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For release 10:00 a.m. (EDT), Wednesday, October 30, 2019 USDL-19-1865 Technical Information: (202) 691-6553 * BDMInfo@bls.gov * www.bls.gov/bdm Media Contact: (202) 691-5902 * PressOffice@bls.gov BUSINESS EMPLOYMENT DYNAMICS – FIRST QUARTER 2019 From December 2018 to March 2019, gross job gains from opening and expanding private-sector establishments were 7.4 million, a decrease of 393,000 jobs from the previous quarter, the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics reported today. Over this period, gross job losses from closing and contracting private-sector establishments were 6.9 million, a decrease of 107,000 jobs from the previous quarter. The difference between the number of gross job gains and the number of gross job losses yielded a net employment gain of 525,000 jobs in the private sector during the first quarter of 2019. (See tables A and 1.) --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | | | Changes to Business Employment Dynamics (BED) Data | | | | Data in this release incorporate annual revisions to the BED series. Annual revisions are published | | each year with the release of first quarter data. These revisions cover the last four quarters | | of not seasonally adjusted data and five years of seasonally adjusted data. | --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- The change in the number of jobs over time is the net result of increases and decreases in employment that occur at all private businesses in the economy. Business Employment Dynamics statistics track these changes in employment at private-sector establishments from the third month of one quarter to the third month of the next. The difference between the number of gross job gains and the number of gross job losses is the net change in employment. (See Technical Note.) The BED data series include gross job gains and gross job losses by industry subsector, for the 50 states, the District of Columbia, Puerto Rico, and the Virgin Islands, as well as gross job gains and gross job losses at the firm level by employer size class. Gross Job Gains In the first quarter of 2019, gross job gains represented 5.9 percent of private-sector employment. Gross job gains are the sum of increases in employment due to expansions at existing establishments and the addition of new jobs at opening establishments. Gross job gains at expanding establishments totaled 6.0 million in the first quarter of 2019, a decrease of 280,000 jobs compared to the previous quarter. Opening establishments accounted for 1.3 million of the jobs gained in the first quarter of 2019, a decrease of 113,000 jobs from the previous quarter. (See tables A, 1, 2, and 3.) Gross Job Losses In the first quarter of 2019, gross job losses represented 5.5 percent of private-sector employment. Gross job losses are the result of contractions in employment at existing establishments and the loss of jobs at closing establishments. Contracting establishments lost 5.6 million jobs in the first quarter of 2019, an increase of 23,000 jobs from the prior quarter. In the first quarter of 2019, closing establishments lost 1.2 million jobs, a decrease of 130,000 jobs from the previous quarter. (See tables A, 1, 2, and 3.) Establishment Births and Deaths In the first quarter of 2019, the number of establishment births (a subset of the openings data) increased by 7,000, to a total of 256,000 establishments. These new establishments accounted for 814,000 jobs, a decrease of 49,000 jobs from the previous quarter. Data for establishment deaths (a subset of the closings data) are available through the second quarter of 2018, when 774,000 jobs were lost at 231,000 establishments, an increase of 111,000 jobs from the first quarter of 2018. (See Technical Note and table 8.) Industries Gross job gains exceeded gross job losses in 10 of 13 industries in the first quarter of 2019. The service- providing industries experienced a net job increase of 414,000 jobs in the first quarter of 2019. Within service-providing industries, education and health services had the largest over-the-quarter net job increase, with a gain of 152,000 jobs. This was the result of 1,003,000 gross job gains and 851,000 gross job losses. The leisure and hospitality sector had the second largest increase among service-providing industries, with a net gain of 140,000 jobs. The goods-producing industries experienced a net job increase of 111,000 jobs in the first quarter of 2019. Of the goods-producing industries, construction experienced a net increase of 84,000 jobs, manufacturing added 26,000 jobs, and natural resources and mining showed a net gain of 1,000 jobs. (See table 3.) Table A. Three-month private sector gross job gains and losses, seasonally adjusted --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | 3 months ended Category | Mar. | June | Sept. | Dec. | Mar. | 2018 | 2018 | 2018 | 2018 | 2019 --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | Levels (in thousands) |-------------------------------------------------- Gross job gains......................... | 7,484 | 7,655 | 7,499 | 7,768 | 7,375 At expanding establishments...... | 6,135 | 6,257 | 6,122 | 6,318 | 6,038 At opening establishments........ | 1,349 | 1,398 | 1,377 | 1,450 | 1,337 | | | | | Gross job losses........................ | 6,777 | 7,254 | 7,432 | 6,957 | 6,850 At contracting establishments.... | 5,587 | 5,967 | 6,113 | 5,626 | 5,649 At closing establishments........ | 1,190 | 1,287 | 1,319 | 1,331 | 1,201 | | | | | Net employment change (1)............... | 707 | 401 | 67 | 811 | 525 | | | | | |-------------------------------------------------- | Rates (percent) |-------------------------------------------------- Gross job gains......................... | 6.1 | 6.1 | 6.0 | 6.3 | 5.9 At expanding establishments...... | 5.0 | 5.0 | 4.9 | 5.1 | 4.8 At opening establishments........ | 1.1 | 1.1 | 1.1 | 1.2 | 1.1 | | | | | Gross job losses........................ | 5.5 | 5.8 | 6.0 | 5.6 | 5.5 At contracting establishments.... | 4.5 | 4.8 | 4.9 | 4.5 | 4.5 At closing establishments........ | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.1 | 1.1 | 1.0 | | | | | Net employment change (1)............... | 0.6 | 0.3 | 0.0 | 0.7 | 0.4 --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- (1) The net employment change is the difference between total gross job gains and total gross job losses. See the Technical Note for further information. Firm Size In the first quarter of 2019, firms with 1-49 employees had a net employment gain of 280,000. Firms with 50-249 employees had a net employment gain of 150,000. Firms with 250 or more employees had a net employment gain of 149,000. (See tables 4 and 5.) States Gross job gains exceeded gross job losses in 41 states, the District of Columbia, Puerto Rico, and the Virgin Islands in the first quarter of 2019. (See tables 6 and 7.) For More Information Additional information on gross job gains and gross job losses is available online at www.bls.gov/bdm. This information includes data on the levels and rates of gross job gains and gross job losses by firm size, not seasonally adjusted data and other seasonally adjusted time series not presented in this release, charts of gross job gains and gross job losses by industry and firm size, and answers to frequently asked questions. Additional information about the Business Employment Dynamics data can be found in the Technical Note of this release or can be obtained by emailing BDMinfo@bls.gov. _____________ The Business Employment Dynamics for Second Quarter 2019 are scheduled to be released on Wednesday, January 29, 2019 at 10:00 a.m. (EST). --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | | | South Carolina Business Employment Dynamics Data | | | | Business Employment Dynamics (BED) data for 2018 and the first quarter of 2019 for South | | Carolina show unusual movements, which may be a result of a change in reporting. These | | unusual movements coincide with a modernization of the South Carolina unemployment insurance | | system. For more information, please visit: | | www.bls.gov/cew/2018-notice-regarding-south-carolina-employment-and-wages-data.htm | | | ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Technical Note The Business Employment Dynamics (BED) data are a product of a federal-state cooperative program known as Quarterly Census of Employment and Wages (QCEW). The BED data are compiled by the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) from existing QCEW records. Most employers in the U.S. are required to file quarterly reports on the employment and wages of workers covered by unemployment insurance (UI) laws and to pay quarterly UI taxes. The QCEW is based largely on quarterly UI reports which are sent by businesses to the State Workforce Agencies (SWAs). These UI reports are supplemented by two additional BLS data collections to render administrative data into economic statistics. Together these data comprise the QCEW and form the basis of the Bureau’s establishment universe sampling frame. These reports are used to produce the quarterly QCEW data on total employment and wages and the longitudinal BED data on gross job gains and losses. The QCEW is also the employment benchmark for the Current Employment Statistics (CES), Occupational Employment Statistics (OES), and Job Openings and Labor Turnover Survey (JOLTS) programs and is a major input to the Bureau of Economic Analysis’s Personal Income Accounts. In the BED program, the quarterly QCEW records are linked across quarters to provide a longitudinal history for each establishment. The linkage process allows the tracking of net employment changes at the establishment level, which in turn allows the estimation of jobs gained at opening and expanding units and jobs lost at closing and contracting units. Differences between QCEW, BED, and CES employment measures The Bureau publishes three different establishment-based employment measures for any given quarter. Each of these measures—Quarterly Census of Employment and Wages (QCEW), Business Employment Dynamics (BED), and Current Employment Statistics (CES)—makes use of the quarterly UI employment reports in producing data; however, each measure has a somewhat different universe coverage, estimation procedure, and publication product. Differences in coverage and estimation methods can result in somewhat different measures of employment change over time. It is important to understand program differences and the intended uses of the program products. (See table.) Additional information on each program can be obtained from the program websites shown in the table. Summary of Major Differences between QCEW, BED, and CES Employment Measures --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | QCEW | BED | CES -----------|---------------------|----------------------|------------------------ Source |--Count of UI admini-|--Count of longitudi- |--Sample survey: | strative records | nally-linked UI ad- | 689,000 establish- | submitted by 10.1 | ministrative records| ments | million establish- | submitted by 8.2 | | ments in first qu- | million private-sec-| | arter of 2019 | tor establishments | -----------|---------------------|----------------------|------------------------ Coverage |--UI and UCFE cover- |--UI Coverage, exclud-|Nonfarm wage and salary | age, including all | ing government, pri-| jobs: | employers subject | vate households, and|--UI Coverage, exclud- | to state and feder-| establishments with | ing agriculture, pri- | ral UI Laws | zero employment | vate households, and | | | self-employed workers | | |--other employment, | | | including railroads, | | | religious organiza- | | | tions, and other non- | | | UI-covered jobs | | | -----------|---------------------|----------------------|------------------------ Publication|--Quarterly |--Quarterly |--Monthly frequency | -6 months after the| -7 months after the | -Usually the 3rd Fri- | end of each quar- | end of each quarter| day after the end of | ter | | the week including | | | the 12th of the month -----------|---------------------|----------------------|------------------------ Use of UI |--Directly summarizes|--Links each new UI |--Uses UI file as a sam- file | and publishes each | quarter to longitu- | pling frame and to ann- | new quarter of UI | dinal database and | ually realign sample- | data | directly summarizes | based estimates to pop- | | gross job gains and | ulation counts (bench- | | losses | marking) -----------|---------------------|----------------------|------------------------ Principal |--Provides a quarter-|--Provides quarterly |--Provides current month- products | ly and annual uni- | employer dynamics | ly estimates of employ- | verse count of es- | data on establish- | ment, hours, and earn- | tablishments, em- | ment openings, clos-| ings at the MSA, state, | ployment, and wages| ings, expansions, | and national level by | at the county, Met-| and contractions at | industry | ropolitan statisti-| the national level | | cal area (MSA), St-| by NAICS super- | | ate, and national | sectors,3-digit | | levels by detailed | NAICS, and by size | | industry | of firm, and at the | | | state private-sector| | | total level | | |--Future expansions | | | will include | | | data with greater | | | industry detail and | | | data at the county | | | and MSA level | -----------|---------------------|----------------------|------------------------ Principal |--Major uses include:|--Major uses include: |--Major uses include: uses | -Detailed locality | -Business cycle | -Principal federal | data | analysis | economic indicator | -Periodic universe | -Analysis of employ-| -Official time series | counts for bench- | er dynamics under- | for employment change | marking sample | lying economic ex- | measures | survey estimates | pansions and con- | -Input into other ma- | -Sample frame for | tractions | jor economic indi- | BLS establishment | -Analysis of employ-| cators | surveys | ment expansion and | | | contraction by size| | | of firm | -----------|---------------------|----------------------|------------------------ Program |--www.bls.gov/cew |--www.bls.gov/bdm |--www.bls.gov/ces Web sites | | | --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Coverage Employment and wage data for workers covered by state UI and Unemployment Compensation for Federal Employees (UCFE) laws are compiled from quarterly contribution reports submitted to the SWAs by employers. In addition to the quarterly contribution reports, employers who operate multiple establishments within a state complete a questionnaire, called the “Multiple Worksite Report,” which provides detailed information on the location of their establishments. These reports are based on place of employment rather than place of residence. UI and UCFE coverage is broad and basically comparable from state to state. Major exclusions from UI coverage are self-employed workers, religious organizations, most agricultural workers on small farms, all members of the Armed Forces, elected officials in most states, most employees of railroads, some domestic workers, most student workers at schools, and employees of certain small nonprofit organizations. Gross job gains and gross job losses in this release are derived from longitudinal histories of 8.2 million private sector employer reports out of 10.1 million total reports of employment and wages submitted by states to BLS in the first quarter of 2019. Gross job gains and gross job losses data in this release do not report estimates for government employees or private households (NAICS 814110) and do not include establishments with zero employment in both previous and current quarters. Data from Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands are also excluded from the national data. The table below shows, in millions of establishments, the number of establishments excluded from the national gross job gains and gross job losses data in the first quarter 2019. Number of active establishments included in Business Employment Dynamics data at the national level Total establishments QCEW program....................................................10.1 Excluded: Public sector............................................................ 0.3 Private households......................................................... 0.2 Zero employment............................................................ 1.4 Total establishments included in Business Employment Dynamics data............................................................. 8.2 Unit of analysis Establishments are used in the tabulation of the BED statistics by industry and firms are used in the tabulation of the BED size class statistics. An establishment is defined as an economic unit that produces goods or services, usually at a single physical location, and engages in one or predominantly one activity. A firm is a legal business, either corporate or otherwise, and may consist of several establishments. Firm-level data are compiled based on an aggregation of establishments under common ownership by a corporate parent using employer tax identification numbers. The firm level aggregation which is consistent with the role of corporations as the economic decision makers are used for the measurement of the BED data elements by size class. Because of the difference in the unit of analysis, total gross job gains and gross job losses by size class are lower than total gross job gains and gross job losses by industry, as some establishment gains and losses within a firm are offset during the aggregation process. However, the total net changes in employment are the same for not seasonally adjusted data and are similar for seasonally adjusted data. Concepts and methodology The Business Employment Dynamics data measure the net change in employment at the establishment or firm level. These changes come about in one of four ways. A net increase in employment can come from either opening units or expanding units. A net decrease in employment can come from either closing units or contracting units. Gross job gains include the sum of all jobs added at either opening or expanding units. Gross job losses include the sum of all jobs lost in either closing or contracting units. The net change in employment is the difference between gross job gains and gross job losses. The formal definitions of employment changes are as follows: Openings. These are either units with positive third month employment for the first time in the current quarter, with no links to the prior quarter, or with positive third month employment in the current quarter following zero employment in the previous quarter. Expansions. These are units with positive employment in the third month in both the previous and current quarters, with a net increase in employment over this period. Closings. These are either units with positive third month employment in the previous quarter, with no employment or zero employment reported in the current quarter. Contractions. These are units with positive employment in the third month in both the previous and current quarters, with a net decrease in employment over this period. Births. These are units with positive third month employment for the first time in the current quarter with no links to the prior quarter, or units with positive third month employment in the current quarter and zero employment in the third month of the previous four quarters. Births are a subset of openings not including re-openings of seasonal businesses. Deaths. These are units with no employment or zero employment reported in the third month of four consecutive quarters following the last quarter with positive employment. Deaths are a subset of closings not including temporary shutdowns of seasonal businesses. A unit that closes during the quarter may be a death, but we wait three quarters to determine whether it is a permanent closing or a temporary shutdown. Therefore, there is always a lag of three quarters for the publication of death statistics. All employment changes are measured from the third month of the previous quarter to the third month of the current quarter. Not all establishments and firms change their employment levels. Units with no change in employment count towards estimates of total employment, but not for levels of gross job gains and gross job losses. Gross job gains and gross job losses are expressed as rates by dividing their levels by the average of employment in the current and previous quarters. This provides a symmetric growth rate. The rates are calculated for the components of gross job gains and gross job losses and then summed to form their respective totals. These rates can be added and subtracted just as their levels can. For instance, the difference between the gross job gains rate and the gross job losses rate is the net growth rate. Establishment Births and Deaths For the purpose of BED statistics, births are defined as establishments that appear in the longitudinal database for the first time with positive employment in the third month of a quarter, or showed four consecutive quarters of zero employment in the third month followed by a quarter in which it shows positive employment in the third month. Similarly, deaths are defined as establishments that either drop out of the longitudinal database or an establishment that had positive employment in the third month of a given quarter followed by four consecutive quarters of showing zero employment in the third month. Although the data for establishment births and deaths are tabulated independently from the data for openings and closings, the concepts are not mutually exclusive. An establishment that is defined as a birth in a given quarter is necessarily an opening as well, and an establishment defined as a death in a quarter must also be a closing. Since openings include seasonal and other re-openings and closings include temporary shutdowns, the not seasonally adjusted values for births and deaths must be less than those for openings and closings. However, because some BED series do not have many re-openings or temporary shutdowns, as well as the fact that births and deaths are independently seasonally adjusted from openings and closings, there may be instances in which the seasonally adjusted value of the former is greater than the latter. Linkage methodology Prior to the measurement of gross job gains and gross job losses, QCEW records are linked across two quarters. The linkage process matches establishments' unique SWA identification numbers (SWA-ID). Between 95 and 97 percent of establishments identified as continuous from quarter to quarter are matched by SWA-ID. The rest are linked in one of three ways. The first method uses predecessor and successor information, identified by the states, which relates records with different SWA-IDs across quarters. Predecessor and successor relations can come about for a variety of reasons, including a change in ownership, a firm restructuring, or a UI account restructuring. If a match cannot be attained in this manner, a probability-based match is used. This match attempts to identify two establishments with different SWA-IDs as continuous. The match is based upon comparisons such as the same name, address, and phone number. Third, an analyst examines unmatched records individually and makes a possible match. In order to ensure the highest possible quality of data, SWAs verify with employers and update, if necessary, the industry, location, and ownership classification of all establishments on a 3-year cycle. Changes in establishment classification codes resulting from the verification process are introduced with the data reported for the first quarter of the year. Changes resulting from improved employer reporting also are introduced in the first quarter. Sizing methodology The method of dynamic sizing is used in calculations for the BED size class data series. Dynamic sizing allocates each firm’s employment gain or loss during a quarter to each respective size class in which the change occurred. For example, if a firm grew from 2 employees in quarter 1 to 38 employees in quarter 2, then, of the 36-employee increase, 2 would be allocated to the first size class, 5 to the size class 5 to 9, 10 to size class 10 to 19, and 19 to size class 20 to 49. Dynamic sizing provides symmetrical firm-size estimates and eliminates any systematic effects which may be caused by the transitory and reverting changes in firms’ sizes over time. Additionally, it allocates each job gain or loss to the actual size class where it occurred. Annual Data The annual gross job gains and gross job losses measure the net change in employment at the establishment level from the third month of a quarter in the previous year to the third month of the same quarter in the current year. The BLS publishes annual BED data based on March-to-March changes once a year with the release of the first quarter BED data. The annual data based on over- the-year changes for other quarters of the year are available upon request. The definitions and methodology in measuring annual gross job gains and gross job losses are similar to the quarterly measures. The linkage method considers all predecessor and successor relations that may come about due to changes in ownership and corporate restructuring over the entire year. At the establishment level, some of the quarterly job gains and job losses are offset during the estimation over the year. Therefore, the sum of four quarters of gross job gains and gross job losses are not equal to annual gross job gains and gross job losses. The net change in employment over the year, however, is equal to the sum of four quarterly net changes on a not seasonally adjusted basis. Seasonal adjustment Over the course of a year, the levels of employment and the associated job flows undergo sharp fluctuations due to such seasonal events as changes in the weather, reduced or expanded production, harvests, major holidays, and the opening and closing of schools. The effect of such seasonal variation can be very large. Because these seasonal events follow a more or less regular pattern each year, their influence can be eliminated by adjusting these statistics from quarter to quarter. These adjustments make nonseasonal developments, such as declines in economic activity, easier to recognize. For example, the large number of youths taking summer jobs is likely to obscure other changes that have taken place in June relative to March, making it difficult to determine if the level of economic activity has risen or declined. However, because the effect of students finishing school in previous years is known, the statistics for the current year can be adjusted to allow for a comparable change. The adjusted figures provide a more useful tool with which to analyze changes in economic activity. The employment data series for opening, expanding, closing, and contracting units are independently seasonally adjusted; net changes are calculated based on the difference between gross job gains and gross job losses. Similarly, for industry data, the establishment counts data series for opening, expanding, closing, and contracting establishments are independently adjusted, and the net changes are calculated based on the difference between the number of opening and closing establishments. Additionally establishment and employment levels are independently seasonally adjusted to calculate the seasonally adjusted rates. Concurrent seasonal adjustment is run using X-13 ARIMA-SEATS. Seasonally adjusted data series for total private are the sum of seasonally adjusted data of all sectors including the unclassified sector, which is not separately published. The net over-the-quarter change derived by summing the BED component series will differ from the net employment change estimated from the seasonally adjusted total private employment series from the CES program. The intended use of BED statistics is to show the dynamic labor market changes that underlie the net employment change statistic. As such, data users interested particularly in the net employment change and not in the gross job flows underlying this change should refer to CES data for over-the-quarter net employment changes. Reliability of the data Since the data series on Business Employment Dynamics are based on administrative rather than sample data, there are no issues related to sampling error. Nonsampling error, however, still exists. Nonsampling errors can occur for many reasons, such as the employer submitting corrected employment data after the end of the quarter or typographical errors made by businesses when providing information. Such errors, however, are likely to be distributed randomly throughout the dataset. Changes in administrative data sometimes create complications for the linkage process. This can result in overstating openings and closings while understating expansions and contractions. The BLS continues to refine methods for improving the linkage process to alleviate the effects of these complications. The BED data series are subject to periodic minor changes based on corrections in QCEW records, updates on predecessors and successors information, and seasonal adjustment revisions. Annual revisions are published each year with the release of the first quarter data. These revisions cover the last four quarters of not seasonally adjusted data and 5 years of seasonally adjusted data. Additional statistics and other information Several other programs within BLS produce closely related information. The QCEW program provides both quarterly and annual estimates of employment by state, county, and detailed industry. News releases on quarterly county employment and wages and the annual bulletin also are available upon request from the Division of Administrative Statistics and Labor Turnover (Quarterly Census of Employment and Wages), telephone (202) 691-6567; (www.bls.gov/cew/); (e-mail: QCEWInfo@bls.gov). The Current Employment Statistics (CES) program produces monthly estimates of employment, its net change, hours, and earnings by detailed industry. These estimates are part of the Employment Situation report put out monthly by BLS. The Job Openings and Labor Turnover Survey (JOLTS) program provides monthly measures of job openings, as well as employee hires and separations. Information in this release will be made available to sensory impaired individuals upon request. Voice phone: (202) 691-5200; TDD message referral phone number: 1 (800) 877-8339.
Table 1. Private sector gross job gains and job losses, seasonally adjusted Total private (In thousands) Gross job gains Gross job losses Year 3 months ended Net change(1) Total Expanding Opening Total Contracting Closing establishments establishments establishments establishments 2009 March -2,680 5,918 4,675 1,243 8,598 7,142 1,456 June -1,667 6,425 5,080 1,345 8,092 6,674 1,418 September -849 6,399 5,139 1,260 7,248 5,854 1,394 December -264 6,665 5,308 1,357 6,929 5,605 1,324 2010 March -247 6,325 5,108 1,217 6,572 5,324 1,248 June 698 6,995 5,674 1,321 6,297 5,090 1,207 September 237 6,741 5,438 1,303 6,504 5,231 1,273 December 566 7,052 5,639 1,413 6,486 5,219 1,267 2011 March 334 6,540 5,322 1,218 6,206 5,025 1,181 June 582 6,966 5,625 1,341 6,384 5,115 1,269 September 841 7,205 5,810 1,395 6,364 5,172 1,192 December 335 6,865 5,503 1,362 6,530 5,273 1,257 2012 March 948 7,080 5,746 1,334 6,132 5,005 1,127 June 616 7,051 5,724 1,327 6,435 5,266 1,169 September 252 6,881 5,571 1,310 6,629 5,430 1,199 December 695 7,110 5,753 1,357 6,415 5,225 1,190 2013 March 558 6,941 5,705 1,236 6,383 5,201 1,182 June 674 7,152 5,830 1,322 6,478 5,271 1,207 September 507 7,058 5,719 1,339 6,551 5,408 1,143 December 700 7,255 5,926 1,329 6,555 5,353 1,202 2014 March 419 6,953 5,687 1,266 6,534 5,380 1,154 June 895 7,454 6,114 1,340 6,559 5,342 1,217 September 577 7,247 5,918 1,329 6,670 5,487 1,183 December 1,038 7,617 6,248 1,369 6,579 5,346 1,233 2015 March 216 7,040 5,727 1,313 6,824 5,622 1,202 June 838 7,580 6,236 1,344 6,742 5,550 1,192 September 466 7,340 5,977 1,363 6,874 5,665 1,209 December 968 7,827 6,367 1,460 6,859 5,594 1,265 2016 March 242 7,144 5,860 1,284 6,902 5,699 1,203 June 305 7,448 6,077 1,371 7,143 5,836 1,307 September 734 7,709 6,249 1,460 6,975 5,730 1,245 December 351 7,436 6,021 1,415 7,085 5,784 1,301 2017 March 649 7,420 6,086 1,334 6,771 5,588 1,183 June 473 7,623 6,255 1,368 7,150 5,878 1,272 September -68 7,317 5,964 1,353 7,385 6,088 1,297 December 955 7,814 6,374 1,440 6,859 5,561 1,298 2018 March 707 7,484 6,135 1,349 6,777 5,587 1,190 June 401 7,655 6,257 1,398 7,254 5,967 1,287 September 67 7,499 6,122 1,377 7,432 6,113 1,319 December 811 7,768 6,318 1,450 6,957 5,626 1,331 2019 March 525 7,375 6,038 1,337 6,850 5,649 1,201 (1) Net change is the difference between total gross job gains and total gross job losses.
Table 2. Private sector gross job gains and losses, as a percent of employment(1), seasonally adjusted Total private (Percent) Gross job gains Gross job losses Year 3 months ended Net change(2) Total Expanding Opening Total Contracting Closing establishments establishments establishments establishments 2009 March -2.4 5.4 4.3 1.1 7.8 6.5 1.3 June -1.5 6.0 4.7 1.3 7.5 6.2 1.3 September -0.8 6.0 4.8 1.2 6.8 5.5 1.3 December -0.3 6.3 5.0 1.3 6.6 5.3 1.3 2010 March -0.2 6.0 4.8 1.2 6.2 5.0 1.2 June 0.7 6.6 5.4 1.2 5.9 4.8 1.1 September 0.2 6.3 5.1 1.2 6.1 4.9 1.2 December 0.5 6.6 5.3 1.3 6.1 4.9 1.2 2011 March 0.3 6.1 5.0 1.1 5.8 4.7 1.1 June 0.5 6.4 5.2 1.2 5.9 4.7 1.2 September 0.8 6.7 5.4 1.3 5.9 4.8 1.1 December 0.4 6.4 5.1 1.3 6.0 4.8 1.2 2012 March 0.8 6.4 5.2 1.2 5.6 4.6 1.0 June 0.5 6.4 5.2 1.2 5.9 4.8 1.1 September 0.2 6.2 5.0 1.2 6.0 4.9 1.1 December 0.6 6.4 5.2 1.2 5.8 4.7 1.1 2013 March 0.5 6.2 5.1 1.1 5.7 4.6 1.1 June 0.6 6.4 5.2 1.2 5.8 4.7 1.1 September 0.5 6.3 5.1 1.2 5.8 4.8 1.0 December 0.6 6.4 5.2 1.2 5.8 4.7 1.1 2014 March 0.4 6.1 5.0 1.1 5.7 4.7 1.0 June 0.8 6.5 5.3 1.2 5.7 4.6 1.1 September 0.5 6.2 5.1 1.1 5.7 4.7 1.0 December 0.9 6.6 5.4 1.2 5.7 4.6 1.1 2015 March 0.2 6.0 4.9 1.1 5.8 4.8 1.0 June 0.7 6.4 5.3 1.1 5.7 4.7 1.0 September 0.5 6.3 5.1 1.2 5.8 4.8 1.0 December 0.8 6.6 5.4 1.2 5.8 4.7 1.1 2016 March 0.2 6.0 4.9 1.1 5.8 4.8 1.0 June 0.2 6.2 5.1 1.1 6.0 4.9 1.1 September 0.6 6.4 5.2 1.2 5.8 4.8 1.0 December 0.3 6.2 5.0 1.2 5.9 4.8 1.1 2017 March 0.5 6.1 5.0 1.1 5.6 4.6 1.0 June 0.4 6.2 5.1 1.1 5.8 4.8 1.0 September -0.1 6.0 4.9 1.1 6.1 5.0 1.1 December 0.8 6.4 5.2 1.2 5.6 4.5 1.1 2018 March 0.6 6.1 5.0 1.1 5.5 4.5 1.0 June 0.3 6.1 5.0 1.1 5.8 4.8 1.0 September 0.0 6.0 4.9 1.1 6.0 4.9 1.1 December 0.7 6.3 5.1 1.2 5.6 4.5 1.1 2019 March 0.4 5.9 4.8 1.1 5.5 4.5 1.0 (1) The rates measure gross job gains and job losses as a percentage of the average of the previous and current quarter employment levels. (2) Net change is the difference between total gross job gains and total gross job losses.
Table 3. Private sector gross job gains and losses by industry, seasonally adjusted Gross job gains and job losses Gross job gains and job losses (in thousands) as a percent of employment Category 3 months ended 3 months ended Mar. June Sept. Dec. Mar. Mar. June Sept. Dec. Mar. 2018 2018 2018 2018 2019 2018 2018 2018 2018 2019 Total private(1) Gross job gains 7,484 7,655 7,499 7,768 7,375 6.1 6.1 6.0 6.3 5.9 At expanding establishments 6,135 6,257 6,122 6,318 6,038 5.0 5.0 4.9 5.1 4.8 At opening establishments 1,349 1,398 1,377 1,450 1,337 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.2 1.1 Gross job losses 6,777 7,254 7,432 6,957 6,850 5.5 5.8 6.0 5.6 5.5 At contracting establishments 5,587 5,967 6,113 5,626 5,649 4.5 4.8 4.9 4.5 4.5 At closing establishments 1,190 1,287 1,319 1,331 1,201 1.0 1.0 1.1 1.1 1.0 Net employment change 707 401 67 811 525 0.6 0.3 0.0 0.7 0.4 Goods-producing Gross job gains 1,413 1,410 1,314 1,406 1,343 6.6 6.5 6.0 6.4 6.1 At expanding establishments 1,205 1,212 1,118 1,194 1,149 5.6 5.6 5.1 5.4 5.2 At opening establishments 208 198 196 212 194 1.0 0.9 0.9 1.0 0.9 Gross job losses 1,197 1,271 1,316 1,255 1,232 5.6 5.8 6.0 5.7 5.5 At contracting establishments 1,011 1,066 1,116 1,052 1,049 4.7 4.9 5.1 4.8 4.7 At closing establishments 186 205 200 203 183 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.8 Net employment change 216 139 -2 151 111 1.0 0.7 0.0 0.7 0.6 Natural resources and mining Gross job gains 259 275 240 246 243 13.4 14.2 12.5 12.6 12.4 At expanding establishments 226 240 210 214 213 11.7 12.4 10.9 11.0 10.9 At opening establishments 33 35 30 32 30 1.7 1.8 1.6 1.6 1.5 Gross job losses 242 249 247 256 242 12.6 12.8 12.8 13.2 12.4 At contracting establishments 210 214 218 227 213 10.9 11.0 11.3 11.7 10.9 At closing establishments 32 35 29 29 29 1.7 1.8 1.5 1.5 1.5 Net employment change 17 26 -7 -10 1 0.8 1.4 -0.3 -0.6 0.0 Construction Gross job gains 730 695 651 695 698 10.2 9.6 9.0 9.6 9.3 At expanding establishments 592 568 526 559 569 8.3 7.8 7.3 7.7 7.6 At opening establishments 138 127 125 136 129 1.9 1.8 1.7 1.9 1.7 Gross job losses 595 643 657 621 614 8.3 8.9 9.1 8.6 8.2 At contracting establishments 482 520 535 499 500 6.7 7.2 7.4 6.9 6.7 At closing establishments 113 123 122 122 114 1.6 1.7 1.7 1.7 1.5 Net employment change 135 52 -6 74 84 1.9 0.7 -0.1 1.0 1.1 Manufacturing Gross job gains 424 440 423 465 402 3.4 3.5 3.3 3.6 3.2 At expanding establishments 387 404 382 421 367 3.1 3.2 3.0 3.3 2.9 At opening establishments 37 36 41 44 35 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 Gross job losses 360 379 412 378 376 2.8 3.0 3.3 3.0 2.9 At contracting establishments 319 332 363 326 336 2.5 2.6 2.9 2.6 2.6 At closing establishments 41 47 49 52 40 0.3 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.3 Net employment change 64 61 11 87 26 0.6 0.5 0.0 0.6 0.3 Service-providing(1) Gross job gains 6,071 6,245 6,185 6,362 6,032 5.9 6.1 6.1 6.2 5.8 At expanding establishments 4,930 5,045 5,004 5,124 4,889 4.8 4.9 4.9 5.0 4.7 At opening establishments 1,141 1,200 1,181 1,238 1,143 1.1 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.1 Gross job losses 5,580 5,983 6,116 5,702 5,618 5.5 5.9 6.0 5.5 5.4 At contracting establishments 4,576 4,901 4,997 4,574 4,600 4.5 4.8 4.9 4.4 4.4 At closing establishments 1,004 1,082 1,119 1,128 1,018 1.0 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.0 Net employment change 491 262 69 660 414 0.4 0.2 0.1 0.7 0.4 Wholesale trade Gross job gains 270 277 275 279 258 4.6 4.7 4.7 4.8 4.3 At expanding establishments 222 230 223 228 214 3.8 3.9 3.8 3.9 3.6 At opening establishments 48 47 52 51 44 0.8 0.8 0.9 0.9 0.7 Gross job losses 249 251 269 245 243 4.2 4.2 4.6 4.1 4.2 At contracting establishments 195 196 211 190 192 3.3 3.3 3.6 3.2 3.3 At closing establishments 54 55 58 55 51 0.9 0.9 1.0 0.9 0.9 Net employment change 21 26 6 34 15 0.4 0.5 0.1 0.7 0.1 Retail trade Gross job gains 945 909 918 847 905 5.9 5.7 5.8 5.4 5.7 At expanding establishments 829 774 794 737 789 5.2 4.9 5.0 4.7 5.0 At opening establishments 116 135 124 110 116 0.7 0.8 0.8 0.7 0.7 Gross job losses 861 961 1,002 918 863 5.5 6.1 6.3 5.8 5.5 At contracting establishments 755 840 852 787 752 4.8 5.3 5.4 5.0 4.8 At closing establishments 106 121 150 131 111 0.7 0.8 0.9 0.8 0.7 Net employment change 84 -52 -84 -71 42 0.4 -0.4 -0.5 -0.4 0.2 Transportation and warehousing Gross job gains 267 286 313 421 281 5.2 5.5 6.0 7.8 5.2 At expanding establishments 231 245 270 365 240 4.5 4.7 5.2 6.8 4.4 At opening establishments 36 41 43 56 41 0.7 0.8 0.8 1.0 0.8 Gross job losses 327 254 256 239 346 6.4 4.9 4.9 4.5 6.3 At contracting establishments 293 217 219 198 311 5.7 4.2 4.2 3.7 5.7 At closing establishments 34 37 37 41 35 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.8 0.6 Net employment change -60 32 57 182 -65 -1.2 0.6 1.1 3.3 -1.1 Utilities Gross job gains 11 13 12 12 12 2.0 2.4 2.2 2.2 2.2 At expanding establishments 10 11 10 11 11 1.8 2.0 1.8 2.0 2.0 At opening establishments 1 2 2 1 1 0.2 0.4 0.4 0.2 0.2 Gross job losses 11 15 13 14 13 2.0 2.7 2.4 2.6 2.4 At contracting establishments 10 13 12 12 12 1.8 2.3 2.2 2.2 2.2 At closing establishments 1 2 1 2 1 0.2 0.4 0.2 0.4 0.2 Net employment change 0 -2 -1 -2 -1 0.0 -0.3 -0.2 -0.4 -0.2 Information Gross job gains 156 160 150 145 175 5.6 5.7 5.3 5.1 6.2 At expanding establishments 131 134 122 116 139 4.7 4.8 4.3 4.1 4.9 At opening establishments 25 26 28 29 36 0.9 0.9 1.0 1.0 1.3 Gross job losses 148 167 156 150 145 5.3 5.9 5.6 5.3 5.2 At contracting establishments 123 139 129 121 120 4.4 4.9 4.6 4.3 4.3 At closing establishments 25 28 27 29 25 0.9 1.0 1.0 1.0 0.9 Net employment change 8 -7 -6 -5 30 0.3 -0.2 -0.3 -0.2 1.0 Financial activities Gross job gains 360 395 381 394 362 4.4 4.8 4.6 4.8 4.4 At expanding establishments 285 313 299 299 290 3.5 3.8 3.6 3.6 3.5 At opening establishments 75 82 82 95 72 0.9 1.0 1.0 1.2 0.9 Gross job losses 350 357 387 376 343 4.3 4.4 4.8 4.6 4.2 At contracting establishments 268 276 300 286 261 3.3 3.4 3.7 3.5 3.2 At closing establishments 82 81 87 90 82 1.0 1.0 1.1 1.1 1.0 Net employment change 10 38 -6 18 19 0.1 0.4 -0.2 0.2 0.2 Professional and business services Gross job gains 1,357 1,471 1,438 1,508 1,318 6.5 7.0 6.8 7.2 6.3 At expanding establishments 1,101 1,196 1,158 1,199 1,074 5.3 5.7 5.5 5.7 5.1 At opening establishments 256 275 280 309 244 1.2 1.3 1.3 1.5 1.2 Gross job losses 1,279 1,374 1,368 1,352 1,318 6.2 6.6 6.6 6.4 6.2 At contracting establishments 1,029 1,098 1,099 1,061 1,065 5.0 5.3 5.3 5.0 5.0 At closing establishments 250 276 269 291 253 1.2 1.3 1.3 1.4 1.2 Net employment change 78 97 70 156 0 0.3 0.4 0.2 0.8 0.1 Education and health services Gross job gains 998 1,015 1,014 1,004 1,003 4.4 4.5 4.5 4.4 4.4 At expanding establishments 813 820 836 816 823 3.6 3.6 3.7 3.6 3.6 At opening establishments 185 195 178 188 180 0.8 0.9 0.8 0.8 0.8 Gross job losses 843 934 917 868 851 3.7 4.2 4.1 3.8 3.7 At contracting establishments 676 758 739 686 673 3.0 3.4 3.3 3.0 2.9 At closing establishments 167 176 178 182 178 0.7 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 Net employment change 155 81 97 136 152 0.7 0.3 0.4 0.6 0.7 Leisure and hospitality Gross job gains 1,360 1,353 1,344 1,406 1,338 8.4 8.4 8.3 8.6 8.2 At expanding establishments 1,069 1,065 1,049 1,110 1,064 6.6 6.6 6.5 6.8 6.5 At opening establishments 291 288 295 296 274 1.8 1.8 1.8 1.8 1.7 Gross job losses 1,208 1,364 1,418 1,230 1,198 7.5 8.4 8.7 7.6 7.3 At contracting establishments 1,005 1,136 1,186 1,004 992 6.2 7.0 7.3 6.2 6.0 At closing establishments 203 228 232 226 206 1.3 1.4 1.4 1.4 1.3 Net employment change 152 -11 -74 176 140 0.9 0.0 -0.4 1.0 0.9 Other services Gross job gains 299 318 301 304 299 7.1 7.5 7.1 7.2 7.0 At expanding establishments 232 250 236 237 235 5.5 5.9 5.6 5.6 5.5 At opening establishments 67 68 65 67 64 1.6 1.6 1.5 1.6 1.5 Gross job losses 279 286 308 291 276 6.7 6.8 7.3 6.9 6.5 At contracting establishments 217 223 244 224 216 5.2 5.3 5.8 5.3 5.1 At closing establishments 62 63 64 67 60 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.6 1.4 Net employment change 20 32 -7 13 23 0.4 0.7 -0.2 0.3 0.5 (1) Includes unclassified sector, not shown separately.
Table 4. Private sector gross job gains and losses by firm size, seasonally adjusted (In thousands) Total private by firm(1) Firm size 1 - 49 employees Firm size 50 - 249 employees Firm size 250 or more employees Year 3 months Net Gross job Net Gross job Net Gross job Net Gross job ended change gains losses change gains losses change gains losses change gains losses 2009 March -2,638 4,617 7,255 -983 2,721 3,704 -616 810 1,426 -1,039 1,086 2,125 June -1,763 5,169 6,932 -474 2,946 3,420 -281 950 1,231 -1,008 1,273 2,281 September -906 5,164 6,070 -372 2,826 3,198 -110 932 1,042 -424 1,406 1,830 December -317 5,403 5,720 -159 2,940 3,099 -45 962 1,007 -113 1,501 1,614 2010 March -234 5,115 5,349 -195 2,863 3,058 -2 914 916 -37 1,338 1,375 June 664 5,805 5,141 235 3,093 2,858 204 1,071 867 225 1,641 1,416 September 226 5,525 5,299 26 2,946 2,920 87 998 911 113 1,581 1,468 December 502 5,781 5,279 92 3,051 2,959 92 1,034 942 318 1,696 1,378 2011 March 340 5,375 5,035 99 2,983 2,884 122 971 849 119 1,421 1,302 June 537 5,746 5,209 190 3,073 2,883 169 1,063 894 178 1,610 1,432 September 852 5,974 5,122 272 3,137 2,865 171 1,066 895 409 1,771 1,362 December 297 5,585 5,288 45 2,970 2,925 44 981 937 208 1,634 1,426 2012 March 972 5,904 4,932 388 3,173 2,785 220 1,054 834 364 1,677 1,313 June 612 5,828 5,216 174 3,039 2,865 158 1,074 916 280 1,715 1,435 September 226 5,581 5,355 55 2,963 2,908 54 1,006 952 117 1,612 1,495 December 637 5,779 5,142 180 3,025 2,845 94 1,014 920 363 1,740 1,377 2013 March 582 5,743 5,161 212 3,071 2,859 156 1,029 873 214 1,643 1,429 June 650 5,906 5,256 226 3,085 2,859 135 1,071 936 289 1,750 1,461 September 473 5,764 5,291 225 3,063 2,838 69 1,021 952 179 1,680 1,501 December 631 5,886 5,255 122 3,021 2,899 105 1,034 929 404 1,831 1,427 2014 March 442 5,665 5,223 231 3,070 2,839 149 1,035 886 62 1,560 1,498 June 893 6,134 5,241 302 3,178 2,876 214 1,119 905 377 1,837 1,460 September 560 5,865 5,305 197 3,064 2,867 117 1,066 949 246 1,735 1,489 December 951 6,155 5,204 212 3,105 2,893 150 1,085 935 589 1,965 1,376 2015 March 222 5,669 5,447 166 3,096 2,930 76 1,024 948 -20 1,549 1,569 June 838 6,248 5,410 319 3,197 2,878 188 1,131 943 331 1,920 1,589 September 446 5,905 5,459 146 3,053 2,907 75 1,045 970 225 1,807 1,582 December 860 6,261 5,401 237 3,178 2,941 96 1,077 981 527 2,006 1,479 2016 March 254 5,747 5,493 204 3,118 2,914 56 1,017 961 -6 1,612 1,618 June 305 6,040 5,735 67 3,123 3,056 113 1,103 990 125 1,814 1,689 September 728 6,251 5,523 180 3,151 2,971 94 1,086 992 454 2,014 1,560 December 288 5,909 5,621 72 3,068 2,996 47 1,032 985 169 1,809 1,640 2017 March 663 5,994 5,331 359 3,239 2,880 187 1,078 891 117 1,677 1,560 June 516 6,193 5,677 143 3,158 3,015 146 1,127 981 227 1,908 1,681 September -120 5,821 5,941 -121 2,992 3,113 -51 1,012 1,063 52 1,817 1,765 December 871 6,222 5,351 240 3,192 2,952 159 1,092 933 472 1,938 1,466 2018 March 729 6,050 5,321 310 3,212 2,902 159 1,064 905 260 1,774 1,514 June 426 6,179 5,753 128 3,189 3,061 150 1,132 982 148 1,858 1,710 September 10 5,970 5,960 -102 3,019 3,121 -33 1,026 1,059 145 1,925 1,780 December 739 6,132 5,393 210 3,182 2,972 151 1,085 934 378 1,865 1,487 2019 March 579 5,944 5,365 280 3,159 2,879 150 1,054 904 149 1,731 1,582 (1) Total gross job gains and gross job losses by firm are lower than total gross job gains and gross job losses by establishment, as some establishment gains and losses within a firm are offset during the aggregation process. NOTE: Net change is the difference between total gross job gains and total gross job losses. Net change totals for the firm-level data differ from the establishment-level data due to independent seasonal adjustment. The unit of analysis section in the technical note provides additional detail. See www.bls.gov/bdm/bdmfirmsize.htm for more detailed firm size class data.
Table 5. Components of private sector gross job gains and losses by firm size, seasonally adjusted Gross job gains and job losses Gross job gains and job losses (in thousands) as a percent of employment Category 3 months ended 3 months ended Mar. June Sept. Dec. Mar. Mar. June Sept. Dec. Mar. 2018 2018 2018 2018 2019 2018 2018 2018 2018 2019 Total private by firm(1) Gross job gains 6,050 6,179 5,970 6,132 5,944 4.9 4.9 4.8 4.9 4.7 At expanding firms 5,092 5,264 5,086 5,166 5,019 4.1 4.2 4.1 4.1 4.0 At opening firms 958 915 884 966 925 0.8 0.7 0.7 0.8 0.7 Gross job losses 5,321 5,753 5,960 5,393 5,365 4.3 4.6 4.8 4.3 4.3 At contracting firms 4,475 4,872 5,074 4,508 4,515 3.6 3.9 4.1 3.6 3.6 At closing firms 846 881 886 885 850 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.7 Net employment change 729 426 10 739 579 0.6 0.3 0.0 0.6 0.4 Firm size 1 to 49 employees Gross job gains 3,212 3,189 3,019 3,182 3,159 9.4 9.2 8.8 9.3 9.1 At expanding firms 2,296 2,315 2,169 2,257 2,259 6.7 6.7 6.3 6.6 6.5 At opening firms 916 874 850 925 900 2.7 2.5 2.5 2.7 2.6 Gross job losses 2,902 3,061 3,121 2,972 2,879 8.5 8.9 9.1 8.7 8.4 At contracting firms 2,083 2,220 2,271 2,122 2,063 6.1 6.5 6.6 6.2 6.0 At closing firms 819 841 850 850 816 2.4 2.4 2.5 2.5 2.4 Net employment change 310 128 -102 210 280 0.9 0.3 -0.3 0.6 0.7 Firm size 50 to 249 employees Gross job gains 1,064 1,132 1,026 1,085 1,054 4.8 5.1 4.6 4.8 4.7 At expanding firms 1,035 1,096 995 1,054 1,030 4.7 4.9 4.5 4.7 4.6 At opening firms 29 36 31 31 24 0.1 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.1 Gross job losses 905 982 1,059 934 904 4.1 4.4 4.7 4.1 4.0 At contracting firms 881 952 1,029 904 878 4.0 4.3 4.6 4.0 3.9 At closing firms 24 30 30 30 26 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 Net employment change 159 150 -33 151 150 0.7 0.7 -0.1 0.7 0.7 Firm size 250 or more employees Gross job gains 1,774 1,858 1,925 1,865 1,731 2.6 2.7 2.8 2.7 2.5 At expanding firms 1,761 1,853 1,922 1,855 1,730 2.6 2.7 2.8 2.7 2.5 At opening firms 13 5 3 10 1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Gross job losses 1,514 1,710 1,780 1,487 1,582 2.2 2.5 2.6 2.2 2.3 At contracting firms 1,511 1,700 1,774 1,482 1,574 2.2 2.5 2.6 2.2 2.3 At closing firms 3 10 6 5 8 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Net employment change 260 148 145 378 149 0.4 0.2 0.2 0.5 0.2 (1) Total gross job gains and gross job losses by firm are lower than total gross job gains and gross job losses by establishment, as some establishment gains and losses within a firm are offset during the aggregation process. NOTE: Net change is the difference between total gross job gains and total gross job losses. Net change totals for the firm-level data differ from the establishment-level data due to independent seasonal adjustment. The unit of analysis section in the technical note provides additional detail. See www.bls.gov/bdm/bdmfirmsize.htm for more detailed firm size class data.
Table 6. Private sector gross job gains and losses by state, seasonally adjusted Gross job gains Gross job losses State 3 months ended 3 months ended Mar. June Sept. Dec. Mar. Mar. June Sept. Dec. Mar. 2018 2018 2018 2018 2019 2018 2018 2018 2018 2019 United States(1).... 7,484,000 7,655,000 7,499,000 7,768,000 7,375,000 6,777,000 7,254,000 7,432,000 6,957,000 6,850,000 Alabama............. 96,243 93,553 95,605 100,816 96,841 85,683 90,394 94,075 85,914 88,823 Alaska.............. 24,717 26,848 21,838 27,051 24,748 21,909 26,274 26,246 24,029 22,229 Arizona............. 144,367 143,473 159,941 154,406 139,196 127,341 141,803 123,519 126,130 136,405 Arkansas............ 55,048 51,191 61,294 59,915 53,605 52,471 57,719 56,723 50,421 51,893 California.......... 950,953 993,961 966,144 1,019,583 958,690 889,271 954,808 915,540 893,290 918,099 Colorado............ 152,407 153,001 149,713 155,491 150,523 133,492 137,876 152,379 137,868 143,527 Connecticut......... 74,217 83,110 76,246 76,068 74,499 76,379 73,433 81,586 71,454 81,433 Delaware............ 27,064 24,680 21,797 25,620 24,839 22,591 23,081 24,936 21,770 21,612 District of Columbia 32,187 29,647 28,183 29,712 29,198 25,882 29,812 29,027 27,027 25,795 Florida............. 469,018 489,717 519,828 494,076 470,398 420,317 461,536 440,722 466,878 428,898 Georgia............. 244,706 236,132 253,968 239,126 257,662 214,883 240,777 231,723 217,509 218,890 Hawaii.............. 27,534 28,398 27,332 30,742 28,766 25,410 29,123 29,198 27,198 31,811 Idaho............... 47,951 44,622 41,300 45,579 46,481 36,726 41,477 41,911 38,775 38,110 Illinois............ 296,252 291,805 288,877 286,588 273,000 268,957 289,244 297,620 288,063 268,937 Indiana............. 151,082 145,966 139,987 148,866 156,880 134,571 146,896 141,825 133,677 129,593 Iowa................ 73,382 75,164 69,079 75,879 67,346 69,343 71,924 74,868 69,658 71,892 Kansas.............. 59,788 65,217 66,704 69,531 62,736 62,522 63,441 64,414 62,125 64,959 Kentucky............ 98,385 94,540 90,984 97,782 92,536 93,740 90,495 96,148 87,327 88,220 Louisiana........... 107,755 98,870 101,284 99,438 95,919 94,088 104,991 100,616 92,940 94,705 Maine............... 35,900 41,729 31,809 37,301 37,368 36,356 36,986 38,866 34,444 33,681 Maryland............ 136,993 133,457 137,468 146,421 139,079 125,341 126,397 144,563 138,449 125,036 Massachusetts....... 178,032 191,451 175,065 182,975 180,711 163,557 173,457 192,871 167,127 164,915 Michigan............ 212,391 210,759 191,034 212,257 193,954 171,633 196,604 231,163 196,309 175,917 Minnesota........... 133,777 142,600 135,956 142,627 129,422 125,177 130,507 142,031 135,392 128,720 Mississippi......... 49,284 51,745 52,579 58,977 50,681 53,389 54,204 52,352 47,947 55,297 Missouri............ 130,075 136,499 142,095 137,961 129,371 125,766 135,700 142,563 128,093 126,018 Montana............. 29,884 30,525 27,396 34,407 29,494 27,084 29,704 30,117 27,518 31,004 Nebraska............ 46,781 47,822 47,885 47,835 46,491 45,895 47,343 48,225 46,760 45,655 Nevada.............. 78,192 74,364 81,913 80,193 74,485 64,990 70,770 68,777 67,175 66,481 New Hampshire....... 34,968 38,372 32,249 37,886 36,640 34,105 35,862 38,996 32,781 32,983 New Jersey.......... 198,889 226,662 208,014 223,239 201,365 209,536 202,305 221,513 199,050 198,569 New Mexico.......... 41,085 42,557 41,563 43,809 41,983 36,544 40,031 40,829 39,424 38,022 New York............ 496,300 502,371 486,928 504,548 485,292 451,254 461,346 506,220 460,838 433,874 North Carolina...... 228,106 228,178 209,963 248,759 237,488 193,957 212,847 236,976 197,480 188,107 North Dakota........ 24,307 23,387 23,039 23,548 24,826 21,801 21,570 22,667 21,746 22,437 Ohio................ 262,472 263,954 250,824 261,361 258,396 238,635 253,449 271,299 245,446 241,765 Oklahoma............ 78,908 81,937 86,152 84,052 74,976 72,500 81,082 78,486 78,597 75,282 Oregon.............. 128,621 102,489 101,862 110,386 105,038 94,400 103,335 102,384 98,153 95,104 Pennsylvania........ 274,495 277,509 277,395 277,414 266,704 255,248 267,878 271,106 249,012 249,431 Rhode Island........ 26,899 26,383 26,185 26,789 24,678 25,668 25,787 27,144 24,229 23,887 South Carolina...... 106,531 129,611 100,477 128,913 113,237 88,225 117,324 112,911 93,825 106,262 South Dakota........ 22,742 21,371 21,218 22,202 20,396 20,815 21,480 20,331 20,696 22,444 Tennessee........... 130,419 141,283 149,585 148,634 138,640 125,868 135,300 135,764 127,807 124,279 Texas............... 604,297 612,249 621,424 652,219 584,029 530,142 548,504 565,749 537,389 541,312 Utah................ 92,762 85,338 91,311 87,692 92,927 74,864 80,041 80,280 78,369 78,342 Vermont............. 16,748 18,662 17,596 18,863 17,446 18,260 18,380 19,550 17,285 16,200 Virginia............ 187,420 195,880 178,662 199,472 201,989 171,487 184,766 198,599 176,271 175,654 Washington.......... 201,233 204,847 172,644 182,294 176,059 172,808 180,137 181,187 160,020 160,092 West Virginia....... 37,853 38,056 39,104 35,422 33,504 32,593 35,348 35,779 36,511 36,947 Wisconsin........... 140,206 136,299 126,775 134,830 127,951 116,847 138,290 145,097 122,971 120,014 Wyoming............. 17,713 17,365 17,117 20,839 18,347 16,402 17,344 17,393 16,307 16,590 Puerto Rico......... 55,317 52,276 48,405 40,125 47,891 44,701 41,342 38,736 45,122 34,491 Virgin Islands...... 2,974 2,978 3,030 1,934 2,987 4,166 1,575 1,410 1,736 1,853 (1) The sum of the states will not necessarily add to the U.S. total because of the independent seasonal adjustment of each state. NOTE: Totals for the United States do not include data for Puerto Rico or the Virgin Islands.
Table 7. Private sector gross job gains and losses, as a percent of total employment by state, seasonally adjusted Gross job gains as a percent of employment Gross job losses as a percent of employment State 3 months ended 3 months ended Mar. June Sept. Dec. Mar. Mar. June Sept. Dec. Mar. 2018 2018 2018 2018 2019 2018 2018 2018 2018 2019 United States....... 6.1 6.1 6.0 6.3 5.9 5.5 5.8 6.0 5.6 5.5 Alabama............. 6.1 5.8 6.0 6.3 6.0 5.4 5.7 5.9 5.3 5.5 Alaska.............. 10.1 10.9 8.9 11.0 10.0 8.9 10.7 10.7 9.8 9.0 Arizona............. 6.0 6.0 6.6 6.2 5.6 5.3 5.9 5.1 5.1 5.5 Arkansas............ 5.4 5.0 6.1 5.9 5.2 5.2 5.7 5.6 5.0 5.1 California.......... 6.4 6.7 6.5 6.9 6.3 6.0 6.4 6.2 5.9 6.2 Colorado............ 6.8 6.8 6.6 6.8 6.6 6.0 6.1 6.8 6.0 6.3 Connecticut......... 5.1 5.8 5.3 5.3 5.2 5.3 5.1 5.7 4.9 5.7 Delaware............ 7.1 6.4 5.7 6.6 6.4 5.9 6.0 6.5 5.6 5.5 District of Columbia 6.0 5.6 5.3 5.6 5.4 4.9 5.6 5.5 5.1 4.9 Florida............. 6.2 6.4 6.8 6.4 6.1 5.5 6.1 5.8 6.1 5.6 Georgia............. 6.5 6.3 6.7 6.3 6.8 5.7 6.4 6.1 5.8 5.7 Hawaii.............. 5.1 5.3 5.1 5.8 5.4 4.7 5.4 5.4 5.1 5.9 Idaho............... 7.9 7.3 6.8 7.4 7.5 6.1 6.8 6.9 6.3 6.1 Illinois............ 5.7 5.6 5.5 5.5 5.2 5.2 5.6 5.8 5.6 5.1 Indiana............. 5.7 5.5 5.2 5.6 5.9 5.1 5.5 5.4 5.0 4.8 Iowa................ 5.6 5.7 5.3 5.8 5.1 5.3 5.4 5.7 5.3 5.4 Kansas.............. 5.3 5.7 5.9 6.1 5.4 5.4 5.6 5.7 5.4 5.7 Kentucky............ 6.2 5.9 5.8 6.1 5.8 5.9 5.7 6.0 5.4 5.5 Louisiana........... 6.7 6.2 6.3 6.2 5.9 5.9 6.5 6.3 5.8 5.9 Maine............... 7.0 8.0 6.1 7.3 7.2 7.0 7.1 7.5 6.7 6.4 Maryland............ 6.3 6.1 6.3 6.8 6.4 5.8 5.8 6.6 6.4 5.7 Massachusetts....... 5.7 6.1 5.6 5.8 5.7 5.2 5.5 6.1 5.3 5.2 Michigan............ 5.6 5.5 5.0 5.6 5.1 4.6 5.2 6.2 5.2 4.6 Minnesota........... 5.4 5.8 5.5 5.7 5.2 5.1 5.2 5.7 5.4 5.1 Mississippi......... 5.5 5.7 5.9 6.5 5.7 6.0 6.0 5.9 5.3 6.2 Missouri............ 5.5 5.7 5.9 5.8 5.4 5.2 5.7 6.0 5.4 5.3 Montana............. 7.9 8.0 7.2 8.9 7.6 7.1 7.8 7.9 7.2 8.0 Nebraska............ 5.8 5.8 5.9 5.9 5.7 5.6 5.8 5.9 5.7 5.6 Nevada.............. 6.5 6.1 6.7 6.6 6.0 5.5 5.8 5.7 5.5 5.4 New Hampshire....... 6.1 6.7 5.7 6.6 6.3 6.0 6.2 6.8 5.7 5.7 New Jersey.......... 5.7 6.5 6.0 6.4 5.7 6.1 5.8 6.4 5.7 5.6 New Mexico.......... 6.5 6.7 6.4 6.8 6.4 5.7 6.2 6.4 6.1 5.8 New York............ 6.3 6.3 6.1 6.3 6.0 5.6 5.8 6.4 5.7 5.3 North Carolina...... 6.2 6.1 5.7 6.7 6.3 5.3 5.7 6.4 5.3 5.1 North Dakota........ 7.1 6.7 6.6 6.8 7.1 6.3 6.2 6.6 6.2 6.4 Ohio................ 5.6 5.6 5.4 5.6 5.5 5.1 5.4 5.8 5.3 5.1 Oklahoma............ 6.2 6.4 6.7 6.5 5.8 5.7 6.3 6.1 6.1 5.8 Oregon.............. 8.0 6.2 6.2 6.7 6.3 5.8 6.3 6.3 6.0 5.8 Pennsylvania........ 5.3 5.3 5.4 5.3 5.1 4.9 5.1 5.2 4.8 4.8 Rhode Island........ 6.4 6.3 6.2 6.4 5.8 6.1 6.1 6.4 5.7 5.6 South Carolina...... 6.3 7.5 5.8 7.4 6.4 5.1 6.7 6.5 5.4 6.0 South Dakota........ 6.4 6.1 6.0 6.3 5.7 5.9 6.1 5.7 5.8 6.4 Tennessee........... 5.1 5.5 5.8 5.8 5.4 4.9 5.3 5.3 4.9 4.8 Texas............... 5.9 5.9 6.0 6.2 5.5 5.1 5.3 5.4 5.2 5.2 Utah................ 7.5 6.9 7.3 6.9 7.3 6.0 6.4 6.4 6.2 6.2 Vermont............. 6.5 7.2 6.9 7.4 6.7 7.0 7.1 7.6 6.8 6.3 Virginia............ 6.0 6.2 5.7 6.3 6.4 5.4 5.8 6.3 5.6 5.5 Washington.......... 7.2 7.3 6.2 6.4 6.2 6.2 6.5 6.5 5.6 5.6 West Virginia....... 6.9 6.8 7.0 6.3 6.0 6.0 6.4 6.4 6.5 6.6 Wisconsin........... 5.6 5.5 5.1 5.4 5.1 4.7 5.5 5.9 5.0 4.8 Wyoming............. 8.6 8.4 8.3 10.0 8.6 8.0 8.4 8.4 7.8 7.8 Puerto Rico......... 8.5 7.9 7.2 6.0 7.1 6.9 6.2 5.8 6.8 5.1 Virgin Islands...... 13.3 13.2 12.8 7.9 11.9 18.6 7.0 5.9 7.1 7.4 NOTE: Totals for the United States do not include data for Puerto Rico or the Virgin Islands.
Table 8. Private sector establishment births and deaths, seasonally adjusted Total private (Levels in thousands) Number of Establishments Employment Births Deaths(1) Births Deaths Year 3 months ended Level Rate(2) Level Rate Level Rate Level Rate 2009 March 197 2.7 247 3.4 738 0.7 869 0.8 June 201 2.8 238 3.3 767 0.7 837 0.8 September 192 2.7 227 3.2 725 0.7 793 0.7 December 202 2.8 218 3.1 728 0.7 749 0.7 2010 March 193 2.7 211 3.0 706 0.7 687 0.7 June 193 2.7 202 2.9 730 0.7 665 0.6 September 207 2.9 204 2.9 754 0.7 701 0.7 December 216 3.0 201 2.8 805 0.8 700 0.7 2011 March 204 2.9 200 2.8 715 0.7 632 0.6 June 210 2.9 205 2.9 767 0.7 689 0.6 September 206 2.9 196 2.7 794 0.7 675 0.6 December 214 3.0 198 2.8 800 0.7 700 0.6 2012 March 236 3.3 188 2.6 787 0.7 614 0.6 June 217 3.0 194 2.7 799 0.7 673 0.6 September 210 2.9 196 2.7 804 0.7 692 0.6 December 218 3.0 183 2.5 809 0.7 673 0.6 2013 March 205 2.8 193 2.6 748 0.7 648 0.6 June 222 3.0 215 2.9 789 0.7 695 0.6 September 219 2.9 195 2.6 818 0.7 678 0.6 December 215 2.9 187 2.5 803 0.7 670 0.6 2014 March 220 2.9 190 2.5 784 0.7 635 0.6 June 221 2.9 204 2.7 806 0.7 711 0.6 September 225 3.0 199 2.6 825 0.7 703 0.6 December 224 2.9 198 2.6 836 0.7 705 0.6 2015 March 233 3.0 206 2.7 817 0.7 694 0.6 June 234 3.1 212 2.8 836 0.7 731 0.6 September 242 3.1 207 2.7 880 0.7 702 0.6 December 247 3.2 208 2.7 896 0.8 732 0.6 2016 March 236 3.0 203 2.6 789 0.7 668 0.6 June 241 3.1 213 2.7 838 0.7 720 0.6 September 239 3.0 214 2.7 869 0.7 746 0.6 December 238 3.0 217 2.8 868 0.7 727 0.6 2017 March 241 3.0 203 2.6 803 0.7 663 0.5 June 240 3.0 225 2.8 848 0.7 756 0.6 September 242 3.0 225 2.8 849 0.7 762 0.6 December 246 3.1 216 2.7 854 0.7 732 0.6 2018 March 248 3.1 214 2.7 811 0.7 663 0.5 June 265 3.3 231 2.9 880 0.7 774 0.6 September 251 3.1 N/A N/A 867 0.7 N/A N/A December 249 3.1 N/A N/A 863 0.7 N/A N/A 2019 March 256 3.1 N/A N/A 814 0.6 N/A N/A (1) Values for deaths are not available for the most recent three quarters by definition. See the Technical Note for more informations. (2) The rates measure births and deaths as a percentage of the average of the previous and current quarter employment levels or total number of establishments.