For release 10:00 a.m. (ET) Wednesday, October 25, 2023 USDL-23-2266
Technical information: (202) 691-6553 * BDMInfo@bls.gov * www.bls.gov/bdm
Media contact: (202) 691-5902 * PressOffice@bls.gov
BUSINESS EMPLOYMENT DYNAMICS – FIRST QUARTER 2023
From December 2022 to March 2023, gross job gains from opening and expanding private-sector
establishments were 8.0 million, a decrease of 67,000 jobs from the previous quarter, the U.S.
Bureau of Labor Statistics reported today. Over this period, gross job losses from closing and contracting
private-sector establishments were 7.1 million, a decrease of 565,000 jobs from the previous quarter.
The difference between the number of gross job gains and the number of gross job losses yielded a net
employment gain of 976,000 jobs in the private sector during the first quarter of 2023. (See tables A
and 1.)
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| |
| Revisions to Business Employment Dynamics (BED) Data |
| |
| Data in this release contain annual revisions in accordance with standard procedures. These |
| revisions include the previous four quarters of not seasonally adjusted data and five years |
| of seasonally adjusted data. |
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The change in the number of jobs over time is the net result of increases and decreases in employment
that occur at all private businesses in the economy. Business Employment Dynamics (BED) statistics track
these changes in employment at private-sector establishments from the third month of one quarter to the
third month of the next. The difference between the number of gross job gains and the number of gross
job losses is the net change in employment. (See Technical Note.) The BED data series include gross job
gains and gross job losses by industry subsector, for the 50 states, the District of Columbia, Puerto Rico,
and the Virgin Islands, as well as gross job gains and gross job losses at the firm level by employer size
class.
Gross Job Gains
In the first quarter of 2023, gross job gains represented 6.2 percent of private-sector employment. Gross
job gains are the sum of increases in employment due to expansions at existing establishments and the
addition of new jobs at opening establishments. Gross job gains at expanding establishments totaled 6.5
million in the first quarter of 2023, an increase of 68,000 jobs compared to the previous quarter.
Opening establishments accounted for 1.5 million of the jobs gained in the first quarter of 2023, a
decrease of 135,000 jobs from the previous quarter. (See tables A, 1, 2, and 3.)
Gross Job Losses
In the first quarter of 2023, gross job losses represented 5.4 percent of private-sector employment.
Gross job losses are the result of contractions in employment at existing establishments and the loss of
jobs at closing establishments. Contracting establishments lost 5.6 million jobs in the first quarter of
2023, a decrease of 467,000 jobs from the prior quarter. In the first quarter of 2023, closing
establishments lost 1.4 million jobs, a decrease of 98,000 jobs from the previous quarter. (See
tables A, 1, 2, and 3.)
Establishment Births and Deaths
In the first quarter of 2023, the number of establishment births (a subset of the openings data)
decreased by 13,000 to a total of 331,000 establishments. These new establishments accounted for
944,000 jobs, a decrease of 101,000 jobs from the previous quarter. Data for establishment deaths (a
subset of the closings data) are available through the second quarter of 2022, when 925,000 jobs were
lost at 322,000 establishments, an increase of 181,000 jobs from the first quarter of 2022. (See
Technical Note and table 8.)
Table A. Three-month private-sector gross job gains and losses, seasonally adjusted
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
| 3 months ended
Category | Mar. | June | Sept. | Dec. | Mar.
| 2022 | 2022 | 2022 | 2022 | 2023
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
| Levels (in thousands)
|--------------------------------------------------
Gross job gains......................... | 8,553 | 8,352 | 8,841 | 8,108 | 8,041
At expanding establishments...... | 6,974 | 6,624 | 7,183 | 6,447 | 6,515
At opening establishments........ | 1,579 | 1,728 | 1,658 | 1,661 | 1,526
| | | | |
Gross job losses........................ | 6,978 | 7,970 | 7,500 | 7,630 | 7,065
At contracting establishments.... | 5,560 | 6,450 | 5,995 | 6,113 | 5,646
At closing establishments........ | 1,418 | 1,520 | 1,505 | 1,517 | 1,419
| | | | |
Net employment change (1)............... | 1,575 | 382 | 1,341 | 478 | 976
| | | | |
|--------------------------------------------------
| Rates (percent)
|--------------------------------------------------
Gross job gains......................... | 6.7 | 6.6 | 6.9 | 6.3 | 6.2
At expanding establishments...... | 5.5 | 5.2 | 5.6 | 5.0 | 5.0
At opening establishments........ | 1.2 | 1.4 | 1.3 | 1.3 | 1.2
| | | | |
Gross job losses........................ | 5.5 | 6.2 | 5.9 | 5.9 | 5.4
At contracting establishments.... | 4.4 | 5.0 | 4.7 | 4.7 | 4.3
At closing establishments........ | 1.1 | 1.2 | 1.2 | 1.2 | 1.1
| | | | |
Net employment change (1)............... | 1.2 | 0.4 | 1.0 | 0.4 | 0.8
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(1) The net employment change is the difference between total gross job gains and total gross
job losses. See the Technical Note for further information.
Firm Size
In the first quarter of 2023, firms with 1 to 49 employees had a net employment increase of 317,000. Firms
with 50 to 249 employees had a net employment gain of 275,000. Firms with 250 or more employees had a net
employment increase of 512,000. (See tables 4 and 5.)
Industries
Gross job gains exceeded gross job losses in 10 out of the 13 industry sectors in the first quarter of
2023. The service-providing industries experienced a net job gain of 844,000. The goods-producing
industries had a net job increase of 132,000. (See table 3.)
States
Gross job gains surpassed gross job losses in 49 states, the District of Columbia, and the Virgin
Islands in the first quarter of 2023. (See tables 6 and 7.)
For More Information
Additional information on gross job gains and gross job losses is available online at www.bls.gov/bdm.
This information includes data for the levels and rates of gross job gains and gross job losses by firm
size, not seasonally adjusted data and seasonally adjusted time series not presented in this release,
charts of gross job gains and gross job losses by industry and firm size, and answers to frequently asked
questions. Additional information about the Business Employment Dynamics data can be found
in the Technical Note of this release or can be obtained by emailing BDMinfo@bls.gov.
_____________
The Business Employment Dynamics for Second Quarter 2023 are scheduled to be released on
Tuesday, January 30, 2024, at 10:00 a.m. (ET).
Technical Note
The Business Employment Dynamics (BED) data are a product of a federal-state cooperative
program known as the Quarterly Census of Employment and Wages (QCEW). The BED data are
compiled by the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) from existing QCEW records. Most
employers in the U.S. are required to file quarterly reports on the employment and wages of
workers covered by unemployment insurance (UI) laws and to pay quarterly UI taxes. The QCEW
is based largely on quarterly UI reports which are sent by businesses to the State Workforce
Agencies (SWAs). These UI reports are supplemented by two additional BLS data collections to
render administrative data into economic statistics. Together these data comprise the QCEW and
form the basis of the Bureau’s establishment universe sampling frame.
These reports are used to produce the quarterly QCEW data on total employment and wages and
the longitudinal BED data on gross job gains and losses. The QCEW is also the employment
benchmark for the Current Employment Statistics (CES), Occupational Employment Statistics
(OES), and Job Openings and Labor Turnover Survey (JOLTS) programs and is a major input to
the Bureau of Economic Analysis’s Personal Income Accounts.
In the BED program, the quarterly QCEW records are linked across quarters to provide a
longitudinal history for each establishment. The linkage process allows the tracking of net
employment changes at the establishment level, which in turn allows the estimation of jobs gained
at opening and expanding units and jobs lost at closing and contracting units.
Differences between QCEW, BED, and CES employment measures
The Bureau publishes three different establishment-based employment measures for any given
quarter. Each of these measures—Quarterly Census of Employment and Wages, Business
Employment Dynamics, and Current Employment Statistics—makes use of the
quarterly UI employment reports in producing data; however, each measure has a somewhat
different universe coverage, estimation procedure, and publication product.
Differences in coverage and estimation methods can result in somewhat different measures of
employment change over time. It is important to understand program differences and the intended
uses of the program products. (See table.) Additional information on each program can be obtained
from the program websites shown in the table.
Coverage
Employment and wage data for workers covered by state UI and Unemployment Compensation for
Federal Employees (UCFE) laws are compiled from quarterly contribution reports submitted to the
SWAs by employers. In addition to the quarterly contribution reports, employers who operate
multiple establishments within a state complete a questionnaire, called the “Multiple Worksite
Report,” which provides detailed information on the location of their establishments. These reports
are based on place of employment rather than place of residence. UI and UCFE coverage is broad
and basically comparable from state to state.
Major exclusions from UI coverage are self-employed workers, religious organizations, most
agricultural workers on small farms, all members of the Armed Forces, elected officials in most
states, most employees of railroads, some domestic workers, most student workers at schools, and
employees of certain small nonprofit organizations.
Gross job gains and gross job losses in this release are derived from longitudinal histories of 9.1
million private-sector employer reports out of 11.6 million total reports of employment and wages
submitted by states to BLS in the first quarter of 2023. Gross job gains and gross job losses data in
this release do not report estimates for government employees or private households (NAICS
814110) and do not include establishments with zero employment in both previous and current
quarters. Data from Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands are also excluded from the national data.
The table below shows, in millions of establishments, the number of establishments excluded from
the national gross job gains and gross job losses data in the first quarter of 2023.
Number of active establishments included in
Business Employment Dynamics data at the national level
Millions
Total establishments QCEW program....................................................11.6
Excluded: Public sector............................................................ 0.3
Private households......................................................... 0.2
Zero employment............................................................ 2.0
Total establishments included in Business
Employment Dynamics data............................................................. 9.1
Summary of Major Differences between QCEW, BED, and CES Employment Measures
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
| QCEW | BED | CES
-----------|---------------------|----------------------|------------------------
Source |--Count of UI admini-|--Count of longitudi- |--Sample survey:
| strative records | nally-linked UI ad- | 670,000 establish-
| submitted by 11.6 | ministrative records| ments
| million establish- | submitted by 9.1 |
| ments in first qu- | million private-sec-|
| arter of 2023 | tor establishments |
-----------|---------------------|----------------------|------------------------
Coverage |--UI and UCFE cover- |--UI coverage, exclud-|Nonfarm wage and salary
| age, including all | ing government, pri-| jobs:
| employers subject | vate households, and|--UI coverage, exclud-
| to state and feder-| establishments with | ing agriculture, pri-
| ral UI Laws | zero employment | vate households, and
| | | self-employed workers
| | |--Other employment,
| | | including railroads,
| | | religious organiza-
| | | tions, and other non-
| | | UI-covered jobs
| | |
-----------|---------------------|----------------------|------------------------
Publication|--Quarterly |--Quarterly |--Monthly
frequency | -6 months after the| -7 months after the | -Usually the 3rd Fri-
| end of each quar- | end of each quarter| day after the end of
| ter | | the week including
| | | the 12th of the month
-----------|---------------------|----------------------|------------------------
Use of UI |--Directly summarizes|--Links each new UI |--Uses UI file as a sam-
file | and publishes each | quarter to longitu- | pling frame and to ann-
| new quarter of UI | dinal database and | ually realign sample-
| data | directly summarizes | based estimates to pop-
| | gross job gains and | ulation counts (bench-
| | losses | marking)
-----------|---------------------|----------------------|------------------------
Principal |--Provides a quarter-|--Provides quarterly |--Provides current month-
products | ly and annual uni- | employer dynamics | ly estimates of employ-
| verse count of es- | data on establish- | ment, hours, and earn-
| tablishments, em- | ment openings, clos-| ings at the MSA, state,
| ployment, and wages| ings, expansions, | and national levels by
| at the county, met-| and contractions at | industry
| ropolitan statisti-| the national level |
| cal area (MSA), st-| by NAICS super- |
| ate, and national | sectors, 3-digit |
| levels by detailed | NAICS, and by size |
| industry | of firm, and at the |
| | state private-sector|
| | total level |
| |--Future expansions |
| | will include |
| | data with greater |
| | industry detail and |
| | data at the county |
| | and MSA levels |
-----------|---------------------|----------------------|------------------------
Principal |--Major uses include:|--Major uses include: |--Major uses include:
uses | -Detailed locality | -Business cycle | -Principal federal
| data | analysis | economic indicator
| -Periodic universe | -Analysis of employ-| -Official time series
| counts for bench- | er dynamics under- | for employment change
| marking sample | lying economic ex- | measures
| survey estimates | pansions and con- | -Input into other ma-
| -Sample frame for | tractions | jor economic indi-
| BLS establishment | -Analysis of employ-| cators
| surveys | ment expansion and |
| | contraction by size|
| | of firm |
-----------|---------------------|----------------------|------------------------
Program |--www.bls.gov/cew |--www.bls.gov/bdm |--www.bls.gov/ces
web sites | | |
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Unit of analysis
Establishments are used in the tabulation of the BED statistics by industry, and firms are used in the
tabulation of the BED size class statistics. An establishment is defined as an economic unit that
produces goods or services, usually at a single physical location, and engages in one or
predominantly one activity. A firm is a legal business, either corporate or otherwise, and may
consist of several establishments. Firm-level data are compiled based on an aggregation of
establishments under common ownership by a corporate parent using employer tax identification
numbers. The firm level aggregation, which is consistent with the role of corporations as the
economic decision makers, is used for the measurement of BED data elements by size class.
Because of the difference in the unit of analysis, total gross job gains and gross job losses by size
class are lower than total gross job gains and gross job losses by industry, as some establishment
gains and losses within a firm are offset during the aggregation process. However, the total net
changes in employment are the same for not seasonally adjusted data and are similar for seasonally
adjusted data.
Concepts and methodology
The Business Employment Dynamics data measure the net change in employment at the
establishment or firm level. These changes come about in one of four ways. A net increase in
employment can come from either opening units or expanding units. A net decrease in
employment can come from either closing units or contracting units. Gross job gains include the
sum of all jobs added at either opening or expanding units. Gross job losses include the sum of all
jobs lost in either closing or contracting units. The net change in employment is the difference
between gross job gains and gross job losses.
The formal definitions of employment changes are as follows:
Openings. These are either units with positive third month employment for the first time in the
current quarter, with no links to the prior quarter, or with positive third month employment in the
current quarter following zero employment in the previous quarter.
Expansions. These are units with positive employment in the third month in both the previous and
current quarters, with a net increase in employment over this period.
Closings. These are units with positive third month employment in the previous quarter and either
not reported, or reported with zero employment, in the current quarter.
Contractions. These are units with positive employment in the third month in both the previous and
current quarters, with a net decrease in employment over this period.
Births. These are units with positive third month employment for the first time in the current
quarter with no links to the prior quarter, or units with positive third month employment in the
current quarter and zero employment in the third month of the previous four quarters. Births are a
subset of openings not including re-openings of seasonal businesses.
Deaths. These are units with no employment or zero employment reported in the third month of
four consecutive quarters following the last quarter with positive employment. Deaths are a subset
of closings not including temporary shutdowns of seasonal businesses. A unit that closes during the
quarter may be a death, but we wait three quarters to determine whether it is a permanent closing
or a temporary shutdown. Therefore, there is always a lag of three quarters for the publication of
death statistics.
All employment changes are measured from the third month of the previous quarter to the third
month of the current quarter. Not all establishments and firms change their employment levels.
Units with no change in employment count towards estimates of total employment, but not for
levels of gross job gains and gross job losses.
Gross job gains and gross job losses are expressed as rates by dividing their levels by the average
of employment in the current and previous quarters. This provides a symmetric growth rate. The
rates are calculated for the components of gross job gains and gross job losses and then summed to
form their respective totals. These rates can be added and subtracted just as their levels can. For
instance, the difference between the gross job gains rate and the gross job losses rate is the net
growth rate.
Establishment Births and Deaths
For the purpose of BED statistics, births are defined as establishments that appear in the
longitudinal database for the first time with positive employment in the third month of a quarter, or
showed four consecutive quarters of zero employment in the third month followed by a quarter in
which it shows positive employment in the third month. Similarly, deaths are defined as
establishments that either drop out of the longitudinal database or establishments that had
positive employment in the third month of a given quarter followed by four consecutive quarters of
showing zero employment in the third month. Although the data for establishment births and
deaths are tabulated independently from the data for openings and closings, the concepts are not
mutually exclusive. An establishment that is defined as a birth in a given quarter is necessarily an
opening as well, and an establishment defined as a death in a quarter must also be a closing. Since
openings include seasonal and other re-openings, and closings include temporary shutdowns, the
not seasonally adjusted values for births and deaths must be less than those for openings and
closings. However, because some BED series do not have many re-openings or temporary
shutdowns, as well as the fact that births and deaths are independently seasonally adjusted from
openings and closings, there may be instances in which the seasonally adjusted value of the former
is greater than the latter.
Linkage methodology
Prior to the measurement of gross job gains and gross job losses, QCEW records are linked across
two quarters. The linkage process matches establishments' unique SWA identification numbers
(SWA-ID). Between 95 and 97 percent of establishments identified as continuous from quarter to
quarter are matched by SWA-ID. The rest are linked in one of three ways. The first method uses
predecessor and successor information, identified by the states, which relates records with different
SWA-IDs across quarters. Predecessor and successor relations can come about for a variety of
reasons, including a change in ownership, a firm restructuring, or a UI account restructuring. If a
match cannot be attained in this manner, a probability-based match is used. This match attempts to
identify two establishments with different SWA-IDs as continuous. The match is based upon
comparisons such as the same name, address, and phone number. Third, an analyst examines
unmatched records individually and makes a possible match.
In order to ensure the highest possible quality of data, SWAs verify with employers and update, if
necessary, the industry, location, and ownership classification of all establishments on a 3-year
cycle. Changes in establishment classification codes resulting from the verification process are
introduced with the data reported for the first quarter of the year. Changes resulting from improved
employer reporting also are introduced in the first quarter.
Sizing methodology
The method of dynamic sizing is used in calculations for the BED size class data series. Dynamic
sizing allocates each firm’s employment gain or loss during a quarter to each respective size class
in which the change occurred. For example, if a firm grew from 2 employees in quarter 1 to 38
employees in quarter 2, then, of the 36-employee increase, 2 would be allocated to the first size
class, 5 to the size class 5 to 9, 10 to size class 10 to 19, and 19 to size class 20 to 49.
Dynamic sizing provides symmetrical firm-size estimates and eliminates any systematic effects
which may be caused by the transitory and reverting changes in firms’ sizes over time.
Additionally, it allocates each job gain or loss to the actual size class where it occurred.
Annual Data
The annual gross job gains and gross job losses measure the net change in employment at the
establishment level from the third month of a quarter in the previous year to the third month of the
same quarter in the current year. The BLS publishes annual BED data based on March-to-March
changes once a year with the release of the first quarter BED data. The annual data based on over-
the-year changes for other quarters of the year are available upon request. The definitions and
methodology in measuring annual gross job gains and gross job losses are similar to the quarterly
measures. The linkage method considers all predecessor and successor relations that may come
about due to changes in ownership and corporate restructuring over the entire year. At the
establishment level, some of the quarterly job gains and job losses are offset during the estimation
over the year. Therefore, the sum of four quarters of gross job gains and gross job losses are not
equal to annual gross job gains and gross job losses. The net change in employment over the year,
however, is equal to the sum of four quarterly net changes on a not seasonally adjusted basis.
Seasonal adjustment
Over the course of a year, the levels of employment and the associated job flows undergo sharp
fluctuations due to such seasonal events as changes in the weather, reduced or expanded
production, harvests, major holidays, and the opening and closing of schools. The effect of such
seasonal variation can be very large.
Because these seasonal events follow a more or less regular pattern each year, their influence can
be eliminated by adjusting these statistics from quarter to quarter. These adjustments make
nonseasonal developments, such as declines in economic activity, easier to recognize. For
example, the large number of youths taking summer jobs is likely to obscure other changes that
have taken place in June relative to March, making it difficult to determine if the level of economic
activity has risen or declined. However, because the effect of students finishing school in previous
years is known, the statistics for the current year can be adjusted to allow for a comparable change.
The adjusted figures provide a more useful tool with which to analyze changes in economic
activity.
The employment data series for opening, expanding, closing, and contracting units are
independently seasonally adjusted; net changes are calculated based on the difference between
gross job gains and gross job losses. Similarly, for industry data, the establishment counts data
series for opening, expanding, closing, and contracting establishments are independently adjusted,
and the net changes are calculated based on the difference between the number of opening and
closing establishments. Additionally, establishment and employment levels are independently
seasonally adjusted to calculate the seasonally adjusted rates. Concurrent seasonal adjustment is
run using X-13 ARIMA-SEATS. Seasonally adjusted data series for total private are the sum of
seasonally adjusted data of all sectors including the unclassified sector, which is not separately
published.
The net over-the-quarter change derived by summing the BED component series will differ from
the net employment change estimated from the seasonally adjusted total private employment series
from the CES program. The intended use of BED statistics is to show the dynamic labor market
changes that underlie the net employment change statistic. As such, data users interested
particularly in the net employment change and not in the gross job flows underlying this change
should refer to CES data for over-the-quarter net employment changes.
Reliability of the data
Since the data series on Business Employment Dynamics are based on administrative rather than
sample data, there are no issues related to sampling error. Nonsampling error, however, still exists.
Nonsampling errors can occur for many reasons, such as the employer submitting corrected
employment data after the end of the quarter or typographical errors made by businesses when
providing information. Such errors, however, are likely to be distributed randomly throughout the
dataset.
Changes in administrative data sometimes create complications for the linkage process. This can
result in overstating openings and closings while understating expansions and contractions. The
BLS continues to refine methods for improving the linkage process to alleviate the effects of these
complications.
The BED data series are subject to periodic minor changes based on corrections in QCEW records,
updates on predecessors and successors information, and seasonal adjustment revisions.
Annual revisions are published each year with the release of the first quarter data. These revisions
cover the last four quarters of not seasonally adjusted data and 5 years of seasonally adjusted data.
Additional statistics and other information
Several other programs within BLS produce closely related information. The QCEW program
provides both quarterly and annual estimates of employment by state, county, and detailed
industry. News releases on quarterly county employment and wages and the annual bulletin also
are available upon request from the Division of Administrative Statistics and Labor Turnover
(Quarterly Census of Employment and Wages), phone number: (202) 691-6567; (www.bls.gov/cew/);
(e-mail: QCEWInfo@bls.gov).
The Current Employment Statistics program produces monthly estimates of employment, its
net change, hours, and earnings by detailed industry. These estimates are part of the Employment
Situation report put out monthly by BLS.
The Job Openings and Labor Turnover Survey program provides monthly measures of
job openings, as well as employee hires and separations.
If you are deaf, hard of hearing, or have a speech disability, please dial 7-1-1 to access
telecommunications relay services.
Table 1. Private sector gross job gains and job losses, seasonally adjusted
Total private
(In thousands)
Gross job gains Gross job losses
Year 3 months ended Net change(1) Total Expanding Opening Total Contracting Closing
establishments establishments establishments establishments
2013 March 558 6,941 5,705 1,236 6,383 5,201 1,182
June 674 7,152 5,830 1,322 6,478 5,271 1,207
September 507 7,058 5,719 1,339 6,551 5,408 1,143
December 700 7,255 5,926 1,329 6,555 5,353 1,202
2014 March 419 6,953 5,687 1,266 6,534 5,380 1,154
June 895 7,454 6,114 1,340 6,559 5,342 1,217
September 577 7,247 5,918 1,329 6,670 5,487 1,183
December 1,038 7,617 6,248 1,369 6,579 5,346 1,233
2015 March 216 7,046 5,733 1,313 6,830 5,626 1,204
June 849 7,580 6,235 1,345 6,731 5,540 1,191
September 475 7,344 5,983 1,361 6,869 5,657 1,212
December 944 7,817 6,360 1,457 6,873 5,607 1,266
2016 March 249 7,163 5,875 1,288 6,914 5,706 1,208
June 318 7,443 6,070 1,373 7,125 5,820 1,305
September 748 7,710 6,250 1,460 6,962 5,718 1,244
December 308 7,413 6,007 1,406 7,105 5,806 1,299
2017 March 651 7,434 6,090 1,344 6,783 5,599 1,184
June 526 7,639 6,265 1,374 7,113 5,844 1,269
September -39 7,321 5,975 1,346 7,360 6,065 1,295
December 883 7,772 6,344 1,428 6,889 5,593 1,296
2018 March 683 7,494 6,135 1,359 6,811 5,616 1,195
June 498 7,688 6,286 1,402 7,190 5,907 1,283
September 86 7,485 6,113 1,372 7,399 6,083 1,316
December 723 7,719 6,283 1,436 6,996 5,665 1,331
2019 March 494 7,460 6,095 1,365 6,966 5,713 1,253
June 262 7,667 6,280 1,387 7,405 6,049 1,356
September 60 7,383 6,010 1,373 7,323 6,053 1,270
December 738 7,821 6,332 1,489 7,083 5,754 1,329
2020 March -836 7,031 5,711 1,320 7,867 6,394 1,473
June -14,538 5,733 4,441 1,292 20,271 17,349 2,922
September 4,003 10,846 8,800 2,046 6,843 5,471 1,372
December 2,016 8,786 7,095 1,691 6,770 5,417 1,353
2021 March 1,791 8,324 6,778 1,546 6,533 5,386 1,147
June 985 8,211 6,657 1,554 7,226 5,966 1,260
September 1,463 8,862 7,179 1,683 7,399 5,944 1,455
December 2,874 9,565 7,704 1,861 6,691 5,349 1,342
2022 March 1,575 8,553 6,974 1,579 6,978 5,560 1,418
June 382 8,352 6,624 1,728 7,970 6,450 1,520
September 1,341 8,841 7,183 1,658 7,500 5,995 1,505
December 478 8,108 6,447 1,661 7,630 6,113 1,517
2023 March 976 8,041 6,515 1,526 7,065 5,646 1,419
(1) Net change is the difference between total gross job gains and total gross job losses.
Table 2. Private sector gross job gains and losses, as a percent of employment(1), seasonally adjusted
Total private
(Percent)
Gross job gains Gross job losses
Year 3 months ended Net change(2) Total Expanding Opening Total Contracting Closing
establishments establishments establishments establishments
2013 March 0.5 6.2 5.1 1.1 5.7 4.6 1.1
June 0.6 6.4 5.2 1.2 5.8 4.7 1.1
September 0.5 6.3 5.1 1.2 5.8 4.8 1.0
December 0.6 6.4 5.2 1.2 5.8 4.7 1.1
2014 March 0.4 6.1 5.0 1.1 5.7 4.7 1.0
June 0.8 6.5 5.3 1.2 5.7 4.6 1.1
September 0.5 6.2 5.1 1.1 5.7 4.7 1.0
December 0.9 6.6 5.4 1.2 5.7 4.6 1.1
2015 March 0.2 6.0 4.9 1.1 5.8 4.8 1.0
June 0.7 6.4 5.3 1.1 5.7 4.7 1.0
September 0.5 6.3 5.1 1.2 5.8 4.8 1.0
December 0.7 6.5 5.3 1.2 5.8 4.7 1.1
2016 March 0.2 6.0 4.9 1.1 5.8 4.8 1.0
June 0.2 6.2 5.1 1.1 6.0 4.9 1.1
September 0.6 6.4 5.2 1.2 5.8 4.8 1.0
December 0.3 6.2 5.0 1.2 5.9 4.8 1.1
2017 March 0.5 6.1 5.0 1.1 5.6 4.6 1.0
June 0.4 6.2 5.1 1.1 5.8 4.8 1.0
September -0.1 6.0 4.9 1.1 6.1 5.0 1.1
December 0.7 6.4 5.2 1.2 5.7 4.6 1.1
2018 March 0.6 6.1 5.0 1.1 5.5 4.5 1.0
June 0.4 6.2 5.1 1.1 5.8 4.8 1.0
September 0.0 6.0 4.9 1.1 6.0 4.9 1.1
December 0.6 6.2 5.0 1.2 5.6 4.5 1.1
2019 March 0.5 6.0 4.9 1.1 5.5 4.5 1.0
June 0.2 6.1 5.0 1.1 5.9 4.8 1.1
September 0.1 5.9 4.8 1.1 5.8 4.8 1.0
December 0.6 6.2 5.0 1.2 5.6 4.5 1.1
2020 March -0.7 5.5 4.5 1.0 6.2 5.0 1.2
June -12.1 4.8 3.7 1.1 16.9 14.5 2.4
September 3.4 9.4 7.6 1.8 6.0 4.8 1.2
December 1.7 7.4 6.0 1.4 5.7 4.6 1.1
2021 March 1.5 7.0 5.7 1.3 5.5 4.5 1.0
June 0.9 6.8 5.5 1.3 5.9 4.9 1.0
September 1.2 7.3 5.9 1.4 6.1 4.9 1.2
December 2.3 7.7 6.2 1.5 5.4 4.3 1.1
2022 March 1.2 6.7 5.5 1.2 5.5 4.4 1.1
June 0.4 6.6 5.2 1.4 6.2 5.0 1.2
September 1.0 6.9 5.6 1.3 5.9 4.7 1.2
December 0.4 6.3 5.0 1.3 5.9 4.7 1.2
2023 March 0.8 6.2 5.0 1.2 5.4 4.3 1.1
(1) The rates measure gross job gains and job losses as a percentage of the average of the previous and current quarter
employment levels.
(2) Net change is the difference between total gross job gains and total gross job losses.
Table 3. Private sector gross job gains and losses by industry, seasonally adjusted
Gross job gains and job losses Gross job gains and job losses
(in thousands) as a percent of employment
Category 3 months ended 3 months ended
Mar. June Sept. Dec. Mar. Mar. June Sept. Dec. Mar.
2022 2022 2022 2022 2023 2022 2022 2022 2022 2023
Total private(1)
Gross job gains 8,553 8,352 8,841 8,108 8,041 6.7 6.6 6.9 6.3 6.2
At expanding establishments 6,974 6,624 7,183 6,447 6,515 5.5 5.2 5.6 5.0 5.0
At opening establishments 1,579 1,728 1,658 1,661 1,526 1.2 1.4 1.3 1.3 1.2
Gross job losses 6,978 7,970 7,500 7,630 7,065 5.5 6.2 5.9 5.9 5.4
At contracting establishments 5,560 6,450 5,995 6,113 5,646 4.4 5.0 4.7 4.7 4.3
At closing establishments 1,418 1,520 1,505 1,517 1,419 1.1 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.1
Net employment change 1,575 382 1,341 478 976 1.2 0.4 1.0 0.4 0.8
Goods-producing
Gross job gains 1,451 1,348 1,383 1,341 1,343 6.6 6.1 6.2 6.0 5.9
At expanding establishments 1,231 1,135 1,172 1,124 1,139 5.6 5.1 5.3 5.0 5.0
At opening establishments 220 213 211 217 204 1.0 1.0 0.9 1.0 0.9
Gross job losses 1,153 1,291 1,234 1,288 1,211 5.2 5.8 5.5 5.8 5.3
At contracting establishments 948 1,072 1,024 1,073 1,007 4.3 4.8 4.6 4.8 4.4
At closing establishments 205 219 210 215 204 0.9 1.0 0.9 1.0 0.9
Net employment change 298 57 149 53 132 1.4 0.3 0.7 0.2 0.6
Natural resources and mining
Gross job gains 243 226 234 204 218 13.4 12.6 13.0 11.1 11.9
At expanding establishments 212 197 205 176 192 11.7 11.0 11.4 9.6 10.5
At opening establishments 31 29 29 28 26 1.7 1.6 1.6 1.5 1.4
Gross job losses 223 223 180 240 229 12.3 12.4 10.0 13.2 12.5
At contracting establishments 191 194 156 215 198 10.5 10.8 8.7 11.8 10.8
At closing establishments 32 29 24 25 31 1.8 1.6 1.3 1.4 1.7
Net employment change 20 3 54 -36 -11 1.1 0.2 3.0 -2.1 -0.6
Construction
Gross job gains 723 653 655 667 706 9.4 8.4 8.5 8.6 8.9
At expanding establishments 578 521 525 529 571 7.5 6.7 6.8 6.8 7.2
At opening establishments 145 132 130 138 135 1.9 1.7 1.7 1.8 1.7
Gross job losses 579 642 626 630 580 7.5 8.3 8.1 8.1 7.4
At contracting establishments 456 509 495 495 457 5.9 6.6 6.4 6.4 5.8
At closing establishments 123 133 131 135 123 1.6 1.7 1.7 1.7 1.6
Net employment change 144 11 29 37 126 1.9 0.1 0.4 0.5 1.5
Manufacturing
Gross job gains 485 469 494 470 419 3.8 3.7 3.9 3.7 3.2
At expanding establishments 441 417 442 419 376 3.5 3.3 3.5 3.3 2.9
At opening establishments 44 52 52 51 43 0.3 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.3
Gross job losses 351 426 428 418 402 2.8 3.3 3.3 3.2 3.1
At contracting establishments 301 369 373 363 352 2.4 2.9 2.9 2.8 2.7
At closing establishments 50 57 55 55 50 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4
Net employment change 134 43 66 52 17 1.0 0.4 0.6 0.5 0.1
Service-providing(1)
Gross job gains 7,102 7,004 7,458 6,767 6,698 6.8 6.6 7.1 6.3 6.2
At expanding establishments 5,743 5,489 6,011 5,323 5,376 5.5 5.2 5.7 5.0 5.0
At opening establishments 1,359 1,515 1,447 1,444 1,322 1.3 1.4 1.4 1.3 1.2
Gross job losses 5,825 6,679 6,266 6,342 5,854 5.6 6.3 5.9 5.9 5.4
At contracting establishments 4,612 5,378 4,971 5,040 4,639 4.4 5.1 4.7 4.7 4.3
At closing establishments 1,213 1,301 1,295 1,302 1,215 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.1
Net employment change 1,277 325 1,192 425 844 1.2 0.3 1.2 0.4 0.8
Wholesale trade
Gross job gains 314 314 333 293 280 5.3 5.2 5.6 4.9 4.7
At expanding establishments 261 252 273 239 234 4.4 4.2 4.6 4.0 3.9
At opening establishments 53 62 60 54 46 0.9 1.0 1.0 0.9 0.8
Gross job losses 238 275 258 253 250 4.0 4.6 4.3 4.2 4.1
At contracting establishments 178 210 200 195 191 3.0 3.5 3.3 3.2 3.1
At closing establishments 60 65 58 58 59 1.0 1.1 1.0 1.0 1.0
Net employment change 76 39 75 40 30 1.3 0.6 1.3 0.7 0.6
Retail trade
Gross job gains 1,021 853 954 804 880 6.6 5.4 6.1 5.3 5.7
At expanding establishments 904 724 828 687 771 5.8 4.6 5.3 4.5 5.0
At opening establishments 117 129 126 117 109 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.7
Gross job losses 737 1,019 920 903 729 4.8 6.5 5.9 5.8 4.8
At contracting establishments 634 905 808 789 628 4.1 5.8 5.2 5.1 4.1
At closing establishments 103 114 112 114 101 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.7
Net employment change 284 -166 34 -99 151 1.8 -1.1 0.2 -0.5 0.9
Transportation and warehousing
Gross job gains 414 332 385 473 307 6.4 5.2 6.0 7.3 4.7
At expanding establishments 366 279 334 409 261 5.7 4.4 5.2 6.3 4.0
At opening establishments 48 53 51 64 46 0.7 0.8 0.8 1.0 0.7
Gross job losses 398 454 328 332 440 6.2 7.1 5.1 5.1 6.7
At contracting establishments 356 405 277 277 393 5.5 6.3 4.3 4.3 6.0
At closing establishments 42 49 51 55 47 0.7 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.7
Net employment change 16 -122 57 141 -133 0.2 -1.9 0.9 2.2 -2.0
Utilities
Gross job gains 14 16 19 18 16 2.6 2.9 3.5 3.3 2.9
At expanding establishments 12 13 17 16 14 2.2 2.4 3.1 2.9 2.5
At opening establishments 2 3 2 2 2 0.4 0.5 0.4 0.4 0.4
Gross job losses 13 15 12 14 11 2.4 2.8 2.2 2.5 2.0
At contracting establishments 11 13 10 11 9 2.0 2.4 1.8 2.0 1.6
At closing establishments 2 2 2 3 2 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.5 0.4
Net employment change 1 1 7 4 5 0.2 0.1 1.3 0.8 0.9
Information
Gross job gains 220 211 203 166 139 7.4 7.0 6.6 5.4 4.6
At expanding establishments 185 170 162 127 112 6.2 5.6 5.3 4.1 3.7
At opening establishments 35 41 41 39 27 1.2 1.4 1.3 1.3 0.9
Gross job losses 153 183 176 190 179 5.2 6.1 5.8 6.2 5.8
At contracting establishments 115 148 137 151 147 3.9 4.9 4.5 4.9 4.8
At closing establishments 38 35 39 39 32 1.3 1.2 1.3 1.3 1.0
Net employment change 67 28 27 -24 -40 2.2 0.9 0.8 -0.8 -1.2
Financial activities
Gross job gains 479 487 497 451 410 5.6 5.6 5.8 5.2 4.8
At expanding establishments 383 372 392 341 325 4.5 4.3 4.6 3.9 3.8
At opening establishments 96 115 105 110 85 1.1 1.3 1.2 1.3 1.0
Gross job losses 431 460 438 473 401 5.0 5.3 5.1 5.5 4.6
At contracting establishments 318 354 332 363 297 3.7 4.1 3.9 4.2 3.4
At closing establishments 113 106 106 110 104 1.3 1.2 1.2 1.3 1.2
Net employment change 48 27 59 -22 9 0.6 0.3 0.7 -0.3 0.2
Professional and business services
Gross job gains 1,650 1,695 1,776 1,520 1,475 7.4 7.5 7.8 6.7 6.5
At expanding establishments 1,311 1,308 1,403 1,173 1,184 5.9 5.8 6.2 5.2 5.2
At opening establishments 339 387 373 347 291 1.5 1.7 1.6 1.5 1.3
Gross job losses 1,384 1,592 1,501 1,601 1,422 6.2 7.1 6.6 7.0 6.3
At contracting establishments 1,069 1,273 1,163 1,252 1,112 4.8 5.7 5.1 5.5 4.9
At closing establishments 315 319 338 349 310 1.4 1.4 1.5 1.5 1.4
Net employment change 266 103 275 -81 53 1.2 0.4 1.2 -0.3 0.2
Education and health services
Gross job gains 1,130 1,188 1,313 1,162 1,225 4.9 5.2 5.7 4.9 5.1
At expanding establishments 900 939 1,089 920 1,013 3.9 4.1 4.7 3.9 4.2
At opening establishments 230 249 224 242 212 1.0 1.1 1.0 1.0 0.9
Gross job losses 947 1,081 959 1,012 908 4.1 4.7 4.1 4.3 3.8
At contracting establishments 740 814 727 770 690 3.2 3.5 3.1 3.3 2.9
At closing establishments 207 267 232 242 218 0.9 1.2 1.0 1.0 0.9
Net employment change 183 107 354 150 317 0.8 0.5 1.6 0.6 1.3
Leisure and hospitality
Gross job gains 1,439 1,461 1,529 1,459 1,464 9.4 9.3 9.7 9.1 9.0
At expanding establishments 1,152 1,158 1,224 1,149 1,178 7.5 7.4 7.8 7.2 7.2
At opening establishments 287 303 305 310 286 1.9 1.9 1.9 1.9 1.8
Gross job losses 1,201 1,264 1,347 1,224 1,182 7.8 8.1 8.5 7.6 7.2
At contracting establishments 967 1,024 1,092 996 948 6.3 6.6 6.9 6.2 5.8
At closing establishments 234 240 255 228 234 1.5 1.5 1.6 1.4 1.4
Net employment change 238 197 182 235 282 1.6 1.2 1.2 1.5 1.8
Other services
Gross job gains 332 342 350 322 327 8.1 8.2 8.3 7.6 7.6
At expanding establishments 255 257 271 246 258 6.2 6.2 6.4 5.8 6.0
At opening establishments 77 85 79 76 69 1.9 2.0 1.9 1.8 1.6
Gross job losses 291 302 289 298 284 7.0 7.3 6.9 7.0 6.6
At contracting establishments 215 221 213 223 209 5.2 5.3 5.1 5.2 4.9
At closing establishments 76 81 76 75 75 1.8 2.0 1.8 1.8 1.7
Net employment change 41 40 61 24 43 1.1 0.9 1.4 0.6 1.0
(1) Includes unclassified sector, not shown separately.
Table 4. Private sector gross job gains and losses by firm size, seasonally adjusted
(In thousands)
Total private by firm(1) Firm size 1 - 49 employees Firm size 50 - 249 employees Firm size 250 or more employees
Year 3 months Net Gross job Net Gross job Net Gross job Net Gross job
ended change gains losses change gains losses change gains losses change gains losses
2013 March 582 5,743 5,161 212 3,071 2,859 156 1,029 873 214 1,643 1,429
June 650 5,906 5,256 226 3,085 2,859 135 1,071 936 289 1,750 1,461
September 473 5,764 5,291 225 3,063 2,838 69 1,021 952 179 1,680 1,501
December 631 5,886 5,255 122 3,021 2,899 105 1,034 929 404 1,831 1,427
2014 March 442 5,665 5,223 231 3,070 2,839 149 1,035 886 62 1,560 1,498
June 893 6,134 5,241 302 3,178 2,876 214 1,119 905 377 1,837 1,460
September 560 5,865 5,305 197 3,064 2,867 117 1,066 949 246 1,735 1,489
December 951 6,155 5,204 212 3,105 2,893 150 1,085 935 589 1,965 1,376
2015 March 226 5,677 5,451 168 3,098 2,930 75 1,025 950 -17 1,554 1,571
June 846 6,243 5,397 323 3,196 2,873 187 1,128 941 336 1,919 1,583
September 456 5,914 5,458 148 3,057 2,909 79 1,047 968 229 1,810 1,581
December 830 6,245 5,415 227 3,172 2,945 90 1,074 984 513 1,999 1,486
2016 March 254 5,754 5,500 191 3,114 2,923 59 1,022 963 4 1,618 1,614
June 331 6,048 5,717 74 3,123 3,049 114 1,101 987 143 1,824 1,681
September 752 6,266 5,514 192 3,160 2,968 102 1,089 987 458 2,017 1,559
December 245 5,886 5,641 71 3,065 2,994 37 1,026 989 137 1,795 1,658
2017 March 662 6,007 5,345 346 3,236 2,890 191 1,085 894 125 1,686 1,561
June 570 6,216 5,646 145 3,161 3,016 151 1,127 976 274 1,928 1,654
September -90 5,826 5,916 -100 2,999 3,099 -44 1,013 1,057 54 1,814 1,760
December 804 6,185 5,381 235 3,184 2,949 142 1,082 940 427 1,919 1,492
2018 March 729 6,072 5,343 297 3,210 2,913 164 1,071 907 268 1,791 1,523
June 515 6,214 5,699 134 3,194 3,060 162 1,135 973 219 1,885 1,666
September 24 5,967 5,943 -83 3,027 3,110 -34 1,025 1,059 141 1,915 1,774
December 663 6,087 5,424 198 3,171 2,973 138 1,076 938 327 1,840 1,513
2019 March 572 6,016 5,444 260 3,191 2,931 155 1,066 911 157 1,759 1,602
June 269 6,170 5,901 58 3,161 3,103 106 1,124 1,018 105 1,885 1,780
September -10 5,856 5,866 -6 3,044 3,050 -36 1,014 1,050 32 1,798 1,766
December 647 6,192 5,545 205 3,186 2,981 93 1,062 969 349 1,944 1,595
2020 March -653 5,612 6,265 -367 3,026 3,393 -100 969 1,069 -186 1,617 1,803
June -15,093 4,515 19,608 -4,705 2,557 7,262 -2,796 582 3,378 -7,592 1,376 8,968
September 4,020 9,428 5,408 1,515 4,482 2,967 532 1,417 885 1,973 3,529 1,556
December 1,852 7,065 5,213 506 3,488 2,982 348 1,189 841 998 2,388 1,390
2021 March 1,840 6,896 5,056 973 3,641 2,668 224 1,101 877 643 2,154 1,511
June 1,016 6,664 5,648 724 3,523 2,799 220 1,146 926 72 1,995 1,923
September 1,418 7,143 5,725 396 3,526 3,130 247 1,192 945 775 2,425 1,650
December 2,734 7,641 4,907 913 3,769 2,856 468 1,303 835 1,353 2,569 1,216
2022 March 1,671 6,994 5,323 312 3,388 3,076 274 1,163 889 1,085 2,443 1,358
June 329 6,604 6,275 174 3,353 3,179 144 1,157 1,013 11 2,094 2,083
September 1,369 7,105 5,736 71 3,321 3,250 248 1,230 982 1,050 2,554 1,504
December 460 6,291 5,831 206 3,305 3,099 157 1,128 971 97 1,858 1,761
2023 March 1,104 6,556 5,452 317 3,333 3,016 275 1,184 909 512 2,039 1,527
(1) Total gross job gains and gross job losses by firm are lower than total gross job gains and gross job losses by establishment, as some
establishment gains and losses within a firm are offset during the aggregation process.
NOTE: Net change is the difference between total gross job gains and total gross job losses. Net change totals for the firm-level data differ from
the establishment-level data due to independent seasonal adjustment. The unit of analysis section in the technical note provides additional detail.
See www.bls.gov/bdm/bdmfirmsize.htm for more detailed firm size class data.
Table 5. Components of private sector gross job gains and losses by firm size, seasonally adjusted
Gross job gains and job losses Gross job gains and job losses
(in thousands) as a percent of employment
Category 3 months ended 3 months ended
Mar. June Sept. Dec. Mar. Mar. June Sept. Dec. Mar.
2022 2022 2022 2022 2023 2022 2022 2022 2022 2023
Total private by firm(1)
Gross job gains 6,994 6,604 7,105 6,291 6,556 5.5 5.1 5.5 4.8 5.1
At expanding firms 5,993 5,558 6,108 5,229 5,556 4.7 4.3 4.7 4.0 4.3
At opening firms 1,001 1,046 997 1,062 1,000 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8
Gross job losses 5,323 6,275 5,736 5,831 5,452 4.2 4.9 4.5 4.5 4.2
At contracting firms 4,332 5,340 4,722 4,880 4,473 3.4 4.2 3.7 3.8 3.4
At closing firms 991 935 1,014 951 979 0.8 0.7 0.8 0.7 0.8
Net employment change 1,671 329 1,369 460 1,104 1.3 0.2 1.0 0.3 0.9
Firm size 1 to 49 employees
Gross job gains 3,388 3,353 3,321 3,305 3,333 9.6 9.5 9.4 9.3 9.4
At expanding firms 2,424 2,348 2,363 2,278 2,366 6.9 6.7 6.7 6.4 6.7
At opening firms 964 1,005 958 1,027 967 2.7 2.8 2.7 2.9 2.7
Gross job losses 3,076 3,179 3,250 3,099 3,016 8.7 9.0 9.2 8.8 8.5
At contracting firms 2,117 2,277 2,272 2,181 2,066 6.0 6.4 6.4 6.2 5.8
At closing firms 959 902 978 918 950 2.7 2.6 2.8 2.6 2.7
Net employment change 312 174 71 206 317 0.9 0.5 0.2 0.5 0.9
Firm size 50 to 249 employees
Gross job gains 1,163 1,157 1,230 1,128 1,184 5.2 5.2 5.6 5.0 5.2
At expanding firms 1,132 1,120 1,195 1,095 1,153 5.1 5.0 5.4 4.9 5.1
At opening firms 31 37 35 33 31 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.1 0.1
Gross job losses 889 1,013 982 971 909 4.0 4.5 4.4 4.3 4.0
At contracting firms 861 984 949 941 884 3.9 4.4 4.3 4.2 3.9
At closing firms 28 29 33 30 25 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1
Net employment change 274 144 248 157 275 1.2 0.7 1.2 0.7 1.2
Firm size 250 or more employees
Gross job gains 2,443 2,094 2,554 1,858 2,039 3.5 3.0 3.6 2.6 2.8
At expanding firms 2,437 2,090 2,550 1,856 2,037 3.5 3.0 3.6 2.6 2.8
At opening firms 6 4 4 2 2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Gross job losses 1,358 2,083 1,504 1,761 1,527 1.9 3.0 2.1 2.5 2.1
At contracting firms 1,354 2,079 1,501 1,758 1,523 1.9 3.0 2.1 2.5 2.1
At closing firms 4 4 3 3 4 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Net employment change 1,085 11 1,050 97 512 1.6 0.0 1.5 0.1 0.7
(1) Total gross job gains and gross job losses by firm are lower than total gross job gains and gross job losses by
establishment, as some establishment gains and losses within a firm are offset during the aggregation process.
NOTE: Net change is the difference between total gross job gains and total gross job losses. Net change totals for
the firm-level data differ from the establishment-level data due to independent seasonal adjustment. The unit of
analysis section in the technical note provides additional detail. See www.bls.gov/bdm/bdmfirmsize.htm for more
detailed firm size class data.
Table 6. Private sector gross job gains and losses by state, seasonally adjusted
Gross job gains Gross job losses
State 3 months ended 3 months ended
Mar. June Sept. Dec. Mar. Mar. June Sept. Dec. Mar.
2022 2022 2022 2022 2023 2022 2022 2022 2022 2023
United States(1).... 8,553,000 8,352,000 8,841,000 8,108,000 8,041,000 6,978,000 7,970,000 7,500,000 7,630,000 7,065,000
Alabama............. 105,936 108,815 114,951 111,392 107,346 97,260 102,132 97,672 101,269 92,757
Alaska.............. 24,436 24,471 20,345 26,395 25,502 22,719 21,870 24,798 22,355 19,548
Arizona............. 178,730 171,965 189,864 179,255 162,184 148,331 165,627 147,844 162,816 147,769
Arkansas............ 65,839 63,722 67,914 66,289 61,533 58,403 58,012 55,294 55,695 54,248
California.......... 1,115,971 1,049,173 1,047,601 1,023,199 950,611 869,629 1,027,729 955,420 1,014,015 998,801
Colorado............ 175,916 174,078 167,165 179,968 174,762 146,964 156,631 169,449 164,325 157,244
Connecticut......... 90,078 89,906 89,510 84,396 87,749 75,266 88,645 87,391 84,879 75,054
Delaware............ 28,086 24,887 33,739 27,950 26,861 21,495 26,716 24,076 29,640 20,741
District of Columbia 30,625 30,564 36,573 28,958 30,796 25,594 31,882 25,579 28,671 24,750
Florida............. 533,170 617,609 653,384 526,584 536,274 463,419 511,120 462,890 506,776 474,307
Georgia............. 309,905 274,215 291,045 272,908 257,840 234,237 250,342 241,090 243,103 240,875
Hawaii.............. 30,795 29,669 32,013 30,578 28,383 24,933 27,403 24,742 24,784 25,797
Idaho............... 59,257 50,221 54,532 58,731 56,541 43,167 58,646 52,224 48,159 53,049
Illinois............ 321,339 302,381 302,420 277,741 302,001 263,012 285,133 273,485 265,645 252,853
Indiana............. 161,836 154,684 174,452 156,490 152,428 132,044 160,196 150,254 142,752 137,357
Iowa................ 83,985 76,943 76,260 83,521 79,072 68,826 79,731 77,324 80,755 69,866
Kansas.............. 72,042 74,060 84,737 73,945 71,362 61,856 81,398 63,428 65,323 63,683
Kentucky............ 108,348 102,628 108,606 98,218 102,867 91,963 106,356 87,882 87,574 82,015
Louisiana........... 103,705 104,268 109,117 96,340 100,274 97,386 99,312 89,239 98,066 89,594
Maine............... 44,354 37,916 40,046 39,221 41,777 33,056 41,809 38,150 36,063 32,865
Maryland............ 144,308 138,830 158,967 143,112 147,510 147,631 147,161 128,265 148,916 121,490
Massachusetts....... 210,028 194,586 196,202 172,267 185,080 160,283 172,496 191,141 182,910 150,369
Michigan............ 234,664 226,318 213,654 222,363 214,563 185,350 219,884 217,371 195,166 187,424
Minnesota........... 150,770 158,220 161,515 145,971 142,357 131,747 158,206 146,246 144,366 121,788
Mississippi......... 57,590 59,851 66,259 63,543 56,698 56,627 61,088 58,091 57,383 53,845
Missouri............ 154,575 151,296 164,580 146,620 159,576 130,685 142,646 153,783 141,455 126,409
Montana............. 38,119 33,843 35,364 38,144 36,820 31,202 37,391 31,761 32,645 30,286
Nebraska............ 55,784 52,559 57,920 50,331 52,700 48,850 52,970 50,197 47,031 43,272
Nevada.............. 87,840 90,241 97,965 86,046 81,960 70,099 74,337 76,982 80,560 76,372
New Hampshire....... 45,073 39,464 40,895 39,582 41,836 32,634 39,411 39,303 35,447 35,077
New Jersey.......... 251,371 234,444 246,368 245,269 225,314 200,146 222,442 230,364 216,117 206,205
New Mexico.......... 49,046 43,642 52,835 44,263 45,462 40,092 46,319 38,637 40,933 39,692
New York............ 528,777 562,358 527,154 475,568 519,705 414,810 480,144 471,684 477,112 415,967
North Carolina...... 259,370 255,446 266,108 268,628 263,089 213,348 240,891 234,300 230,657 214,252
North Dakota........ 25,190 23,133 25,773 21,763 26,282 21,693 21,993 21,499 22,691 19,560
Ohio................ 296,668 275,432 274,284 278,516 276,221 230,184 277,298 260,595 270,059 229,257
Oklahoma............ 82,274 86,041 96,273 88,157 83,640 77,077 78,698 73,231 78,069 70,808
Oregon.............. 125,838 100,087 110,795 109,234 122,824 93,444 116,249 98,428 104,861 104,113
Pennsylvania........ 326,268 284,181 316,316 289,349 291,327 248,822 291,047 267,537 269,933 246,312
Rhode Island........ 32,952 29,905 28,042 29,058 31,968 24,792 28,260 30,831 27,302 25,190
South Carolina...... 128,049 118,590 133,853 128,661 127,086 110,679 111,896 103,467 115,506 108,926
South Dakota........ 28,133 24,319 26,561 23,909 27,136 22,377 24,142 23,680 23,831 21,836
Tennessee........... 178,940 168,944 193,098 160,803 162,157 128,381 168,607 150,300 155,186 137,669
Texas............... 707,271 733,828 817,302 710,535 693,258 588,007 646,999 599,159 614,067 583,324
Utah................ 109,373 97,708 106,005 97,694 100,736 82,249 92,051 95,500 93,248 87,902
Vermont............. 21,658 18,846 17,902 19,530 20,856 15,768 18,963 19,529 17,641 14,980
Virginia............ 212,051 209,495 242,676 205,926 202,603 186,166 216,108 196,198 190,156 172,074
Washington.......... 212,327 207,139 212,159 178,131 192,039 155,745 211,698 185,305 159,252 164,600
West Virginia....... 39,579 35,640 43,424 35,765 38,724 32,597 43,029 37,362 34,246 29,218
Wisconsin........... 161,961 148,035 150,455 152,533 150,237 118,138 150,902 144,718 138,269 121,931
Wyoming............. 19,099 17,481 19,090 19,402 18,858 17,412 19,028 17,420 16,682 16,565
Puerto Rico......... 53,233 48,698 46,016 48,915 37,998 36,482 44,886 38,949 45,298 42,503
Virgin Islands...... 1,782 1,892 2,042 1,432 1,838 2,111 2,189 1,326 1,153 1,613
(1) The sum of the states will not necessarily add to the U.S. total because of the independent seasonal adjustment of each state.
NOTE: Totals for the United States do not include data for Puerto Rico or the Virgin Islands.
Table 7. Private sector gross job gains and losses, as a percent of total employment by state, seasonally adjusted
Gross job gains as a percent of employment Gross job losses as a percent of employment
State 3 months ended 3 months ended
Mar. June Sept. Dec. Mar. Mar. June Sept. Dec. Mar.
2022 2022 2022 2022 2023 2022 2022 2022 2022 2023
United States....... 6.7 6.6 6.9 6.3 6.2 5.5 6.2 5.9 5.9 5.4
Alabama............. 6.4 6.6 6.9 6.6 6.4 5.9 6.2 5.9 6.1 5.5
Alaska.............. 10.2 10.2 8.5 10.9 10.4 9.5 9.0 10.4 9.2 8.0
Arizona............. 6.7 6.5 7.1 6.6 5.9 5.7 6.3 5.5 6.0 5.4
Arkansas............ 6.3 6.1 6.5 6.2 5.8 5.6 5.5 5.2 5.2 5.0
California.......... 7.3 6.8 6.8 6.6 6.1 5.7 6.7 6.2 6.6 6.4
Colorado............ 7.5 7.3 7.0 7.6 7.2 6.3 6.6 7.1 6.9 6.5
Connecticut......... 6.3 6.4 6.3 5.9 6.1 5.3 6.3 6.2 5.9 5.3
Delaware............ 7.3 6.5 8.6 7.0 6.7 5.5 6.9 6.2 7.5 5.2
District of Columbia 6.1 6.1 7.2 5.6 5.9 5.1 6.3 5.0 5.5 4.8
Florida............. 6.5 7.5 7.8 6.2 6.3 5.7 6.3 5.6 6.0 5.6
Georgia............. 7.7 6.8 7.1 6.7 6.2 5.8 6.2 5.9 5.9 5.8
Hawaii.............. 6.3 6.0 6.4 6.0 5.5 5.1 5.5 4.9 4.9 5.0
Idaho............... 8.6 7.1 7.8 8.4 7.9 6.2 8.4 7.5 6.9 7.5
Illinois............ 6.3 5.9 5.8 5.4 5.8 5.2 5.5 5.3 5.1 4.8
Indiana............. 5.9 5.7 6.4 5.7 5.5 4.9 5.9 5.5 5.2 5.0
Iowa................ 6.5 5.9 5.9 6.4 6.0 5.4 6.2 5.9 6.2 5.4
Kansas.............. 6.4 6.5 7.4 6.3 6.1 5.5 7.1 5.5 5.6 5.4
Kentucky............ 6.7 6.3 6.6 6.0 6.1 5.7 6.5 5.4 5.3 4.9
Louisiana........... 6.7 6.7 6.9 6.1 6.3 6.3 6.4 5.7 6.2 5.6
Maine............... 8.5 7.2 7.6 7.4 7.7 6.3 8.0 7.3 6.8 6.2
Maryland............ 6.7 6.5 7.4 6.6 6.8 6.9 6.9 6.0 6.9 5.6
Massachusetts....... 6.8 6.1 6.2 5.5 5.8 5.1 5.5 6.1 5.8 4.7
Michigan............ 6.3 6.0 5.7 5.9 5.7 4.9 5.9 5.8 5.2 4.9
Minnesota........... 6.2 6.4 6.5 5.9 5.7 5.4 6.4 5.9 5.8 4.9
Mississippi......... 6.3 6.6 7.2 6.8 6.1 6.2 6.7 6.3 6.2 5.7
Missouri............ 6.5 6.2 6.8 6.1 6.5 5.4 5.9 6.3 5.8 5.1
Montana............. 9.3 8.2 8.7 9.2 8.7 7.6 9.1 7.8 7.8 7.1
Nebraska............ 6.8 6.4 7.1 6.0 6.3 5.9 6.5 6.1 5.7 5.1
Nevada.............. 6.8 6.9 7.4 6.4 6.2 5.5 5.7 5.8 6.1 5.7
New Hampshire....... 7.7 6.7 6.9 6.7 7.0 5.6 6.7 6.7 6.0 5.9
New Jersey.......... 7.1 6.6 6.8 6.8 6.1 5.7 6.2 6.4 5.9 5.7
New Mexico.......... 7.6 6.7 8.0 6.7 6.8 6.2 7.1 5.9 6.2 5.9
New York............ 6.8 7.1 6.6 5.9 6.5 5.4 6.1 5.9 6.0 5.1
North Carolina...... 6.6 6.4 6.7 6.6 6.4 5.4 6.1 5.8 5.7 5.3
North Dakota........ 7.5 6.9 7.6 6.4 7.6 6.4 6.5 6.3 6.7 5.6
Ohio................ 6.4 5.9 5.8 5.9 5.8 4.9 5.9 5.5 5.7 4.9
Oklahoma............ 6.4 6.7 7.4 6.6 6.3 6.0 6.1 5.6 5.9 5.3
Oregon.............. 7.6 6.0 6.7 6.5 7.3 5.6 7.0 6.0 6.2 6.1
Pennsylvania........ 6.3 5.5 6.1 5.5 5.5 4.8 5.6 5.1 5.2 4.6
Rhode Island........ 7.9 7.1 6.7 6.9 7.5 6.0 6.7 7.3 6.4 5.9
South Carolina...... 7.1 6.6 7.3 6.9 6.8 6.1 6.2 5.6 6.2 5.8
South Dakota........ 7.7 6.6 7.3 6.5 7.2 6.1 6.5 6.4 6.5 5.9
Tennessee........... 6.6 6.2 7.0 5.8 5.9 4.8 6.2 5.5 5.6 5.0
Texas............... 6.3 6.6 7.2 6.2 5.9 5.3 5.8 5.3 5.3 5.0
Utah................ 7.9 7.0 7.5 6.9 7.0 5.9 6.6 6.8 6.6 6.2
Vermont............. 8.8 7.5 7.2 7.8 8.2 6.4 7.6 7.8 7.0 6.0
Virginia............ 6.6 6.5 7.5 6.2 6.2 5.8 6.7 6.1 5.8 5.2
Washington.......... 7.3 7.0 7.2 5.9 6.4 5.4 7.2 6.3 5.3 5.5
West Virginia....... 7.4 6.7 8.1 6.6 7.1 6.1 8.0 6.9 6.4 5.3
Wisconsin........... 6.6 6.0 6.0 6.0 6.0 4.8 6.0 5.8 5.5 4.9
Wyoming............. 9.2 8.4 9.2 9.2 8.9 8.3 9.2 8.4 7.9 7.8
Puerto Rico......... 7.4 6.7 6.2 6.6 5.1 5.0 6.1 5.3 6.1 5.7
Virgin Islands...... 7.4 8.0 8.5 5.9 7.5 8.8 9.2 5.5 4.7 6.5
NOTE: Totals for the United States do not include data for Puerto Rico or the Virgin Islands.
Table 8. Private sector establishment births and deaths, seasonally adjusted
Total private
(Levels in thousands)
Number of Establishments Employment
Births Deaths(1) Births Deaths
Year 3 months ended Level Rate(2) Level Rate Level Rate Level Rate
2013 March 205 2.8 193 2.6 748 0.7 648 0.6
June 222 3.0 215 2.9 789 0.7 695 0.6
September 219 2.9 195 2.6 818 0.7 678 0.6
December 215 2.9 187 2.5 803 0.7 670 0.6
2014 March 220 2.9 190 2.5 784 0.7 635 0.6
June 221 2.9 204 2.7 806 0.7 711 0.6
September 225 3.0 199 2.6 825 0.7 703 0.6
December 224 2.9 198 2.6 836 0.7 705 0.6
2015 March 233 3.0 207 2.7 818 0.7 696 0.6
June 234 3.1 211 2.8 838 0.7 728 0.6
September 243 3.2 207 2.7 881 0.7 699 0.6
December 247 3.2 209 2.7 892 0.7 733 0.6
2016 March 236 3.0 204 2.6 789 0.7 671 0.6
June 241 3.1 213 2.7 838 0.7 719 0.6
September 238 3.0 214 2.7 872 0.7 745 0.6
December 238 3.0 217 2.8 865 0.7 729 0.6
2017 March 242 3.0 203 2.6 806 0.7 668 0.5
June 240 3.0 223 2.8 848 0.7 752 0.6
September 244 3.1 225 2.8 851 0.7 760 0.6
December 246 3.1 216 2.7 849 0.7 731 0.6
2018 March 248 3.1 215 2.7 816 0.7 668 0.5
June 263 3.3 228 2.8 879 0.7 769 0.6
September 250 3.1 231 2.8 863 0.7 785 0.6
December 249 3.1 222 2.7 855 0.7 758 0.6
2019 March 260 3.2 220 2.7 812 0.6 698 0.6
June 257 3.1 240 2.9 847 0.7 801 0.6
September 251 3.0 231 2.8 847 0.7 767 0.6
December 269 3.2 234 2.8 903 0.7 784 0.6
2020 March 279 3.3 240 2.9 811 0.6 735 0.6
June 227 2.8 327 4.0 658 0.5 1,152 1.0
September 278 3.4 233 2.9 821 0.7 691 0.6
December 287 3.5 218 2.6 916 0.8 688 0.6
2021 March 308 3.6 210 2.5 833 0.7 604 0.5
June 351 4.1 226 2.6 981 0.8 664 0.5
September 359 4.1 245 2.8 1,026 0.8 736 0.6
December 378 4.3 254 2.9 1,117 0.9 779 0.6
2022 March 349 3.9 255 2.9 960 0.8 744 0.6
June 365 4.1 322 3.6 1,062 0.8 925 0.7
September 349 3.9 N/A N/A 1,031 0.8 N/A N/A
December 344 3.8 N/A N/A 1,045 0.8 N/A N/A
2023 March 331 3.6 N/A N/A 944 0.7 N/A N/A
(1) Values for deaths are not available for the most recent three quarters by definition. See the
Technical Note for more informations.
(2) The rates measure births and deaths as a percentage of the average of the previous and current
quarter employment levels or total number of establishments.
United States Department of Labor
