For release 10:00 a.m. (ET) Wednesday, October 30, 2024 USDL-24-2231
Technical information: (202) 691-6553 * BDMInfo@bls.gov * www.bls.gov/bdm
Media contact: (202) 691-5902 * PressOffice@bls.gov
BUSINESS EMPLOYMENT DYNAMICS – FIRST QUARTER 2024
From December 2023 to March 2024, gross job gains from opening and expanding private-sector
establishments were 7.6 million, a decrease of 294,000 jobs from the previous quarter, the U.S.
Bureau of Labor Statistics reported today. Over this period, gross job losses from closing and
contracting private-sector establishments were 7.1 million, a decrease of 384,000 jobs from the
previous quarter. The difference between the number of gross job gains and the number of gross
job losses yielded a net employment gain of 493,000 jobs in the private sector during the first
quarter of 2024. (See tables A and 1.)
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| |
| Revisions to Business Employment Dynamics (BED) Data |
| |
| Data in this release contain annual revisions in accordance with standard procedures. These |
| revisions include the previous four quarters of not seasonally adjusted data and five years of |
| seasonally adjusted data. |
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The change in the number of jobs over time is the net result of increases and decreases in employment
that occur at all private businesses in the economy. Business Employment Dynamics (BED) statistics track
these changes in employment at private-sector establishments from the third month of one quarter to the
third month of the next. The difference between the number of gross job gains and the number of gross
job losses is the net change in employment. (See Technical Note.) The BED data series include gross job
gains and gross job losses by industry subsector, for the 50 states, the District of Columbia, Puerto Rico,
and the Virgin Islands, as well as gross job gains and gross job losses at the firm level by employer size
class.
Gross Job Gains
In the first quarter of 2024, gross job gains represented 5.7 percent of private-sector employment. Gross
job gains are the sum of increases in employment due to expansions at existing establishments and the
addition of new jobs at opening establishments. Gross job gains at expanding establishments totaled 6.1
million in the first quarter of 2024, a decrease of 131,000 jobs compared to the previous quarter.
Opening establishments accounted for 1.5 million of the jobs gained in the first quarter of 2024, a
decrease of 163,000 jobs from the previous quarter. (See tables A, 1, 2, and 3.)
Gross Job Losses
In the first quarter of 2024, gross job losses represented 5.4 percent of private-sector employment.
Gross job losses are the result of contractions in employment at existing establishments and the loss of
jobs at closing establishments. Contracting establishments lost 5.7 million jobs in the first quarter
of 2024, a decrease of 281,000 jobs from the prior quarter. In the first quarter of 2024, closing
establishments lost 1.4 million jobs, a decrease of 103,000 jobs from the previous quarter. (See
tables A, 1, 2, and 3.)
Establishment Births and Deaths
In the first quarter of 2024, the number of establishment births (a subset of the openings data)
decreased by 5,000 to a total of 322,000 establishments. These new establishments accounted for
934,000 jobs, a decrease of 85,000 jobs from the previous quarter. Data for establishment deaths (a
subset of the closings data) are available through the second quarter of 2023, when 887,000 jobs were
lost at 293,000 establishments, an increase of 70,000 jobs from the first quarter of 2023. (See
Technical Note and table 8.)
Table A. Three-month private-sector gross job gains and losses, seasonally adjusted
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
| 3 months ended
Category | Mar. | June | Sept. | Dec. | Mar.
| 2023 | 2023 | 2023 | 2023 | 2024
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
| Levels (in thousands)
|--------------------------------------------------
Gross job gains......................... | 8,169 | 8,129 | 7,700 | 7,902 | 7,608
At expanding establishments...... | 6,599 | 6,521 | 6,116 | 6,262 | 6,131
At opening establishments........ | 1,570 | 1,608 | 1,584 | 1,640 | 1,477
| | | | |
Gross job losses........................ | 7,146 | 7,784 | 7,758 | 7,499 | 7,115
At contracting establishments.... | 5,712 | 6,316 | 6,237 | 5,995 | 5,714
At closing establishments........ | 1,434 | 1,468 | 1,521 | 1,504 | 1,401
| | | | |
Net employment change (1)............... | 1,023 | 345 | -58 | 403 | 493
| | | | |
|--------------------------------------------------
| Rates (percent)
|--------------------------------------------------
Gross job gains......................... | 6.3 | 6.2 | 5.9 | 6.0 | 5.7
At expanding establishments...... | 5.1 | 5.0 | 4.7 | 4.8 | 4.6
At opening establishments........ | 1.2 | 1.2 | 1.2 | 1.2 | 1.1
| | | | |
Gross job losses........................ | 5.5 | 5.9 | 6.0 | 5.7 | 5.4
At contracting establishments.... | 4.4 | 4.8 | 4.8 | 4.6 | 4.3
At closing establishments........ | 1.1 | 1.1 | 1.2 | 1.1 | 1.1
| | | | |
Net employment change (1)............... | 0.8 | 0.3 | -0.1 | 0.3 | 0.3
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
(1) The net employment change is the difference between total gross job gains and total gross
job losses. See the Technical Note for further information.
Firm Size
In the first quarter of 2024, firms with 1 to 49 employees had a net employment increase of 71,000. Firms
with 50 to 249 employees had a net employment gain of 105,000. Firms with 250 or more employees had a net
employment increase of 406,000. (See tables 4 and 5.)
Industries
Gross job gains exceeded gross job losses in 10 out of the 13 industry sectors in the first quarter of
2024. The service-providing industries experienced a net job gain of 362,000. The goods-producing
industries had a net job increase of 131,000. (See table 3.)
States
Gross job gains surpassed gross job losses in 45 states, the District of Columbia, Puerto Rico, and
the Virgin Islands in the first quarter of 2024. (See tables 6 and 7.)
For More Information
Additional information on gross job gains and gross job losses is available online at www.bls.gov/bdm.
This information includes data for the levels and rates of gross job gains and gross job losses by firm
size, not seasonally adjusted data and seasonally adjusted time series not presented in this release,
charts of gross job gains and gross job losses by industry and firm size, and answers to frequently asked
questions. Additional information about the Business Employment Dynamics data can be found
in the Technical Note of this release or can be obtained by emailing BDMinfo@bls.gov.
_____________
The Business Employment Dynamics for Second Quarter 2024 are scheduled to be released on
Wednesday, January 29, 2025, at 10:00 a.m. (ET).
Technical Note
The Business Employment Dynamics (BED) data are a product of a federal-state cooperative
program known as the Quarterly Census of Employment and Wages (QCEW). The BED data are
compiled by the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) from existing QCEW records. Most
employers in the U.S. are required to file quarterly reports on the employment and wages of
workers covered by unemployment insurance (UI) laws and to pay quarterly UI taxes. The QCEW
is based largely on quarterly UI reports which are sent by businesses to the State Workforce
Agencies (SWAs). These UI reports are supplemented by two additional BLS data collections to
render administrative data into economic statistics. Together these data comprise the QCEW and
form the basis of the Bureau’s establishment universe sampling frame.
These reports are used to produce the quarterly QCEW data on total employment and wages and
the longitudinal BED data on gross job gains and losses. The QCEW is also the employment
benchmark for the Current Employment Statistics (CES), Occupational Employment Statistics
(OES), and Job Openings and Labor Turnover Survey (JOLTS) programs and is a major input to
the Bureau of Economic Analysis’s Personal Income Accounts.
In the BED program, the quarterly QCEW records are linked across quarters to provide a
longitudinal history for each establishment. The linkage process allows the tracking of net
employment changes at the establishment level, which in turn allows the estimation of jobs gained
at opening and expanding units and jobs lost at closing and contracting units.
Differences between QCEW, BED, and CES employment measures
The Bureau publishes three different establishment-based employment measures for any given
quarter. Each of these measures—Quarterly Census of Employment and Wages, Business
Employment Dynamics, and Current Employment Statistics—makes use of the
quarterly UI employment reports in producing data; however, each measure has a somewhat
different universe coverage, estimation procedure, and publication product.
Differences in coverage and estimation methods can result in somewhat different measures of
employment change over time. It is important to understand program differences and the intended
uses of the program products. (See table.) Additional information on each program can be obtained
from the program websites shown in the table.
Coverage
Employment and wage data for workers covered by state UI and Unemployment Compensation for
Federal Employees (UCFE) laws are compiled from quarterly contribution reports submitted to the
SWAs by employers. In addition to the quarterly contribution reports, employers who operate
multiple establishments within a state complete a questionnaire, called the “Multiple Worksite
Report,” which provides detailed information on the location of their establishments. These reports
are based on place of employment rather than place of residence. UI and UCFE coverage is broad
and basically comparable from state to state.
Major exclusions from UI coverage are self-employed workers, religious organizations, most
agricultural workers on small farms, all members of the Armed Forces, elected officials in most
states, most employees of railroads, some domestic workers, most student workers at schools, and
employees of certain small nonprofit organizations.
Gross job gains and gross job losses in this release are derived from longitudinal histories of 9.2
million private-sector employer reports out of 11.9 million total reports of employment and wages
submitted by states to BLS in the first quarter of 2024. Gross job gains and gross job losses data in
this release do not report estimates for government employees or private households (NAICS
814110) and do not include establishments with zero employment in both previous and current
quarters. Data from Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands are also excluded from the national data.
The table below shows, in millions of establishments, the number of establishments excluded from
the national gross job gains and gross job losses data in the first quarter of 2024.
Number of active establishments included in
Business Employment Dynamics data at the national level
Millions
Total establishments QCEW program....................................................11.9
Excluded: Public sector............................................................ 0.3
Private households......................................................... 0.2
Zero employment............................................................ 2.2
Total establishments included in Business
Employment Dynamics data............................................................. 9.2
Summary of Major Differences between QCEW, BED, and CES Employment Measures
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
| QCEW | BED | CES
-----------|---------------------|----------------------|------------------------
Source |--Count of UI admini-|--Count of longitudi- |--Sample survey:
| strative records | nally-linked UI ad- | 629,000 establish-
| submitted by 11.9 | ministrative records| ments
| million establish- | submitted by 9.2 |
| ments in first qu- | million private-sec-|
| arter of 2024 | tor establishments |
-----------|---------------------|----------------------|------------------------
Coverage |--UI and UCFE cover- |--UI coverage, exclud-|Nonfarm wage and salary
| age, including all | ing government, pri-| jobs:
| employers subject | vate households, and|--UI coverage, exclud-
| to state and feder-| establishments with | ing agriculture, pri-
| ral UI Laws | zero employment | vate households, and
| | | self-employed workers
| | |--Other employment,
| | | including railroads,
| | | religious organiza-
| | | tions, and other non-
| | | UI-covered jobs
| | |
-----------|---------------------|----------------------|------------------------
Publication|--Quarterly |--Quarterly |--Monthly
frequency | -6 months after the| -7 months after the | -Usually the 3rd Fri-
| end of each quar- | end of each quarter| day after the end of
| ter | | the week including
| | | the 12th of the month
-----------|---------------------|----------------------|------------------------
Use of UI |--Directly summarizes|--Links each new UI |--Uses UI file as a sam-
file | and publishes each | quarter to longitu- | pling frame and to ann-
| new quarter of UI | dinal database and | ually realign sample-
| data | directly summarizes | based estimates to pop-
| | gross job gains and | ulation counts (bench-
| | losses | marking)
-----------|---------------------|----------------------|------------------------
Principal |--Provides a quarter-|--Provides quarterly |--Provides current month-
products | ly and annual uni- | employer dynamics | ly estimates of employ-
| verse count of es- | data on establish- | ment, hours, and earn-
| tablishments, em- | ment openings, clos-| ings at the MSA, state,
| ployment, and wages| ings, expansions, | and national levels by
| at the county, met-| and contractions at | industry
| ropolitan statisti-| the national level |
| cal area (MSA), st-| by NAICS super- |
| ate, and national | sectors, 3-digit |
| levels by detailed | NAICS, and by size |
| industry | of firm, and at the |
| | state private-sector|
| | total level |
| |--Future expansions |
| | will include |
| | data with greater |
| | industry detail and |
| | data at the county |
| | and MSA levels |
-----------|---------------------|----------------------|------------------------
Principal |--Major uses include:|--Major uses include: |--Major uses include:
uses | -Detailed locality | -Business cycle | -Principal federal
| data | analysis | economic indicator
| -Periodic universe | -Analysis of employ-| -Official time series
| counts for bench- | er dynamics under- | for employment change
| marking sample | lying economic ex- | measures
| survey estimates | pansions and con- | -Input into other ma-
| -Sample frame for | tractions | jor economic indi-
| BLS establishment | -Analysis of employ-| cators
| surveys | ment expansion and |
| | contraction by size|
| | of firm |
-----------|---------------------|----------------------|------------------------
Program |--www.bls.gov/cew |--www.bls.gov/bdm |--www.bls.gov/ces
web sites | | |
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Unit of analysis
Establishments are used in the tabulation of the BED statistics by industry, and firms are used in the
tabulation of the BED size class statistics. An establishment is defined as an economic unit that
produces goods or services, usually at a single physical location, and engages in one or
predominantly one activity. A firm is a legal business, either corporate or otherwise, and may
consist of several establishments. Firm-level data are compiled based on an aggregation of
establishments under common ownership by a corporate parent using employer tax identification
numbers. The firm level aggregation, which is consistent with the role of corporations as the
economic decision makers, is used for the measurement of BED data elements by size class.
Because of the difference in the unit of analysis, total gross job gains and gross job losses by size
class are lower than total gross job gains and gross job losses by industry, as some establishment
gains and losses within a firm are offset during the aggregation process. However, the total net
changes in employment are the same for not seasonally adjusted data and are similar for seasonally
adjusted data.
Concepts and methodology
The Business Employment Dynamics data measure the net change in employment at the
establishment or firm level. These changes come about in one of four ways. A net increase in
employment can come from either opening units or expanding units. A net decrease in
employment can come from either closing units or contracting units. Gross job gains include the
sum of all jobs added at either opening or expanding units. Gross job losses include the sum of all
jobs lost in either closing or contracting units. The net change in employment is the difference
between gross job gains and gross job losses.
The formal definitions of employment changes are as follows:
Openings. These are either units with positive third month employment for the first time in the
current quarter, with no links to the prior quarter, or with positive third month employment in the
current quarter following zero employment in the previous quarter.
Expansions. These are units with positive employment in the third month in both the previous and
current quarters, with a net increase in employment over this period.
Closings. These are units with positive third month employment in the previous quarter and either
not reported, or reported with zero employment, in the current quarter.
Contractions. These are units with positive employment in the third month in both the previous and
current quarters, with a net decrease in employment over this period.
Births. These are units with positive third month employment for the first time in the current
quarter with no links to the prior quarter, or units with positive third month employment in the
current quarter and zero employment in the third month of the previous four quarters. Births are a
subset of openings not including re-openings of seasonal businesses.
Deaths. These are units with no employment or zero employment reported in the third month of
four consecutive quarters following the last quarter with positive employment. Deaths are a subset
of closings not including temporary shutdowns of seasonal businesses. A unit that closes during the
quarter may be a death, but we wait three quarters to determine whether it is a permanent closing
or a temporary shutdown. Therefore, there is always a lag of three quarters for the publication of
death statistics.
All employment changes are measured from the third month of the previous quarter to the third
month of the current quarter. Not all establishments and firms change their employment levels.
Units with no change in employment count towards estimates of total employment, but not for
levels of gross job gains and gross job losses.
Gross job gains and gross job losses are expressed as rates by dividing their levels by the average
of employment in the current and previous quarters. This provides a symmetric growth rate. The
rates are calculated for the components of gross job gains and gross job losses and then summed to
form their respective totals. These rates can be added and subtracted just as their levels can. For
instance, the difference between the gross job gains rate and the gross job losses rate is the net
growth rate.
Establishment Births and Deaths
For the purpose of BED statistics, births are defined as establishments that appear in the
longitudinal database for the first time with positive employment in the third month of a quarter, or
showed four consecutive quarters of zero employment in the third month followed by a quarter in
which it shows positive employment in the third month. Similarly, deaths are defined as
establishments that either drop out of the longitudinal database or establishments that had
positive employment in the third month of a given quarter followed by four consecutive quarters of
showing zero employment in the third month. Although the data for establishment births and
deaths are tabulated independently from the data for openings and closings, the concepts are not
mutually exclusive. An establishment that is defined as a birth in a given quarter is necessarily an
opening as well, and an establishment defined as a death in a quarter must also be a closing. Since
openings include seasonal and other re-openings, and closings include temporary shutdowns, the
not seasonally adjusted values for births and deaths must be less than those for openings and
closings. However, because some BED series do not have many re-openings or temporary
shutdowns, as well as the fact that births and deaths are independently seasonally adjusted from
openings and closings, there may be instances in which the seasonally adjusted value of the former
is greater than the latter.
Linkage methodology
Prior to the measurement of gross job gains and gross job losses, QCEW records are linked across
two quarters. The linkage process matches establishments' unique SWA identification numbers
(SWA-ID). Between 95 and 97 percent of establishments identified as continuous from quarter to
quarter are matched by SWA-ID. The rest are linked in one of three ways. The first method uses
predecessor and successor information, identified by the states, which relates records with different
SWA-IDs across quarters. Predecessor and successor relations can come about for a variety of
reasons, including a change in ownership, a firm restructuring, or a UI account restructuring. If a
match cannot be attained in this manner, a probability-based match is used. This match attempts to
identify two establishments with different SWA-IDs as continuous. The match is based upon
comparisons such as the same name, address, and phone number. Third, an analyst examines
unmatched records individually and makes a possible match.
In order to ensure the highest possible quality of data, SWAs verify with employers and update, if
necessary, the industry, location, and ownership classification of all establishments on a 3-year
cycle. Changes in establishment classification codes resulting from the verification process are
introduced with the data reported for the first quarter of the year. Changes resulting from improved
employer reporting also are introduced in the first quarter.
Sizing methodology
The method of dynamic sizing is used in calculations for the BED size class data series. Dynamic
sizing allocates each firm’s employment gain or loss during a quarter to each respective size class
in which the change occurred. For example, if a firm grew from 2 employees in quarter 1 to 38
employees in quarter 2, then, of the 36-employee increase, 2 would be allocated to the first size
class, 5 to the size class 5 to 9, 10 to size class 10 to 19, and 19 to size class 20 to 49.
Dynamic sizing provides symmetrical firm-size estimates and eliminates any systematic effects
which may be caused by the transitory and reverting changes in firms’ sizes over time.
Additionally, it allocates each job gain or loss to the actual size class where it occurred.
Annual Data
The annual gross job gains and gross job losses measure the net change in employment at the
establishment level from the third month of a quarter in the previous year to the third month of the
same quarter in the current year. The BLS publishes annual BED data based on March-to-March
changes once a year with the release of the first quarter BED data. The annual data based on over-
the-year changes for other quarters of the year are available upon request. The definitions and
methodology in measuring annual gross job gains and gross job losses are similar to the quarterly
measures. The linkage method considers all predecessor and successor relations that may come
about due to changes in ownership and corporate restructuring over the entire year. At the
establishment level, some of the quarterly job gains and job losses are offset during the estimation
over the year. Therefore, the sum of four quarters of gross job gains and gross job losses are not
equal to annual gross job gains and gross job losses. The net change in employment over the year,
however, is equal to the sum of four quarterly net changes on a not seasonally adjusted basis.
Seasonal adjustment
Over the course of a year, the levels of employment and the associated job flows undergo sharp
fluctuations due to such seasonal events as changes in the weather, reduced or expanded
production, harvests, major holidays, and the opening and closing of schools. The effect of such
seasonal variation can be very large.
Because these seasonal events follow a more or less regular pattern each year, their influence can
be eliminated by adjusting these statistics from quarter to quarter. These adjustments make
nonseasonal developments, such as declines in economic activity, easier to recognize. For
example, the large number of youths taking summer jobs is likely to obscure other changes that
have taken place in June relative to March, making it difficult to determine if the level of economic
activity has risen or declined. However, because the effect of students finishing school in previous
years is known, the statistics for the current year can be adjusted to allow for a comparable change.
The adjusted figures provide a more useful tool with which to analyze changes in economic
activity.
The employment data series for opening, expanding, closing, and contracting units are
independently seasonally adjusted; net changes are calculated based on the difference between
gross job gains and gross job losses. Similarly, for industry data, the establishment counts data
series for opening, expanding, closing, and contracting establishments are independently adjusted,
and the net changes are calculated based on the difference between the number of opening and
closing establishments. Additionally, establishment and employment levels are independently
seasonally adjusted to calculate the seasonally adjusted rates. Concurrent seasonal adjustment is
run using X-13 ARIMA-SEATS. Seasonally adjusted data series for total private are the sum of
seasonally adjusted data of all sectors including the unclassified sector, which is not separately
published.
The net over-the-quarter change derived by summing the BED component series will differ from
the net employment change estimated from the seasonally adjusted total private employment series
from the CES program. The intended use of BED statistics is to show the dynamic labor market
changes that underlie the net employment change statistic. As such, data users interested
particularly in the net employment change and not in the gross job flows underlying this change
should refer to CES data for over-the-quarter net employment changes.
Reliability of the data
Since the data series on Business Employment Dynamics are based on administrative rather than
sample data, there are no issues related to sampling error. Nonsampling error, however, still exists.
Nonsampling errors can occur for many reasons, such as the employer submitting corrected
employment data after the end of the quarter or typographical errors made by businesses when
providing information. Such errors, however, are likely to be distributed randomly throughout the
dataset.
Changes in administrative data sometimes create complications for the linkage process. This can
result in overstating openings and closings while understating expansions and contractions. The
BLS continues to refine methods for improving the linkage process to alleviate the effects of these
complications.
The BED data series are subject to periodic minor changes based on corrections in QCEW records,
updates on predecessors and successors information, and seasonal adjustment revisions.
Annual revisions are published each year with the release of the first quarter data. These revisions
cover the last four quarters of not seasonally adjusted data and 5 years of seasonally adjusted data.
Additional statistics and other information
Several other programs within BLS produce closely related information. The QCEW program
provides both quarterly and annual estimates of employment by state, county, and detailed
industry. News releases on quarterly county employment and wages and the annual bulletin also
are available upon request from the Division of Administrative Statistics and Labor Turnover
(Quarterly Census of Employment and Wages), phone number: (202) 691-6567; (www.bls.gov/cew/);
(e-mail: QCEWInfo@bls.gov).
The Current Employment Statistics program produces monthly estimates of employment, its
net change, hours, and earnings by detailed industry. These estimates are part of the Employment
Situation report put out monthly by BLS.
The Job Openings and Labor Turnover Survey program provides monthly measures of
job openings, as well as employee hires and separations.
If you are deaf, hard of hearing, or have a speech disability, please dial 7-1-1 to access
telecommunications relay services.
Table 1. Private sector gross job gains and job losses, seasonally adjusted
Total private
(In thousands)
Gross job gains Gross job losses
Year 3 months ended Net change(1) Total Expanding Opening Total Contracting Closing
establishments establishments establishments establishments
2014 March 419 6,953 5,687 1,266 6,534 5,380 1,154
June 895 7,454 6,114 1,340 6,559 5,342 1,217
September 577 7,247 5,918 1,329 6,670 5,487 1,183
December 1,038 7,617 6,248 1,369 6,579 5,346 1,233
2015 March 216 7,046 5,733 1,313 6,830 5,626 1,204
June 849 7,580 6,235 1,345 6,731 5,540 1,191
September 475 7,344 5,983 1,361 6,869 5,657 1,212
December 944 7,817 6,360 1,457 6,873 5,607 1,266
2016 March 249 7,163 5,875 1,288 6,914 5,706 1,208
June 318 7,443 6,070 1,373 7,125 5,820 1,305
September 748 7,710 6,250 1,460 6,962 5,718 1,244
December 308 7,413 6,007 1,406 7,105 5,806 1,299
2017 March 651 7,434 6,090 1,344 6,783 5,599 1,184
June 526 7,639 6,265 1,374 7,113 5,844 1,269
September -39 7,321 5,975 1,346 7,360 6,065 1,295
December 883 7,772 6,344 1,428 6,889 5,593 1,296
2018 March 683 7,494 6,135 1,359 6,811 5,616 1,195
June 498 7,688 6,286 1,402 7,190 5,907 1,283
September 86 7,485 6,113 1,372 7,399 6,083 1,316
December 723 7,719 6,283 1,436 6,996 5,665 1,331
2019 March 472 7,453 6,088 1,365 6,981 5,727 1,254
June 259 7,654 6,267 1,387 7,395 6,039 1,356
September 72 7,385 6,011 1,374 7,313 6,049 1,264
December 762 7,838 6,350 1,488 7,076 5,748 1,328
2020 March -862 7,024 5,702 1,322 7,886 6,408 1,478
June -14,509 5,725 4,433 1,292 20,234 17,311 2,923
September 4,021 10,855 8,808 2,047 6,834 5,465 1,369
December 2,036 8,808 7,118 1,690 6,772 5,418 1,354
2021 March 1,769 8,313 6,769 1,544 6,544 5,394 1,150
June 985 8,200 6,646 1,554 7,215 5,955 1,260
September 1,483 8,870 7,186 1,684 7,387 5,937 1,450
December 2,900 9,587 7,727 1,860 6,687 5,345 1,342
2022 March 1,551 8,541 6,962 1,579 6,990 5,569 1,421
June 378 8,337 6,611 1,726 7,959 6,440 1,519
September 1,362 8,851 7,191 1,660 7,489 5,989 1,500
December 496 8,121 6,462 1,659 7,625 6,109 1,516
2023 March 1,023 8,169 6,599 1,570 7,146 5,712 1,434
June 345 8,129 6,521 1,608 7,784 6,316 1,468
September -58 7,700 6,116 1,584 7,758 6,237 1,521
December 403 7,902 6,262 1,640 7,499 5,995 1,504
2024 March 493 7,608 6,131 1,477 7,115 5,714 1,401
(1) Net change is the difference between total gross job gains and total gross job losses.
Table 2. Private sector gross job gains and losses, as a percent of employment(1), seasonally adjusted
Total private
(Percent)
Gross job gains Gross job losses
Year 3 months ended Net change(2) Total Expanding Opening Total Contracting Closing
establishments establishments establishments establishments
2014 March 0.4 6.1 5.0 1.1 5.7 4.7 1.0
June 0.8 6.5 5.3 1.2 5.7 4.6 1.1
September 0.5 6.2 5.1 1.1 5.7 4.7 1.0
December 0.9 6.6 5.4 1.2 5.7 4.6 1.1
2015 March 0.2 6.0 4.9 1.1 5.8 4.8 1.0
June 0.7 6.4 5.3 1.1 5.7 4.7 1.0
September 0.5 6.3 5.1 1.2 5.8 4.8 1.0
December 0.7 6.5 5.3 1.2 5.8 4.7 1.1
2016 March 0.2 6.0 4.9 1.1 5.8 4.8 1.0
June 0.2 6.2 5.1 1.1 6.0 4.9 1.1
September 0.6 6.4 5.2 1.2 5.8 4.8 1.0
December 0.3 6.2 5.0 1.2 5.9 4.8 1.1
2017 March 0.5 6.1 5.0 1.1 5.6 4.6 1.0
June 0.4 6.2 5.1 1.1 5.8 4.8 1.0
September -0.1 6.0 4.9 1.1 6.1 5.0 1.1
December 0.7 6.4 5.2 1.2 5.7 4.6 1.1
2018 March 0.6 6.1 5.0 1.1 5.5 4.5 1.0
June 0.4 6.2 5.1 1.1 5.8 4.8 1.0
September 0.0 6.0 4.9 1.1 6.0 4.9 1.1
December 0.6 6.2 5.0 1.2 5.6 4.5 1.1
2019 March 0.3 5.9 4.8 1.1 5.6 4.6 1.0
June 0.2 6.1 5.0 1.1 5.9 4.8 1.1
September 0.1 5.9 4.8 1.1 5.8 4.8 1.0
December 0.7 6.2 5.0 1.2 5.5 4.5 1.0
2020 March -0.8 5.5 4.5 1.0 6.3 5.1 1.2
June -12.0 4.8 3.7 1.1 16.8 14.4 2.4
September 3.6 9.5 7.7 1.8 5.9 4.7 1.2
December 1.7 7.4 6.0 1.4 5.7 4.6 1.1
2021 March 1.4 6.9 5.6 1.3 5.5 4.5 1.0
June 0.9 6.8 5.5 1.3 5.9 4.9 1.0
September 1.2 7.3 5.9 1.4 6.1 4.9 1.2
December 2.3 7.7 6.2 1.5 5.4 4.3 1.1
2022 March 1.2 6.7 5.5 1.2 5.5 4.4 1.1
June 0.3 6.5 5.2 1.3 6.2 5.0 1.2
September 1.0 6.9 5.6 1.3 5.9 4.7 1.2
December 0.4 6.3 5.0 1.3 5.9 4.7 1.2
2023 March 0.8 6.3 5.1 1.2 5.5 4.4 1.1
June 0.3 6.2 5.0 1.2 5.9 4.8 1.1
September -0.1 5.9 4.7 1.2 6.0 4.8 1.2
December 0.3 6.0 4.8 1.2 5.7 4.6 1.1
2024 March 0.3 5.7 4.6 1.1 5.4 4.3 1.1
(1) The rates measure gross job gains and job losses as a percentage of the average of the previous and current quarter
employment levels.
(2) Net change is the difference between total gross job gains and total gross job losses.
Table 3. Private sector gross job gains and losses by industry, seasonally adjusted
Gross job gains and job losses Gross job gains and job losses
(in thousands) as a percent of employment
Category 3 months ended 3 months ended
Mar. June Sept. Dec. Mar. Mar. June Sept. Dec. Mar.
2023 2023 2023 2023 2024 2023 2023 2023 2023 2024
Total private(1)
Gross job gains 8,169 8,129 7,700 7,902 7,608 6.3 6.2 5.9 6.0 5.7
At expanding establishments 6,599 6,521 6,116 6,262 6,131 5.1 5.0 4.7 4.8 4.6
At opening establishments 1,570 1,608 1,584 1,640 1,477 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.1
Gross job losses 7,146 7,784 7,758 7,499 7,115 5.5 5.9 6.0 5.7 5.4
At contracting establishments 5,712 6,316 6,237 5,995 5,714 4.4 4.8 4.8 4.6 4.3
At closing establishments 1,434 1,468 1,521 1,504 1,401 1.1 1.1 1.2 1.1 1.1
Net employment change 1,023 345 -58 403 493 0.8 0.3 -0.1 0.3 0.3
Goods-producing
Gross job gains 1,386 1,369 1,255 1,319 1,357 6.1 6.0 5.5 5.8 6.0
At expanding establishments 1,159 1,156 1,044 1,097 1,161 5.1 5.1 4.6 4.8 5.1
At opening establishments 227 213 211 222 196 1.0 0.9 0.9 1.0 0.9
Gross job losses 1,232 1,327 1,324 1,300 1,226 5.4 5.9 5.9 5.7 5.4
At contracting establishments 1,022 1,107 1,106 1,091 1,021 4.5 4.9 4.9 4.8 4.5
At closing establishments 210 220 218 209 205 0.9 1.0 1.0 0.9 0.9
Net employment change 154 42 -69 19 131 0.7 0.1 -0.4 0.1 0.6
Natural resources and mining
Gross job gains 225 252 223 207 230 12.2 13.7 12.1 11.2 12.3
At expanding establishments 195 220 193 175 205 10.6 12.0 10.5 9.5 11.0
At opening establishments 30 32 30 32 25 1.6 1.7 1.6 1.7 1.3
Gross job losses 232 207 219 242 223 12.6 11.3 11.9 13.1 12.0
At contracting establishments 199 179 191 214 195 10.8 9.8 10.4 11.6 10.5
At closing establishments 33 28 28 28 28 1.8 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5
Net employment change -7 45 4 -35 7 -0.4 2.4 0.2 -1.9 0.3
Construction
Gross job gains 727 678 634 695 720 9.2 8.5 8.0 8.7 8.9
At expanding establishments 578 546 501 553 593 7.3 6.8 6.3 6.9 7.3
At opening establishments 149 132 133 142 127 1.9 1.7 1.7 1.8 1.6
Gross job losses 587 668 645 621 596 7.4 8.4 8.2 7.8 7.3
At contracting establishments 461 528 511 494 470 5.8 6.6 6.5 6.2 5.8
At closing establishments 126 140 134 127 126 1.6 1.8 1.7 1.6 1.5
Net employment change 140 10 -11 74 124 1.8 0.1 -0.2 0.9 1.6
Manufacturing
Gross job gains 434 439 398 417 407 3.4 3.4 3.1 3.3 3.1
At expanding establishments 386 390 350 369 363 3.0 3.0 2.7 2.9 2.8
At opening establishments 48 49 48 48 44 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.3
Gross job losses 413 452 460 437 407 3.2 3.5 3.5 3.4 3.2
At contracting establishments 362 400 404 383 356 2.8 3.1 3.1 3.0 2.8
At closing establishments 51 52 56 54 51 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4
Net employment change 21 -13 -62 -20 0 0.2 -0.1 -0.4 -0.1 -0.1
Service-providing(1)
Gross job gains 6,783 6,760 6,445 6,583 6,251 6.2 6.2 6.0 6.0 5.7
At expanding establishments 5,440 5,365 5,072 5,165 4,970 5.0 4.9 4.7 4.7 4.5
At opening establishments 1,343 1,395 1,373 1,418 1,281 1.2 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.2
Gross job losses 5,914 6,457 6,434 6,199 5,889 5.4 6.0 5.9 5.7 5.4
At contracting establishments 4,690 5,209 5,131 4,904 4,693 4.3 4.8 4.7 4.5 4.3
At closing establishments 1,224 1,248 1,303 1,295 1,196 1.1 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.1
Net employment change 869 303 11 384 362 0.8 0.2 0.1 0.3 0.3
Wholesale trade
Gross job gains 289 282 266 276 261 4.7 4.6 4.3 4.5 4.3
At expanding establishments 238 231 215 222 214 3.9 3.8 3.5 3.6 3.5
At opening establishments 51 51 51 54 47 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.9 0.8
Gross job losses 252 261 260 255 253 4.2 4.3 4.2 4.1 4.1
At contracting establishments 194 205 202 198 196 3.2 3.4 3.3 3.2 3.2
At closing establishments 58 56 58 57 57 1.0 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.9
Net employment change 37 21 6 21 8 0.5 0.3 0.1 0.4 0.2
Retail trade
Gross job gains 898 867 841 762 826 5.8 5.5 5.4 5.0 5.3
At expanding establishments 779 742 721 642 716 5.0 4.7 4.6 4.2 4.6
At opening establishments 119 125 120 120 110 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.7
Gross job losses 739 898 906 873 725 4.8 5.7 5.8 5.7 4.7
At contracting establishments 636 783 777 753 615 4.1 5.0 5.0 4.9 4.0
At closing establishments 103 115 129 120 110 0.7 0.7 0.8 0.8 0.7
Net employment change 159 -31 -65 -111 101 1.0 -0.2 -0.4 -0.7 0.6
Transportation and warehousing
Gross job gains 320 332 345 504 272 4.9 5.2 5.3 7.7 4.1
At expanding establishments 265 281 291 449 232 4.1 4.4 4.5 6.9 3.5
At opening establishments 55 51 54 55 40 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.6
Gross job losses 436 373 344 292 452 6.7 5.8 5.4 4.5 6.9
At contracting establishments 390 321 293 241 406 6.0 5.0 4.6 3.7 6.2
At closing establishments 46 52 51 51 46 0.7 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.7
Net employment change -116 -41 1 212 -180 -1.8 -0.6 -0.1 3.2 -2.8
Utilities
Gross job gains 17 21 19 19 15 3.1 3.6 3.2 3.3 2.5
At expanding establishments 15 19 17 16 13 2.7 3.3 2.9 2.8 2.2
At opening establishments 2 2 2 3 2 0.4 0.3 0.3 0.5 0.3
Gross job losses 12 16 13 15 13 2.2 2.7 2.2 2.6 2.2
At contracting establishments 10 14 11 12 11 1.8 2.4 1.9 2.1 1.9
At closing establishments 2 2 2 3 2 0.4 0.3 0.3 0.5 0.3
Net employment change 5 5 6 4 2 0.9 0.9 1.0 0.7 0.3
Information
Gross job gains 146 149 134 157 146 4.8 5.0 4.6 5.4 5.0
At expanding establishments 115 116 97 122 120 3.8 3.9 3.3 4.2 4.1
At opening establishments 31 33 37 35 26 1.0 1.1 1.3 1.2 0.9
Gross job losses 184 221 197 160 139 6.0 7.4 6.7 5.5 4.8
At contracting establishments 150 183 158 127 111 4.9 6.1 5.4 4.4 3.8
At closing establishments 34 38 39 33 28 1.1 1.3 1.3 1.1 1.0
Net employment change -38 -72 -63 -3 7 -1.2 -2.4 -2.1 -0.1 0.2
Financial activities
Gross job gains 424 451 395 399 363 4.9 5.2 4.5 4.6 4.2
At expanding establishments 333 354 298 291 284 3.8 4.1 3.4 3.4 3.3
At opening establishments 91 97 97 108 79 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.2 0.9
Gross job losses 409 412 420 425 383 4.8 4.8 4.8 4.9 4.4
At contracting establishments 300 311 314 323 286 3.5 3.6 3.6 3.7 3.3
At closing establishments 109 101 106 102 97 1.3 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.1
Net employment change 15 39 -25 -26 -20 0.1 0.4 -0.3 -0.3 -0.2
Professional and business services
Gross job gains 1,511 1,516 1,445 1,426 1,364 6.7 6.7 6.3 6.4 6.0
At expanding establishments 1,193 1,183 1,120 1,098 1,087 5.3 5.2 4.9 4.9 4.8
At opening establishments 318 333 325 328 277 1.4 1.5 1.4 1.5 1.2
Gross job losses 1,448 1,583 1,546 1,550 1,351 6.4 7.0 6.8 6.9 6.0
At contracting establishments 1,129 1,264 1,209 1,216 1,050 5.0 5.6 5.3 5.4 4.7
At closing establishments 319 319 337 334 301 1.4 1.4 1.5 1.5 1.3
Net employment change 63 -67 -101 -124 13 0.3 -0.3 -0.5 -0.5 0.0
Education and health services
Gross job gains 1,265 1,274 1,246 1,184 1,196 5.3 5.3 5.1 4.8 4.8
At expanding establishments 1,035 1,034 1,010 937 975 4.3 4.3 4.1 3.8 3.9
At opening establishments 230 240 236 247 221 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 0.9
Gross job losses 916 980 971 1,024 921 3.8 4.1 3.9 4.2 3.6
At contracting establishments 704 772 747 758 709 2.9 3.2 3.0 3.1 2.8
At closing establishments 212 208 224 266 212 0.9 0.9 0.9 1.1 0.8
Net employment change 349 294 275 160 275 1.5 1.2 1.2 0.6 1.2
Leisure and hospitality
Gross job gains 1,494 1,443 1,363 1,460 1,360 9.2 8.8 8.3 8.8 8.1
At expanding establishments 1,190 1,133 1,052 1,131 1,067 7.3 6.9 6.4 6.8 6.4
At opening establishments 304 310 311 329 293 1.9 1.9 1.9 2.0 1.7
Gross job losses 1,192 1,375 1,436 1,278 1,315 7.4 8.3 8.8 7.7 7.8
At contracting establishments 955 1,121 1,179 1,047 1,073 5.9 6.8 7.2 6.3 6.4
At closing establishments 237 254 257 231 242 1.5 1.5 1.6 1.4 1.4
Net employment change 302 68 -73 182 45 1.8 0.5 -0.5 1.1 0.3
Other services
Gross job gains 340 337 315 320 312 7.9 7.7 7.2 7.2 7.0
At expanding establishments 262 258 238 244 244 6.1 5.9 5.4 5.5 5.5
At opening establishments 78 79 77 76 68 1.8 1.8 1.8 1.7 1.5
Gross job losses 286 298 303 290 298 6.6 6.9 6.9 6.6 6.8
At contracting establishments 211 225 229 219 225 4.9 5.2 5.2 5.0 5.1
At closing establishments 75 73 74 71 73 1.7 1.7 1.7 1.6 1.7
Net employment change 54 39 12 30 14 1.3 0.8 0.3 0.6 0.2
(1) Includes unclassified sector, not shown separately.
Table 4. Private sector gross job gains and losses by firm size, seasonally adjusted
(In thousands)
Total private by firm(1) Firm size 1 - 49 employees Firm size 50 - 249 employees Firm size 250 or more employees
Year 3 months Net Gross job Net Gross job Net Gross job Net Gross job
ended change gains losses change gains losses change gains losses change gains losses
2014 March 442 5,665 5,223 231 3,070 2,839 149 1,035 886 62 1,560 1,498
June 893 6,134 5,241 302 3,178 2,876 214 1,119 905 377 1,837 1,460
September 560 5,865 5,305 197 3,064 2,867 117 1,066 949 246 1,735 1,489
December 951 6,155 5,204 212 3,105 2,893 150 1,085 935 589 1,965 1,376
2015 March 226 5,677 5,451 168 3,098 2,930 75 1,025 950 -17 1,554 1,571
June 846 6,243 5,397 323 3,196 2,873 187 1,128 941 336 1,919 1,583
September 456 5,914 5,458 148 3,057 2,909 79 1,047 968 229 1,810 1,581
December 830 6,245 5,415 227 3,172 2,945 90 1,074 984 513 1,999 1,486
2016 March 254 5,754 5,500 191 3,114 2,923 59 1,022 963 4 1,618 1,614
June 331 6,048 5,717 74 3,123 3,049 114 1,101 987 143 1,824 1,681
September 752 6,266 5,514 192 3,160 2,968 102 1,089 987 458 2,017 1,559
December 245 5,886 5,641 71 3,065 2,994 37 1,026 989 137 1,795 1,658
2017 March 662 6,007 5,345 346 3,236 2,890 191 1,085 894 125 1,686 1,561
June 570 6,216 5,646 145 3,161 3,016 151 1,127 976 274 1,928 1,654
September -90 5,826 5,916 -100 2,999 3,099 -44 1,013 1,057 54 1,814 1,760
December 804 6,185 5,381 235 3,184 2,949 142 1,082 940 427 1,919 1,492
2018 March 729 6,072 5,343 297 3,210 2,913 164 1,071 907 268 1,791 1,523
June 515 6,214 5,699 134 3,194 3,060 162 1,135 973 219 1,885 1,666
September 24 5,967 5,943 -83 3,027 3,110 -34 1,025 1,059 141 1,915 1,774
December 663 6,087 5,424 198 3,171 2,973 138 1,076 938 327 1,840 1,513
2019 March 536 5,998 5,462 254 3,191 2,937 151 1,064 913 131 1,743 1,612
June 269 6,157 5,888 64 3,161 3,097 104 1,121 1,017 101 1,875 1,774
September 13 5,865 5,852 4 3,050 3,046 -30 1,017 1,047 39 1,798 1,759
December 660 6,206 5,546 195 3,180 2,985 94 1,065 971 371 1,961 1,590
2020 March -689 5,595 6,284 -373 3,027 3,400 -103 968 1,071 -213 1,600 1,813
June -15,060 4,506 19,566 -4,689 2,557 7,246 -2,793 581 3,374 -7,578 1,368 8,946
September 4,049 9,442 5,393 1,531 4,492 2,961 539 1,421 882 1,979 3,529 1,550
December 1,870 7,083 5,213 498 3,483 2,985 348 1,191 843 1,024 2,409 1,385
2021 March 1,804 6,872 5,068 968 3,639 2,671 220 1,099 879 616 2,134 1,518
June 1,015 6,650 5,635 731 3,523 2,792 218 1,143 925 66 1,984 1,918
September 1,445 7,156 5,711 409 3,534 3,125 254 1,196 942 782 2,426 1,644
December 2,754 7,661 4,907 903 3,762 2,859 469 1,306 837 1,382 2,593 1,211
2022 March 1,633 6,970 5,337 308 3,389 3,081 270 1,161 891 1,055 2,420 1,365
June 329 6,591 6,262 180 3,353 3,173 144 1,155 1,011 5 2,083 2,078
September 1,394 7,115 5,721 83 3,327 3,244 256 1,234 978 1,055 2,554 1,499
December 475 6,306 5,831 197 3,299 3,102 157 1,131 974 121 1,876 1,755
2023 March 1,139 6,623 5,484 359 3,398 3,039 289 1,196 907 491 2,029 1,538
June 304 6,450 6,146 22 3,252 3,230 141 1,169 1,028 141 2,029 1,888
September -106 6,037 6,143 -114 3,101 3,215 2 1,053 1,051 6 1,883 1,877
December 341 6,143 5,802 252 3,273 3,021 115 1,106 991 -26 1,764 1,790
2024 March 582 6,106 5,524 71 3,115 3,044 105 1,084 979 406 1,907 1,501
(1) Total gross job gains and gross job losses by firm are lower than total gross job gains and gross job losses by establishment, as some
establishment gains and losses within a firm are offset during the aggregation process.
NOTE: Net change is the difference between total gross job gains and total gross job losses. Net change totals for the firm-level data differ from
the establishment-level data due to independent seasonal adjustment. The unit of analysis section in the technical note provides additional detail.
See www.bls.gov/bdm/bdmfirmsize.htm for more detailed firm size class data.
Table 5. Components of private sector gross job gains and losses by firm size, seasonally adjusted
Gross job gains and job losses Gross job gains and job losses
(in thousands) as a percent of employment
Category 3 months ended 3 months ended
Mar. June Sept. Dec. Mar. Mar. June Sept. Dec. Mar.
2023 2023 2023 2023 2024 2023 2023 2023 2023 2024
Total private by firm(1)
Gross job gains 6,623 6,450 6,037 6,143 6,106 5.1 4.9 4.6 4.7 4.6
At expanding firms 5,587 5,440 5,016 5,074 5,154 4.3 4.1 3.8 3.9 3.9
At opening firms 1,036 1,010 1,021 1,069 952 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.7
Gross job losses 5,484 6,146 6,143 5,802 5,524 4.2 4.7 4.6 4.4 4.2
At contracting firms 4,493 5,158 5,160 4,875 4,559 3.4 3.9 3.9 3.7 3.5
At closing firms 991 988 983 927 965 0.8 0.8 0.7 0.7 0.7
Net employment change 1,139 304 -106 341 582 0.9 0.2 0.0 0.3 0.4
Firm size 1 to 49 employees
Gross job gains 3,398 3,252 3,101 3,273 3,115 9.5 9.1 8.8 9.2 8.8
At expanding firms 2,395 2,282 2,122 2,241 2,197 6.7 6.4 6.0 6.3 6.2
At opening firms 1,003 970 979 1,032 918 2.8 2.7 2.8 2.9 2.6
Gross job losses 3,039 3,230 3,215 3,021 3,044 8.6 9.1 9.1 8.5 8.5
At contracting firms 2,077 2,279 2,262 2,125 2,114 5.9 6.4 6.4 6.0 5.9
At closing firms 962 951 953 896 930 2.7 2.7 2.7 2.5 2.6
Net employment change 359 22 -114 252 71 0.9 0.0 -0.3 0.7 0.3
Firm size 50 to 249 employees
Gross job gains 1,196 1,169 1,053 1,106 1,084 5.2 5.1 4.6 4.8 4.7
At expanding firms 1,164 1,133 1,021 1,072 1,053 5.1 4.9 4.5 4.7 4.6
At opening firms 32 36 32 34 31 0.1 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.1
Gross job losses 907 1,028 1,051 991 979 4.0 4.5 4.6 4.3 4.2
At contracting firms 882 999 1,025 962 951 3.9 4.4 4.5 4.2 4.1
At closing firms 25 29 26 29 28 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1
Net employment change 289 141 2 115 105 1.2 0.6 0.0 0.5 0.5
Firm size 250 or more employees
Gross job gains 2,029 2,029 1,883 1,764 1,907 2.8 2.8 2.6 2.4 2.6
At expanding firms 2,028 2,025 1,873 1,761 1,904 2.8 2.8 2.6 2.4 2.6
At opening firms 1 4 10 3 3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Gross job losses 1,538 1,888 1,877 1,790 1,501 2.1 2.6 2.6 2.5 2.0
At contracting firms 1,534 1,880 1,873 1,788 1,494 2.1 2.6 2.6 2.5 2.0
At closing firms 4 8 4 2 7 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Net employment change 491 141 6 -26 406 0.7 0.2 0.0 -0.1 0.6
(1) Total gross job gains and gross job losses by firm are lower than total gross job gains and gross job losses by
establishment, as some establishment gains and losses within a firm are offset during the aggregation process.
NOTE: Net change is the difference between total gross job gains and total gross job losses. Net change totals for
the firm-level data differ from the establishment-level data due to independent seasonal adjustment. The unit of
analysis section in the technical note provides additional detail. See www.bls.gov/bdm/bdmfirmsize.htm for more
detailed firm size class data.
Table 6. Private sector gross job gains and losses by state, seasonally adjusted
Gross job gains Gross job losses
State 3 months ended 3 months ended
Mar. June Sept. Dec. Mar. Mar. June Sept. Dec. Mar.
2023 2023 2023 2023 2024 2023 2023 2023 2023 2024
United States(1).... 8,169,000 8,129,000 7,700,000 7,902,000 7,608,000 7,146,000 7,784,000 7,758,000 7,499,000 7,115,000
Alabama............. 109,836 102,681 102,525 105,481 97,926 93,815 96,418 101,092 98,028 94,618
Alaska.............. 25,708 27,478 21,287 25,419 26,560 21,126 22,214 26,295 24,585 21,647
Arizona............. 165,105 193,152 187,565 179,807 235,926 151,044 174,195 156,859 184,201 177,592
Arkansas............ 62,668 64,041 61,366 67,364 60,550 54,583 64,817 61,852 54,535 57,049
California.......... 979,136 1,039,377 980,219 989,074 901,094 1,016,612 1,003,771 1,001,105 992,517 859,064
Colorado............ 175,158 176,914 132,528 199,676 155,829 157,322 157,983 148,362 184,285 189,072
Connecticut......... 88,900 91,954 84,094 81,927 82,391 74,141 82,001 90,637 83,179 75,630
Delaware............ 27,064 25,805 24,368 24,771 24,458 20,806 23,209 26,026 23,563 20,535
District of Columbia 30,973 28,248 28,355 27,126 26,690 25,411 27,819 28,127 29,050 25,610
Florida............. 537,362 579,538 564,003 522,115 502,352 476,457 500,994 504,260 511,720 468,811
Georgia............. 270,796 262,324 253,474 259,589 251,318 246,010 265,285 251,559 236,746 236,982
Hawaii.............. 28,768 29,286 27,047 31,427 28,206 26,240 27,279 35,242 25,549 26,471
Idaho............... 56,847 55,694 51,259 61,176 57,320 51,918 52,514 56,682 41,703 60,854
Illinois............ 305,298 284,509 250,297 257,689 265,871 249,208 275,623 282,780 264,465 254,116
Indiana............. 155,136 154,911 157,233 151,352 146,170 140,497 160,863 156,332 142,846 138,756
Iowa................ 80,427 79,331 73,525 79,668 80,687 70,784 77,980 76,218 75,075 74,669
Kansas.............. 71,454 71,528 66,797 68,723 67,587 63,718 69,821 70,581 63,206 65,919
Kentucky............ 103,666 93,641 95,598 95,856 97,949 82,454 98,508 92,584 87,816 83,470
Louisiana........... 102,603 96,049 97,519 101,138 99,148 88,240 102,368 95,262 92,509 91,885
Maine............... 42,104 40,923 37,509 39,721 39,538 33,480 41,268 42,012 37,744 33,379
Maryland............ 155,593 145,566 137,001 136,697 126,204 130,127 143,399 139,447 126,936 125,028
Massachusetts....... 186,144 188,649 174,818 172,906 168,574 155,574 180,189 189,824 176,465 162,277
Michigan............ 223,058 227,572 200,421 207,909 207,857 189,937 204,482 225,394 210,627 198,797
Minnesota........... 144,982 152,628 83,684 172,857 147,189 120,964 139,937 108,074 173,549 145,765
Mississippi......... 59,787 59,432 57,864 57,103 53,493 56,484 60,477 57,529 52,763 56,662
Missouri............ 159,679 144,612 138,211 146,769 143,939 125,940 146,316 144,299 138,564 133,471
Montana............. 36,561 32,887 32,252 36,942 34,688 30,444 35,720 35,092 30,420 32,351
Nebraska............ 54,228 52,096 51,123 50,016 49,388 43,714 48,047 49,837 47,749 43,759
Nevada.............. 82,926 87,792 87,797 91,350 80,893 77,227 79,148 75,937 74,522 85,249
New Hampshire....... 42,201 40,297 34,830 37,421 39,118 35,317 38,061 40,096 35,364 35,326
New Jersey.......... 227,953 237,500 219,139 215,567 204,533 209,424 218,679 222,354 214,035 198,422
New Mexico.......... 47,143 44,582 42,983 47,356 41,391 39,328 42,338 46,079 39,377 41,064
New York............ 522,904 508,264 473,385 461,485 488,342 415,828 471,042 488,435 459,785 409,509
North Carolina...... 267,982 248,920 236,764 261,585 226,681 216,247 236,074 252,527 203,579 226,676
North Dakota........ 26,288 24,058 23,159 23,549 24,451 19,715 23,535 22,901 22,048 21,536
Ohio................ 281,957 267,782 248,820 254,665 263,201 226,372 267,638 264,283 247,346 228,393
Oklahoma............ 83,818 83,811 84,727 82,628 76,918 72,044 81,668 80,262 77,515 71,037
Oregon.............. 128,284 109,006 101,949 104,824 107,689 99,788 113,616 113,756 104,873 103,780
Pennsylvania........ 293,099 279,643 273,967 277,807 272,677 244,248 289,708 271,715 257,613 244,174
Rhode Island........ 31,697 29,039 27,420 28,835 29,862 25,230 29,333 28,999 27,265 24,846
South Carolina...... 126,532 119,860 124,869 118,122 123,861 110,072 123,341 106,590 100,598 120,378
South Dakota........ 27,190 25,446 23,680 25,014 24,201 21,824 22,861 24,063 22,271 22,300
Tennessee........... 164,400 163,383 156,864 173,332 157,457 139,682 153,178 161,268 155,145 137,922
Texas............... 699,178 677,532 662,610 677,439 638,289 586,970 628,833 643,975 609,870 610,710
Utah................ 100,442 99,142 98,829 95,280 95,737 90,220 90,825 95,522 93,465 86,315
Vermont............. 21,357 18,937 16,263 18,369 18,497 15,235 19,204 20,076 16,626 16,093
Virginia............ 206,511 200,818 195,386 199,237 191,176 172,366 192,946 199,133 183,131 174,641
Washington.......... 195,738 182,877 171,735 178,596 172,535 189,054 170,039 180,958 162,462 160,252
West Virginia....... 40,042 34,051 35,632 35,511 38,745 29,891 35,607 36,423 32,129 31,878
Wisconsin........... 154,614 144,437 133,161 138,483 140,097 121,645 149,574 147,352 130,816 124,737
Wyoming............. 19,300 18,024 17,591 19,120 17,964 16,761 18,474 17,550 17,843 18,063
Puerto Rico......... 38,299 43,671 43,090 36,870 40,330 42,980 36,890 40,034 36,472 34,865
Virgin Islands...... 1,946 1,856 2,058 1,521 1,423 1,821 1,614 1,705 1,471 1,140
(1) The sum of the states will not necessarily add to the U.S. total because of the independent seasonal adjustment of each state.
NOTE: Totals for the United States do not include data for Puerto Rico or the Virgin Islands.
Table 7. Private sector gross job gains and losses, as a percent of total employment by state, seasonally adjusted
Gross job gains as a percent of employment Gross job losses as a percent of employment
State 3 months ended 3 months ended
Mar. June Sept. Dec. Mar. Mar. June Sept. Dec. Mar.
2023 2023 2023 2023 2024 2023 2023 2023 2023 2024
United States....... 6.3 6.2 5.9 6.0 5.7 5.5 5.9 6.0 5.7 5.4
Alabama............. 6.5 6.0 6.0 6.2 5.7 5.6 5.7 6.0 5.7 5.5
Alaska.............. 10.5 11.0 8.5 10.2 10.5 8.6 8.9 10.5 9.9 8.6
Arizona............. 6.0 7.0 6.8 6.5 8.4 5.6 6.3 5.7 6.6 6.4
Arkansas............ 5.8 5.9 5.6 6.2 5.6 5.1 6.0 5.8 5.0 5.2
California.......... 6.3 6.8 6.4 6.4 5.8 6.6 6.4 6.5 6.4 5.6
Colorado............ 7.2 7.3 5.4 8.2 6.4 6.5 6.5 6.1 7.6 7.7
Connecticut......... 6.2 6.4 5.8 5.6 5.6 5.1 5.7 6.2 5.7 5.2
Delaware............ 6.7 6.4 6.0 6.1 6.0 5.2 5.8 6.5 5.8 5.1
District of Columbia 6.0 5.4 5.4 5.2 5.1 4.9 5.3 5.4 5.6 4.9
Florida............. 6.3 6.8 6.5 6.1 5.8 5.7 5.9 5.9 5.9 5.4
Georgia............. 6.5 6.3 6.1 6.2 6.0 6.0 6.4 6.1 5.7 5.7
Hawaii.............. 5.6 5.7 5.3 6.1 5.4 5.1 5.3 6.8 5.0 5.1
Idaho............... 7.9 7.8 7.2 8.5 7.9 7.3 7.4 7.9 5.8 8.3
Illinois............ 5.8 5.4 4.8 5.0 5.1 4.8 5.2 5.3 5.1 4.8
Indiana............. 5.6 5.6 5.7 5.5 5.3 5.1 5.8 5.7 5.1 5.0
Iowa................ 6.1 6.0 5.6 6.1 6.1 5.4 5.9 5.8 5.7 5.6
Kansas.............. 6.1 6.1 5.7 5.8 5.7 5.4 6.0 6.0 5.3 5.6
Kentucky............ 6.1 5.6 5.7 5.7 5.7 4.9 5.9 5.6 5.2 5.0
Louisiana........... 6.5 6.0 6.2 6.3 6.2 5.5 6.5 6.0 5.8 5.7
Maine............... 7.8 7.6 7.0 7.4 7.2 6.3 7.6 7.8 7.0 6.1
Maryland............ 7.2 6.7 6.3 6.2 5.8 6.0 6.6 6.4 5.8 5.7
Massachusetts....... 5.8 5.9 5.4 5.5 5.2 4.9 5.6 5.9 5.5 5.1
Michigan............ 5.8 5.9 5.2 5.5 5.4 5.0 5.3 5.9 5.5 5.2
Minnesota........... 5.8 6.0 3.3 6.9 5.8 4.8 5.5 4.3 6.9 5.7
Mississippi......... 6.5 6.4 6.2 6.1 5.7 6.1 6.5 6.2 5.7 6.1
Missouri............ 6.5 5.8 5.6 6.0 5.7 5.1 5.9 5.8 5.6 5.3
Montana............. 8.7 7.8 7.7 8.8 8.1 7.2 8.4 8.4 7.2 7.5
Nebraska............ 6.5 6.2 6.0 5.9 5.8 5.2 5.7 5.9 5.7 5.1
Nevada.............. 6.2 6.5 6.5 6.7 5.9 5.8 5.9 5.6 5.4 6.2
New Hampshire....... 7.0 6.7 5.8 6.2 6.5 5.9 6.3 6.7 5.9 5.8
New Jersey.......... 6.3 6.4 6.0 5.9 5.5 5.8 6.0 6.0 5.8 5.4
New Mexico.......... 7.0 6.6 6.4 6.9 6.0 5.8 6.3 6.8 5.8 6.0
New York............ 6.5 6.2 5.8 5.7 5.9 5.2 5.8 6.0 5.6 5.0
North Carolina...... 6.6 6.1 5.7 6.3 5.4 5.3 5.7 6.1 4.9 5.5
North Dakota........ 7.6 6.9 6.6 6.7 6.9 5.7 6.7 6.6 6.3 6.1
Ohio................ 6.0 5.6 5.2 5.4 5.5 4.8 5.6 5.6 5.2 4.8
Oklahoma............ 6.3 6.3 6.3 6.1 5.6 5.4 6.1 6.0 5.8 5.2
Oregon.............. 7.6 6.4 6.1 6.2 6.4 5.9 6.6 6.7 6.2 6.1
Pennsylvania........ 5.5 5.2 5.2 5.2 5.1 4.7 5.5 5.1 4.8 4.6
Rhode Island........ 7.4 6.7 6.4 6.8 6.9 5.9 6.8 6.7 6.3 5.7
South Carolina...... 6.8 6.4 6.6 6.2 6.4 5.9 6.6 5.7 5.3 6.3
South Dakota........ 7.3 6.7 6.3 6.6 6.3 5.9 6.0 6.3 5.8 5.8
Tennessee........... 5.9 5.8 5.6 6.2 5.5 5.0 5.5 5.7 5.5 4.9
Texas............... 6.0 5.8 5.7 5.7 5.4 5.1 5.4 5.5 5.2 5.1
Utah................ 7.0 6.9 6.9 6.6 6.7 6.3 6.4 6.6 6.5 6.0
Vermont............. 8.4 7.4 6.4 7.3 7.2 6.0 7.5 7.9 6.6 6.3
Virginia............ 6.2 6.1 5.9 5.9 5.7 5.2 5.9 6.0 5.5 5.2
Washington.......... 6.6 6.1 5.8 6.0 5.7 6.3 5.7 6.0 5.4 5.3
West Virginia....... 7.3 6.1 6.5 6.5 6.9 5.5 6.4 6.6 5.8 5.7
Wisconsin........... 6.1 5.6 5.2 5.5 5.5 4.8 5.8 5.8 5.2 4.8
Wyoming............. 9.0 8.4 8.3 8.9 8.4 7.8 8.7 8.2 8.4 8.3
Puerto Rico......... 5.1 5.9 5.7 4.9 5.4 5.8 5.0 5.3 4.8 4.6
Virgin Islands...... 7.9 7.5 8.2 6.0 5.6 7.4 6.5 6.8 5.9 4.5
NOTE: Totals for the United States do not include data for Puerto Rico or the Virgin Islands.
Table 8. Private sector establishment births and deaths, seasonally adjusted
Total private
(Levels in thousands)
Number of Establishments Employment
Births Deaths(1) Births Deaths
Year 3 months ended Level Rate(2) Level Rate Level Rate Level Rate
2014 March 220 2.9 190 2.5 784 0.7 635 0.6
June 221 2.9 204 2.7 806 0.7 711 0.6
September 225 3.0 199 2.6 825 0.7 703 0.6
December 224 2.9 198 2.6 836 0.7 705 0.6
2015 March 233 3.0 207 2.7 818 0.7 696 0.6
June 234 3.1 211 2.8 838 0.7 728 0.6
September 243 3.2 207 2.7 881 0.7 699 0.6
December 247 3.2 209 2.7 892 0.7 733 0.6
2016 March 236 3.0 204 2.6 789 0.7 671 0.6
June 241 3.1 213 2.7 838 0.7 719 0.6
September 238 3.0 214 2.7 872 0.7 745 0.6
December 238 3.0 217 2.8 865 0.7 729 0.6
2017 March 242 3.0 203 2.6 806 0.7 668 0.5
June 240 3.0 223 2.8 848 0.7 752 0.6
September 244 3.1 225 2.8 851 0.7 760 0.6
December 246 3.1 216 2.7 849 0.7 731 0.6
2018 March 248 3.1 215 2.7 816 0.7 668 0.5
June 263 3.3 228 2.8 879 0.7 769 0.6
September 250 3.1 231 2.8 863 0.7 785 0.6
December 249 3.1 222 2.7 855 0.7 758 0.6
2019 March 260 3.2 220 2.7 814 0.6 700 0.6
June 258 3.1 240 2.9 846 0.7 801 0.6
September 251 3.0 230 2.8 847 0.7 763 0.6
December 269 3.2 235 2.8 903 0.7 783 0.6
2020 March 278 3.3 240 2.9 812 0.6 737 0.6
June 228 2.8 326 4.0 659 0.5 1,150 1.0
September 278 3.4 232 2.8 821 0.7 689 0.6
December 287 3.5 218 2.6 913 0.8 688 0.6
2021 March 308 3.6 210 2.5 836 0.7 607 0.5
June 351 4.1 226 2.6 978 0.8 663 0.5
September 359 4.1 244 2.8 1,026 0.8 734 0.6
December 380 4.3 254 2.9 1,115 0.9 779 0.6
2022 March 350 3.9 255 2.9 962 0.8 748 0.6
June 365 4.1 322 3.6 1,062 0.8 926 0.7
September 350 3.9 294 3.3 1,031 0.8 912 0.7
December 343 3.8 289 3.2 1,044 0.8 897 0.7
2023 March 329 3.6 291 3.2 945 0.7 817 0.6
June 332 3.6 293 3.2 1,011 0.8 887 0.7
September 318 3.5 N/A N/A 980 0.7 N/A N/A
December 327 3.5 N/A N/A 1,019 0.8 N/A N/A
2024 March 322 3.5 N/A N/A 934 0.7 N/A N/A
(1) Values for deaths are not available for the most recent three quarters by definition. See the
Technical Note for more informations.
(2) The rates measure births and deaths as a percentage of the average of the previous and current
quarter employment levels or total number of establishments.
United States Department of Labor
