 1.3 6.5 5.3 1.2 September .1 6.7 5.4 1.3 6.6 5.4 1.2 December .4 6.9 5.5 1.4 6.5 5.3 1.2 2007 March .4 6.7 5.5 1.2 6.3 5.2 1.1 June .2 6.7 5.5 1.2 6.5 5.3 1.2 September -.3 6.4 5.1 1.3 6.7 5.5 1.2 December .3 6.8 5.5 1.3 6.5 5.3 1.2 2008 March -.2 6.3 5.1 1.2 6.5 5.3 1.2 June -.4 6.5 5.2 1.3 6.9 5.6 1.3 September -.8 6.1 4.9 1.2 6.9 5.7 1.2 December -1.6 6.0 4.8 1.2 7.6 6.3 1.3 2009 March -2.5 5.2 4.2 1.0 7.7 6.4 1.3 June -1.5 6.0 4.8 1.2 7.5 6.2 1.3 September -.9 5.9 4.8 1.1 6.8 5.5 1.3 December -.2 6.3 5.1 1.2 6.5 5.3 1.2 (1) The rates measure gross job gains and gross job losses as a percentage of the previous and current quarter employment levels. (2) Net change is the difference between total gross job gains and total gross job losses.
Table 3: Private sector gross job gains and losses by industry, seasonally adjusted Gross job gains and job losses Gross job gains and job losses (in thousands) as a percent of employment Category 3 months ended 3 months ended Dec. March June Sept. Dec. Dec. March June Sept. Dec. 2008 2009 2009 2009 2009 2008 2009 2009 2009 2009 Total private(1) Gross job gains 6,738 5,746 6,420 6,296 6,628 6.0 5.2 6.0 5.9 6.3 At expanding establishments 5,363 4,603 5,116 5,112 5,322 4.8 4.2 4.8 4.8 5.1 At opening establishments 1,375 1,143 1,304 1,184 1,306 1.2 1.0 1.2 1.1 1.2 Gross job losses 8,539 8,486 7,999 7,260 6,821 7.6 7.7 7.5 6.8 6.5 At contracting establishments 7,038 7,045 6,598 5,852 5,546 6.3 6.4 6.2 5.5 5.3 At closing establishments 1,501 1,441 1,401 1,408 1,275 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.2 Net employment change -1,801 -2,740 -1,579 -964 -193 -1.6 -2.5 -1.5 -.9 -.2 Goods-producing Gross job gains 1,318 1,077 1,266 1,330 1,298 6.0 5.2 6.4 6.9 6.9 At expanding establishments 1,091 890 1,047 1,132 1,077 5.0 4.3 5.3 5.9 5.7 At opening establishments 227 187 219 198 221 1.0 .9 1.1 1.0 1.2 Gross job losses 2,080 2,290 2,145 1,663 1,573 9.5 11.0 10.8 8.6 8.3 At contracting establishments 1,766 1,983 1,843 1,370 1,308 8.1 9.5 9.3 7.1 6.9 At closing establishments 314 307 302 293 265 1.4 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.4 Net employment change -762 -1,213 -879 -333 -275 -3.5 -5.8 -4.4 -1.7 -1.4 Natural resources and mining Gross job gains 288 225 283 253 283 15.2 12.0 15.8 14.4 16.1 At expanding establishments 247 193 239 220 242 13.0 10.3 13.3 12.5 13.8 At opening establishments 41 32 44 33 41 2.2 1.7 2.5 1.9 2.3 Gross job losses 289 339 307 283 289 15.2 18.2 17.1 16.0 16.5 At contracting establishments 254 295 263 246 251 13.4 15.8 14.6 13.9 14.3 At closing establishments 35 44 44 37 38 1.8 2.4 2.5 2.1 2.2 Net employment change -1 -114 -24 -30 -6 .0 -6.2 -1.3 -1.6 -.4 Construction Gross job gains 647 558 614 604 606 9.5 8.6 10.1 10.4 10.7 At expanding establishments 506 437 480 478 469 7.4 6.7 7.9 8.2 8.3 At opening establishments 141 121 134 126 137 2.1 1.9 2.2 2.2 2.4 Gross job losses 984 990 940 805 767 14.4 15.3 15.4 13.7 13.5 At contracting establishments 780 797 759 627 603 11.4 12.3 12.4 10.7 10.6 At closing establishments 204 193 181 178 164 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 2.9 Net employment change -337 -432 -326 -201 -161 -4.9 -6.7 -5.3 -3.3 -2.8 Manufacturing Gross job gains 383 294 369 473 409 2.9 2.4 3.0 4.0 3.6 At expanding establishments 338 260 328 434 366 2.6 2.1 2.7 3.7 3.2 At opening establishments 45 34 41 39 43 .3 .3 .3 .3 .4 Gross job losses 807 961 898 575 517 6.2 7.7 7.5 5.0 4.4 At contracting establishments 732 891 821 497 454 5.6 7.1 6.9 4.3 3.9 At closing establishments 75 70 77 78 63 .6 .6 .6 .7 .5 Net employment change -424 -667 -529 -102 -108 -3.3 -5.3 -4.5 -1.0 -.8 Service-providing(1) Gross job gains 5,420 4,669 5,154 4,966 5,330 6.1 5.3 5.9 5.7 6.2 At expanding establishments 4,272 3,713 4,069 3,980 4,245 4.8 4.2 4.7 4.6 4.9 At opening establishments 1,148 956 1,085 986 1,085 1.3 1.1 1.2 1.1 1.3 Gross job losses 6,459 6,196 5,854 5,597 5,248 7.2 7.0 6.7 6.5 6.1 At contracting establishments 5,272 5,062 4,755 4,482 4,238 5.9 5.7 5.4 5.2 4.9 At closing establishments 1,187 1,134 1,099 1,115 1,010 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.2 Net employment change -1,039 -1,527 -700 -631 82 -1.1 -1.7 -.8 -.8 .1 Wholesale trade Gross job gains 260 225 239 230 254 4.4 3.9 4.2 4.2 4.7 At expanding establishments 205 178 193 186 201 3.5 3.1 3.4 3.4 3.7 At opening establishments 55 47 46 44 53 .9 .8 .8 .8 1.0 Gross job losses 366 383 355 306 279 6.2 6.6 6.3 5.6 5.1 At contracting establishments 291 313 288 235 217 4.9 5.4 5.1 4.3 4.0 At closing establishments 75 70 67 71 62 1.3 1.2 1.2 1.3 1.1 Net employment change -106 -158 -116 -76 -25 -1.8 -2.7 -2.1 -1.4 -.4 Retail trade Gross job gains 837 752 865 825 812 5.5 5.1 5.9 5.7 5.6 At expanding establishments 702 624 732 697 701 4.6 4.2 5.0 4.8 4.8 At opening establishments 135 128 133 128 111 .9 .9 .9 .9 .8 Gross job losses 1,195 1,025 915 939 932 7.9 6.9 6.2 6.4 6.5 At contracting establishments 1,036 841 776 795 804 6.8 5.7 5.3 5.4 5.6 At closing establishments 159 184 139 144 128 1.1 1.2 .9 1.0 .9 Net employment change -358 -273 -50 -114 -120 -2.4 -1.8 -.3 -.7 -.9 Transportation and warehousing Gross job gains 238 173 184 186 221 5.6 4.2 4.5 4.7 5.6 At expanding establishments 205 144 151 158 188 4.8 3.5 3.7 4.0 4.8 At opening establishments 33 29 33 28 33 .8 .7 .8 .7 .8 Gross job losses 286 311 290 239 221 6.7 7.4 7.2 6.0 5.6 At contracting establishments 242 268 245 195 183 5.7 6.4 6.1 4.9 4.6 At closing establishments 44 43 45 44 38 1.0 1.0 1.1 1.1 1.0 Net employment change -48 -138 -106 -53 0 -1.1 -3.2 -2.7 -1.3 .0 Utilities Gross job gains 13 12 12 12 10 2.3 2.2 2.2 2.2 1.8 At expanding establishments 12 11 11 11 9 2.1 2.0 2.0 2.0 1.6 At opening establishments 1 1 1 1 1 .2 .2 .2 .2 .2 Gross job losses 12 10 16 12 14 2.2 1.8 2.9 2.2 2.5 At contracting establishments 11 9 14 11 12 2.0 1.6 2.5 2.0 2.1 At closing establishments 1 1 2 1 2 .2 .2 .4 .2 .4 Net employment change 1 2 -4 0 -4 .1 .4 -.7 .0 -.7 Information Gross job gains 134 114 111 116 122 4.6 4.0 3.9 4.2 4.4 At expanding establishments 108 92 90 97 97 3.7 3.2 3.2 3.5 3.5 At opening establishments 26 22 21 19 25 .9 .8 .7 .7 .9 Gross job losses 187 172 160 158 140 6.3 6.0 5.6 5.6 5.1 At contracting establishments 153 144 134 130 118 5.2 5.0 4.7 4.6 4.3 At closing establishments 34 28 26 28 22 1.1 1.0 .9 1.0 .8 Net employment change -53 -58 -49 -42 -18 -1.7 -2.0 -1.7 -1.4 -.7 Financial activities Gross job gains 392 333 339 327 359 4.9 4.3 4.5 4.3 4.8 At expanding establishments 295 263 265 256 269 3.7 3.4 3.5 3.4 3.6 At opening establishments 97 70 74 71 90 1.2 .9 1.0 .9 1.2 Gross job losses 497 456 445 426 401 6.3 5.9 5.8 5.6 5.4 At contracting establishments 376 356 351 320 306 4.8 4.6 4.6 4.2 4.1 At closing establishments 121 100 94 106 95 1.5 1.3 1.2 1.4 1.3 Net employment change -105 -123 -106 -99 -42 -1.4 -1.6 -1.3 -1.3 -.6 Professional and business services Gross job gains 1,241 982 1,140 1,138 1,353 7.1 5.8 6.9 7.0 8.3 At expanding establishments 974 778 908 928 1,094 5.6 4.6 5.5 5.7 6.7 At opening establishments 267 204 232 210 259 1.5 1.2 1.4 1.3 1.6 Gross job losses 1,635 1,540 1,471 1,319 1,164 9.3 9.0 8.9 8.0 7.1 At contracting establishments 1,331 1,264 1,163 1,035 905 7.6 7.4 7.0 6.3 5.5 At closing establishments 304 276 308 284 259 1.7 1.6 1.9 1.7 1.6 Net employment change -394 -558 -331 -181 189 -2.2 -3.2 -2.0 -1.0 1.2 Education and health services Gross job gains 848 731 770 761 821 4.7 4.0 4.2 4.1 4.4 At expanding establishments 717 632 647 649 688 4.0 3.5 3.5 3.5 3.7 At opening establishments 131 99 123 112 133 .7 .5 .7 .6 .7 Gross job losses 679 723 710 733 664 3.8 3.9 3.9 4.0 3.7 At contracting establishments 560 606 588 597 544 3.1 3.3 3.2 3.3 3.0 At closing establishments 119 117 122 136 120 .7 .6 .7 .7 .7 Net employment change 169 8 60 28 157 .9 .1 .3 .1 .7 Leisure and hospitality Gross job gains 1,121 1,023 1,114 1,028 1,022 8.4 7.7 8.5 7.9 7.8 At expanding establishments 835 782 853 790 783 6.3 5.9 6.5 6.1 6.0 At opening establishments 286 241 261 238 239 2.1 1.8 2.0 1.8 1.8 Gross job losses 1,246 1,236 1,174 1,139 1,134 9.4 9.3 9.0 8.7 8.8 At contracting establishments 1,008 1,009 962 928 930 7.6 7.6 7.4 7.1 7.2 At closing establishments 238 227 212 211 204 1.8 1.7 1.6 1.6 1.6 Net employment change -125 -213 -60 -111 -112 -1.0 -1.6 -.5 -.8 -1.0 Other services Gross job gains 269 248 265 245 259 6.9 6.5 7.0 6.6 7.0 At expanding establishments 209 198 208 194 203 5.4 5.2 5.5 5.2 5.5 At opening establishments 60 50 57 51 56 1.5 1.3 1.5 1.4 1.5 Gross job losses 323 309 290 293 270 8.4 8.1 7.7 7.8 7.2 At contracting establishments 255 244 226 228 210 6.6 6.4 6.0 6.1 5.6 At closing establishments 68 65 64 65 60 1.8 1.7 1.7 1.7 1.6 Net employment change -54 -61 -25 -48 -11 -1.5 -1.6 -.7 -1.2 -.2 (1) Includes unclassified sector, not shown separately
Table 4. Private sector percentage share (1) of gross job gains and losses, seasonally adjusted (Percent) 3 months ended Dec. 2008 March 2009 June 2009 Sept. 2009 Dec. 2009 Firm size 1 - 4 employees Gross job gains............... 17.1 18.2 16.9 16.5 17.3 Expanding firms............ 7.7 8.8 8.0 7.9 7.6 Opening firms.............. 61.6 61.3 58.6 61.6 63.3 Gross job losses.............. 14.5 14.9 14.4 16.1 16.5 Contracting firms.......... 6.9 6.9 6.7 7.2 7.8 Closing firms.............. 60.9 61.6 61.5 61.4 61.7 Firm size 5 - 9 employees Gross job gains............... 11.8 13.3 12.4 12.0 11.7 Expanding firms............ 11.1 12.7 11.7 11.3 11.0 Opening firms.............. 15.3 16.3 15.9 15.6 15.3 Gross job losses.............. 10.8 10.9 10.5 11.1 11.9 Contracting firms.......... 10.0 10.1 9.7 10.2 11.1 Closing firms.............. 15.8 15.2 15.8 15.7 15.8 Firm size 10 - 19 employees Gross job gains............... 11.8 13.1 12.6 12.0 11.6 Expanding firms............ 12.1 13.7 13.0 12.4 12.0 Opening firms.............. 10.2 10.7 10.8 10.3 9.5 Gross job losses.............. 11.2 11.3 10.9 11.3 12.1 Contracting firms.......... 11.3 11.6 11.0 11.6 12.4 Closing firms.............. 10.4 9.9 10.2 10.0 10.3 Firm size 20 - 49 employees Gross job gains............... 13.6 14.8 14.7 13.9 13.5 Expanding firms............ 14.8 16.3 16.1 15.1 14.8 Opening firms.............. 7.7 7.7 8.3 7.7 7.2 Gross job losses.............. 13.5 14.1 13.1 13.5 14.0 Contracting firms.......... 14.5 15.2 14.1 14.8 15.3 Closing firms.............. 7.6 7.3 7.3 7.1 7.5 Firm size 50 - 99 employees Gross job gains............... 8.5 8.9 9.1 8.8 8.5 Expanding firms............ 9.7 10.3 10.4 10.0 9.7 Opening firms.............. 2.9 2.5 2.7 2.8 2.7 Gross job losses.............. 8.9 9.4 8.5 8.4 8.7 Contracting firms.......... 9.9 10.5 9.5 9.5 9.9 Closing firms.............. 2.6 2.9 2.6 2.5 2.4 Firm size 100 - 249 employees Gross job gains............... 9.2 8.9 9.5 9.3 9.2 Expanding firms............ 10.8 10.6 11.2 10.8 10.9 Opening firms.............. 1.5 1.1 1.5 1.5 1.3 Gross job losses.............. 9.6 10.1 9.3 9.0 9.1 Contracting firms.......... 10.9 11.5 10.5 10.5 10.5 Closing firms.............. 1.7 1.5 1.6 1.5 1.4 Firm size 250 - 499 employees Gross job gains............... 5.6 5.1 5.6 5.7 5.4 Expanding firms............ 6.6 6.1 6.7 6.7 6.5 Opening firms.............. .5 .2 .4 .4 .3 Gross job losses.............. 5.9 6.2 5.9 5.7 5.4 Contracting firms.......... 6.7 7.1 6.8 6.7 6.4 Closing firms.............. .7 .6 .6 .6 .4 Firm size 500 - 999 employees Gross job gains............... 4.6 4.0 4.4 4.9 4.5 Expanding firms............ 5.5 4.9 5.3 5.8 5.4 Opening firms.............. .2 .1 .3 .1 .2 Gross job losses.............. 5.0 5.0 5.3 4.7 4.6 Contracting firms.......... 5.7 5.8 6.1 5.6 5.4 Closing firms.............. .3 .4 .2 .4 .2 Firm size 1,000 or more employees Gross job gains............... 17.8 13.7 14.7 16.9 18.3 Expanding firms............ 21.6 16.7 17.6 20.1 22.0 Opening firms.............. .0 .1 1.3 .0 .2 Gross job losses.............. 20.7 18.1 22.1 20.2 17.7 Contracting firms.......... 24.1 21.1 25.7 24.0 21.1 Closing firms.............. .1 .7 .1 .8 .1 (1) Share measures the percent of the category represented by each firm size class, and rates may not sum to 100.0 due to rounding.
Table 5. Private sector gross job gains and losses by state, seasonally adjusted Gross job gains Gross job losses State (3 months ended) (3 months ended) Dec. March June Sept. Dec. Dec. March June Sept. Dec. 2008 2009 2009 2009 2009 2008 2009 2009 2009 2009 United States1..... 6,738,000 5,746,000 6,420,000 6,296,000 6,628,000 8,539,000 8,486,000 7,999,000 7,260,000 6,821,000 Alabama..... 84,322 74,548 80,612 83,587 85,116 120,361 116,192 105,956 102,211 90,044 Alaska..... 26,344 23,272 25,501 22,555 24,115 26,644 25,380 25,347 24,767 25,229 Arizona..... 129,134 113,324 114,433 127,059 128,317 194,424 176,971 167,403 144,082 133,811 Arkansas..... 55,099 51,314 49,030 53,525 56,557 66,942 66,292 69,982 58,259 53,684 California..... 820,460 672,802 772,918 754,988 843,902 1,035,009 1,048,711 976,062 950,556 820,701 Colorado..... 127,607 109,813 119,950 118,040 122,022 161,271 161,315 152,189 138,776 133,095 Connecticut..... 71,972 62,355 71,878 69,384 70,506 92,523 91,796 86,207 79,698 77,246 Delaware..... 23,084 18,591 21,917 18,838 20,132 27,469 27,761 24,826 23,796 24,159 District of Columbia 25,184 25,858 24,547 22,534 26,279 31,325 28,003 25,894 27,476 23,536 Florida..... 444,118 354,281 391,029 397,599 430,811 596,670 503,337 496,060 478,219 443,860 Georgia..... 214,969 191,622 206,461 190,583 205,594 299,060 268,140 260,392 234,743 215,152 Hawaii..... 24,171 21,712 22,904 23,372 23,941 33,051 30,629 31,193 28,454 26,266 Idaho..... 38,827 35,289 37,691 39,334 38,187 49,612 54,035 48,908 38,018 40,114 Illinois..... 244,575 209,855 248,535 235,424 254,690 332,994 327,887 322,641 284,697 272,343 Indiana..... 130,650 113,691 127,656 140,910 133,137 192,024 186,934 178,336 140,584 134,837 Iowa..... 71,891 62,521 67,741 64,060 67,558 86,117 86,010 81,445 71,247 73,924 Kansas..... 74,158 55,477 58,952 57,666 62,279 78,873 79,420 81,324 67,589 67,753 Kentucky..... 85,641 74,235 80,446 83,163 90,100 107,293 110,211 102,102 89,218 87,029 Louisiana..... 121,916 94,269 90,921 96,911 97,421 105,935 115,118 120,721 112,469 102,233 Maine..... 38,167 30,943 37,231 35,942 35,316 41,793 42,142 39,597 36,653 37,742 Maryland..... 126,900 116,989 127,395 117,095 118,233 155,992 148,339 138,683 138,105 131,474 Massachusetts..... 148,012 121,358 153,055 145,879 143,724 191,351 181,911 169,900 160,835 158,214 Michigan..... 200,389 164,809 207,715 234,479 211,694 294,392 286,628 299,545 234,549 231,136 Minnesota..... 118,930 110,150 130,928 126,646 118,806 155,332 163,810 150,093 142,075 127,431 Mississippi..... 57,211 48,330 47,816 50,459 51,016 69,254 65,774 64,564 58,740 51,508 Missouri..... 133,009 121,936 127,656 126,233 122,272 168,117 163,155 159,538 145,067 132,391 Montana..... 28,012 24,030 27,411 25,348 28,037 31,386 35,614 29,232 27,463 29,134 Nebraska..... 44,014 38,462 40,000 39,577 39,973 50,286 49,912 48,467 42,057 46,308 Nevada..... 62,481 54,469 55,000 58,837 68,893 100,495 91,854 82,009 73,918 66,567 New Hampshire..... 33,928 31,117 35,690 32,864 33,339 41,931 41,234 41,021 37,478 35,927 New Jersey..... 189,766 167,754 214,410 188,559 197,142 253,478 231,640 228,474 216,432 204,741 New Mexico..... 40,826 36,132 38,339 39,184 37,338 53,047 51,493 49,388 41,977 42,293 New York..... 436,017 356,418 439,771 410,127 439,309 507,653 502,806 496,423 447,883 432,668 North Carolina..... 197,127 173,772 188,633 183,145 193,996 266,978 259,811 236,650 212,417 211,674 North Dakota..... 19,568 16,743 19,483 20,164 19,856 19,341 21,853 19,578 18,109 19,215 Ohio..... 228,078 201,205 236,932 233,706 235,084 323,982 317,188 316,738 260,654 255,156 Oklahoma..... 78,259 69,370 66,260 65,335 68,017 85,333 99,578 100,494 86,247 78,174 Oregon..... 86,304 78,047 86,577 86,169 89,061 126,963 125,470 108,603 93,229 96,432 Pennsylvania..... 256,668 231,793 254,916 250,863 263,591 318,345 318,399 302,189 285,919 264,761 Rhode Island..... 22,015 21,276 24,361 21,553 22,695 30,698 29,893 25,285 29,240 24,757 South Carolina..... 86,056 78,586 86,025 83,889 84,856 123,643 119,015 110,427 96,914 92,350 South Dakota..... 21,073 18,050 20,798 19,821 19,881 22,779 24,121 24,173 21,148 21,238 Tennessee..... 118,251 99,890 118,193 114,982 120,129 165,472 160,793 159,338 134,568 118,086 Texas..... 537,006 435,060 442,377 440,450 474,360 563,136 600,010 598,252 519,753 479,849 Utah..... 65,196 56,649 62,683 68,122 65,812 84,194 84,251 80,188 70,320 66,923 Vermont..... 17,967 15,801 17,916 16,408 19,451 20,207 21,649 21,155 17,522 17,810 Virginia..... 171,660 151,646 168,537 158,307 165,634 211,212 203,738 198,874 184,500 166,549 Washington..... 157,410 151,373 158,451 158,563 150,938 206,251 202,667 190,911 170,635 180,531 West Virginia..... 39,356 34,103 32,836 32,674 36,970 40,515 43,258 44,398 37,355 34,837 Wisconsin..... 129,090 113,792 124,463 120,316 128,104 162,823 174,665 160,442 142,424 137,813 Wyoming..... 19,848 18,033 15,800 16,676 15,838 20,038 26,326 25,436 17,900 18,511 Puerto Rico..... 45,140 36,240 37,255 41,232 45,862 51,035 57,413 50,935 44,962 40,546 Virgin Islands..... 1,978 1,610 1,618 1,727 2,318 2,238 2,611 2,702 2,225 1,833 (1) Totals for the United States do not include data for Puerto Rico or the Virgin Islands.
Table 6. Private sector gross job gains and losses as a percent of total employment by state, seasonally adjusted Gross job gains as a percent of employment Gross job losses as a percent of employment State (3 months ended) (3 months ended) Dec. March June Sept. Dec. Dec. March June Sept. Dec. 2008 2009 2009 2009 2009 2008 2009 2009 2009 2009 United States1..... 6.0 5.2 6.0 5.9 6.3 7.6 7.7 7.5 6.8 6.5 Alabama..... 5.4 4.9 5.5 5.7 5.9 7.8 7.7 7.2 7.0 6.3 Alaska..... 11.1 9.7 10.8 9.7 10.3 11.2 10.7 10.8 10.6 10.7 Arizona..... 6.0 5.5 5.7 6.4 6.5 9.1 8.6 8.4 7.3 6.8 Arkansas..... 5.7 5.4 5.3 5.8 6.1 6.9 6.9 7.4 6.3 5.9 California..... 6.5 5.5 6.5 6.4 7.2 8.3 8.5 8.1 8.0 7.0 Colorado..... 6.7 5.9 6.5 6.5 6.8 8.3 8.5 8.2 7.6 7.4 Connecticut..... 5.1 4.5 5.2 5.1 5.3 6.5 6.6 6.3 5.8 5.7 Delaware..... 6.5 5.3 6.3 5.5 5.9 7.7 7.9 7.2 7.0 7.1 District of Columbia.. 5.6 5.8 5.5 5.1 6.0 7.0 6.3 5.8 6.2 5.4 Florida..... 6.9 5.7 6.4 6.5 7.1 9.2 8.0 8.1 7.9 7.3 Georgia..... 6.6 6.0 6.5 6.1 6.7 9.1 8.4 8.2 7.6 7.0 Hawaii..... 4.9 4.5 4.8 5.0 5.2 6.8 6.4 6.6 6.0 5.6 Idaho..... 7.3 6.8 7.5 8.0 7.7 9.4 10.4 9.8 7.6 8.1 Illinois..... 4.9 4.4 5.2 5.0 5.5 6.7 6.8 6.8 6.0 5.8 Indiana..... 5.3 4.8 5.6 6.2 5.9 7.9 7.9 7.7 6.1 5.9 Iowa..... 5.8 5.1 5.6 5.4 5.6 7.0 7.0 6.8 6.0 6.2 Kansas..... 6.7 5.1 5.4 5.5 6.0 7.1 7.2 7.6 6.4 6.4 Kentucky..... 5.9 5.2 5.7 5.9 6.5 7.3 7.6 7.2 6.4 6.2 Louisiana..... 7.9 6.1 6.1 6.5 6.6 6.9 7.5 8.0 7.6 6.9 Maine..... 7.7 6.3 7.8 7.5 7.4 8.5 8.6 8.2 7.7 7.9 Maryland..... 6.2 5.8 6.4 5.9 6.0 7.6 7.3 7.0 7.0 6.7 Massachusetts..... 5.3 4.4 5.7 5.4 5.4 6.9 6.6 6.2 6.0 6.0 Michigan..... 5.9 5.0 6.5 7.4 6.7 8.7 8.7 9.4 7.4 7.4 Minnesota..... 5.2 4.9 6.0 5.8 5.4 6.8 7.3 6.8 6.6 5.9 Mississippi..... 6.5 5.6 5.6 6.1 6.2 7.9 7.6 7.7 7.1 6.2 Missouri..... 5.9 5.5 5.9 5.9 5.8 7.4 7.3 7.4 6.8 6.2 Montana..... 7.9 6.9 8.0 7.5 8.3 8.9 10.3 8.6 8.2 8.7 Nebraska..... 5.8 5.1 5.4 5.4 5.4 6.6 6.6 6.5 5.7 6.3 Nevada..... 5.8 5.3 5.5 6.1 7.2 9.4 8.9 8.3 7.6 6.9 New Hampshire..... 6.4 5.9 6.8 6.4 6.5 7.8 7.8 7.8 7.3 7.0 New Jersey..... 5.8 5.2 6.8 5.9 6.2 7.7 7.2 7.2 6.8 6.5 New Mexico..... 6.5 5.9 6.3 6.5 6.3 8.4 8.3 8.2 7.0 7.1 New York..... 6.1 5.0 6.4 5.9 6.4 7.2 7.1 7.2 6.5 6.3 North Carolina..... 5.9 5.4 5.9 5.9 6.2 8.1 8.1 7.5 6.8 6.9 North Dakota..... 6.8 5.9 6.8 7.1 7.0 6.8 7.7 6.9 6.3 6.8 Ohio..... 5.2 4.7 5.6 5.6 5.6 7.3 7.4 7.5 6.3 6.2 Oklahoma..... 6.3 5.7 5.6 5.6 6.0 6.9 8.2 8.5 7.5 6.8 Oregon..... 6.1 5.7 6.4 6.5 6.8 9.0 9.2 8.1 7.1 7.4 Pennsylvania..... 5.2 4.8 5.3 5.3 5.6 6.5 6.6 6.3 6.1 5.7 Rhode Island..... 5.4 5.4 6.2 5.6 5.9 7.7 7.6 6.5 7.6 6.4 South Carolina..... 5.7 5.4 6.0 5.9 6.0 8.2 8.1 7.7 6.8 6.6 South Dakota..... 6.5 5.6 6.5 6.2 6.3 7.0 7.5 7.6 6.7 6.7 Tennessee..... 5.2 4.5 5.4 5.4 5.7 7.3 7.3 7.4 6.3 5.5 Texas..... 6.2 5.0 5.2 5.3 5.8 6.5 7.0 7.1 6.3 5.8 Utah..... 6.5 5.8 6.5 7.1 7.0 8.3 8.6 8.4 7.4 7.1 Vermont..... 7.2 6.5 7.5 6.9 8.1 8.1 8.8 8.8 7.4 7.4 Virginia..... 5.8 5.2 5.9 5.6 5.8 7.2 7.0 7.0 6.5 5.9 Washington..... 6.7 6.5 6.9 7.1 6.7 8.7 8.7 8.4 7.5 8.1 West Virginia..... 6.9 6.0 5.9 6.0 6.8 7.1 7.7 8.0 6.8 6.3 Wisconsin..... 5.4 4.9 5.5 5.4 5.8 6.9 7.5 7.1 6.4 6.2 Wyoming..... 8.9 8.1 7.4 8.1 7.7 8.9 11.9 12.0 8.7 9.0 Puerto Rico..... 6.3 5.2 5.4 6.1 6.8 7.1 8.2 7.4 6.6 6.0 Virgin Islands..... 6.1 5.1 5.3 5.7 7.6 6.9 8.2 8.8 7.4 6.0 (1) Totals for the United States do not include data for Puerto Rico or the Virgin Islands.
Table 7. Private sector establishment births and deaths, seasonally adjusted Total private (Levels in thousands) Number of Establishments Employment Births Deaths(1) Births Deaths Year 3 months ended Level Rate(2) Level Rate Level Rate Level Rate 1999 March 198 3.2 184 3.0 1,305 1.2 1,248 1.2 June 206 3.4 184 3.0 1,308 1.2 1,118 1.0 September 206 3.3 186 3.0 1,243 1.2 1,127 1.0 December 203 3.3 183 3.0 1,207 1.1 1,102 1.0 2000 March 211 3.4 186 3.0 1,227 1.1 1,117 1.0 June 205 3.3 181 2.9 1,142 1.0 1,063 1.0 September 212 3.4 199 3.2 1,166 1.1 1,167 1.1 December 200 3.2 194 3.1 1,144 1.0 1,120 1.0 2001 March 205 3.3 203 3.2 1,174 1.1 1,292 1.2 June 204 3.2 205 3.3 1,151 1.0 1,236 1.1 September 204 3.2 209 3.3 1,156 1.1 1,232 1.1 December 197 3.1 200 3.2 1,121 1.0 1,150 1.1 2002 March 203 3.2 190 3.0 1,202 1.1 1,109 1.0 June 209 3.3 186 2.9 1,192 1.1 1,086 1.0 September 201 3.2 184 2.9 1,055 1.0 1,026 1.0 December 203 3.2 191 3.0 1,026 1.0 1,028 1.0 2003 March 192 3.0 186 2.9 997 .9 1,007 .9 June 192 3.0 186 2.9 965 .9 956 .9 September 193 3.0 179 2.8 959 .9 884 .8 December 201 3.1 179 2.8 1,010 .9 921 .9 2004 March 205 3.2 180 2.8 998 .9 914 .9 June 202 3.1 184 2.8 982 .9 909 .8 September 210 3.2 186 2.8 1,017 .9 955 .9 December 212 3.2 181 2.7 1,001 .9 900 .8 2005 March 210 3.2 185 2.8 943 .9 850 .8 June 216 3.2 180 2.7 952 .9 839 .8 September 220 3.3 186 2.8 995 .9 886 .8 December 224 3.3 188 2.8 980 .9 852 .8 2006 March 220 3.2 181 2.7 921 .8 739 .7 June 220 3.2 194 2.8 975 .9 843 .7 September 210 3.1 196 2.9 926 .8 837 .7 December 222 3.2 194 2.8 969 .9 815 .7 2007 March 212 3.1 193 2.8 890 .8 763 .7 June 204 2.9 201 2.9 882 .8 851 .7 September 218 3.1 203 2.9 942 .8 845 .7 December 209 3.0 207 3.0 909 .8 841 .7 2008 March 207 3.0 210 3.0 889 .8 803 .7 June 199 2.9 227 3.3 875 .8 936 .8 September 191 2.7 223 3.2 829 .7 882 .8 December 193 2.8 241 3.5 808 .7 958 .9 2009 March 171 2.5 240 3.5 697 .6 891 .8 June 177 2.6 N/A N/A 740 .7 N/A N/A September 169 2.5 N/A N/A 695 .7 N/A N/A December 180 2.7 N/A N/A 701 .7 N/A N/A (1) Values for deaths are not available for the most recent three quarters by definition. See the Technical Note for more information. (2) The rates measure births and deaths as a percentage of the average of the previous and current quarter employment levels or total number of establishments.