For release 10:00 a.m. (ET) Wednesday, October 28, 2026 USDL-26-1617
Technical information: (202) 691-6553 * BDMInfo@bls.gov * www.bls.gov/bdm
Media contact: (202) 691-5902 * PressOffice@bls.gov
BUSINESS EMPLOYMENT DYNAMICS – FIRST QUARTER 2026
From December 2025 to March 2026, gross job gains from expanding and opening private-sector
establishments were 7.4 million, a decrease of 478,000 jobs from the previous quarter, the U.S.
Bureau of Labor Statistics reported today. Over this period, gross job losses from contracting and
closing private-sector establishments were 7.3 million, an increase of 43,000 jobs from the
previous quarter. (See tables A and 1.)
The change in the number of jobs over time is the net result of increases and decreases in employment
that occur at all private businesses in the economy. Business Employment Dynamics (BED) statistics track
these changes in employment at private-sector establishments from the third month of one quarter to the
third month of the next. The difference between the number of gross job gains and the number of gross
job losses is the net change in employment. (See Technical Note.) The BED data series include gross job
gains and gross job losses by industry subsector for the 50 states, the District of Columbia, Puerto Rico,
and the Virgin Islands, as well as gross job gains and gross job losses at the firm level by employer size
class.
Gross Job Gains
In the first quarter of 2026, gross job gains represented 5.5 percent of private-sector employment.
Gross job gains are the sum of increases in employment due to expansions at existing establishments and
the addition of new jobs at opening establishments. Expanding establishments gained 5.9 million jobs
in the first quarter of 2026, and opening establishments gained 1.5 million jobs.
(See tables A, 1, 2, and 3.)
Gross Job Losses
In the first quarter of 2026, gross job losses represented 5.5 percent of private-sector employment. Gross
job losses are the result of contractions in employment at existing establishments and the loss of jobs at
closing establishments. Contracting establishments lost 5.8 million jobs in the first quarter of 2026,
and closing establishments lost 1.5 million jobs. (See tables A, 1, 2, and 3.)
Establishment Births and Deaths
In the first quarter of 2026, there were 323,000 establishment births which accounted for 949,000
jobs. Data for establishment deaths are available through the second quarter of 2025, when 923,000 jobs
were lost at 310,000 establishments. (See Technical Note and table 8.)
Firm Size
In the first quarter of 2026, firms with 1 to 49 employees had a net employment decrease of 67,000.
Firms with 50 to 249 employees experienced a net employment loss of 5,000. Firms with 250 or more
employees added 255,000 net jobs. (See tables 4 and 5.)
States
Gross job gains surpassed gross job losses in 29 states and the Virgin Islands in the first quarter
of 2026. (See tables 6 and 7.)
Industries
Gross job gains exceeded gross job losses in 6 out of 13 industry sectors in the first quarter of
2026. The service-providing industries experienced a net job loss of 8,000. The goods-producing
industries had a net job increase of 96,000. (See table 3.)
Table A. Three-month private-sector gross job gains and losses, seasonally adjusted
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
| 3 months ended
Category | Mar. | June | Sept. | Dec. | Mar.
| 2025 | 2025 | 2025 | 2025 | 2026
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
| Levels (in thousands)
|--------------------------------------------------
Gross job gains......................... | 7,577 | 7,598 | 7,518 | 7,859 | 7,381
At expanding establishments...... | 5,942 | 6,089 | 5,918 | 6,194 | 5,900
At opening establishments........ | 1,635 | 1,509 | 1,600 | 1,665 | 1,481
| | | | |
Gross job losses........................ | 7,315 | 7,893 | 7,633 | 7,250 | 7,293
At contracting establishments.... | 5,909 | 6,347 | 6,151 | 5,818 | 5,829
At closing establishments........ | 1,406 | 1,546 | 1,482 | 1,432 | 1,464
| | | | |
Net employment change (1)............... | 262 | -295 | -115 | 609 | 88
| | | | |
|--------------------------------------------------
| Rates (percent)
|--------------------------------------------------
Gross job gains......................... | 5.7 | 5.7 | 5.7 | 6.0 | 5.5
At expanding establishments...... | 4.5 | 4.6 | 4.5 | 4.7 | 4.4
At opening establishments........ | 1.2 | 1.1 | 1.2 | 1.3 | 1.1
| | | | |
Gross job losses........................ | 5.5 | 6.0 | 5.7 | 5.5 | 5.5
At contracting establishments.... | 4.4 | 4.8 | 4.6 | 4.4 | 4.4
At closing establishments........ | 1.1 | 1.2 | 1.1 | 1.1 | 1.1
| | | | |
Net employment change (1)............... | 0.2 | -0.3 | 0.0 | 0.5 | 0.0
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
(1) The net employment change is the difference between total gross job gains and total gross
job losses. See the Technical Note for further information.
For More Information
Additional information on gross job gains and gross job losses is available online at www.bls.gov/bdm.
This information includes data for the levels and rates of gross job gains and gross job losses by firm
size, not seasonally adjusted data and seasonally adjusted time series not presented in this release,
charts of gross job gains and gross job losses by industry and firm size, and answers to frequently asked
questions. Additional information about the Business Employment Dynamics data can be found
in the Technical Note of this release or can be obtained by emailing BDMinfo@bls.gov.
_____________
The Business Employment Dynamics news release for Second Quarter 2026 is scheduled to be published on
Wednesday, January 27, 2027, at 10:00 a.m. (ET).
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| Revisions to Business Employment Dynamics (BED) Data |
| |
| The release of First Quarter 2026 Business Employment Dynamics data incorporates annual |
| revisions in accordance with standard procedures. The revisions include the previous 4 |
| quarters of not seasonally adjusted data and 5 years of seasonally adjusted data. Charts in |
| the PDF version of the press release have been modified to show the most recent 5 years of |
| seasonally adjusted data. |
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Technical Note
The Business Employment Dynamics (BED) data are a product of a federal-state cooperative
program known as the Quarterly Census of Employment and Wages (QCEW). The BED data are
compiled by the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) from existing QCEW records. Most
employers in the U.S. are required to file quarterly reports on the employment and wages of
workers covered by unemployment insurance (UI) laws and to pay quarterly UI taxes. The QCEW
is based largely on quarterly UI reports which are sent by businesses to the State Workforce
Agencies (SWAs). These UI reports are supplemented by two additional BLS data collections to
render administrative data into economic statistics. Together these data comprise the QCEW and
form the basis of the Bureau’s establishment universe sampling frame.
These reports are used to produce the quarterly QCEW data on total employment and wages and
the longitudinal BED data on gross job gains and losses. The QCEW is also the employment
benchmark for the Current Employment Statistics (CES), Occupational Employment Statistics
(OES), and Job Openings and Labor Turnover Survey (JOLTS) programs and is a major input to
the Bureau of Economic Analysis’s Personal Income Accounts.
In the BED program, the quarterly QCEW records are linked across quarters to provide a
longitudinal history for each establishment. The linkage process allows the tracking of net
employment changes at the establishment level, which in turn allows the estimation of jobs gained
at opening and expanding units and jobs lost at closing and contracting units.
Differences between QCEW, BED, and CES employment measures
The Bureau publishes three different establishment-based employment measures for any given
quarter. Each of these measures—Quarterly Census of Employment and Wages, Business
Employment Dynamics, and Current Employment Statistics—makes use of the
quarterly UI employment reports in producing data; however, each measure has a somewhat
different universe coverage, estimation procedure, and publication product.
Differences in coverage and estimation methods can result in somewhat different measures of
employment change over time. It is important to understand program differences and the intended
uses of the program products. (See table.) Additional information on each program can be obtained
from the program websites shown in the table.
Coverage
Employment and wage data for workers covered by state UI and Unemployment Compensation for
Federal Employees (UCFE) laws are compiled from quarterly contribution reports submitted to the
SWAs by employers. In addition to the quarterly contribution reports, employers who operate
multiple establishments within a state complete a questionnaire, called the “Multiple Worksite
Report,” which provides detailed information on the location of their establishments. These reports
are based on place of employment rather than place of residence. UI and UCFE coverage is broad
and basically comparable from state to state.
Major exclusions from UI coverage are self-employed workers, religious organizations, most
agricultural workers on small farms, all members of the Armed Forces, elected officials in most
states, most employees of railroads, some domestic workers, most student workers at schools, and
employees of certain small nonprofit organizations.
Gross job gains and gross job losses in this release are derived from longitudinal histories of 9.5
million private-sector employer reports out of 12.4 million total reports of employment and wages
submitted by states to BLS in the first quarter of 2026. Gross job gains and gross job losses data in
this release do not report estimates for government employees or private households (NAICS
814110) and do not include establishments with zero employment in both previous and current
quarters. Data from Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands are also excluded from the national data.
The table below shows, in millions of establishments, the number of establishments excluded from
the national gross job gains and gross job losses data in the first quarter of 2026.
Number of active establishments included in
Business Employment Dynamics data at the national level
Millions
Total establishments QCEW program....................................................12.4
Excluded: Public sector............................................................ 0.3
Private households......................................................... 0.2
Zero employment............................................................ 2.4
Total establishments included in Business
Employment Dynamics data............................................................. 9.5
Summary of Major Differences between QCEW, BED, and CES Employment Measures
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
| QCEW | BED | CES
-----------|---------------------|----------------------|------------------------
Source |--Count of UI admini-|--Count of longitudi- |--Sample survey:
| strative records | nally-linked UI ad- | 622,000 establish-
| submitted by 12.4 | ministrative records| ments
| million establish- | submitted by 9.5 |
| ments in first qu- | million private-sec-|
| arter of 2026 | tor establishments |
-----------|---------------------|----------------------|------------------------
Coverage |--UI and UCFE cover- |--UI coverage, exclud-|Nonfarm wage and salary
| age, including all | ing government, pri-| jobs:
| employers subject | vate households, and|--UI coverage, exclud-
| to state and feder-| establishments with | ing agriculture, pri-
| ral UI Laws | zero employment | vate households, and
| | | self-employed workers
| | |--Other employment,
| | | including railroads,
| | | religious organiza-
| | | tions, and other non-
| | | UI-covered jobs
| | |
-----------|---------------------|----------------------|------------------------
Publication|--Quarterly |--Quarterly |--Monthly
frequency | -6 months after the| -7 months after the | -Usually the 3rd Fri-
| end of each quar- | end of each quarter| day after the end of
| ter | | the week including
| | | the 12th of the month
-----------|---------------------|----------------------|------------------------
Use of UI |--Directly summarizes|--Links each new UI |--Uses UI file as a sam-
file | and publishes each | quarter to longitu- | pling frame and to ann-
| new quarter of UI | dinal database and | ually realign sample-
| data | directly summarizes | based estimates to pop-
| | gross job gains and | ulation counts (bench-
| | losses | marking)
-----------|---------------------|----------------------|------------------------
Principal |--Provides a quarter-|--Provides quarterly |--Provides current month-
products | ly and annual uni- | employer dynamics | ly estimates of employ-
| verse count of es- | data on establish- | ment, hours, and earn-
| tablishments, em- | ment openings, clos-| ings at the MSA, state,
| ployment, and wages| ings, expansions, | and national levels by
| at the county, met-| and contractions at | industry
| ropolitan statisti-| the national level |
| cal area (MSA), st-| by NAICS super- |
| ate, and national | sectors, 3-digit |
| levels by detailed | NAICS, and by size |
| industry | of firm, and at the |
| | state private-sector|
| | total level |
| |--Future expansions |
| | will include |
| | data with greater |
| | industry detail and |
| | data at the county |
| | and MSA levels |
-----------|---------------------|----------------------|------------------------
Principal |--Major uses include:|--Major uses include: |--Major uses include:
uses | -Detailed locality | -Business cycle | -Principal federal
| data | analysis | economic indicator
| -Periodic universe | -Analysis of employ-| -Official time series
| counts for bench- | er dynamics under- | for employment change
| marking sample | lying economic ex- | measures
| survey estimates | pansions and con- | -Input into other ma-
| -Sample frame for | tractions | jor economic indi-
| BLS establishment | -Analysis of employ-| cators
| surveys | ment expansion and |
| | contraction by size|
| | of firm |
-----------|---------------------|----------------------|------------------------
Program |--www.bls.gov/cew |--www.bls.gov/bdm |--www.bls.gov/ces
web sites | | |
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Unit of analysis
Establishments are used in the tabulation of the BED statistics by industry, and firms are used in the
tabulation of the BED size class statistics. An establishment is defined as an economic unit that
produces goods or services, usually at a single physical location, and engages in one or
predominantly one activity. A firm is a legal business, either corporate or otherwise, and may
consist of several establishments. Firm-level data are compiled based on an aggregation of
establishments under common ownership by a corporate parent using employer tax identification
numbers. The firm level aggregation, which is consistent with the role of corporations as the
economic decision makers, is used for the measurement of BED data elements by size class.
Because of the difference in the unit of analysis, total gross job gains and gross job losses by size
class are lower than total gross job gains and gross job losses by industry, as some establishment
gains and losses within a firm are offset during the aggregation process. However, the total net
changes in employment are the same for not seasonally adjusted data and are similar for seasonally
adjusted data.
Concepts and methodology
The Business Employment Dynamics data measure the net change in employment at the
establishment or firm level. These changes come about in one of four ways. A net increase in
employment can come from either opening units or expanding units. A net decrease in
employment can come from either closing units or contracting units. Gross job gains include the
sum of all jobs added at either opening or expanding units. Gross job losses include the sum of all
jobs lost in either closing or contracting units. The net change in employment is the difference
between gross job gains and gross job losses.
The formal definitions of employment changes are as follows:
Openings. These are either units with positive third month employment for the first time in the
current quarter, with no links to the prior quarter, or with positive third month employment in the
current quarter following zero employment in the previous quarter.
Expansions. These are units with positive employment in the third month in both the previous and
current quarters, with a net increase in employment over this period.
Closings. These are units with positive third month employment in the previous quarter and either
not reported, or reported with zero employment, in the current quarter.
Contractions. These are units with positive employment in the third month in both the previous and
current quarters, with a net decrease in employment over this period.
Births. These are units with positive third month employment for the first time in the current
quarter with no links to the prior quarter, or units with positive third month employment in the
current quarter and zero employment in the third month of the previous four quarters. Births are a
subset of openings not including re-openings of seasonal businesses.
Deaths. These are units with no employment or zero employment reported in the third month of
four consecutive quarters following the last quarter with positive employment. Deaths are a subset
of closings not including temporary shutdowns of seasonal businesses. A unit that closes during the
quarter may be a death, but we wait three quarters to determine whether it is a permanent closing
or a temporary shutdown. Therefore, there is always a lag of three quarters for the publication of
death statistics.
All employment changes are measured from the third month of the previous quarter to the third
month of the current quarter. Not all establishments and firms change their employment levels.
Units with no change in employment count towards estimates of total employment, but not for
levels of gross job gains and gross job losses.
Gross job gains and gross job losses are expressed as rates by dividing their levels by the average
of employment in the current and previous quarters. This provides a symmetric growth rate. The
rates are calculated for the components of gross job gains and gross job losses and then summed to
form their respective totals. These rates can be added and subtracted just as their levels can. For
instance, the difference between the gross job gains rate and the gross job losses rate is the net
growth rate.
Establishment Births and Deaths
For the purpose of BED statistics, births are defined as establishments that appear in the
longitudinal database for the first time with positive employment in the third month of a quarter, or
showed four consecutive quarters of zero employment in the third month followed by a quarter in
which it shows positive employment in the third month. Similarly, deaths are defined as
establishments that either drop out of the longitudinal database or establishments that had
positive employment in the third month of a given quarter followed by four consecutive quarters of
showing zero employment in the third month. Although the data for establishment births and
deaths are tabulated independently from the data for openings and closings, the concepts are not
mutually exclusive. An establishment that is defined as a birth in a given quarter is necessarily an
opening as well, and an establishment defined as a death in a quarter must also be a closing. Since
openings include seasonal and other re-openings, and closings include temporary shutdowns, the
not seasonally adjusted values for births and deaths must be less than those for openings and
closings. However, because some BED series do not have many re-openings or temporary
shutdowns, as well as the fact that births and deaths are independently seasonally adjusted from
openings and closings, there may be instances in which the seasonally adjusted value of the former
is greater than the latter.
Linkage methodology
Prior to the measurement of gross job gains and gross job losses, QCEW records are linked across
two quarters. The linkage process matches establishments' unique SWA identification numbers
(SWA-ID). Between 95 and 97 percent of establishments identified as continuous from quarter to
quarter are matched by SWA-ID. The rest are linked in one of three ways. The first method uses
predecessor and successor information, identified by the states, which relates records with different
SWA-IDs across quarters. Predecessor and successor relations can come about for a variety of
reasons, including a change in ownership, a firm restructuring, or a UI account restructuring. If a
match cannot be attained in this manner, a probability-based match is used. This match attempts to
identify two establishments with different SWA-IDs as continuous. The match is based upon
comparisons such as the same name, address, and phone number. Third, an analyst examines
unmatched records individually and makes a possible match.
In order to ensure the highest possible quality of data, SWAs verify with employers and update, if
necessary, the industry, location, and ownership classification of all establishments on a 3-year
cycle. Changes in establishment classification codes resulting from the verification process are
introduced with the data reported for the first quarter of the year. Changes resulting from improved
employer reporting also are introduced in the first quarter.
Sizing methodology
The method of dynamic sizing is used in calculations for the BED size class data series. Dynamic
sizing allocates each firm’s employment gain or loss during a quarter to each respective size class
in which the change occurred. For example, if a firm grew from 2 employees in quarter 1 to 38
employees in quarter 2, then, of the 36-employee increase, 2 would be allocated to the first size
class, 5 to the size class 5 to 9, 10 to size class 10 to 19, and 19 to size class 20 to 49.
Dynamic sizing provides symmetrical firm-size estimates and eliminates any systematic effects
which may be caused by the transitory and reverting changes in firms’ sizes over time.
Additionally, it allocates each job gain or loss to the actual size class where it occurred.
Annual Data
The annual gross job gains and gross job losses measure the net change in employment at the
establishment level from the third month of a quarter in the previous year to the third month of the
same quarter in the current year. The BLS publishes annual BED data based on March-to-March
changes once a year with the release of the first quarter BED data. The annual data based on over-
the-year changes for other quarters of the year are available upon request. The definitions and
methodology in measuring annual gross job gains and gross job losses are similar to the quarterly
measures. The linkage method considers all predecessor and successor relations that may come
about due to changes in ownership and corporate restructuring over the entire year. At the
establishment level, some of the quarterly job gains and job losses are offset during the estimation
over the year. Therefore, the sum of four quarters of gross job gains and gross job losses are not
equal to annual gross job gains and gross job losses. The net change in employment over the year,
however, is equal to the sum of four quarterly net changes on a not seasonally adjusted basis.
Seasonal adjustment
Over the course of a year, the levels of employment and the associated job flows undergo sharp
fluctuations due to such seasonal events as changes in the weather, reduced or expanded
production, harvests, major holidays, and the opening and closing of schools. The effect of such
seasonal variation can be very large.
Because these seasonal events follow a more or less regular pattern each year, their influence can
be eliminated by adjusting these statistics from quarter to quarter. These adjustments make
nonseasonal developments, such as declines in economic activity, easier to recognize. For
example, the large number of youths taking summer jobs is likely to obscure other changes that
have taken place in June relative to March, making it difficult to determine if the level of economic
activity has risen or declined. However, because the effect of students finishing school in previous
years is known, the statistics for the current year can be adjusted to allow for a comparable change.
The adjusted figures provide a more useful tool with which to analyze changes in economic
activity.
The employment data series for opening, expanding, closing, and contracting units are
independently seasonally adjusted; net changes are calculated based on the difference between
gross job gains and gross job losses. Similarly, for industry data, the establishment counts data
series for opening, expanding, closing, and contracting establishments are independently adjusted,
and the net changes are calculated based on the difference between the number of opening and
closing establishments. Additionally, establishment and employment levels are independently
seasonally adjusted to calculate the seasonally adjusted rates. Concurrent seasonal adjustment is
run using X-13 ARIMA-SEATS. Seasonally adjusted data series for total private are the sum of
seasonally adjusted data of all sectors including the unclassified sector, which is not separately
published.
The net over-the-quarter change derived by summing the BED component series will differ from
the net employment change estimated from the seasonally adjusted total private employment series
from the CES program. The intended use of BED statistics is to show the dynamic labor market
changes that underlie the net employment change statistic. As such, data users interested
particularly in the net employment change and not in the gross job flows underlying this change
should refer to CES data for over-the-quarter net employment changes.
Reliability of the data
Since the data series on Business Employment Dynamics are based on administrative rather than
sample data, there are no issues related to sampling error. Nonsampling error, however, still exists.
Nonsampling errors can occur for many reasons, such as the employer submitting corrected
employment data after the end of the quarter or typographical errors made by businesses when
providing information. Such errors, however, are likely to be distributed randomly throughout the
dataset.
Changes in administrative data sometimes create complications for the linkage process. This can
result in overstating openings and closings while understating expansions and contractions. The
BLS continues to refine methods for improving the linkage process to alleviate the effects of these
complications.
The BED data series are subject to periodic minor changes based on corrections in QCEW records,
updates on predecessors and successors information, and seasonal adjustment revisions.
Annual revisions are published each year with the release of the first quarter data. These revisions
cover the last four quarters of not seasonally adjusted data and 5 years of seasonally adjusted data.
Additional statistics and other information
Several other programs within BLS produce closely related information. The QCEW program
provides both quarterly and annual estimates of employment by state, county, and detailed
industry. News releases on quarterly county employment and wages and the annual bulletin also
are available upon request from the Division of Administrative Statistics and Labor Turnover
(Quarterly Census of Employment and Wages), phone number: (202) 691-6567; (www.bls.gov/cew/);
(e-mail: QCEWInfo@bls.gov).
The Current Employment Statistics program produces monthly estimates of employment, its
net change, hours, and earnings by detailed industry. These estimates are part of the Employment
Situation report put out monthly by BLS.
The Job Openings and Labor Turnover Survey program provides monthly measures of
job openings, as well as employee hires and separations.
If you are deaf, hard of hearing, or have a speech disability, please dial 7-1-1 to access
telecommunications relay services.
Table 1. Private sector gross job gains and job losses, seasonally adjusted
Total private
(In thousands)
Gross job gains Gross job losses
Year 3 months ended Net change(1) Total Expanding Opening Total Contracting Closing
establishments establishments establishments establishments
2016 March 249 7,163 5,875 1,288 6,914 5,706 1,208
June 318 7,443 6,070 1,373 7,125 5,820 1,305
September 748 7,710 6,250 1,460 6,962 5,718 1,244
December 308 7,413 6,007 1,406 7,105 5,806 1,299
2017 March 651 7,434 6,090 1,344 6,783 5,599 1,184
June 526 7,639 6,265 1,374 7,113 5,844 1,269
September -39 7,321 5,975 1,346 7,360 6,065 1,295
December 883 7,772 6,344 1,428 6,889 5,593 1,296
2018 March 683 7,494 6,135 1,359 6,811 5,616 1,195
June 498 7,688 6,286 1,402 7,190 5,907 1,283
September 86 7,485 6,113 1,372 7,399 6,083 1,316
December 723 7,719 6,283 1,436 6,996 5,665 1,331
2019 March 472 7,453 6,088 1,365 6,981 5,727 1,254
June 259 7,654 6,267 1,387 7,395 6,039 1,356
September 72 7,385 6,011 1,374 7,313 6,049 1,264
December 762 7,838 6,350 1,488 7,076 5,748 1,328
2020 March -861 7,034 5,713 1,321 7,895 6,415 1,480
June -14,479 5,731 4,439 1,292 20,210 17,291 2,919
September 4,023 10,853 8,805 2,048 6,830 5,462 1,368
December 2,022 8,785 7,098 1,687 6,763 5,413 1,350
2021 March 1,776 8,334 6,788 1,546 6,558 5,407 1,151
June 1,006 8,200 6,644 1,556 7,194 5,937 1,257
September 1,497 8,877 7,193 1,684 7,380 5,931 1,449
December 2,868 9,550 7,697 1,853 6,682 5,339 1,343
2022 March 1,559 8,562 6,981 1,581 7,003 5,583 1,420
June 397 8,337 6,608 1,729 7,940 6,425 1,515
September 1,372 8,854 7,195 1,659 7,482 5,983 1,499
December 476 8,095 6,441 1,654 7,619 6,102 1,517
2023 March 1,031 8,189 6,617 1,572 7,158 5,723 1,435
June 364 8,129 6,519 1,610 7,765 6,301 1,464
September -51 7,701 6,119 1,582 7,752 6,229 1,523
December 381 7,874 6,238 1,636 7,493 5,990 1,503
2024 March 563 7,751 6,220 1,531 7,188 5,781 1,407
June -72 7,634 6,071 1,563 7,706 6,176 1,530
September 69 7,676 6,112 1,564 7,607 6,066 1,541
December 298 7,796 6,138 1,658 7,498 5,963 1,535
2025 March 262 7,577 5,942 1,635 7,315 5,909 1,406
June -295 7,598 6,089 1,509 7,893 6,347 1,546
September -115 7,518 5,918 1,600 7,633 6,151 1,482
December 609 7,859 6,194 1,665 7,250 5,818 1,432
2026 March 88 7,381 5,900 1,481 7,293 5,829 1,464
(1) Net change is the difference between total gross job gains and total gross job losses.
Table 2. Private sector gross job gains and losses, as a percent of employment(1), seasonally adjusted
Total private
(Percent)
Gross job gains Gross job losses
Year 3 months ended Net change(2) Total Expanding Opening Total Contracting Closing
establishments establishments establishments establishments
2016 March 0.2 6.0 4.9 1.1 5.8 4.8 1.0
June 0.2 6.2 5.1 1.1 6.0 4.9 1.1
September 0.6 6.4 5.2 1.2 5.8 4.8 1.0
December 0.3 6.2 5.0 1.2 5.9 4.8 1.1
2017 March 0.5 6.1 5.0 1.1 5.6 4.6 1.0
June 0.4 6.2 5.1 1.1 5.8 4.8 1.0
September -0.1 6.0 4.9 1.1 6.1 5.0 1.1
December 0.7 6.4 5.2 1.2 5.7 4.6 1.1
2018 March 0.6 6.1 5.0 1.1 5.5 4.5 1.0
June 0.4 6.2 5.1 1.1 5.8 4.8 1.0
September 0.0 6.0 4.9 1.1 6.0 4.9 1.1
December 0.6 6.2 5.0 1.2 5.6 4.5 1.1
2019 March 0.3 5.9 4.8 1.1 5.6 4.6 1.0
June 0.2 6.1 5.0 1.1 5.9 4.8 1.1
September 0.1 5.9 4.8 1.1 5.8 4.8 1.0
December 0.7 6.2 5.0 1.2 5.5 4.5 1.0
2020 March -0.8 5.5 4.5 1.0 6.3 5.1 1.2
June -12.0 4.8 3.7 1.1 16.8 14.4 2.4
September 3.5 9.4 7.6 1.8 5.9 4.7 1.2
December 1.7 7.4 6.0 1.4 5.7 4.6 1.1
2021 March 1.5 7.0 5.7 1.3 5.5 4.5 1.0
June 0.9 6.8 5.5 1.3 5.9 4.9 1.0
September 1.3 7.3 5.9 1.4 6.0 4.8 1.2
December 2.3 7.7 6.2 1.5 5.4 4.3 1.1
2022 March 1.2 6.7 5.5 1.2 5.5 4.4 1.1
June 0.4 6.6 5.2 1.4 6.2 5.0 1.2
September 1.0 6.9 5.6 1.3 5.9 4.7 1.2
December 0.4 6.3 5.0 1.3 5.9 4.7 1.2
2023 March 0.8 6.3 5.1 1.2 5.5 4.4 1.1
June 0.3 6.2 5.0 1.2 5.9 4.8 1.1
September 0.0 5.9 4.7 1.2 5.9 4.7 1.2
December 0.2 5.9 4.7 1.2 5.7 4.6 1.1
2024 March 0.4 5.9 4.7 1.2 5.5 4.4 1.1
June -0.1 5.8 4.6 1.2 5.9 4.7 1.2
September 0.0 5.8 4.6 1.2 5.8 4.6 1.2
December 0.2 5.9 4.6 1.3 5.7 4.5 1.2
2025 March 0.2 5.7 4.5 1.2 5.5 4.4 1.1
June -0.3 5.7 4.6 1.1 6.0 4.8 1.2
September 0.0 5.7 4.5 1.2 5.7 4.6 1.1
December 0.5 6.0 4.7 1.3 5.5 4.4 1.1
2026 March 0.0 5.5 4.4 1.1 5.5 4.4 1.1
(1) The rates measure gross job gains and job losses as a percentage of the average of the previous and current quarter
employment levels.
(2) Net change is the difference between total gross job gains and total gross job losses.
Table 3. Private sector gross job gains and losses by industry, seasonally adjusted
Gross job gains and job losses Gross job gains and job losses
(in thousands) as a percent of employment
Category 3 months ended 3 months ended
Mar. June Sept. Dec. Mar. Mar. June Sept. Dec. Mar.
2025 2025 2025 2025 2026 2025 2025 2025 2025 2026
Total private(1)
Gross job gains 7,577 7,598 7,518 7,859 7,381 5.7 5.7 5.7 6.0 5.5
At expanding establishments 5,942 6,089 5,918 6,194 5,900 4.5 4.6 4.5 4.7 4.4
At opening establishments 1,635 1,509 1,600 1,665 1,481 1.2 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.1
Gross job losses 7,315 7,893 7,633 7,250 7,293 5.5 6.0 5.7 5.5 5.5
At contracting establishments 5,909 6,347 6,151 5,818 5,829 4.4 4.8 4.6 4.4 4.4
At closing establishments 1,406 1,546 1,482 1,432 1,464 1.1 1.2 1.1 1.1 1.1
Net employment change 262 -295 -115 609 88 0.2 -0.3 0.0 0.5 0.0
Goods-producing
Gross job gains 1,315 1,247 1,202 1,294 1,323 5.8 5.4 5.3 5.8 5.8
At expanding establishments 1,086 1,054 994 1,071 1,123 4.8 4.6 4.4 4.8 4.9
At opening establishments 229 193 208 223 200 1.0 0.8 0.9 1.0 0.9
Gross job losses 1,256 1,339 1,329 1,276 1,227 5.5 5.9 5.9 5.6 5.4
At contracting establishments 1,050 1,111 1,110 1,062 1,019 4.6 4.9 4.9 4.7 4.5
At closing establishments 206 228 219 214 208 0.9 1.0 1.0 0.9 0.9
Net employment change 59 -92 -127 18 96 0.3 -0.5 -0.6 0.2 0.4
Natural resources and mining
Gross job gains 220 220 213 199 224 12.1 12.2 12.0 11.2 12.5
At expanding establishments 188 191 186 173 197 10.3 10.6 10.5 9.7 11.0
At opening establishments 32 29 27 26 27 1.8 1.6 1.5 1.5 1.5
Gross job losses 231 206 204 239 210 12.7 11.4 11.4 13.4 11.7
At contracting establishments 200 180 177 211 182 11.0 10.0 9.9 11.8 10.1
At closing establishments 31 26 27 28 28 1.7 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.6
Net employment change -11 14 9 -40 14 -0.6 0.8 0.6 -2.2 0.8
Construction
Gross job gains 719 650 638 694 720 8.6 7.9 7.9 8.4 8.6
At expanding establishments 568 529 503 546 589 6.8 6.4 6.2 6.6 7.0
At opening establishments 151 121 135 148 131 1.8 1.5 1.7 1.8 1.6
Gross job losses 615 694 679 643 608 7.4 8.4 8.3 7.8 7.2
At contracting establishments 489 548 540 509 483 5.9 6.6 6.6 6.2 5.7
At closing establishments 126 146 139 134 125 1.5 1.8 1.7 1.6 1.5
Net employment change 104 -44 -41 51 112 1.2 -0.5 -0.4 0.6 1.4
Manufacturing
Gross job gains 376 377 351 401 379 3.0 2.9 2.8 3.2 3.0
At expanding establishments 330 334 305 352 337 2.6 2.6 2.4 2.8 2.7
At opening establishments 46 43 46 49 42 0.4 0.3 0.4 0.4 0.3
Gross job losses 410 439 446 394 409 3.2 3.4 3.5 3.1 3.2
At contracting establishments 361 383 393 342 354 2.8 3.0 3.1 2.7 2.8
At closing establishments 49 56 53 52 55 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4
Net employment change -34 -62 -95 7 -30 -0.2 -0.5 -0.7 0.1 -0.2
Service-providing(1)
Gross job gains 6,262 6,351 6,316 6,565 6,058 5.7 5.8 5.8 5.9 5.5
At expanding establishments 4,856 5,035 4,924 5,123 4,777 4.4 4.6 4.5 4.6 4.3
At opening establishments 1,406 1,316 1,392 1,442 1,281 1.3 1.2 1.3 1.3 1.2
Gross job losses 6,059 6,554 6,304 5,974 6,066 5.5 6.0 5.7 5.4 5.4
At contracting establishments 4,859 5,236 5,041 4,756 4,810 4.4 4.8 4.6 4.3 4.3
At closing establishments 1,200 1,318 1,263 1,218 1,256 1.1 1.2 1.1 1.1 1.1
Net employment change 203 -203 12 591 -8 0.2 -0.2 0.1 0.5 0.1
Wholesale trade
Gross job gains 259 247 240 250 234 4.3 4.1 4.0 4.2 3.9
At expanding establishments 207 199 191 202 190 3.4 3.3 3.2 3.4 3.2
At opening establishments 52 48 49 48 44 0.9 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.7
Gross job losses 255 275 257 247 253 4.2 4.5 4.3 4.1 4.2
At contracting establishments 200 213 205 193 197 3.3 3.5 3.4 3.2 3.3
At closing establishments 55 62 52 54 56 0.9 1.0 0.9 0.9 0.9
Net employment change 4 -28 -17 3 -19 0.1 -0.4 -0.3 0.1 -0.3
Retail trade
Gross job gains 849 788 797 727 794 5.5 5.1 5.2 4.8 5.2
At expanding establishments 732 669 677 611 686 4.7 4.3 4.4 4.0 4.5
At opening establishments 117 119 120 116 108 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.7
Gross job losses 716 915 841 872 717 4.6 5.9 5.4 5.8 4.7
At contracting establishments 607 777 710 756 610 3.9 5.0 4.6 5.0 4.0
At closing establishments 109 138 131 116 107 0.7 0.9 0.8 0.8 0.7
Net employment change 133 -127 -44 -145 77 0.9 -0.8 -0.2 -1.0 0.5
Transportation and warehousing
Gross job gains 361 332 351 508 286 5.4 5.0 5.4 7.6 4.2
At expanding establishments 235 285 295 457 245 3.5 4.3 4.5 6.8 3.6
At opening establishments 126 47 56 51 41 1.9 0.7 0.9 0.8 0.6
Gross job losses 439 384 334 307 448 6.6 5.8 5.1 4.6 6.7
At contracting establishments 391 336 284 256 401 5.9 5.1 4.3 3.8 6.0
At closing establishments 48 48 50 51 47 0.7 0.7 0.8 0.8 0.7
Net employment change -78 -52 17 201 -162 -1.2 -0.8 0.3 3.0 -2.5
Utilities
Gross job gains 16 18 17 19 15 2.6 3.0 2.8 3.1 2.4
At expanding establishments 14 15 14 16 13 2.3 2.5 2.3 2.6 2.1
At opening establishments 2 3 3 3 2 0.3 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.3
Gross job losses 13 16 14 14 13 2.1 2.6 2.3 2.3 2.1
At contracting establishments 11 14 12 11 11 1.8 2.3 2.0 1.8 1.8
At closing establishments 2 2 2 3 2 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.5 0.3
Net employment change 3 2 3 5 2 0.5 0.4 0.5 0.8 0.3
Information
Gross job gains 126 144 156 143 155 4.4 5.0 5.4 5.0 5.4
At expanding establishments 95 118 115 109 129 3.3 4.1 4.0 3.8 4.5
At opening establishments 31 26 41 34 26 1.1 0.9 1.4 1.2 0.9
Gross job losses 157 160 166 155 148 5.5 5.6 5.9 5.5 5.2
At contracting establishments 129 117 133 122 119 4.5 4.1 4.7 4.3 4.2
At closing establishments 28 43 33 33 29 1.0 1.5 1.2 1.2 1.0
Net employment change -31 -16 -10 -12 7 -1.1 -0.6 -0.5 -0.5 0.2
Financial activities
Gross job gains 383 406 379 407 369 4.4 4.7 4.4 4.7 4.2
At expanding establishments 295 311 284 293 287 3.4 3.6 3.3 3.4 3.3
At opening establishments 88 95 95 114 82 1.0 1.1 1.1 1.3 0.9
Gross job losses 373 403 391 372 392 4.2 4.6 4.5 4.3 4.5
At contracting establishments 274 296 295 277 285 3.1 3.4 3.4 3.2 3.3
At closing establishments 99 107 96 95 107 1.1 1.2 1.1 1.1 1.2
Net employment change 10 3 -12 35 -23 0.2 0.1 -0.1 0.4 -0.3
Professional and business services
Gross job gains 1,381 1,460 1,475 1,489 1,334 6.2 6.5 6.7 6.6 5.9
At expanding establishments 1,068 1,143 1,128 1,143 1,056 4.8 5.1 5.1 5.1 4.7
At opening establishments 313 317 347 346 278 1.4 1.4 1.6 1.5 1.2
Gross job losses 1,378 1,513 1,491 1,437 1,380 6.2 6.7 6.7 6.4 6.1
At contracting establishments 1,070 1,190 1,160 1,114 1,059 4.8 5.3 5.2 5.0 4.7
At closing establishments 308 323 331 323 321 1.4 1.4 1.5 1.4 1.4
Net employment change 3 -53 -16 52 -46 0.0 -0.2 0.0 0.2 -0.2
Education and health services
Gross job gains 1,200 1,227 1,218 1,195 1,120 4.7 4.8 4.6 4.5 4.2
At expanding establishments 949 978 976 929 887 3.7 3.8 3.7 3.5 3.3
At opening establishments 251 249 242 266 233 1.0 1.0 0.9 1.0 0.9
Gross job losses 992 1,150 1,037 1,000 1,028 3.8 4.4 4.0 3.8 3.9
At contracting establishments 780 908 814 769 795 3.0 3.5 3.1 2.9 3.0
At closing establishments 212 242 223 231 233 0.8 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.9
Net employment change 208 77 181 195 92 0.9 0.4 0.6 0.7 0.3
Leisure and hospitality
Gross job gains 1,335 1,372 1,329 1,466 1,318 7.9 8.2 7.9 8.7 7.7
At expanding establishments 1,017 1,067 1,009 1,128 1,042 6.0 6.4 6.0 6.7 6.1
At opening establishments 318 305 320 338 276 1.9 1.8 1.9 2.0 1.6
Gross job losses 1,409 1,390 1,434 1,257 1,355 8.4 8.3 8.6 7.4 8.0
At contracting establishments 1,159 1,135 1,179 1,033 1,101 6.9 6.8 7.1 6.1 6.5
At closing establishments 250 255 255 224 254 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.3 1.5
Net employment change -74 -18 -105 209 -37 -0.5 -0.1 -0.7 1.3 -0.3
Other services
Gross job gains 310 314 299 302 291 6.9 7.1 6.7 6.7 6.6
At expanding establishments 234 240 225 225 226 5.2 5.4 5.0 5.0 5.1
At opening establishments 76 74 74 77 65 1.7 1.7 1.7 1.7 1.5
Gross job losses 302 318 310 285 298 6.8 7.1 7.0 6.4 6.7
At contracting establishments 231 242 240 217 222 5.2 5.4 5.4 4.9 5.0
At closing establishments 71 76 70 68 76 1.6 1.7 1.6 1.5 1.7
Net employment change 8 -4 -11 17 -7 0.1 0.0 -0.3 0.3 -0.1
(1) Includes unclassified sector, not shown separately.
Table 4. Private sector gross job gains and losses by firm size, seasonally adjusted
(In thousands)
Total private by firm(1) Firm size 1 - 49 employees Firm size 50 - 249 employees Firm size 250 or more employees
Year 3 months Net Gross job Net Gross job Net Gross job Net Gross job
ended change gains losses change gains losses change gains losses change gains losses
2016 March 254 5,754 5,500 191 3,114 2,923 59 1,022 963 4 1,618 1,614
June 331 6,048 5,717 74 3,123 3,049 114 1,101 987 143 1,824 1,681
September 752 6,266 5,514 192 3,160 2,968 102 1,089 987 458 2,017 1,559
December 245 5,886 5,641 71 3,065 2,994 37 1,026 989 137 1,795 1,658
2017 March 662 6,007 5,345 346 3,236 2,890 191 1,085 894 125 1,686 1,561
June 570 6,216 5,646 145 3,161 3,016 151 1,127 976 274 1,928 1,654
September -90 5,826 5,916 -100 2,999 3,099 -44 1,013 1,057 54 1,814 1,760
December 804 6,185 5,381 235 3,184 2,949 142 1,082 940 427 1,919 1,492
2018 March 729 6,072 5,343 297 3,210 2,913 164 1,071 907 268 1,791 1,523
June 515 6,214 5,699 134 3,194 3,060 162 1,135 973 219 1,885 1,666
September 24 5,967 5,943 -83 3,027 3,110 -34 1,025 1,059 141 1,915 1,774
December 663 6,087 5,424 198 3,171 2,973 138 1,076 938 327 1,840 1,513
2019 March 536 5,998 5,462 254 3,191 2,937 151 1,064 913 131 1,743 1,612
June 269 6,157 5,888 64 3,161 3,097 104 1,121 1,017 101 1,875 1,774
September 13 5,865 5,852 4 3,050 3,046 -30 1,017 1,047 39 1,798 1,759
December 660 6,206 5,546 195 3,180 2,985 94 1,065 971 371 1,961 1,590
2020 March -707 5,590 6,297 -382 3,023 3,405 -104 968 1,072 -221 1,599 1,820
June -15,021 4,510 19,531 -4,666 2,561 7,227 -2,793 581 3,374 -7,562 1,368 8,930
September 4,039 9,434 5,395 1,530 4,489 2,959 543 1,423 880 1,966 3,522 1,556
December 1,871 7,079 5,208 488 3,480 2,992 343 1,188 845 1,040 2,411 1,371
2021 March 1,788 6,873 5,085 960 3,636 2,676 222 1,103 881 606 2,134 1,528
June 1,048 6,659 5,611 751 3,533 2,782 217 1,141 924 80 1,985 1,905
September 1,452 7,156 5,704 416 3,533 3,117 262 1,200 938 774 2,423 1,649
December 2,738 7,651 4,913 884 3,754 2,870 460 1,301 841 1,394 2,596 1,202
2022 March 1,617 6,969 5,352 299 3,385 3,086 273 1,165 892 1,045 2,419 1,374
June 364 6,599 6,235 202 3,362 3,160 142 1,153 1,011 20 2,084 2,064
September 1,403 7,115 5,712 91 3,326 3,235 264 1,238 974 1,048 2,551 1,503
December 461 6,295 5,834 175 3,292 3,117 150 1,126 976 136 1,877 1,741
2023 March 1,120 6,618 5,498 347 3,391 3,044 293 1,200 907 480 2,027 1,547
June 337 6,456 6,119 42 3,259 3,217 140 1,168 1,028 155 2,029 1,874
September -100 6,037 6,137 -107 3,101 3,208 10 1,056 1,046 -3 1,880 1,883
December 333 6,135 5,802 233 3,267 3,034 110 1,103 993 -10 1,765 1,775
2024 March 642 6,191 5,549 125 3,181 3,056 121 1,096 975 396 1,914 1,518
June -108 5,982 6,090 -171 3,072 3,243 69 1,094 1,025 -6 1,816 1,822
September 48 6,060 6,012 -92 3,131 3,223 -29 1,034 1,063 169 1,895 1,726
December 234 6,074 5,840 130 3,191 3,061 113 1,095 982 -9 1,788 1,797
2025 March 377 6,016 5,639 129 3,178 3,049 -12 1,007 1,019 260 1,831 1,571
June -344 5,948 6,292 -184 3,042 3,226 33 1,085 1,052 -193 1,821 2,014
September -163 5,932 6,095 -105 3,059 3,164 -68 1,006 1,074 10 1,867 1,857
December 492 6,080 5,588 231 3,172 2,941 135 1,089 954 126 1,819 1,693
2026 March 183 5,784 5,601 -67 2,970 3,037 -5 981 986 255 1,833 1,578
(1) Total gross job gains and gross job losses by firm are lower than total gross job gains and gross job losses by establishment, as some
establishment gains and losses within a firm are offset during the aggregation process.
NOTE: Net change is the difference between total gross job gains and total gross job losses. Net change totals for the firm-level data differ from
the establishment-level data due to independent seasonal adjustment. The unit of analysis section in the technical note provides additional detail.
See www.bls.gov/bdm/bdmfirmsize.htm for more detailed firm size class data.
Table 5. Components of private sector gross job gains and losses by firm size, seasonally adjusted
Gross job gains and job losses Gross job gains and job losses
(in thousands) as a percent of employment
Category 3 months ended 3 months ended
Mar. June Sept. Dec. Mar. Mar. June Sept. Dec. Mar.
2025 2025 2025 2025 2026 2025 2025 2025 2025 2026
Total private by firm(1)
Gross job gains 6,016 5,948 5,932 6,080 5,784 4.5 4.5 4.5 4.6 4.3
At expanding firms 4,978 5,008 4,893 4,984 4,856 3.7 3.8 3.7 3.8 3.6
At opening firms 1,038 940 1,039 1,096 928 0.8 0.7 0.8 0.8 0.7
Gross job losses 5,639 6,292 6,095 5,588 5,601 4.2 4.8 4.6 4.2 4.2
At contracting firms 4,680 5,286 5,139 4,678 4,635 3.5 4.0 3.9 3.5 3.5
At closing firms 959 1,006 956 910 966 0.7 0.8 0.7 0.7 0.7
Net employment change 377 -344 -163 492 183 0.3 -0.3 -0.1 0.4 0.1
Firm size 1 to 49 employees
Gross job gains 3,178 3,042 3,059 3,172 2,970 8.9 8.6 8.7 9.0 8.4
At expanding firms 2,178 2,143 2,073 2,118 2,076 6.1 6.1 5.9 6.0 5.9
At opening firms 1,000 899 986 1,054 894 2.8 2.5 2.8 3.0 2.5
Gross job losses 3,049 3,226 3,164 2,941 3,037 8.6 9.1 9.0 8.4 8.6
At contracting firms 2,122 2,259 2,245 2,070 2,100 6.0 6.4 6.4 5.9 5.9
At closing firms 927 967 919 871 937 2.6 2.7 2.6 2.5 2.7
Net employment change 129 -184 -105 231 -67 0.3 -0.5 -0.3 0.6 -0.2
Firm size 50 to 249 employees
Gross job gains 1,007 1,085 1,006 1,089 981 4.3 4.7 4.4 4.8 4.2
At expanding firms 974 1,048 971 1,053 950 4.2 4.5 4.2 4.6 4.1
At opening firms 33 37 35 36 31 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.1
Gross job losses 1,019 1,052 1,074 954 986 4.4 4.5 4.6 4.1 4.3
At contracting firms 990 1,018 1,042 920 960 4.3 4.4 4.5 4.0 4.2
At closing firms 29 34 32 34 26 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1
Net employment change -12 33 -68 135 -5 -0.1 0.2 -0.2 0.7 -0.1
Firm size 250 or more employees
Gross job gains 1,831 1,821 1,867 1,819 1,833 2.5 2.4 2.5 2.4 2.4
At expanding firms 1,826 1,817 1,849 1,813 1,830 2.5 2.4 2.5 2.4 2.4
At opening firms 5 4 18 6 3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Gross job losses 1,571 2,014 1,857 1,693 1,578 2.1 2.7 2.5 2.3 2.1
At contracting firms 1,568 2,009 1,852 1,688 1,575 2.1 2.7 2.5 2.3 2.1
At closing firms 3 5 5 5 3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Net employment change 260 -193 10 126 255 0.4 -0.3 0.0 0.1 0.3
(1) Total gross job gains and gross job losses by firm are lower than total gross job gains and gross job losses by
establishment, as some establishment gains and losses within a firm are offset during the aggregation process.
NOTE: Net change is the difference between total gross job gains and total gross job losses. Net change totals for
the firm-level data differ from the establishment-level data due to independent seasonal adjustment. The unit of
analysis section in the technical note provides additional detail. See www.bls.gov/bdm/bdmfirmsize.htm for more
detailed firm size class data.
Table 6. Private sector gross job gains and losses by state, seasonally adjusted
Gross job gains Gross job losses
State 3 months ended 3 months ended
Mar. June Sept. Dec. Mar. Mar. June Sept. Dec. Mar.
2025 2025 2025 2025 2026 2025 2025 2025 2025 2026
United States(1).... 7,577,000 7,598,000 7,518,000 7,859,000 7,381,000 7,315,000 7,893,000 7,633,000 7,250,000 7,293,000
Alabama............. 93,945 94,816 94,056 102,508 94,549 94,353 96,413 94,457 91,909 90,811
Alaska.............. 26,777 25,838 19,118 30,456 24,704 21,302 25,845 25,398 23,971 24,439
Arizona............. 163,722 145,789 157,428 159,909 162,475 150,421 174,053 150,266 153,020 158,955
Arkansas............ 56,971 56,781 59,610 67,250 59,304 56,657 61,512 59,178 58,727 61,100
California.......... 949,211 997,193 979,077 1,059,184 977,489 986,577 1,034,630 951,322 933,715 941,371
Colorado............ 154,078 157,583 158,135 151,509 144,034 158,974 162,062 155,012 151,841 158,858
Connecticut......... 82,833 85,120 78,264 80,505 78,341 76,837 83,702 84,241 80,555 78,533
Delaware............ 24,928 24,788 21,668 22,618 22,739 21,995 25,267 24,939 22,803 22,312
District of Columbia 25,130 29,117 23,502 27,911 24,876 29,951 31,415 30,779 26,045 25,186
Florida............. 510,155 499,979 521,298 519,696 466,488 483,995 504,894 519,615 487,235 477,540
Georgia............. 234,283 233,069 237,844 248,511 225,131 237,257 234,934 238,078 227,063 233,759
Hawaii.............. 26,604 25,227 26,736 26,236 26,012 27,025 27,049 24,957 24,274 26,502
Idaho............... 56,095 56,362 49,686 59,906 58,013 54,026 52,603 55,992 46,951 53,232
Illinois............ 264,235 275,067 244,253 278,873 268,238 260,446 271,382 262,606 276,475 259,069
Indiana............. 150,233 141,365 143,141 155,597 138,172 143,160 149,687 142,238 142,319 141,534
Iowa................ 78,132 71,545 62,416 81,425 77,592 72,205 77,005 76,507 70,222 70,987
Kansas.............. 65,832 65,007 68,393 68,588 64,746 64,533 74,385 68,742 63,510 63,302
Kentucky............ 89,945 85,828 90,144 90,120 87,844 82,712 90,350 93,622 86,255 90,166
Louisiana........... 93,938 90,552 96,293 96,958 92,488 92,472 100,894 95,428 95,254 87,645
Maine............... 39,468 38,822 34,645 37,429 35,095 34,880 40,043 38,341 38,145 34,705
Maryland............ 133,584 128,364 129,250 136,789 124,218 128,879 147,435 139,167 121,239 132,446
Massachusetts....... 161,588 176,218 166,588 172,136 165,250 164,087 182,040 185,579 172,911 168,577
Michigan............ 203,750 219,538 187,789 214,598 207,324 201,694 206,768 224,269 201,577 188,324
Minnesota........... 131,487 146,244 133,460 140,777 133,910 137,438 140,458 141,907 140,409 142,677
Mississippi......... 56,269 57,490 60,161 60,764 53,490 57,544 58,321 56,113 54,975 59,272
Missouri............ 133,763 137,236 140,477 152,612 139,141 131,331 150,465 143,784 135,889 133,205
Montana............. 34,338 32,652 30,193 35,689 33,593 32,333 35,515 33,464 31,566 30,266
Nebraska............ 45,142 46,014 47,339 48,384 45,978 45,867 46,795 50,197 44,716 46,223
Nevada.............. 75,007 84,375 95,940 88,676 80,460 81,063 85,985 72,649 76,686 79,639
New Hampshire....... 40,000 37,811 33,613 37,751 36,334 37,108 40,635 40,925 34,598 38,129
New Jersey.......... 201,559 213,836 197,662 214,073 196,645 203,312 205,495 215,315 200,844 206,886
New Mexico.......... 41,970 41,508 41,371 43,114 40,811 40,177 41,285 43,495 41,282 40,874
New York............ 583,670 509,298 491,934 464,561 447,063 437,401 579,655 478,711 466,798 437,635
North Carolina...... 236,230 237,455 227,915 253,017 243,032 229,658 228,662 238,956 213,191 226,278
North Dakota........ 23,924 22,570 21,860 24,572 23,909 23,189 24,156 23,199 22,850 23,882
Ohio................ 250,251 251,280 245,850 254,650 249,059 238,511 259,682 255,429 239,112 244,111
Oklahoma............ 75,575 76,363 81,006 84,728 71,495 72,833 85,172 84,868 71,409 71,968
Oregon.............. 103,489 104,583 95,915 98,965 95,660 103,843 108,599 110,237 100,040 98,357
Pennsylvania........ 269,803 263,381 267,163 277,291 254,037 253,649 278,327 273,673 251,296 258,099
Rhode Island........ 29,174 27,531 26,067 28,529 25,502 25,845 29,042 28,524 26,759 26,080
South Carolina...... 119,956 113,260 122,509 128,258 119,729 108,862 119,485 118,372 107,589 113,440
South Dakota........ 24,420 23,055 22,819 22,976 23,248 26,503 24,571 22,904 22,897 23,644
Tennessee........... 156,033 148,096 162,259 168,660 151,084 149,367 182,601 153,993 149,699 139,808
Texas............... 621,156 621,493 638,549 692,069 654,260 610,035 637,691 625,649 587,218 653,018
Utah................ 99,128 101,383 100,129 97,143 94,120 90,957 99,851 95,675 91,555 90,081
Vermont............. 17,906 17,703 16,963 17,928 16,905 17,374 18,874 19,478 17,717 16,673
Virginia............ 190,052 197,972 198,327 197,261 186,522 176,386 197,278 206,427 176,003 185,840
Washington.......... 172,799 180,870 157,274 169,305 171,381 183,833 177,988 180,684 171,672 165,467
West Virginia....... 37,511 31,909 33,668 33,793 36,187 33,009 35,851 34,413 34,857 30,435
Wisconsin........... 130,944 137,206 124,982 142,234 138,482 126,199 139,186 141,219 130,084 125,753
Wyoming............. 17,473 17,774 16,445 19,211 18,945 19,037 18,998 17,864 17,087 17,670
Puerto Rico......... 48,944 53,740 39,257 34,327 34,689 38,803 46,247 41,561 40,203 34,966
Virgin Islands...... 1,426 2,772 1,631 1,990 1,747 2,040 2,145 1,759 1,331 1,725
(1) The sum of the states will not necessarily add to the U.S. total because of the independent seasonal adjustment of each state.
NOTE: Totals for the United States do not include data for Puerto Rico or the Virgin Islands.
Table 7. Private sector gross job gains and losses, as a percent of total employment by state, seasonally adjusted
Gross job gains as a percent of employment Gross job losses as a percent of employment
State 3 months ended 3 months ended
Mar. June Sept. Dec. Mar. Mar. June Sept. Dec. Mar.
2025 2025 2025 2025 2026 2025 2025 2025 2025 2026
United States....... 5.7 5.7 5.7 6.0 5.5 5.5 6.0 5.7 5.5 5.5
Alabama............. 5.5 5.5 5.5 5.9 5.5 5.5 5.6 5.5 5.3 5.2
Alaska.............. 10.4 10.0 7.4 11.9 9.6 8.3 9.9 10.0 9.4 9.4
Arizona............. 5.8 5.2 5.6 5.7 5.7 5.3 6.2 5.3 5.4 5.6
Arkansas............ 5.1 5.1 5.4 6.0 5.3 5.1 5.6 5.4 5.3 5.4
California.......... 6.1 6.4 6.3 6.9 6.3 6.4 6.7 6.1 6.1 6.0
Colorado............ 6.4 6.5 6.5 6.3 6.0 6.6 6.7 6.4 6.2 6.5
Connecticut......... 5.7 5.8 5.4 5.5 5.3 5.2 5.7 5.7 5.5 5.4
Delaware............ 6.0 6.0 5.3 5.5 5.5 5.4 6.1 6.0 5.6 5.4
District of Columbia 4.9 5.7 4.6 5.5 5.0 5.8 6.1 6.0 5.1 4.9
Florida............. 5.8 5.7 6.0 5.9 5.3 5.5 5.8 5.9 5.6 5.5
Georgia............. 5.6 5.5 5.7 5.9 5.3 5.7 5.6 5.7 5.4 5.5
Hawaii.............. 5.2 4.9 5.2 5.1 5.0 5.2 5.2 4.8 4.7 5.1
Idaho............... 7.5 7.6 6.7 8.0 7.7 7.3 7.1 7.6 6.3 7.0
Illinois............ 5.0 5.2 4.7 5.3 5.1 5.0 5.1 5.0 5.3 5.0
Indiana............. 5.4 5.1 5.1 5.5 4.9 5.1 5.4 5.1 5.1 5.1
Iowa................ 6.0 5.5 4.8 6.2 6.0 5.6 5.8 5.9 5.4 5.4
Kansas.............. 5.5 5.4 5.8 5.8 5.4 5.4 6.3 5.8 5.4 5.3
Kentucky............ 5.3 5.0 5.3 5.3 5.2 4.9 5.3 5.6 5.1 5.3
Louisiana........... 5.8 5.6 6.0 6.0 5.7 5.7 6.2 5.9 5.9 5.4
Maine............... 7.3 7.1 6.4 6.8 6.4 6.4 7.3 7.0 7.0 6.3
Maryland............ 5.9 5.7 5.8 6.1 5.6 5.8 6.6 6.3 5.5 6.0
Massachusetts....... 5.0 5.5 5.3 5.4 5.2 5.1 5.7 5.9 5.5 5.3
Michigan............ 5.3 5.8 4.9 5.6 5.4 5.3 5.4 5.9 5.3 4.9
Minnesota........... 5.1 5.8 5.3 5.5 5.2 5.4 5.5 5.6 5.5 5.6
Mississippi......... 6.0 6.2 6.4 6.4 5.7 6.1 6.2 6.0 5.9 6.3
Missouri............ 5.4 5.6 5.7 6.2 5.6 5.2 6.1 5.9 5.4 5.3
Montana............. 8.0 7.7 7.1 8.4 7.8 7.6 8.3 7.9 7.4 7.0
Nebraska............ 5.3 5.4 5.6 5.7 5.4 5.3 5.5 6.0 5.3 5.4
Nevada.............. 5.4 6.1 6.9 6.4 5.7 5.9 6.3 5.3 5.4 5.7
New Hampshire....... 6.6 6.3 5.6 6.3 6.1 6.1 6.7 6.8 5.7 6.3
New Jersey.......... 5.4 5.7 5.3 5.8 5.3 5.5 5.6 5.8 5.4 5.5
New Mexico.......... 6.1 6.0 6.1 6.3 6.0 5.8 6.0 6.4 6.0 5.9
New York............ 7.0 6.1 5.9 5.6 5.4 5.2 7.0 5.7 5.5 5.2
North Carolina...... 5.6 5.7 5.4 6.0 5.8 5.5 5.4 5.7 5.0 5.3
North Dakota........ 6.7 6.4 6.2 6.9 6.8 6.5 6.8 6.6 6.4 6.7
Ohio................ 5.2 5.3 5.2 5.3 5.2 4.9 5.4 5.3 5.0 5.1
Oklahoma............ 5.5 5.6 6.0 6.2 5.3 5.3 6.2 6.3 5.3 5.3
Oregon.............. 6.1 6.1 5.7 5.9 5.7 6.1 6.4 6.6 6.0 5.9
Pennsylvania........ 5.0 4.9 5.0 5.1 4.7 4.7 5.1 5.1 4.7 4.8
Rhode Island........ 6.6 6.3 6.0 6.6 5.8 5.9 6.7 6.6 6.2 6.0
South Carolina...... 6.1 5.9 6.3 6.6 6.0 5.6 6.1 6.1 5.5 5.7
South Dakota........ 6.3 6.0 6.0 6.0 6.0 6.9 6.4 6.0 5.9 6.1
Tennessee........... 5.5 5.3 5.8 6.0 5.4 5.3 6.5 5.5 5.3 4.9
Texas............... 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.8 5.4 5.1 5.3 5.2 4.9 5.4
Utah................ 6.8 6.9 6.9 6.6 6.4 6.2 6.8 6.5 6.2 6.1
Vermont............. 7.0 6.9 6.7 7.0 6.6 6.8 7.4 7.7 7.0 6.5
Virginia............ 5.6 5.9 5.8 5.8 5.5 5.2 5.8 6.1 5.2 5.4
Washington.......... 5.7 6.0 5.2 5.6 5.7 6.0 5.9 6.0 5.7 5.5
West Virginia....... 6.7 5.6 6.1 6.1 6.4 5.9 6.4 6.2 6.2 5.4
Wisconsin........... 5.1 5.3 4.9 5.5 5.4 5.0 5.4 5.6 5.1 4.9
Wyoming............. 8.1 8.3 7.7 9.0 8.8 8.8 8.9 8.4 8.0 8.2
Puerto Rico......... 6.5 7.0 5.2 4.6 4.6 5.2 6.0 5.4 5.3 4.6
Virgin Islands...... 6.1 11.9 6.9 8.4 7.3 8.8 9.2 7.5 5.7 7.1
NOTE: Totals for the United States do not include data for Puerto Rico or the Virgin Islands.
Table 8. Private sector establishment births and deaths, seasonally adjusted
Total private
(Levels in thousands)
Number of Establishments Employment
Births Deaths(1) Births Deaths
Year 3 months ended Level Rate(2) Level Rate Level Rate Level Rate
2016 March 236 3.0 204 2.6 789 0.7 671 0.6
June 241 3.1 213 2.7 838 0.7 719 0.6
September 238 3.0 214 2.7 872 0.7 745 0.6
December 238 3.0 217 2.8 865 0.7 729 0.6
2017 March 242 3.0 203 2.6 806 0.7 668 0.5
June 240 3.0 223 2.8 848 0.7 752 0.6
September 244 3.1 225 2.8 851 0.7 760 0.6
December 246 3.1 216 2.7 849 0.7 731 0.6
2018 March 248 3.1 215 2.7 816 0.7 668 0.5
June 263 3.3 228 2.8 879 0.7 769 0.6
September 250 3.1 231 2.8 863 0.7 785 0.6
December 249 3.1 222 2.7 855 0.7 758 0.6
2019 March 260 3.2 220 2.7 814 0.6 700 0.6
June 258 3.1 240 2.9 846 0.7 801 0.6
September 251 3.0 230 2.8 847 0.7 763 0.6
December 269 3.2 235 2.8 903 0.7 783 0.6
2020 March 278 3.3 240 2.9 813 0.6 738 0.6
June 227 2.8 325 4.0 658 0.5 1,150 1.0
September 278 3.4 232 2.8 820 0.7 686 0.6
December 286 3.4 218 2.6 913 0.8 687 0.6
2021 March 308 3.6 210 2.5 837 0.7 610 0.5
June 351 4.1 226 2.6 980 0.8 663 0.5
September 360 4.2 245 2.8 1,024 0.8 732 0.6
December 379 4.3 254 2.9 1,114 0.9 776 0.6
2022 March 350 3.9 256 2.9 966 0.8 753 0.6
June 365 4.1 321 3.6 1,058 0.8 922 0.7
September 350 3.9 294 3.3 1,028 0.8 910 0.7
December 342 3.8 289 3.2 1,040 0.8 897 0.7
2023 March 329 3.6 292 3.2 946 0.7 821 0.6
June 333 3.6 293 3.2 1,013 0.8 885 0.7
September 319 3.5 295 3.2 980 0.7 924 0.7
December 326 3.5 322 3.5 1,015 0.8 916 0.7
2024 March 326 3.5 281 3.0 939 0.7 811 0.6
June 324 3.5 332 3.6 972 0.7 932 0.7
September 317 3.4 306 3.3 973 0.7 919 0.7
December 324 3.5 306 3.3 1,003 0.8 938 0.7
2025 March 329 3.5 283 3.0 1,018 0.8 807 0.6
June 309 3.3 310 3.3 951 0.7 923 0.7
September 325 3.5 N/A N/A 967 0.7 N/A N/A
December 342 3.6 N/A N/A 1,010 0.8 N/A N/A
2026 March 323 3.4 N/A N/A 949 0.7 N/A N/A
(1) Values for deaths are not available for the most recent three quarters. See the
Technical Note for more informations.
(2) The rates measure births and deaths as a percentage of the average of the previous and current
quarter employment levels or total number of establishments.
United States Department of Labor
