For release 10:00 a.m. (ET) Wednesday, October 26, 2022 USDL-22-2060
Technical Information: (202) 691-6553 * BDMInfo@bls.gov * www.bls.gov/bdm
Media Contact: (202) 691-5902 * PressOffice@bls.gov
BUSINESS EMPLOYMENT DYNAMICS – FIRST QUARTER 2022
From December 2021 to March 2022, gross job gains from opening and expanding private-sector
establishments were 8.4 million, a decrease of 1.1 million jobs from the previous quarter, the U.S.
Bureau of Labor Statistics reported today. Over this period, gross job losses from closing and contracting
private-sector establishments were 6.9 million, an increase of 205,000 jobs from the previous quarter.
The difference between the number of gross job gains and the number of gross job losses yielded a net
employment gain of 1.5 million jobs in the private sector during the first quarter of 2022. (See tables A
and 1.)
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
| |
| Revisions to Business Employment Dynamics (BED) Data |
| |
| The release of First Quarter 2022 BED data incorporates annual revisions in accordance with standard |
| procedures. However, the current release, published on October 26, 2022, includes two years of |
| revisions to not seasonally adjusted data, along with the customary five years of revisions to |
| seasonally adjusted data. This temporary procedural change is to amend spikes in the openings and |
| closings series for the education and health services sector in Washington caused by an |
| administrative change. |
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
The change in the number of jobs over time is the net result of increases and decreases in employment
that occur at all private businesses in the economy. Business Employment Dynamics (BED) statistics track
these changes in employment at private-sector establishments from the third month of one quarter to the
third month of the next. The difference between the number of gross job gains and the number of gross
job losses is the net change in employment. (See Technical Note.) The BED data series include gross job
gains and gross job losses by industry subsector, for the 50 states, the District of Columbia, Puerto Rico,
and the Virgin Islands, as well as gross job gains and gross job losses at the firm level by employer size
class.
Gross Job Gains
In the first quarter of 2022, gross job gains represented 6.6 percent of private-sector employment. Gross
job gains are the sum of increases in employment due to expansions at existing establishments and the
addition of new jobs at opening establishments. Gross job gains at expanding establishments totaled 6.9
million in the first quarter of 2022, a decrease of 828,000 jobs compared to the previous quarter.
Opening establishments accounted for 1.6 million of the jobs gained in the first quarter of 2022, a
decrease of 314,000 jobs from the previous quarter. (See tables A, 1, 2, and 3.)
Gross Job Losses
In the first quarter of 2022, gross job losses represented 5.4 percent of private-sector employment.
Gross job losses are the result of contractions in employment at existing establishments and the loss of
jobs at closing establishments. Contracting establishments lost 5.5 million jobs in the first quarter of
2022, an increase of 142,000 jobs from the prior quarter. In the first quarter of 2022, closing
establishments lost 1.4 million jobs, an increase of 63,000 jobs from the previous quarter. (See
tables A, 1, 2, and 3.)
Establishment Births and Deaths
In the first quarter of 2022, the number of establishment births (a subset of the openings data)
decreased by 32,000 to a total of 347,000 establishments. These new establishments accounted for
960,000 jobs, a decrease of 159,000 jobs from the previous quarter. Data for establishment deaths (a
subset of the closings data) are available through the second quarter of 2021, when 663,000 jobs were
lost at 225,000 establishments, an increase of 61,000 jobs from the first quarter of 2021. (See
Technical Note and table 8.)
Table A. Three-month private-sector gross job gains and losses, seasonally adjusted
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
| 3 months ended
Category | Mar. | June | Sept. | Dec. | Mar.
| 2021 | 2021 | 2021 | 2021 | 2022
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
| Levels (in thousands)
|--------------------------------------------------
Gross job gains......................... | 8,322 | 8,196 | 8,882 | 9,580 | 8,438
At expanding establishments...... | 6,781 | 6,641 | 7,201 | 7,715 | 6,887
At opening establishments........ | 1,541 | 1,555 | 1,681 | 1,865 | 1,551
| | | | |
Gross job losses........................ | 6,512 | 7,260 | 7,408 | 6,688 | 6,893
At contracting establishments.... | 5,367 | 5,997 | 5,953 | 5,344 | 5,486
At closing establishments........ | 1,145 | 1,263 | 1,455 | 1,344 | 1,407
| | | | |
Net employment change (1)............... | 1,810 | 936 | 1,474 | 2,892 | 1,545
| | | | |
|--------------------------------------------------
| Rates (percent)
|--------------------------------------------------
Gross job gains......................... | 7.0 | 6.8 | 7.3 | 7.7 | 6.6
At expanding establishments...... | 5.7 | 5.5 | 5.9 | 6.2 | 5.4
At opening establishments........ | 1.3 | 1.3 | 1.4 | 1.5 | 1.2
| | | | |
Gross job losses........................ | 5.5 | 5.9 | 6.1 | 5.4 | 5.4
At contracting establishments.... | 4.5 | 4.9 | 4.9 | 4.3 | 4.3
At closing establishments........ | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.2 | 1.1 | 1.1
| | | | |
Net employment change (1)............... | 1.5 | 0.9 | 1.2 | 2.3 | 1.2
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
(1) The net employment change is the difference between total gross job gains and total gross
job losses. See the Technical Note for further information.
Firm Size
In the first quarter of 2022, firms with 1-49 employees had a net employment increase of 291,000. Firms
with 50-249 employees had a net employment gain of 267,000. Firms with 250 or more employees had a net
employment increase of 1.1 million. (See tables 4 and 5.)
Industries
Gross job gains exceeded gross job losses in 12 of the 13 industry sectors in the first quarter of 2022.
The service-providing industries experienced a net job increase of 1.3 million. Within the
service-providing industries, the retail trade sector had the largest over-the-quarter net employment
gain, adding 279,000 jobs. This was the result of 1.0 million gross job gains and 731,000 gross job
losses. The transportation and warehousing sector had gross job gains of 366,000 and gross job losses
of 393,000, leading to a net job decline of 27,000. The goods-producing industries had a net job gain
of 282,000 in the first quarter of 2022. Of the goods-producing industries, the construction sector had
a net increase of 137,000, the manufacturing sector posted a net job gain of 130,000, and the natural
resources and mining sector added 15,000 jobs. (See table 3.)
States
Gross job gains exceeded gross job losses in 49 states, the District of Columbia, and Puerto Rico in
the first quarter of 2022. (See tables 6 and 7.)
For More Information
Additional information on gross job gains and gross job losses is available online at www.bls.gov/bdm.
This information includes data for the levels and rates of gross job gains and gross job losses by firm
size, not seasonally adjusted data and seasonally adjusted time series not presented in this release,
charts of gross job gains and gross job losses by industry and firm size, and answers to frequently asked
questions. Additional information about the Business Employment Dynamics data can be found
in the Technical Note of this release or can be obtained by emailing BDMinfo@bls.gov.
_____________
The Business Employment Dynamics for Second Quarter 2022 are scheduled to be released on
Wednesday, January 25, 2023, at 10:00 a.m. (ET).
Technical Note
The Business Employment Dynamics (BED) data are a product of a federal-state cooperative
program known as the Quarterly Census of Employment and Wages (QCEW). The BED data are
compiled by the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) from existing QCEW records. Most
employers in the U.S. are required to file quarterly reports on the employment and wages of
workers covered by unemployment insurance (UI) laws and to pay quarterly UI taxes. The QCEW
is based largely on quarterly UI reports which are sent by businesses to the State Workforce
Agencies (SWAs). These UI reports are supplemented by two additional BLS data collections to
render administrative data into economic statistics. Together these data comprise the QCEW and
form the basis of the Bureau’s establishment universe sampling frame.
These reports are used to produce the quarterly QCEW data on total employment and wages and
the longitudinal BED data on gross job gains and losses. The QCEW is also the employment
benchmark for the Current Employment Statistics (CES), Occupational Employment Statistics
(OES), and Job Openings and Labor Turnover Survey (JOLTS) programs and is a major input to
the Bureau of Economic Analysis’s Personal Income Accounts.
In the BED program, the quarterly QCEW records are linked across quarters to provide a
longitudinal history for each establishment. The linkage process allows the tracking of net
employment changes at the establishment level, which in turn allows the estimation of jobs gained
at opening and expanding units and jobs lost at closing and contracting units.
Differences between QCEW, BED, and CES employment measures
The Bureau publishes three different establishment-based employment measures for any given
quarter. Each of these measures—Quarterly Census of Employment and Wages, Business
Employment Dynamics, and Current Employment Statistics—makes use of the
quarterly UI employment reports in producing data; however, each measure has a somewhat
different universe coverage, estimation procedure, and publication product.
Differences in coverage and estimation methods can result in somewhat different measures of
employment change over time. It is important to understand program differences and the intended
uses of the program products. (See table.) Additional information on each program can be obtained
from the program websites shown in the table.
Coverage
Employment and wage data for workers covered by state UI and Unemployment Compensation for
Federal Employees (UCFE) laws are compiled from quarterly contribution reports submitted to the
SWAs by employers. In addition to the quarterly contribution reports, employers who operate
multiple establishments within a state complete a questionnaire, called the “Multiple Worksite
Report,” which provides detailed information on the location of their establishments. These reports
are based on place of employment rather than place of residence. UI and UCFE coverage is broad
and basically comparable from state to state.
Major exclusions from UI coverage are self-employed workers, religious organizations, most
agricultural workers on small farms, all members of the Armed Forces, elected officials in most
states, most employees of railroads, some domestic workers, most student workers at schools, and
employees of certain small nonprofit organizations.
Gross job gains and gross job losses in this release are derived from longitudinal histories of 8.9
million private-sector employer reports out of 11.3 million total reports of employment and wages
submitted by states to BLS in the first quarter of 2022. Gross job gains and gross job losses data in
this release do not report estimates for government employees or private households (NAICS
814110) and do not include establishments with zero employment in both previous and current
quarters. Data from Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands are also excluded from the national data.
The table below shows, in millions of establishments, the number of establishments excluded from
the national gross job gains and gross job losses data in the first quarter of 2022.
Number of active establishments included in
Business Employment Dynamics data at the national level
Millions
Total establishments QCEW program....................................................11.3
Excluded: Public sector............................................................ 0.3
Private households......................................................... 0.2
Zero employment............................................................ 1.9
Total establishments included in Business
Employment Dynamics data............................................................. 8.9
Summary of Major Differences between QCEW, BED, and CES Employment Measures
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
| QCEW | BED | CES
-----------|---------------------|----------------------|------------------------
Source |--Count of UI admini-|--Count of longitudi- |--Sample survey:
| strative records | nally-linked UI ad- | 670,000 establish-
| submitted by 11.3 | ministrative records| ments
| million establish- | submitted by 8.9 |
| ments in first qu- | million private-sec-|
| arter of 2022 | tor establishments |
-----------|---------------------|----------------------|------------------------
Coverage |--UI and UCFE cover- |--UI coverage, exclud-|Nonfarm wage and salary
| age, including all | ing government, pri-| jobs:
| employers subject | vate households, and|--UI coverage, exclud-
| to state and feder-| establishments with | ing agriculture, pri-
| ral UI Laws | zero employment | vate households, and
| | | self-employed workers
| | |--Other employment,
| | | including railroads,
| | | religious organiza-
| | | tions, and other non-
| | | UI-covered jobs
| | |
-----------|---------------------|----------------------|------------------------
Publication|--Quarterly |--Quarterly |--Monthly
frequency | -6 months after the| -7 months after the | -Usually the 3rd Fri-
| end of each quar- | end of each quarter| day after the end of
| ter | | the week including
| | | the 12th of the month
-----------|---------------------|----------------------|------------------------
Use of UI |--Directly summarizes|--Links each new UI |--Uses UI file as a sam-
file | and publishes each | quarter to longitu- | pling frame and to ann-
| new quarter of UI | dinal database and | ually realign sample-
| data | directly summarizes | based estimates to pop-
| | gross job gains and | ulation counts (bench-
| | losses | marking)
-----------|---------------------|----------------------|------------------------
Principal |--Provides a quarter-|--Provides quarterly |--Provides current month-
products | ly and annual uni- | employer dynamics | ly estimates of employ-
| verse count of es- | data on establish- | ment, hours, and earn-
| tablishments, em- | ment openings, clos-| ings at the MSA, state,
| ployment, and wages| ings, expansions, | and national levels by
| at the county, met-| and contractions at | industry
| ropolitan statisti-| the national level |
| cal area (MSA), st-| by NAICS super- |
| ate, and national | sectors, 3-digit |
| levels by detailed | NAICS, and by size |
| industry | of firm, and at the |
| | state private-sector|
| | total level |
| |--Future expansions |
| | will include |
| | data with greater |
| | industry detail and |
| | data at the county |
| | and MSA levels |
-----------|---------------------|----------------------|------------------------
Principal |--Major uses include:|--Major uses include: |--Major uses include:
uses | -Detailed locality | -Business cycle | -Principal federal
| data | analysis | economic indicator
| -Periodic universe | -Analysis of employ-| -Official time series
| counts for bench- | er dynamics under- | for employment change
| marking sample | lying economic ex- | measures
| survey estimates | pansions and con- | -Input into other ma-
| -Sample frame for | tractions | jor economic indi-
| BLS establishment | -Analysis of employ-| cators
| surveys | ment expansion and |
| | contraction by size|
| | of firm |
-----------|---------------------|----------------------|------------------------
Program |--www.bls.gov/cew |--www.bls.gov/bdm |--www.bls.gov/ces
web sites | | |
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Unit of analysis
Establishments are used in the tabulation of the BED statistics by industry and firms are used in the
tabulation of the BED size class statistics. An establishment is defined as an economic unit that
produces goods or services, usually at a single physical location, and engages in one or
predominantly one activity. A firm is a legal business, either corporate or otherwise, and may
consist of several establishments. Firm-level data are compiled based on an aggregation of
establishments under common ownership by a corporate parent using employer tax identification
numbers. The firm level aggregation, which is consistent with the role of corporations as the
economic decision makers, is used for the measurement of BED data elements by size class.
Because of the difference in the unit of analysis, total gross job gains and gross job losses by size
class are lower than total gross job gains and gross job losses by industry, as some establishment
gains and losses within a firm are offset during the aggregation process. However, the total net
changes in employment are the same for not seasonally adjusted data and are similar for seasonally
adjusted data.
Concepts and methodology
The Business Employment Dynamics data measure the net change in employment at the
establishment or firm level. These changes come about in one of four ways. A net increase in
employment can come from either opening units or expanding units. A net decrease in
employment can come from either closing units or contracting units. Gross job gains include the
sum of all jobs added at either opening or expanding units. Gross job losses include the sum of all
jobs lost in either closing or contracting units. The net change in employment is the difference
between gross job gains and gross job losses.
The formal definitions of employment changes are as follows:
Openings. These are either units with positive third month employment for the first time in the
current quarter, with no links to the prior quarter, or with positive third month employment in the
current quarter following zero employment in the previous quarter.
Expansions. These are units with positive employment in the third month in both the previous and
current quarters, with a net increase in employment over this period.
Closings. These are units with positive third month employment in the previous quarter and either
not reported, or reported with zero employment, in the current quarter.
Contractions. These are units with positive employment in the third month in both the previous and
current quarters, with a net decrease in employment over this period.
Births. These are units with positive third month employment for the first time in the current
quarter with no links to the prior quarter, or units with positive third month employment in the
current quarter and zero employment in the third month of the previous four quarters. Births are a
subset of openings not including re-openings of seasonal businesses.
Deaths. These are units with no employment or zero employment reported in the third month of
four consecutive quarters following the last quarter with positive employment. Deaths are a subset
of closings not including temporary shutdowns of seasonal businesses. A unit that closes during the
quarter may be a death, but we wait three quarters to determine whether it is a permanent closing
or a temporary shutdown. Therefore, there is always a lag of three quarters for the publication of
death statistics.
All employment changes are measured from the third month of the previous quarter to the third
month of the current quarter. Not all establishments and firms change their employment levels.
Units with no change in employment count towards estimates of total employment, but not for
levels of gross job gains and gross job losses.
Gross job gains and gross job losses are expressed as rates by dividing their levels by the average
of employment in the current and previous quarters. This provides a symmetric growth rate. The
rates are calculated for the components of gross job gains and gross job losses and then summed to
form their respective totals. These rates can be added and subtracted just as their levels can. For
instance, the difference between the gross job gains rate and the gross job losses rate is the net
growth rate.
Establishment Births and Deaths
For the purpose of BED statistics, births are defined as establishments that appear in the
longitudinal database for the first time with positive employment in the third month of a quarter, or
showed four consecutive quarters of zero employment in the third month followed by a quarter in
which it shows positive employment in the third month. Similarly, deaths are defined as
establishments that either drop out of the longitudinal database or establishments that had
positive employment in the third month of a given quarter followed by four consecutive quarters of
showing zero employment in the third month. Although the data for establishment births and
deaths are tabulated independently from the data for openings and closings, the concepts are not
mutually exclusive. An establishment that is defined as a birth in a given quarter is necessarily an
opening as well, and an establishment defined as a death in a quarter must also be a closing. Since
openings include seasonal and other re-openings, and closings include temporary shutdowns, the
not seasonally adjusted values for births and deaths must be less than those for openings and
closings. However, because some BED series do not have many re-openings or temporary
shutdowns, as well as the fact that births and deaths are independently seasonally adjusted from
openings and closings, there may be instances in which the seasonally adjusted value of the former
is greater than the latter.
Linkage methodology
Prior to the measurement of gross job gains and gross job losses, QCEW records are linked across
two quarters. The linkage process matches establishments' unique SWA identification numbers
(SWA-ID). Between 95 and 97 percent of establishments identified as continuous from quarter to
quarter are matched by SWA-ID. The rest are linked in one of three ways. The first method uses
predecessor and successor information, identified by the states, which relates records with different
SWA-IDs across quarters. Predecessor and successor relations can come about for a variety of
reasons, including a change in ownership, a firm restructuring, or a UI account restructuring. If a
match cannot be attained in this manner, a probability-based match is used. This match attempts to
identify two establishments with different SWA-IDs as continuous. The match is based upon
comparisons such as the same name, address, and phone number. Third, an analyst examines
unmatched records individually and makes a possible match.
In order to ensure the highest possible quality of data, SWAs verify with employers and update, if
necessary, the industry, location, and ownership classification of all establishments on a 3-year
cycle. Changes in establishment classification codes resulting from the verification process are
introduced with the data reported for the first quarter of the year. Changes resulting from improved
employer reporting also are introduced in the first quarter.
Sizing methodology
The method of dynamic sizing is used in calculations for the BED size class data series. Dynamic
sizing allocates each firm’s employment gain or loss during a quarter to each respective size class
in which the change occurred. For example, if a firm grew from 2 employees in quarter 1 to 38
employees in quarter 2, then, of the 36-employee increase, 2 would be allocated to the first size
class, 5 to the size class 5 to 9, 10 to size class 10 to 19, and 19 to size class 20 to 49.
Dynamic sizing provides symmetrical firm-size estimates and eliminates any systematic effects
which may be caused by the transitory and reverting changes in firms’ sizes over time.
Additionally, it allocates each job gain or loss to the actual size class where it occurred.
Annual Data
The annual gross job gains and gross job losses measure the net change in employment at the
establishment level from the third month of a quarter in the previous year to the third month of the
same quarter in the current year. The BLS publishes annual BED data based on March-to-March
changes once a year with the release of the first quarter BED data. The annual data based on over-
the-year changes for other quarters of the year are available upon request. The definitions and
methodology in measuring annual gross job gains and gross job losses are similar to the quarterly
measures. The linkage method considers all predecessor and successor relations that may come
about due to changes in ownership and corporate restructuring over the entire year. At the
establishment level, some of the quarterly job gains and job losses are offset during the estimation
over the year. Therefore, the sum of four quarters of gross job gains and gross job losses are not
equal to annual gross job gains and gross job losses. The net change in employment over the year,
however, is equal to the sum of four quarterly net changes on a not seasonally adjusted basis.
Seasonal adjustment
Over the course of a year, the levels of employment and the associated job flows undergo sharp
fluctuations due to such seasonal events as changes in the weather, reduced or expanded
production, harvests, major holidays, and the opening and closing of schools. The effect of such
seasonal variation can be very large.
Because these seasonal events follow a more or less regular pattern each year, their influence can
be eliminated by adjusting these statistics from quarter to quarter. These adjustments make
nonseasonal developments, such as declines in economic activity, easier to recognize. For
example, the large number of youths taking summer jobs is likely to obscure other changes that
have taken place in June relative to March, making it difficult to determine if the level of economic
activity has risen or declined. However, because the effect of students finishing school in previous
years is known, the statistics for the current year can be adjusted to allow for a comparable change.
The adjusted figures provide a more useful tool with which to analyze changes in economic
activity.
The employment data series for opening, expanding, closing, and contracting units are
independently seasonally adjusted; net changes are calculated based on the difference between
gross job gains and gross job losses. Similarly, for industry data, the establishment counts data
series for opening, expanding, closing, and contracting establishments are independently adjusted,
and the net changes are calculated based on the difference between the number of opening and
closing establishments. Additionally, establishment and employment levels are independently
seasonally adjusted to calculate the seasonally adjusted rates. Concurrent seasonal adjustment is
run using X-13 ARIMA-SEATS. Seasonally adjusted data series for total private are the sum of
seasonally adjusted data of all sectors including the unclassified sector, which is not separately
published.
The net over-the-quarter change derived by summing the BED component series will differ from
the net employment change estimated from the seasonally adjusted total private employment series
from the CES program. The intended use of BED statistics is to show the dynamic labor market
changes that underlie the net employment change statistic. As such, data users interested
particularly in the net employment change and not in the gross job flows underlying this change
should refer to CES data for over-the-quarter net employment changes.
Reliability of the data
Since the data series on Business Employment Dynamics are based on administrative rather than
sample data, there are no issues related to sampling error. Nonsampling error, however, still exists.
Nonsampling errors can occur for many reasons, such as the employer submitting corrected
employment data after the end of the quarter or typographical errors made by businesses when
providing information. Such errors, however, are likely to be distributed randomly throughout the
dataset.
Changes in administrative data sometimes create complications for the linkage process. This can
result in overstating openings and closings while understating expansions and contractions. The
BLS continues to refine methods for improving the linkage process to alleviate the effects of these
complications.
The BED data series are subject to periodic minor changes based on corrections in QCEW records,
updates on predecessors and successors information, and seasonal adjustment revisions.
Annual revisions are published each year with the release of the first quarter data. These revisions
cover the last four quarters of not seasonally adjusted data and 5 years of seasonally adjusted data.
Additional statistics and other information
Several other programs within BLS produce closely related information. The QCEW program
provides both quarterly and annual estimates of employment by state, county, and detailed
industry. News releases on quarterly county employment and wages and the annual bulletin also
are available upon request from the Division of Administrative Statistics and Labor Turnover
(Quarterly Census of Employment and Wages), phone number: (202) 691-6567; (www.bls.gov/cew/);
(e-mail: QCEWInfo@bls.gov).
The Current Employment Statistics program produces monthly estimates of employment, its
net change, hours, and earnings by detailed industry. These estimates are part of the Employment
Situation report put out monthly by BLS.
The Job Openings and Labor Turnover Survey program provides monthly measures of
job openings, as well as employee hires and separations.
If you are deaf, hard of hearing, or have a speech disability, please dial 7-1-1 to access
telecommunications relay services.
Table 1. Private sector gross job gains and job losses, seasonally adjusted
Total private
(In thousands)
Gross job gains Gross job losses
Year 3 months ended Net change(1) Total Expanding Opening Total Contracting Closing
establishments establishments establishments establishments
2012 March 948 7,080 5,746 1,334 6,132 5,005 1,127
June 616 7,051 5,724 1,327 6,435 5,266 1,169
September 252 6,881 5,571 1,310 6,629 5,430 1,199
December 695 7,110 5,753 1,357 6,415 5,225 1,190
2013 March 558 6,941 5,705 1,236 6,383 5,201 1,182
June 674 7,152 5,830 1,322 6,478 5,271 1,207
September 507 7,058 5,719 1,339 6,551 5,408 1,143
December 700 7,255 5,926 1,329 6,555 5,353 1,202
2014 March 419 6,953 5,687 1,266 6,534 5,380 1,154
June 895 7,454 6,114 1,340 6,559 5,342 1,217
September 577 7,247 5,918 1,329 6,670 5,487 1,183
December 1,038 7,617 6,248 1,369 6,579 5,346 1,233
2015 March 216 7,046 5,733 1,313 6,830 5,626 1,204
June 849 7,580 6,235 1,345 6,731 5,540 1,191
September 475 7,344 5,983 1,361 6,869 5,657 1,212
December 944 7,817 6,360 1,457 6,873 5,607 1,266
2016 March 249 7,163 5,875 1,288 6,914 5,706 1,208
June 318 7,443 6,070 1,373 7,125 5,820 1,305
September 748 7,710 6,250 1,460 6,962 5,718 1,244
December 308 7,413 6,007 1,406 7,105 5,806 1,299
2017 March 651 7,434 6,090 1,344 6,783 5,599 1,184
June 526 7,639 6,265 1,374 7,113 5,844 1,269
September -39 7,321 5,975 1,346 7,360 6,065 1,295
December 883 7,772 6,344 1,428 6,889 5,593 1,296
2018 March 712 7,497 6,139 1,358 6,785 5,595 1,190
June 458 7,673 6,270 1,403 7,215 5,930 1,285
September 91 7,500 6,130 1,370 7,409 6,090 1,319
December 731 7,724 6,287 1,437 6,993 5,660 1,333
2019 March 524 7,464 6,101 1,363 6,940 5,691 1,249
June 218 7,653 6,265 1,388 7,435 6,073 1,362
September 66 7,398 6,025 1,373 7,332 6,062 1,270
December 750 7,831 6,340 1,491 7,081 5,750 1,331
2020 March -803 7,035 5,717 1,318 7,838 6,367 1,471
June -14,621 5,719 4,425 1,294 20,340 17,410 2,930
September 4,025 10,874 8,828 2,046 6,849 5,476 1,373
December 2,024 8,797 7,104 1,693 6,773 5,416 1,357
2021 March 1,810 8,322 6,781 1,541 6,512 5,367 1,145
June 936 8,196 6,641 1,555 7,260 5,997 1,263
September 1,474 8,882 7,201 1,681 7,408 5,953 1,455
December 2,892 9,580 7,715 1,865 6,688 5,344 1,344
2022 March 1,545 8,438 6,887 1,551 6,893 5,486 1,407
(1) Net change is the difference between total gross job gains and total gross job losses.
Table 2. Private sector gross job gains and losses, as a percent of employment(1), seasonally adjusted
Total private
(Percent)
Gross job gains Gross job losses
Year 3 months ended Net change(2) Total Expanding Opening Total Contracting Closing
establishments establishments establishments establishments
2012 March 0.8 6.4 5.2 1.2 5.6 4.6 1.0
June 0.5 6.4 5.2 1.2 5.9 4.8 1.1
September 0.2 6.2 5.0 1.2 6.0 4.9 1.1
December 0.6 6.4 5.2 1.2 5.8 4.7 1.1
2013 March 0.5 6.2 5.1 1.1 5.7 4.6 1.1
June 0.6 6.4 5.2 1.2 5.8 4.7 1.1
September 0.5 6.3 5.1 1.2 5.8 4.8 1.0
December 0.6 6.4 5.2 1.2 5.8 4.7 1.1
2014 March 0.4 6.1 5.0 1.1 5.7 4.7 1.0
June 0.8 6.5 5.3 1.2 5.7 4.6 1.1
September 0.5 6.2 5.1 1.1 5.7 4.7 1.0
December 0.9 6.6 5.4 1.2 5.7 4.6 1.1
2015 March 0.2 6.0 4.9 1.1 5.8 4.8 1.0
June 0.7 6.4 5.3 1.1 5.7 4.7 1.0
September 0.5 6.3 5.1 1.2 5.8 4.8 1.0
December 0.7 6.5 5.3 1.2 5.8 4.7 1.1
2016 March 0.2 6.0 4.9 1.1 5.8 4.8 1.0
June 0.2 6.2 5.1 1.1 6.0 4.9 1.1
September 0.6 6.4 5.2 1.2 5.8 4.8 1.0
December 0.3 6.2 5.0 1.2 5.9 4.8 1.1
2017 March 0.5 6.1 5.0 1.1 5.6 4.6 1.0
June 0.4 6.2 5.1 1.1 5.8 4.8 1.0
September -0.1 6.0 4.9 1.1 6.1 5.0 1.1
December 0.7 6.4 5.2 1.2 5.7 4.6 1.1
2018 March 0.6 6.1 5.0 1.1 5.5 4.5 1.0
June 0.3 6.1 5.0 1.1 5.8 4.8 1.0
September 0.0 6.0 4.9 1.1 6.0 4.9 1.1
December 0.6 6.2 5.0 1.2 5.6 4.5 1.1
2019 March 0.5 6.0 4.9 1.1 5.5 4.5 1.0
June 0.2 6.1 5.0 1.1 5.9 4.8 1.1
September 0.1 5.9 4.8 1.1 5.8 4.8 1.0
December 0.6 6.2 5.0 1.2 5.6 4.5 1.1
2020 March -0.7 5.5 4.5 1.0 6.2 5.0 1.2
June -12.1 4.8 3.7 1.1 16.9 14.5 2.4
September 3.5 9.5 7.7 1.8 6.0 4.8 1.2
December 1.6 7.4 6.0 1.4 5.8 4.6 1.2
2021 March 1.5 7.0 5.7 1.3 5.5 4.5 1.0
June 0.9 6.8 5.5 1.3 5.9 4.9 1.0
September 1.2 7.3 5.9 1.4 6.1 4.9 1.2
December 2.3 7.7 6.2 1.5 5.4 4.3 1.1
2022 March 1.2 6.6 5.4 1.2 5.4 4.3 1.1
(1) The rates measure gross job gains and job losses as a percentage of the average of the previous and current quarter
employment levels.
(2) Net change is the difference between total gross job gains and total gross job losses.
Table 3. Private sector gross job gains and losses by industry, seasonally adjusted
Gross job gains and job losses Gross job gains and job losses
(in thousands) as a percent of employment
Category 3 months ended 3 months ended
Mar. June Sept. Dec. Mar. Mar. June Sept. Dec. Mar.
2021 2021 2021 2021 2022 2021 2021 2021 2021 2022
Total private(1)
Gross job gains 8,322 8,196 8,882 9,580 8,438 7.0 6.8 7.3 7.7 6.6
At expanding establishments 6,781 6,641 7,201 7,715 6,887 5.7 5.5 5.9 6.2 5.4
At opening establishments 1,541 1,555 1,681 1,865 1,551 1.3 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.2
Gross job losses 6,512 7,260 7,408 6,688 6,893 5.5 5.9 6.1 5.4 5.4
At contracting establishments 5,367 5,997 5,953 5,344 5,486 4.5 4.9 4.9 4.3 4.3
At closing establishments 1,145 1,263 1,455 1,344 1,407 1.0 1.0 1.2 1.1 1.1
Net employment change 1,810 936 1,474 2,892 1,545 1.5 0.9 1.2 2.3 1.2
Goods-producing
Gross job gains 1,390 1,287 1,350 1,526 1,426 6.5 6.0 6.3 7.1 6.4
At expanding establishments 1,170 1,092 1,128 1,290 1,220 5.5 5.1 5.3 6.0 5.5
At opening establishments 220 195 222 236 206 1.0 0.9 1.0 1.1 0.9
Gross job losses 1,196 1,335 1,256 1,138 1,144 5.6 6.2 5.9 5.3 5.2
At contracting establishments 1,014 1,136 1,047 946 941 4.7 5.3 4.9 4.4 4.3
At closing establishments 182 199 209 192 203 0.9 0.9 1.0 0.9 0.9
Net employment change 194 -48 94 388 282 0.9 -0.2 0.4 1.8 1.2
Natural resources and mining
Gross job gains 239 222 220 230 238 13.5 12.7 12.8 13.0 13.1
At expanding establishments 209 195 191 200 210 11.8 11.2 11.1 11.3 11.6
At opening establishments 30 27 29 30 28 1.7 1.5 1.7 1.7 1.5
Gross job losses 235 222 201 218 223 13.3 12.7 11.7 12.4 12.3
At contracting establishments 203 195 175 192 191 11.5 11.2 10.2 10.9 10.5
At closing establishments 32 27 26 26 32 1.8 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.8
Net employment change 4 0 19 12 15 0.2 0.0 1.1 0.6 0.8
Construction
Gross job gains 694 637 643 725 710 9.3 8.6 8.7 9.7 9.3
At expanding establishments 551 512 501 575 574 7.4 6.9 6.8 7.7 7.5
At opening establishments 143 125 142 150 136 1.9 1.7 1.9 2.0 1.8
Gross job losses 588 657 640 573 573 8.0 8.9 8.7 7.7 7.5
At contracting establishments 480 532 509 454 452 6.5 7.2 6.9 6.1 5.9
At closing establishments 108 125 131 119 121 1.5 1.7 1.8 1.6 1.6
Net employment change 106 -20 3 152 137 1.3 -0.3 0.0 2.0 1.8
Manufacturing
Gross job gains 457 428 487 571 478 3.8 3.5 4.0 4.6 3.8
At expanding establishments 410 385 436 515 436 3.4 3.1 3.6 4.1 3.5
At opening establishments 47 43 51 56 42 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.5 0.3
Gross job losses 373 456 415 347 348 3.0 3.7 3.4 2.8 2.8
At contracting establishments 331 409 363 300 298 2.7 3.3 3.0 2.4 2.4
At closing establishments 42 47 52 47 50 0.3 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4
Net employment change 84 -28 72 224 130 0.8 -0.2 0.6 1.8 1.0
Service-providing(1)
Gross job gains 6,932 6,909 7,532 8,054 7,012 7.0 7.0 7.4 7.8 6.7
At expanding establishments 5,611 5,549 6,073 6,425 5,667 5.7 5.6 6.0 6.2 5.4
At opening establishments 1,321 1,360 1,459 1,629 1,345 1.3 1.4 1.4 1.6 1.3
Gross job losses 5,316 5,925 6,152 5,550 5,749 5.4 6.0 6.1 5.4 5.4
At contracting establishments 4,353 4,861 4,906 4,398 4,545 4.4 4.9 4.9 4.3 4.3
At closing establishments 963 1,064 1,246 1,152 1,204 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.1 1.1
Net employment change 1,616 984 1,380 2,504 1,263 1.6 1.0 1.3 2.4 1.3
Wholesale trade
Gross job gains 269 284 313 357 307 4.8 5.0 5.5 6.2 5.3
At expanding establishments 220 234 252 286 257 3.9 4.1 4.4 5.0 4.4
At opening establishments 49 50 61 71 50 0.9 0.9 1.1 1.2 0.9
Gross job losses 224 248 271 224 237 4.0 4.4 4.7 3.9 4.0
At contracting establishments 175 191 201 171 177 3.1 3.4 3.5 3.0 3.0
At closing establishments 49 57 70 53 60 0.9 1.0 1.2 0.9 1.0
Net employment change 45 36 42 133 70 0.8 0.6 0.8 2.3 1.3
Retail trade
Gross job gains 1,005 936 970 931 1,010 6.6 6.0 6.3 6.0 6.5
At expanding establishments 876 807 841 801 900 5.8 5.2 5.5 5.2 5.8
At opening establishments 129 129 129 130 110 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.7
Gross job losses 755 948 1,000 823 731 5.0 6.2 6.5 5.3 4.7
At contracting establishments 655 843 880 714 626 4.3 5.5 5.7 4.6 4.0
At closing establishments 100 105 120 109 105 0.7 0.7 0.8 0.7 0.7
Net employment change 250 -12 -30 108 279 1.6 -0.2 -0.2 0.7 1.8
Transportation and warehousing
Gross job gains 384 324 451 696 366 6.5 5.5 7.7 11.2 5.7
At expanding establishments 330 270 388 578 320 5.6 4.6 6.6 9.3 5.0
At opening establishments 54 54 63 118 46 0.9 0.9 1.1 1.9 0.7
Gross job losses 432 393 308 237 393 7.3 6.8 5.3 3.9 6.1
At contracting establishments 394 353 263 196 353 6.7 6.1 4.5 3.2 5.5
At closing establishments 38 40 45 41 40 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.7 0.6
Net employment change -48 -69 143 459 -27 -0.8 -1.3 2.4 7.3 -0.4
Utilities
Gross job gains 11 13 15 18 14 2.1 2.4 2.8 3.4 2.6
At expanding establishments 9 11 13 15 12 1.7 2.0 2.4 2.8 2.2
At opening establishments 2 2 2 3 2 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.6 0.4
Gross job losses 10 14 13 14 13 1.9 2.6 2.4 2.6 2.4
At contracting establishments 9 12 11 12 11 1.7 2.2 2.0 2.2 2.0
At closing establishments 1 2 2 2 2 0.2 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4
Net employment change 1 -1 2 4 1 0.2 -0.2 0.4 0.8 0.2
Information
Gross job gains 174 196 238 226 201 6.3 7.1 8.3 7.7 6.8
At expanding establishments 143 150 194 179 168 5.2 5.4 6.8 6.1 5.7
At opening establishments 31 46 44 47 33 1.1 1.7 1.5 1.6 1.1
Gross job losses 121 161 146 169 150 4.4 5.8 5.1 5.8 5.0
At contracting establishments 96 131 111 133 113 3.5 4.7 3.9 4.6 3.8
At closing establishments 25 30 35 36 37 0.9 1.1 1.2 1.2 1.2
Net employment change 53 35 92 57 51 1.9 1.3 3.2 1.9 1.8
Financial activities
Gross job gains 396 427 490 518 467 4.8 5.1 5.9 6.1 5.5
At expanding establishments 307 327 377 388 376 3.7 3.9 4.5 4.6 4.4
At opening establishments 89 100 113 130 91 1.1 1.2 1.4 1.5 1.1
Gross job losses 345 421 427 399 421 4.1 5.1 5.1 4.8 4.9
At contracting establishments 259 323 319 301 310 3.1 3.9 3.8 3.6 3.6
At closing establishments 86 98 108 98 111 1.0 1.2 1.3 1.2 1.3
Net employment change 51 6 63 119 46 0.7 0.0 0.8 1.3 0.6
Professional and business services
Gross job gains 1,498 1,562 1,755 1,961 1,613 7.1 7.4 8.3 9.0 7.2
At expanding establishments 1,197 1,228 1,381 1,585 1,295 5.7 5.8 6.5 7.3 5.8
At opening establishments 301 334 374 376 318 1.4 1.6 1.8 1.7 1.4
Gross job losses 1,258 1,473 1,454 1,302 1,361 6.0 7.0 6.9 6.0 6.1
At contracting establishments 1,008 1,200 1,120 988 1,050 4.8 5.7 5.3 4.6 4.7
At closing establishments 250 273 334 314 311 1.2 1.3 1.6 1.4 1.4
Net employment change 240 89 301 659 252 1.1 0.4 1.4 3.0 1.1
Education and health services
Gross job gains 1,076 1,028 1,072 1,231 1,150 4.8 4.5 4.8 5.4 5.0
At expanding establishments 867 824 856 944 929 3.9 3.6 3.8 4.1 4.0
At opening establishments 209 204 216 287 221 0.9 0.9 1.0 1.3 1.0
Gross job losses 905 1,002 1,059 985 937 4.0 4.5 4.7 4.3 4.1
At contracting establishments 738 808 829 771 727 3.3 3.6 3.7 3.4 3.2
At closing establishments 167 194 230 214 210 0.7 0.9 1.0 0.9 0.9
Net employment change 171 26 13 246 213 0.8 0.0 0.1 1.1 0.9
Leisure and hospitality
Gross job gains 1,740 1,741 1,809 1,669 1,405 13.6 12.7 12.5 11.2 9.2
At expanding establishments 1,411 1,429 1,487 1,358 1,136 11.0 10.4 10.3 9.1 7.4
At opening establishments 329 312 322 311 269 2.6 2.3 2.2 2.1 1.8
Gross job losses 988 983 1,172 1,108 1,183 7.6 7.2 8.1 7.4 7.7
At contracting establishments 815 801 967 907 953 6.3 5.9 6.7 6.1 6.2
At closing establishments 173 182 205 201 230 1.3 1.3 1.4 1.3 1.5
Net employment change 752 758 637 561 222 6.0 5.5 4.4 3.8 1.5
Other services
Gross job gains 330 336 355 367 322 8.7 8.7 9.0 9.1 7.8
At expanding establishments 242 259 272 276 251 6.4 6.7 6.9 6.8 6.1
At opening establishments 88 77 83 91 71 2.3 2.0 2.1 2.3 1.7
Gross job losses 257 259 275 263 287 6.8 6.7 7.0 6.5 7.0
At contracting establishments 198 192 197 198 213 5.2 5.0 5.0 4.9 5.2
At closing establishments 59 67 78 65 74 1.6 1.7 2.0 1.6 1.8
Net employment change 73 77 80 104 35 1.9 2.0 2.0 2.6 0.8
(1) Includes unclassified sector, not shown separately.
Table 4. Private sector gross job gains and losses by firm size, seasonally adjusted
(In thousands)
Total private by firm(1) Firm size 1 - 49 employees Firm size 50 - 249 employees Firm size 250 or more employees
Year 3 months Net Gross job Net Gross job Net Gross job Net Gross job
ended change gains losses change gains losses change gains losses change gains losses
2012 March 972 5,904 4,932 388 3,173 2,785 220 1,054 834 364 1,677 1,313
June 612 5,828 5,216 174 3,039 2,865 158 1,074 916 280 1,715 1,435
September 226 5,581 5,355 55 2,963 2,908 54 1,006 952 117 1,612 1,495
December 637 5,779 5,142 180 3,025 2,845 94 1,014 920 363 1,740 1,377
2013 March 582 5,743 5,161 212 3,071 2,859 156 1,029 873 214 1,643 1,429
June 650 5,906 5,256 226 3,085 2,859 135 1,071 936 289 1,750 1,461
September 473 5,764 5,291 225 3,063 2,838 69 1,021 952 179 1,680 1,501
December 631 5,886 5,255 122 3,021 2,899 105 1,034 929 404 1,831 1,427
2014 March 442 5,665 5,223 231 3,070 2,839 149 1,035 886 62 1,560 1,498
June 893 6,134 5,241 302 3,178 2,876 214 1,119 905 377 1,837 1,460
September 560 5,865 5,305 197 3,064 2,867 117 1,066 949 246 1,735 1,489
December 951 6,155 5,204 212 3,105 2,893 150 1,085 935 589 1,965 1,376
2015 March 226 5,677 5,451 168 3,098 2,930 75 1,025 950 -17 1,554 1,571
June 846 6,243 5,397 323 3,196 2,873 187 1,128 941 336 1,919 1,583
September 456 5,914 5,458 148 3,057 2,909 79 1,047 968 229 1,810 1,581
December 830 6,245 5,415 227 3,172 2,945 90 1,074 984 513 1,999 1,486
2016 March 254 5,754 5,500 191 3,114 2,923 59 1,022 963 4 1,618 1,614
June 331 6,048 5,717 74 3,123 3,049 114 1,101 987 143 1,824 1,681
September 752 6,266 5,514 192 3,160 2,968 102 1,089 987 458 2,017 1,559
December 245 5,886 5,641 71 3,065 2,994 37 1,026 989 137 1,795 1,658
2017 March 662 6,007 5,345 346 3,236 2,890 191 1,085 894 125 1,686 1,561
June 570 6,216 5,646 145 3,161 3,016 151 1,127 976 274 1,928 1,654
September -90 5,826 5,916 -100 2,999 3,099 -44 1,013 1,057 54 1,814 1,760
December 804 6,185 5,381 235 3,184 2,949 142 1,082 940 427 1,919 1,492
2018 March 731 6,066 5,335 298 3,210 2,912 165 1,072 907 268 1,784 1,516
June 477 6,202 5,725 127 3,192 3,065 156 1,133 977 194 1,877 1,683
September 43 5,981 5,938 -78 3,031 3,109 -26 1,028 1,054 147 1,922 1,775
December 670 6,094 5,424 203 3,172 2,969 132 1,074 942 335 1,848 1,513
2019 March 572 6,010 5,438 260 3,193 2,933 154 1,065 911 158 1,752 1,594
June 225 6,154 5,929 46 3,156 3,110 98 1,122 1,024 81 1,876 1,795
September 7 5,867 5,860 -2 3,047 3,049 -29 1,016 1,045 38 1,804 1,766
December 656 6,199 5,543 210 3,186 2,976 91 1,062 971 355 1,951 1,596
2020 March -652 5,606 6,258 -368 3,027 3,395 -99 970 1,069 -185 1,609 1,794
June -15,224 4,506 19,730 -4,719 2,555 7,274 -2,812 581 3,393 -7,693 1,370 9,063
September 4,046 9,448 5,402 1,519 4,486 2,967 541 1,421 880 1,986 3,541 1,555
December 1,862 7,073 5,211 510 3,487 2,977 345 1,189 844 1,007 2,397 1,390
2021 March 1,837 6,887 5,050 973 3,642 2,669 225 1,102 877 639 2,143 1,504
June 974 6,650 5,676 719 3,522 2,803 213 1,143 930 42 1,985 1,943
September 1,440 7,159 5,719 400 3,530 3,130 255 1,195 940 785 2,434 1,649
December 2,744 7,650 4,906 914 3,767 2,853 466 1,304 838 1,364 2,579 1,215
2022 March 1,646 6,958 5,312 291 3,348 3,057 267 1,162 895 1,088 2,448 1,360
(1) Total gross job gains and gross job losses by firm are lower than total gross job gains and gross job losses by establishment, as some
establishment gains and losses within a firm are offset during the aggregation process.
NOTE: Net change is the difference between total gross job gains and total gross job losses. Net change totals for the firm-level data differ from
the establishment-level data due to independent seasonal adjustment. The unit of analysis section in the technical note provides additional detail.
See www.bls.gov/bdm/bdmfirmsize.htm for more detailed firm size class data.
Table 5. Components of private sector gross job gains and losses by firm size, seasonally adjusted
Gross job gains and job losses Gross job gains and job losses
(in thousands) as a percent of employment
Category 3 months ended 3 months ended
Mar. June Sept. Dec. Mar. Mar. June Sept. Dec. Mar.
2021 2021 2021 2021 2022 2021 2021 2021 2021 2022
Total private by firm(1)
Gross job gains 6,887 6,650 7,159 7,650 6,958 5.7 5.5 5.9 6.1 5.5
At expanding firms 5,794 5,677 6,107 6,468 5,987 4.8 4.7 5.0 5.2 4.7
At opening firms 1,093 973 1,052 1,182 971 0.9 0.8 0.9 0.9 0.8
Gross job losses 5,050 5,676 5,719 4,906 5,312 4.3 4.7 4.7 4.0 4.2
At contracting firms 4,269 4,846 4,760 4,050 4,323 3.6 4.0 3.9 3.3 3.4
At closing firms 781 830 959 856 989 0.7 0.7 0.8 0.7 0.8
Net employment change 1,837 974 1,440 2,744 1,646 1.4 0.8 1.2 2.1 1.3
Firm size 1 to 49 employees
Gross job gains 3,642 3,522 3,530 3,767 3,348 10.8 10.3 10.2 10.8 9.6
At expanding firms 2,591 2,580 2,513 2,627 2,414 7.7 7.5 7.3 7.5 6.9
At opening firms 1,051 942 1,017 1,140 934 3.1 2.8 2.9 3.3 2.7
Gross job losses 2,669 2,803 3,130 2,853 3,057 7.9 8.2 9.1 8.2 8.7
At contracting firms 1,914 1,999 2,200 2,029 2,107 5.7 5.8 6.4 5.8 6.0
At closing firms 755 804 930 824 950 2.2 2.4 2.7 2.4 2.7
Net employment change 973 719 400 914 291 2.9 2.1 1.1 2.6 0.9
Firm size 50 to 249 employees
Gross job gains 1,102 1,143 1,195 1,304 1,162 5.3 5.4 5.6 6.0 5.2
At expanding firms 1,072 1,115 1,166 1,268 1,131 5.2 5.3 5.5 5.8 5.1
At opening firms 30 28 29 36 31 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.1
Gross job losses 877 930 940 838 895 4.2 4.4 4.4 3.8 4.1
At contracting firms 854 908 915 812 861 4.1 4.3 4.3 3.7 3.9
At closing firms 23 22 25 26 34 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.2
Net employment change 225 213 255 466 267 1.1 1.0 1.2 2.2 1.1
Firm size 250 or more employees
Gross job gains 2,143 1,985 2,434 2,579 2,448 3.3 3.0 3.6 3.8 3.5
At expanding firms 2,131 1,982 2,428 2,573 2,442 3.3 3.0 3.6 3.8 3.5
At opening firms 12 3 6 6 6 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Gross job losses 1,504 1,943 1,649 1,215 1,360 2.3 2.9 2.5 1.8 1.9
At contracting firms 1,501 1,939 1,645 1,209 1,355 2.3 2.9 2.5 1.8 1.9
At closing firms 3 4 4 6 5 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Net employment change 639 42 785 1,364 1,088 1.0 0.1 1.1 2.0 1.6
(1) Total gross job gains and gross job losses by firm are lower than total gross job gains and gross job losses by
establishment, as some establishment gains and losses within a firm are offset during the aggregation process.
NOTE: Net change is the difference between total gross job gains and total gross job losses. Net change totals for
the firm-level data differ from the establishment-level data due to independent seasonal adjustment. The unit of
analysis section in the technical note provides additional detail. See www.bls.gov/bdm/bdmfirmsize.htm for more
detailed firm size class data.
Table 6. Private sector gross job gains and losses by state, seasonally adjusted
Gross job gains Gross job losses
State 3 months ended 3 months ended
Mar. June Sept. Dec. Mar. Mar. June Sept. Dec. Mar.
2021 2021 2021 2021 2022 2021 2021 2021 2021 2022
United States(1).... 8,322,000 8,196,000 8,882,000 9,580,000 8,438,000 6,512,000 7,260,000 7,408,000 6,688,000 6,893,000
Alabama............. 105,885 100,321 107,313 123,011 101,635 91,864 94,208 100,830 84,977 98,513
Alaska.............. 25,532 21,854 24,165 27,704 24,382 21,604 21,452 22,226 20,460 22,348
Arizona............. 161,087 171,387 181,751 176,081 177,728 135,443 146,954 130,003 129,874 149,379
Arkansas............ 62,875 57,786 68,367 79,698 61,175 51,353 57,576 67,097 48,806 55,459
California.......... 1,092,335 1,124,734 1,140,001 1,262,060 1,125,393 840,720 924,030 897,795 819,248 854,366
Colorado............ 190,278 175,362 184,293 176,521 176,404 122,558 144,398 159,236 140,744 147,988
Connecticut......... 87,276 91,231 95,258 96,011 90,157 72,583 79,366 82,955 74,432 74,954
Delaware............ 25,603 25,070 28,520 31,109 28,247 22,600 24,089 26,876 22,407 21,636
District of Columbia 25,543 33,379 38,398 36,343 30,589 24,817 25,450 23,712 24,348 24,466
Florida............. 531,589 598,198 709,162 617,316 528,678 431,070 475,639 471,323 473,940 460,834
Georgia............. 256,214 263,677 285,546 309,130 268,652 215,001 237,392 235,914 216,525 226,310
Hawaii.............. 38,709 49,707 35,048 34,180 29,910 25,204 25,431 29,985 24,407 25,187
Idaho............... 54,398 48,649 51,017 57,952 59,454 37,539 47,632 48,848 42,358 43,197
Illinois............ 353,364 301,583 324,793 376,431 314,250 247,015 270,527 292,761 241,926 259,113
Indiana............. 162,982 148,624 165,974 195,577 164,473 131,786 156,612 150,106 127,405 129,843
Iowa................ 77,996 75,647 78,716 84,654 83,938 68,500 76,666 76,296 67,805 67,785
Kansas.............. 69,498 68,239 73,198 85,411 70,885 62,033 68,062 72,903 59,286 61,952
Kentucky............ 115,385 100,922 106,179 117,441 107,884 83,502 99,996 100,144 78,247 81,658
Louisiana........... 101,804 104,138 103,194 146,643 101,345 87,382 92,861 126,817 87,586 109,685
Maine............... 45,400 38,465 40,107 42,590 42,068 32,449 39,413 39,717 35,914 32,315
Maryland............ 137,261 137,955 158,616 154,823 142,556 115,350 133,513 134,037 111,842 126,978
Massachusetts....... 197,125 208,104 218,115 216,317 207,793 147,904 169,210 176,875 176,714 158,999
Michigan............ 301,389 223,226 234,395 272,209 233,378 170,756 201,538 213,992 189,714 191,047
Minnesota........... 219,919 144,786 154,372 175,591 147,775 113,786 132,770 159,644 126,717 133,464
Mississippi......... 50,566 57,525 67,061 71,413 56,306 57,389 58,194 54,423 50,814 55,380
Missouri............ 148,305 141,704 156,150 174,351 154,875 120,443 143,625 140,849 131,101 130,222
Montana............. 34,618 33,331 33,440 39,683 38,089 26,918 31,733 32,822 28,758 34,500
Nebraska............ 52,716 49,956 50,591 56,712 55,634 46,391 48,885 52,173 46,629 48,798
Nevada.............. 84,583 110,152 107,725 103,429 87,043 64,553 66,509 69,879 59,997 66,378
New Hampshire....... 41,827 39,745 39,841 43,659 44,904 30,395 35,479 38,509 36,729 31,555
New Jersey.......... 236,799 237,743 251,481 303,908 250,014 192,077 190,046 207,095 187,278 195,389
New Mexico.......... 52,661 45,578 51,303 52,440 47,735 33,799 40,438 40,382 40,038 39,948
New York............ 506,986 520,677 562,099 590,453 520,705 395,413 424,472 441,717 415,910 408,276
North Carolina...... 258,717 243,596 257,364 311,730 257,489 201,840 219,824 244,394 193,867 208,837
North Dakota........ 27,100 22,577 24,609 25,483 25,143 21,709 21,167 22,152 21,569 21,779
Ohio................ 276,212 267,748 279,666 320,621 284,863 226,691 264,711 270,186 234,473 226,562
Oklahoma............ 77,139 81,929 89,669 96,147 80,662 72,783 76,904 82,308 74,418 73,118
Oregon.............. 137,670 106,656 114,033 125,828 124,997 88,110 106,342 104,595 99,966 94,957
Pennsylvania........ 324,793 279,724 313,381 345,124 324,890 228,261 265,157 253,645 243,523 251,630
Rhode Island........ 38,870 28,480 30,692 34,456 32,775 21,998 25,912 28,694 26,984 23,799
South Carolina...... 110,681 108,638 125,862 138,775 124,981 103,215 110,469 103,876 93,629 111,267
South Dakota........ 25,754 24,078 23,711 26,002 28,210 21,017 20,761 22,973 21,492 22,324
Tennessee........... 149,822 156,916 179,187 193,621 175,955 131,516 153,791 142,682 146,914 127,316
Texas............... 627,986 703,892 756,929 837,491 700,110 520,781 583,038 577,850 517,170 593,644
Utah................ 95,466 93,113 98,829 102,357 108,640 75,229 81,618 93,337 80,736 80,947
Vermont............. 19,761 20,145 19,191 19,701 19,574 14,502 16,658 18,685 16,817 15,566
Virginia............ 189,875 197,023 215,362 226,887 207,429 168,528 189,269 190,140 168,955 185,781
Washington.......... 219,403 185,694 203,176 221,756 211,204 156,100 165,356 164,099 150,693 147,789
West Virginia....... 38,448 34,479 37,193 41,652 39,495 30,630 34,441 34,198 31,478 31,871
Wisconsin........... 145,388 140,957 134,603 160,882 160,365 113,408 129,275 140,924 127,962 117,824
Wyoming............. 18,671 17,618 18,267 20,688 18,653 16,398 16,902 16,909 15,914 17,325
Puerto Rico......... 44,536 52,929 58,934 45,326 50,478 33,024 34,011 35,503 38,654 35,144
Virgin Islands...... 1,813 2,692 1,867 1,963 1,658 2,572 1,419 2,094 2,327 2,459
(1) The sum of the states will not necessarily add to the U.S. total because of the independent seasonal adjustment of each state.
NOTE: Totals for the United States do not include data for Puerto Rico or the Virgin Islands.
Table 7. Private sector gross job gains and losses, as a percent of total employment by state, seasonally adjusted
Gross job gains as a percent of employment Gross job losses as a percent of employment
State 3 months ended 3 months ended
Mar. June Sept. Dec. Mar. Mar. June Sept. Dec. Mar.
2021 2021 2021 2021 2022 2021 2021 2021 2021 2022
United States....... 7.0 6.8 7.3 7.7 6.6 5.5 5.9 6.1 5.4 5.4
Alabama............. 6.7 6.3 6.7 7.6 6.2 5.8 6.0 6.3 5.2 6.0
Alaska.............. 11.1 9.5 10.5 11.8 10.1 9.4 9.3 9.7 8.7 9.3
Arizona............. 6.5 6.8 7.1 6.8 6.8 5.4 5.9 5.1 5.0 5.7
Arkansas............ 6.3 5.8 6.8 7.8 5.9 5.1 5.7 6.7 4.8 5.4
California.......... 7.8 7.8 7.8 8.5 7.4 5.9 6.5 6.1 5.5 5.6
Colorado............ 8.6 7.8 8.0 7.6 7.5 5.5 6.4 7.0 6.1 6.3
Connecticut......... 6.5 6.7 6.9 6.9 6.3 5.4 5.8 6.0 5.3 5.3
Delaware............ 7.0 6.8 7.6 8.2 7.3 6.2 6.5 7.2 6.0 5.6
District of Columbia 5.5 7.1 7.9 7.3 6.0 5.4 5.4 4.9 4.9 4.9
Florida............. 7.0 7.8 9.0 7.7 6.5 5.8 6.3 6.0 6.0 5.7
Georgia............. 6.8 7.0 7.5 7.9 6.8 5.7 6.2 6.2 5.5 5.7
Hawaii.............. 8.7 10.7 7.3 7.1 6.1 5.7 5.5 6.3 5.1 5.1
Idaho............... 8.2 7.2 7.7 8.5 8.5 5.7 7.2 7.3 6.3 6.2
Illinois............ 7.3 6.2 6.6 7.5 6.2 5.1 5.5 6.0 4.9 5.0
Indiana............. 6.2 5.7 6.3 7.3 6.0 5.0 6.0 5.7 4.7 4.8
Iowa................ 6.2 6.0 6.2 6.6 6.5 5.5 6.0 6.1 5.4 5.3
Kansas.............. 6.3 6.2 6.6 7.6 6.2 5.7 6.2 6.5 5.3 5.4
Kentucky............ 7.4 6.5 6.7 7.4 6.6 5.4 6.4 6.4 4.9 5.0
Louisiana........... 6.8 6.9 6.9 9.6 6.5 5.9 6.1 8.5 5.8 7.1
Maine............... 8.9 7.5 7.8 8.2 8.0 6.4 7.7 7.8 6.9 6.1
Maryland............ 6.7 6.6 7.5 7.3 6.6 5.6 6.5 6.4 5.3 5.9
Massachusetts....... 6.7 6.9 7.2 7.0 6.6 5.0 5.7 5.8 5.7 5.1
Michigan............ 8.6 6.3 6.5 7.5 6.3 4.8 5.6 5.9 5.2 5.1
Minnesota........... 9.4 6.1 6.4 7.3 6.0 4.8 5.6 6.7 5.2 5.4
Mississippi......... 5.7 6.5 7.6 7.9 6.1 6.5 6.6 6.1 5.7 6.0
Missouri............ 6.4 6.1 6.7 7.4 6.5 5.2 6.1 6.1 5.5 5.4
Montana............. 8.9 8.5 8.5 9.9 9.3 6.9 8.1 8.3 7.2 8.5
Nebraska............ 6.6 6.2 6.3 7.0 6.8 5.8 6.0 6.5 5.8 5.9
Nevada.............. 7.5 9.4 8.9 8.3 6.8 5.7 5.7 5.7 4.8 5.2
New Hampshire....... 7.5 7.0 7.0 7.6 7.7 5.4 6.3 6.8 6.4 5.4
New Jersey.......... 7.2 7.1 7.5 8.7 7.1 5.9 5.7 6.1 5.4 5.5
New Mexico.......... 8.7 7.4 8.2 8.2 7.4 5.6 6.6 6.5 6.3 6.2
New York............ 7.0 7.1 7.5 7.7 6.7 5.4 5.7 5.9 5.4 5.2
North Carolina...... 6.9 6.4 6.8 8.1 6.5 5.4 5.8 6.4 5.0 5.3
North Dakota........ 8.3 6.9 7.5 7.6 7.5 6.7 6.5 6.7 6.5 6.5
Ohio................ 6.1 5.9 6.1 7.0 6.1 5.0 5.8 6.0 5.2 4.8
Oklahoma............ 6.2 6.6 7.1 7.6 6.3 5.9 6.1 6.6 5.9 5.7
Oregon.............. 8.7 6.6 7.1 7.8 7.5 5.6 6.6 6.5 6.1 5.7
Pennsylvania........ 6.7 5.7 6.3 6.8 6.3 4.7 5.3 5.0 4.8 4.9
Rhode Island........ 9.9 7.0 7.6 8.5 7.9 5.6 6.4 7.1 6.6 5.7
South Carolina...... 6.4 6.3 7.3 7.9 6.9 6.0 6.4 6.0 5.3 6.2
South Dakota........ 7.3 6.8 6.6 7.2 7.7 6.0 5.8 6.4 5.9 6.1
Tennessee........... 5.8 6.1 6.9 7.3 6.6 5.2 6.0 5.4 5.6 4.7
Texas............... 6.1 6.8 7.1 7.7 6.3 5.1 5.6 5.5 4.8 5.4
Utah................ 7.3 7.0 7.4 7.5 7.8 5.7 6.1 7.0 6.0 5.9
Vermont............. 8.4 8.4 8.0 8.1 8.0 6.2 7.0 7.7 6.9 6.3
Virginia............ 6.2 6.4 6.9 7.2 6.4 5.4 6.1 6.0 5.3 5.8
Washington.......... 8.0 6.7 7.3 7.8 7.3 5.7 5.9 5.9 5.3 5.0
West Virginia....... 7.4 6.6 7.1 7.9 7.3 5.9 6.6 6.5 6.0 5.9
Wisconsin........... 6.0 5.8 5.5 6.6 6.5 4.7 5.3 5.8 5.2 4.8
Wyoming............. 9.3 8.8 9.1 10.1 8.9 8.2 8.4 8.4 7.8 8.3
Puerto Rico......... 6.8 7.8 8.5 6.4 7.0 5.0 5.0 5.1 5.5 4.9
Virgin Islands...... 7.4 11.0 7.5 8.0 6.9 10.6 5.8 8.5 9.5 10.3
NOTE: Totals for the United States do not include data for Puerto Rico or the Virgin Islands.
Table 8. Private sector establishment births and deaths, seasonally adjusted
Total private
(Levels in thousands)
Number of Establishments Employment
Births Deaths(1) Births Deaths
Year 3 months ended Level Rate(2) Level Rate Level Rate Level Rate
2012 March 236 3.3 188 2.6 787 0.7 614 0.6
June 217 3.0 194 2.7 799 0.7 673 0.6
September 210 2.9 196 2.7 804 0.7 692 0.6
December 218 3.0 183 2.5 809 0.7 673 0.6
2013 March 205 2.8 193 2.6 748 0.7 648 0.6
June 222 3.0 215 2.9 789 0.7 695 0.6
September 219 2.9 195 2.6 818 0.7 678 0.6
December 215 2.9 187 2.5 803 0.7 670 0.6
2014 March 220 2.9 190 2.5 784 0.7 635 0.6
June 221 2.9 204 2.7 806 0.7 711 0.6
September 225 3.0 199 2.6 825 0.7 703 0.6
December 224 2.9 198 2.6 836 0.7 705 0.6
2015 March 233 3.0 207 2.7 818 0.7 696 0.6
June 234 3.1 211 2.8 838 0.7 728 0.6
September 243 3.2 207 2.7 881 0.7 699 0.6
December 247 3.2 209 2.7 892 0.7 733 0.6
2016 March 236 3.0 204 2.6 789 0.7 671 0.6
June 241 3.1 213 2.7 838 0.7 719 0.6
September 238 3.0 214 2.7 872 0.7 745 0.6
December 238 3.0 217 2.8 865 0.7 729 0.6
2017 March 242 3.0 203 2.6 806 0.7 668 0.5
June 240 3.0 223 2.8 848 0.7 752 0.6
September 244 3.1 225 2.8 851 0.7 760 0.6
December 246 3.1 216 2.7 849 0.7 731 0.6
2018 March 248 3.1 214 2.7 813 0.7 667 0.5
June 264 3.3 229 2.8 879 0.7 767 0.6
September 250 3.1 231 2.8 864 0.7 785 0.6
December 249 3.1 223 2.7 857 0.7 760 0.6
2019 March 260 3.2 219 2.7 809 0.6 695 0.6
June 257 3.1 241 2.9 849 0.7 803 0.6
September 250 3.0 232 2.8 847 0.7 769 0.6
December 269 3.2 235 2.8 905 0.7 789 0.6
2020 March 278 3.3 239 2.9 807 0.6 731 0.6
June 228 2.8 326 4.0 661 0.6 1,151 1.0
September 277 3.4 235 2.9 822 0.7 693 0.6
December 287 3.5 218 2.6 916 0.8 689 0.6
2021 March 308 3.6 210 2.5 832 0.7 602 0.5
June 352 4.1 225 2.6 981 0.8 663 0.5
September 359 4.1 N/A N/A 1,028 0.8 N/A N/A
December 379 4.3 N/A N/A 1,119 0.9 N/A N/A
2022 March 347 3.9 N/A N/A 960 0.8 N/A N/A
(1) Values for deaths are not available for the most recent three quarters. See the Technical Note
for more informations.
(2) The rates measure births and deaths as a percentage of the average of the previous and current
quarter employment levels or total number of establishments.
United States Department of Labor
